THEORY OF STRUCTURES DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES > » 2 » > > FI r<3S — unstable structure r=3S determinate (either unstable or stable structure) r>3S indeterminate, stable structure at n" degree SSES: bér<2j unstable structures b+r = 2j determinate (either unstable or stable structure) b+r>2j Indeterrinate, stable structure at n"" degree Where; r= sum of reactions, internal roller, hinge or pin, ete. $ = total number of segments b = total number of bars J = total number of joints (including support joints) DETERMINATE STRUCTURES FOR BEAM SPANDREL AREA AND CENTROID LOCATION: bh Area An aq ¥ b xlocation Xo" ee ylocation yq= fi*4 (ny Where: n#-2 moment applied n=0 uniform load n#.-1 concentrated load n=1 triangular load DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD: > Moment, M = y” Syr= SF onrey > Slope, 0 = y’ = dy/dx eo) = J Ey =f (Mx+ 1) 2 > Deflection, 5=y EN) * Elly) = (M s + C1x + C2)>» Boundary Conditions (solve C, and C2): 4. Deflection, 5 = y = 0 at the SUPPORT. 2. Slope, 6 = y’ = dy/dx = 0 at the FIXED SUPPORT, AREA MOMENT METHOD: >» THEOREM I: > THEOREM Il; El(8as) * Areaas El(tes) * Areaas (Xa) El(twa) * Areaas (Xe) CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD: » The SHEAR OF THE CONJUGATE BEAM (or FICTITIOUS BEAM) is equal to the SLOPE of the actual beam, » The MOMENT OF THE CONJUGATE BEAM is equal to the DEFLECTION of the actual beam. INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES FOR BEAM MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD: > Beam Stiffness, K: 1. Absolute K=4 EI/L 2. RelativeKeI/L Modified K = For continuous beams with hinge or roller ends, the final moment at that end is ZERO. The distribution of moment become easier if we multiply the beam stiffness K of the span containing that support by 3/4, which would eliminate any further distribution of moment on that support, Do not do this for fix-end support, K oF=— xK 1, DF = 0 for Fixed End Support. 2, DF = 1 for Hinge or Roller End Support. >» Distribution Factor: » © T. . 4, FEMas = -Pab?/ 1? FEMea = +Patb / L? 2. FEMan = -wh?/12 FEMea = +wh?/12 3, FEMas = -wh?/30 FEMpa = wl? / 20 Pab? For any loading: FEMs.=—~ [ Te 2, FEMsa= + f [Pe THREE MOMENT EQUATION METHOD: Mala + 2Mp(L1tL2) + McLo + (6Aa/L)s + (BAD/L)2 = GEI (ha/Lrthcfl.2) » Ifthere’s no settlement, ha = he = 0, Therefore, Maka + 2Me(LytLa) + McL2 + (6Aall.), + (GAb/L)2 = 0 4. 6AalL = P(a)(L?- a4 /L BAb/L = P(b)(L% b4)/ L 2 6Aa/L=wh'/4 ADIL = wh / 4 3. 6Aa/L = SwL?/ 60 GAbIL = 7wL? / 60 For any Joadinag: oR a J [Pa A “y 6Ab i [= by i L SUPER-POSITION (or SUPERIMPOSED) METHOD: >» Formulating equations and/or relationships using deflection formulas. >» DEFLECTION AT FREE-END OF CANTILEVER BEAM EI(6)= aie A. Moment applied (n # -2) = ENS) # ML2/2 B. Concentrated load (n = -1) — ENS) = PL?/3 CG, Uniform joad (n= 0) — ENS) # wh) 8 D. Triangular load (n = 1) + ENS) = wit) 30> FLECT! TT ID-SPAN OF : * A. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: a. Uniformly loaded + EA(6) = 6wL4 / 334 b. Concentrated loads at quarter points of beam + BIS) = 19PL?/ 384 c. Concentrated loads at middle thirde of beam « ENS) = 23PL?/ 648 d. Single concentrated load at the midspan + ENG) = PL? /48 B. FIXED-ENDED BEAM: a. Uniformly loaded + ENS) = wht / 384 b. Concentrated loads at quarter points of beam « BI(8) = PL? /96 c. Concentrated loads at middle thirds of beam + EMS) = SPL?/ 648 d. Single concentrated load at the midspan « ENG) * PL? /192 > MAXIMUM MOMENT OF A SINGLE SPAN BEAM: A. AT MIDSPAN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: a. Uniformly loaded Minox = WL? 8 b. Concentrated loads at quarter points of beam Minx * PL / 2 c. Concentrated loads at Middle thirds of beam + Minox * PL / 3 d. Single concentrated load at the midspan Min ® PL / 4 B. AT SUPPORT OF FIXED-ENDED BEAM: a, Uniformly loaded + Minox WL? 42 b, Concentrated loads at quarter points of beam + Max ® 6PL / 16 c. Concentrated loads at Middle thirds of beam = Mm 2PL/9 d, Single concentrated load at the midspan = Max * PL/8 ROLLER SUPPORT OF A PROPPED BEAM: aa Where: P= ydx asx FRAME STRUCTURES » Frame Structure Problems can be best solved also using Three Moment Equations and Moment Distribution Method!VIRTUAL WORK METHOD FOR TRUSSES » Truss Deflection or Displacements: ‘SUL. ABy RE. « deflection due to actual loads UAL Gey TE. « deflection due to unit load » $tress of the Redundant Member (for indeterminate truss): P, _ 1unit force ae PORTAL AND CANTILEVER METHOD >» PORTAL METHOD: * @. The frame Is divided into independent portals. b. Point of inflection occurs at mid-height of each column. ¢. Point of inflection occurs at mid-span of each beam or girder. 4. Horizontal shear at a given story is distributed among the columns such that each interlor column resists twice as much as each exterior column. » GANTILEVER METHOD: | @. Point of inflection occurs at the mid-span of each beam or girder, b. Point of inflection occurs at mid-height of each column. ¢. The axial force in each column Is directly proportional to its distance from the center of gravity of all columns on that level. INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS » INFLUENCE DIAGRAM FOR REACTION * formulate equation by assuming a unit load of variable distance “x” from left end of the beam. The solver must identify the critical distances and obtain their corresponding ordinates of influence diagram. >» INFLUENCE DIAGRAM FOR SHEAR = isolate the beam from left énd to the point that requires influence diagram for shear. Obtain ‘the corresponding shear reactions of the point considered after applying a unit load at all critical points. For the point in consideration, obtain the shear ordinate of influence diagram by applying a unit load on the nearest left and nearest right of the point. Note that the point considered for shear has abrupt change in the ordinate of Its influence diagram. >» INELUENCE DIAGRAM FOR MOMENT = solve for the moment values of the beam subject for shear. To avoid confusion with regards to the sign (either + or -), it is advisable to draw the shear and moment diagram of each conditions. Mostly, the result of influence diagram for shear and moment at the point considered is opposite in sign! END OF THEORY OF STRUCTURES FORMULAS ** TIMBER DESIGN (2010 NSCP) | BENDING AND SHEARING STRESS > BENDING STRESS f= me) For rectangular section: fo,max = ul ig! i fo, rma pay? > HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS ie 3V_4.6V For rectangular section: Frame te a ANALYSIS OF PURLINS Pufwind toad) P (sin 6) > Wind Load (Duchemin’s Formula) Pr® ce Wind Pressure (in kPa): P = 0,0000473(v)? V = velocity (In kph) Where; Pitch « 2 Tang = t= at >» Bending stress relationships fo ™ foqny + Foyt) >» Shearing stress relationships 7 = fugy? + fun?HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS » Horizontal shear force for rectangular section 2 Vs 3 (Fvyb)(h) as (ad + notched at tension side 2 d= e(dnotcH/d') < notched at compression side Where: a?" d= duotcn d = depth of the rectangular section @ = distance notch extends Inside the inner edge of the support (limitation: ed’) ADJUSTMENTS FOR THE ALLOWABLE STRESSES OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS IN TIMBER DESIGN A, SIZE FACTOR ADJUSTMENTS FOR BEAMS 19 cre (*) Ifd>300 mm Fy’ = Fo(Cr) + Adjusted allowable bending stress NOTES: 41, The width of beam, b is 125mm or thicker 2, For circular beam (greater than 340mm diameter) and square beams (300mm or larger) loaded in the plane diagonal, use equivalent square beam of equal cross- sectional area, 3. Size factor adjustments are cumulative with form factor adjustments, except for lumber I-beams and box beams, but are not cumulative with the slenderness factor adjustments, B. SLENDERNESS FACTOR ADJUSTMENT FOR BEAMS cae ee CONDITIONS: a, IfGg<10 Fp’ ® Fp + No adjustments! E b. If10 60! TYPE OF BEAM SPAN AND ed NATURE OF LOAD . LENGTH, Le Single-span beam, load concentrated at the Senter 161tu Single-span beam, uniformly distributed load 1.92tu Single-span beam, equal end moments 1.84tu Cantilever bear, load concentrated at unsupported end 1.69tu Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load 1,06tu Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load with concentrated load ai cantilever end 1.69 Single-span or cantilever beam, any other load 192tu ty = unsupported length of beam, mm C. SLENDERNESS FACTOR ADJUSTMENT FOR COLUMNS Slenderness Ratio, SR * Ke(L) /d Where: L = unsupported length of the column d= depth of the column Ky = buckling factor obtained in the table below: ! Buckling Modes Design buakling factor, Ke owhen ideal conditions are elie 0 | 20 | 30 | 2m | a | | Rotstion fixed, tranalation fixed Rotations irae, translation flxed ondition code ¥ Ete od tp | Rotation tixed, translation tree @ | Rotation tree, translation tree User Note: Le = Ko(L) COLUMN CLASSIFICATIONS: 4. Simple Solid-Wood Columns ~ simple column consist of a single piece or of pieces properly glued together to form a single member. K Spaced Column, Connector Joined ~ spaced columns are formed of two or more individual members with thelr longitudinal axes parallel, separated at the ends and middle points of their length by blocking and joined at the ends by timber connectors capable of developing the required shear resistance, 3. Built-up Columns ~ built-up columns, other than connector- joined spaced columns and glued-laminated columns, shall not be designed as simple solid columns, 4, Glulam Columns — Glulam columns shall be composed of at least four laminations, with thelr grains essentially parallel. Foe on Foe often [Ata? oo Footsie Mar) pe | os c 20.80 — for sawn lumber. = 0,86 — for round timber plles. Ken(E) ; Fer = (eRe = Euler's critical buckling stress for columns FG = tabulated compression design values multiplied by all of the applicable adjustment factors. Kes 30,30 — for visually graded lumber, = 0,418 for products such as machine stress-rated sawn lumber. TAPERED COLUMNS hep * Grin + (noe Chin) a~0.18 (1~ $!)] dmin = the minimum dimension, d, for that face of the column dinax =the maximum dimension, d, for that face of the column Support Condition: Large end fixed, small end unsupported: a=0.70 Small end fixed, large end unsupported: a=030 Both ends simply supported; Tapered toward one end a=0.50, Tapered toward both ends a=0.70tl onditions: 1 + Grp * Amin + 3 max = min) The design of a column of round cross-section shall be based on the design calculations for a square column of the same cross-sectional area having the same degree of taper. COMBINED STRESSES IN TIMBER DESIGN A. FLEXURE AND AXIAL TENSION te $10 Fr FL and = tabulated bending design value multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except bear stability factor, C.. = Fo(Co)(Cm)(Ci)(Cr)(Cx)(Ci) for Sawn lumber = Fy(Co)(Cm)(C.)(Cv) for Glulam lumber F,, = tabulated bending design value multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except volume factor, Cv. ® Fy(Co)(Gm(C1)(Cr)(Gr)(Cx(Gi) for Sawn lumber ® Fe(Co)(Cm)(C,)(C.) for Glularn lumber Fy = allowable tension design value parallel to the grain f = actual unit stress in tension parailal to the grain fp = actual unit stress for extrame fiber in bending B. FLEXURE AND AXIAL COMPRESSION t fia ot eee Fo Rost) Je Leon Limitation: 05/5 1.0 K= 0,674 ctio Ti Is Cp = Load duration factor Ci = Inclising factor Cm = Wet service factor C= Temperature factor Cr ® Size factor Cr = Repetitive member factor C; = Form factor Cp = Column stability factor Cm = Flat use factor C. = Beam stability factor Cy = Support factor Cy = Volume factor COMPRESSION AT AN ANGLE TO GRAIN > HAKINSON'S FORMULA: Fi Fey Fes) "Fey (Bin 8)? + Feu. (cos 0)? Allowable values Fc shall be adjusted for duration of load before using Hakinson’s Equation. Values of Fn and Fo. are not subjected to duration of load modifications. COMPOSITE AND LAMINATED SECTIONS >» imply transform the given composite section into an equivalent homologous section using their modular (or modulus) ratio, n to be multiplied to their corresponding width, > In laminated sections, the laminated surface (or the surface to be joined) usually is said to be the critical surface for horizontal shear, thus given more attention. + END OF TIMBER DESIGN FORMULAS **