PRES

ENTED BY

G.SHIVAKUMAR,
07K41A1222

SR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
WARANGAL, AP.

Abstract:
 This paper aims at presenting the concept of "Artificial Intelligence." It is the
branch of Computer Science concerned with making computers behave like humans. It is
the Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is the hot topic on many boards and software houses. The term
was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This paper briefly describes how Artificial Intelligence works and the various
techniques used in AI. It further describes the greatest advances that have occurred in the
field of Medicine, Military, Expert Systems, Robotics and Natural Language
Processing. This paper deals with latest advances that have occurred in the field of games
playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May
1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary
Kasparov in a chess match.

Today, the hottest area of Artificial Intelligence is neural networks, which are
proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural
language processing. Robotics incorporating artificial intelligence interaction with laser,
ultrasound, MRI scanning, is performing delicate brain surgery more accurately than by
traditional surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the investigation of Mars in July
1997. This paper reflects the potential impact of AI on our lives. Artificial Intelligence is
likely to continue to creep into our lives without us really noticing.

AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important

links with other fields such as Math’s, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy,
among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will
ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.

Introduction:
 Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines
find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally
involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as
algorithm in human friendly way. It is basically the ability of a machine to think for itself.
It aims at getting computers to do tasks which require human intelligence. In short it can
be described as:

Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate:

*Recognizing a face.
*Navigating a busy street.
*Understanding what someone says.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Motivation...

Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations,

using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform monotonous
tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill - suited to. For more complex
problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans, computers have trouble
understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence
aims to improve machine behaviour in tackling such complex tasks.

How does Artificial Intelligence work?

Technology...
 Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving
specific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so
efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into
many branches. Some of the branches have been explained below:

Planning:
Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts about
the effects of actions), facts about the particular situation and a statement of a goal. From
these, they generate a strategy for achieving the goal. In the most common cases, the
strategy is just the sequence of actions.

Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to recognize, make senses and
recreate in what it sees and hears.
The two major divisions of pattern recognition are machine vision and sound.
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that it can recognize objects in its
surroundings that would be helpful in robotics.
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary concern with companies that want to
produce a new means in which a person interacts with a computer by talking.

Ontology:Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are they made of. It is
the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with
various kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are and what their basic
properties are.

Robotics:
Robotics is the study of how to
design, build, use, and work with
robots. Robots are mechanical devices
that can move and react to sensory input
giving them some degree of
autonomous control.
Robots are widely used in the industrial
sector performing high-precision jobs
such as painting and wielding. They
are used in laboratories for repetitive tasks in chemistry and biology, and in situations,
which would be dangerous for humans such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing bombs.

Three laws of robotics:

1. A robot may not injure or harm a human being or allow a human being to come to
harm.
2. A robot must follow the instructions given to it by a human being without
violating Rule 1
3. A robot must protect itself as long as such protection does not violate Rules 1 and
2.
Artificial life:
Artificial life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living biological
systems through complex algorithms. Scientists use these models to test and experiment
with a multitude of factors on the behaviour of the systems.
Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality
It is a diverse field of research, but a common theme is testing out the fundamental
principles of life by building detailed working models. One of the most ambitious goals
of artificial-life research is the construction of living systems out of non-living parts.
Artificial life is a blanket term used to refer to human attempts at setting up systems with
lifelike properties all biological organisms possess, such as self-reproduction,
homeostasis, adaptability, mutational variation, optimization of external states, and so on.

Epistemology:
Epistemology is a study of knowledge that are required for solving problems in
the world.

Who uses Artificial Intelligence?

Applications...

To be useful, a system has to be able to do more than just correctly perform some task.

-- Johan McDermott

Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to make better use of information to
work harder not smarter. The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are
abundant. However, some of the applications of AI have been listed below:

Medicine:

NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:

In one of the biggest advances in cancer research in years, scientists have developed a
blood test that can detect cancer with a greater than 90% accuracy. This artificial
intelligence --already tested for cancers of the breast, ovary, and lung--could one day be
used to detect many types cancer. 'All that's needed is a single drop of blood’… 'The
computer does the rest.'...In tests on several hundred blood samples, some taken from
women with ovarian cancer and others from healthy women, the test proved 'an
astonishing' 100% accurate in detecting cancer, even at the earliest stages.

Artificial nose:

Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, and ears
to hear, via microphones and sophisticated recognition software. Now they're taking
computers further into the realm of the senses with the development of an artificial nose.
E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an array of electrodes coated with
different conducting polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular substance by changing
its electrical resistance in a characteristic way. Combining the signals from all the
electrodes gives a 'smell-print' of the chemicals in the mixture that neural network
software built into the e-nose can learn to recognize. As a result, it can be detected from
the smell alone that what the bacterial infections are.

Military:

A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER TO THE BATTLEFIELD:

The American military is working on a new generation of soldier, far different from the
army it has. 'They don't feel hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces Command
at the Pentagon. 'They are not afraid. They don't forget their orders. They don't care if the
guy next to them has just been shot. Will they do a better job than humans? Yes.' The
robot soldier is coming. The Pentagon predicts that robots will be a major fighting force
in American military in less than a decade, hunting and killing enemies in combat.
Robots are a crucial part of the Army's effort to rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting
force, and a $127 billion project called Future Combat Systems is the biggest military
contract in American history.

Game AI:

ONLY A PAWN IN IT'S GAME:

Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer to lay down the gauntlet to the world's top
players. Its architects say it is the greatest ever built, but don't expect it to rejoice in
victory or get the post-match drinks in.

It is a behemoth of a machine that pits 32-linked processor against its flesh-and-blood

opponents. Hydra's backers claim it can analyze 200 million chess moves in a second and
project the game up to 40 moves ahead.

Natural Language processing:

The goal of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) group is to design and build software
that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally, so that
eventually you will be able to address your computer as though you were addressing
another person.

This goal is not easy to reach. "Understanding" language means, among other things,
knowing what concepts a word or phrase stands for and knowing how to link those
concepts together in a meaningful way. It's ironic that natural language, the symbol
system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is hardest for a computer to master.
Long after machines have proven capable of inverting large matrices with speed and
grace, they still fail to master the basics of our spoken and written languages.
Expert Systems:

The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to

decision makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough
expertise to go around--certainly it is not always available at the right place and the right
time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can
bring decades worth of knowledge to a problem.

EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A DIAGNOSIS:

Intution may seem like a human trick, but machines can be pretty good at it too.
Underlying a hunch are dozens of tiny, subconscious rules-truths we that have learned
from experience. Add them up and you get instinct: a doctor's sense that a patient's
stomach-ache might really be appendicitis, for example. Program those rules into a
computer and you get an expert system- one of many that can screen lab tests, diagnose
blood infections, and identify tumors on a mammogram.

Future of AI Technology:
Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into our lives without us
really noticing. However, AI has spawned some useful applications like expert systems
and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is still to come as more research and
improved technology surfaces in the future. Here are a few applied innovations that AI
promises in the future and the technologies behind them.
Telephone Translators:
One of the common cliches when one talks about the future is how the world is
shrinking every day. Distance used to be a barrier in travel and the invention of the
airplane changed all that. Time used to be a factor in communication since the mail
system took months to deliver a letter across the United States, but the telephone
dissolved such a hurdle. The combinations of travel and communications have brought
whole nations together except now the last barrier in international relationship is
language. This is where telephone translators will change all that.
Essentially, a person from the United States says some things in English into his
telephone. Almost instantaneously, a computer intercepts the voice, translates what was
said, and synthetically generate the appropriate Japanese words to the person on the
other line. Of Course, the translator would need advanced voice recognition, natural
language processing and inferencing to extract what was meant by the English-speaker,
and then synthesize a human-sounding Japanese person's voice in conversational
Japanese.

A Greater Use of Expert Systems:

With such success as a diagnostic in medic and mechanics presently, expert

systems will be more prevalent in other applications that require an expert with whom
people can consult with. Need to identify the perfect pet for a friend? A pet expert system
could ask some questions related to the person's personality so that it can conclude the
types of animals that would be suited for them. What kinds of dishes can one make
tonight with the food in the refrigerator? Input the foods into a cook expert system and
find out. The possibilities for expert systems are almost endless. If expert systems are
designed and built correctly, users should be able to easily program their own expert and
should make better decisions in their lives.

Passing the Turing Test:

The idea behind the test is that if a machine could make a person think he/she was
interacting with an intelligent person, why not consider the machine intelligent in its own
right? The controversy over the Turing Test will probably continue into the future, but
once a computer convincingly passes the test and becomes more and more integrated
with society, this test would be at least the best approximation of intelligence possible.

Research Assistants:

The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the Information Age where the
phrase "knowledge is power" is becoming a reality. With so much information out there,
it has become harder and harder to find what is really relevant. This is where a research
assistant powered by AI can help. Not only can the assistant understand what one is
looking for, which requires natural language processing, it is smart enough to know
where to look and compare what it finds to what it is looking for to see how relevant the
information is, so the person doesn't have to do the 'dirty work.' Research assistants will
be an important tool in the future by keeping the world of information from exploding
into an infinite chaos of unorganized facts and figures.

REFERENCES:
www.google.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.asks.com