make measurement that woold tell you ifthe crown 1.90 A cabal was filled to the 2,00anL. mak with sas pe gl ety! eal at found o haves mis of 197325 1.89 Tagine that you poe x cok mewrng 130 cn X 18 sean epeinny, 25.020 of el beads wete 4Ston 3000mlnspn wate Ove, Pi te cnn he ies ll he youplicessmallcbe fla! mesving L Semon ide, 25 0m. mr. The va as of he real pls thal Dessie how you woul deerme te cnhinion of Bola ABTS g Deere how odin se density the cork and ead cube wil sil Alou in the water Nowe ofthe metal sample, any information you would nee to lok up w answer the ‘pesion1.87 Titanum is used in airplane bodies because iti song and light. It has a density of 4.58 glem', Ifa eylinder of titanium i 7.75 am long and has a mass of 153.2 g, cal- culate the diameter of the cylinder, (V = r*b, where ¥ isthe volume of the cylinder, is es odin, an bis the beighe) Wire is often sold in pound spon aecoding tothe wire igige nombe, That number refers to the diameter of the wire. How many meters are in 2 +b. spool of 12> gauge aluminurs wire? A 12-gauge wire has a diameter ‘of 0.0808 in. and alumimom hes a density of 2.70 gfe’. =a 1.99. An indosialengiocor i designing » proces ta manule- ture bullets, The mass-of exch bullet must be within 0.25% ‘of 150 grains, What range of bullet rmasses, in img, will meet this tolerance? 1 grain = 64,79891 ng, An engincer is working with archaeologist create «re aliasic Romi llge in a mascune. The pln fea balance ina mberpace calls for 100 granite somes, exch weigh ing 10 denarium, (The denariem was 2 Roman unic of ‘| denarium = 3.396 g) The manufiereing process Far making the stones will emove 20% ofthe material If the granite co be med his «density of 2.78 ler! hacia the minimum volume of granite thatthe engineer shoald 1.68 coer? [LT Draw + molecular scale plcwre tn show how a erystal dif fers roms liu 1,72 Derw a molecular scale picture that distinguishes between alumina and sia Is your piesre sruczurally accurate or scheraich a average, Earth crust contains about 8.1% alumina by msn Io standard 1-cunc soft drink can conta ap proximately 15.13 of aainam, how many cans cule he ‘made from cme tom of the Earths ros? 1.74 As computer provesso 173 Speeds incrense, it is necessary for engincers to ineresse the member of cree elements packed into given aren- Individual eirenit elements are offen connected using very small copper "wires posited directly onto the surface of the chip. In some ‘current generation processors, these copper intercan~ ects. shout 65 nim wole. What mass of copper woul be in a L-mm length of such an interconnect, assu ing 1 square cross section? The density of copper is 8.96 wen’ 1.75 The “Westam Stone” in Jerusalem is ane of the Ingest scone builcing blocks ever to have been used. ic has mss ‘9f517 mesric tons andl measures 11,6 m long, 5.00 m high and 8.30 wide What isthe density of this rock in gfcm'? {metric ton = 100 kg) ‘Alload of baste has x demsity of 3.15 gm’. IF the mass of the load fe £15 metric tons, how many dura tracks, exch svath capacity of cubic, wil be needed! 1 hal the whole load? 176 INSIGHT INTO Material Selection and Bicycle Frames LTT Suppose thata new material has em devised wih an ela te modulus of 22.0 % 10? psi for a bicycle frame. Is this tke fame isl be mre oles sf chan an buninom frarne? 1.78 Rank aluimum, steel, and titanium in order of increasing stiles 1.79 Compare the strengths of aluminum, sel, and titanium. high enh were needed fra particular design, woald slurrinar bea yood choice? Avani is not a strong as steel, What other factor should be considered when comparing the desieablty of sluminam vernix steel i strenggh is important for a design? Use the web om esearch the diferences inthe design of stecl-framed bicyeles versos abuminum-framed bicycles. Woite a short paragraph that details the similarities and Sitfrences you dincener Use the web to research the elastic modules und yield serength of carbon fiber composites. How do chese materi Als compare w alumsinar, steel, and tasiues? Use the web ao research the relative cost of aluminum, steel, sew tisniuen Frames for levees, Speculate about how such of the relative eos is due tothe costs of the runerialsthernse ees 1.90 181 182 FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES 1.84 A student was given wo: metal eobes that lookud sine lar, Ong was 1.05 em on an edge and ad a mass of 1432 rus the other was 26¢crn oma sie andl Id 4 mas of 215.3 pram How can the suaeat determine if these two bes of metal are the same material using only the data siven? LBS Battery acid has + density of 1.285 gel. and comtsins 38.0% sulforie acid by mass, Desorbe how you would determine te mass of pure sulforic ac in a ear bat- tery, noting which ters) you would bave to measure oF Hook up, Unfermented grape juice used wo make wine is called a “must” The sugar content of the must determines ‘whether the wine will be dry or sweet. The sugar content is founel by measuring che density of the must. If the den sity fs lower than 1.070 g/mL, chen sugar syrup is added until the density reaches 1.075 g/mL, Suppose thie you have & sate taken ftom 4 mast whose mass is 47.28 and whove volume is #4.60 mL. Deseribe how you would decermine whether ur noe sagersyrop needs to be added tnd if ro, how raul yo estate how noch sugar syrup rome? 1.87 A soloton of eshanol in water has a yohume of $4.2 mil and amass of 49.6 g. What information would you need to Took up and how would you determine the percentage of ethanol in this soluson? Lgend has it that Archimedes, 2 fxrnoas scientist of Ancient Gresce, was ance commanded by the king 19 determine € + crown he eecebved was pre gold or a fold silver alloy. He was not allowed however casa ge the crown thy slicing offs piece, for example) Ifyou ‘were assigned this same task, whac would you need 10 now abowt both gold and silver, and haw woud you 186 1.88Las 136 437 138 139 1.40 Lat ian Las Las Las Lar 148 Historically, some unit differences reflected the belief thor the gery meaared wn diferen hen ita er reweiled to bea single enti: Use che web to look up the fnigins of the encrey unis ony and care, and describe how they represent an empl of this type of historical development ‘Use the we to determine how the Bra was iialy eta lhe, For the engineering applications where hi ni is sel med todo fe sruble wie How many riceograms ae equal tone gram? ‘Convert the value 0.120 pl ins pam. How was the Fahrenbeit temperature sale elise? Daserie how thiscllsration proces tele the meatate- snent errors hut were evident when the tempersture see vas devised, Superconductors are materials that have ao reseance to the How of crc and they hol ges prone tn any expiring aiins Dt» di ipernicy has only bssn observed under cryogenic conditions, The highes temperature at which soperearducivity hes ben abmered is 198 K. Convert chi temperature to bath °C: onl, Express each of the fllewing temperatures in keine (3) “10°C. 00) 0.00°C, () 280°C, 1» 10"C Expres (0) 2758C in K, (0) 258 Kin "C,(@) ~S7.0°C in and) TOO" in K Express each of he flowing ramen scenic notion, (@) 62113, (&) 000414, (@) 0000051, a) 871,000,008, ©9100 How any sigan Ses are therein ach of the Bl lowing (a) 014m €b) 00001050 gC) 2.700 10" ne, (6)6% 10-14) $003 en! iow many significant figures ae present in these mete sare quai fe) 1374 hy, (6) O08 5, (2) 5.619 man, (2495 10cm, (3 nt, Perform thes caleslaions and express the result with the proper rer of significant figures (@) (850g — 204 91. mL, (0) P= er'vuhune r= $.112 cm (6) (486% 10") x 466565 (4) 0003400165. CCalelare the following tthe cortet amber often figures. Asure chat all hese numbers arc measurements, @ r= 1724 6518-24 (r=Lon7700 (= » (.an610203220002)1200.00) = “Viana? + 0006107 (1.000) Inan attempt to determine the velaity of a person on ss bicyele am observer uses stopwatch and finds the length of dime it takes to cover 25 Saqanret" on sside- swale The bicycle ties 4.82 seconds to teal hi Armersurement of one of the squincs shows that itis @e~ 0.00344 1a 150 sz 1.13 m long. What velocity in mvs, should the observer report? ‘Astudent finds tha he ms of an object is 4.134 g and its volume is7 . What densi shoal be epored in gin? Measurement indicate that 23.68 of he rsidents ofa city with a populetion of $31,314 are college gradustes. Con sidering significant Sigures, how many college graduates ‘eesti reside in thi cy Ascent weighs 10 quicters and finds that thir total mass 56.63 grams: What should she report athe average mass (ofa quar haved on er data? ‘Arock is placed on a balance and its mas is determined a6 12.1 g When the roc je chen placed in a greduated eyh- ‘nder that orginally contains 11 mL of waver, the new volume is roughly 17 ml How showlel the demsty of the rack be reported? ‘robiem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering 433 4 455 156 157 158 139 2.60 ht 1 163 Loa Los ‘Apmckage of eight apples bas mass of 1.00 yg What is the sverage mass of ne apple in grams? 1a 1.00-kg bag conning eight apples costs $1.48, how much does one epple owt! Whar mar ef apples coms 51.002 Appersan measures 173 cmin height What isthe heightin sneer? fet end inches “The disse bermeen wo atoms fn 3 molecule is 148 ps What is this dice in meter? Carry out the following unit conversions. (@) 3.47% 10°" g te mg, 8) BIE 8 10" L to al Ae) 128 na a 5 @13mokn Carryout each ofthe following cunversins. (2) 25.5 mw ant) 383 hn 0669 487g, (1032 Leo m2) $5.0 dL to L, (0) 251 L-to on Convert 22.3 ab. t9 4) lies, (H) cubic inches, and © quar, la vehicle is reveling 92 wv, whats ts velocity in miles per haut? (0.42 miles ~ 1.00 ken) ‘load of aspibale weights 25+ Ib. and accupics valume of 220A L. Wht sche deny ofthis eaphal in PL? One square mile consis exctly 640 acrex How many suqare meters ae in one 4er® A.saiple of crade oil har a density oF O8F gL. What volnme in ners dos 23.6 ample of this ofl occupy? ‘Mercury asa density of 13.6 poi. Wuc isthe mas of 4.72 Lof mercury? The area of the 48 cumtigunus sates is .02 > 10* me Ascuehe that thee ster are complesly (no moar and no valleys). What volume Of water, in liters, would over these ses with a ainfall of twa inches? ‘The dimensions of shuminam fil iw box fr sale fn su permaskots are 863 yards by 12 inches, The mass of the foi .83 hy IF ts density 270 gem chen what the thickness oF the oii ele?1.3 Where does the scicwsific method start? What is the firsestep? ‘Use the meb to determine the amount of laimum used in the United States in a single year. What isthe primary nse Fo this mated? ‘Use the-web to find current peices offered for atuisui For resting. Is there vavition in the pre based on where inthe United States the aluminum is returned? ‘Use the web to determine the diferences in the amounts cof aluminum recycled in states where there are deposits on tuminom cans versus states where reepeling is voluntary. ‘Whats the mos celiable way 10 estimate this ralue? What vuncerainny is there inthe estimate! a 4s 16 ‘The Slut of Chemisiry 1.7. When we make obsertions in the Exboratory, which per spective of chemistry are we normally using? 1.8 Whick of the following items sre mutter and which are snot (a) lasblight tb) suliph, (2) an echo, (aia sea level, and (c} si atthe wp of Mount Bverest ‘Which macroscopic characsersticsdiffereninte slits, ig- tds and gates? (Listas many as posible) 1.10 How can a liquid be disinguished feos fine pow: der? What ope of experiment or observation might be sunereaken? Some farmers use ammonia, NH a8 a fertilizer, Thi tamonia is stored in liga form. Use the particulate pee= spective to show the transition. fom liquid ammonia sgasenus ammonia DDo the tsar slement and atv mean the same thing? Fat, how do they differ? Label each ofthe following as ether a pysical process or = chemical process. (a) eusting of an ton bridge, (b) meleing of ice, (¢) baraing of a wooden stick, () digestion of Iaked porao, (6) dissolving of ugar in water Why do physical properties playa roe in chmisty if they {donot involve any chesnial changes? Physical propertics may change because of a cherie change. For example, the calor af an epg white changes from clear to white beenuse of a chemical change when itis cooked. Think of another common siruation when & chemical change also leads vo a physical change. Which purt of the following descriptions of » compound ce element refers tn its physical properties and which tts chemical properties? (2) Calcium exchonate is whi solid with a density of EN g/em’, It reace rently wih am acid prostoce sseous carban dase (0) Gry powered sine metal reacts with purple iodine to ive w white compound, Use a molecolr level description to expla why gases are less dense than liquids sli. [All molecules attract exch other to some extent, and the asraction decreases as the disomnce berween particles rr] 1a 1a 13, Lid Las 1s wy 118, increases. Based on this idea, which state of matey would yawexpecchas the srongest interactions between particles solids liquids, a gases ‘Observations and Models 119 1.20 La 122 133 14 135 126 137 128 We used the example of attendance at football game to cmphasize the nature of observations. Deseribe another ‘example where deciding bow vo count subjecs of intezest cold affect the observation. Complete the following ssatement. Data that have a small random error but otherwise fill in 1. marrow range are (a) accurace,¢b) precise, ar fe) neither ‘Complete the following statements Daa that have a lage symematic ere can sill he (a) accurate, (D) precise, oF (© neither, ‘Two golfers are praticing shots around « patting green, Each golfer takes 20-shots, Galfer | bas 7 shows within meter of the hole, and the other L3 shots are catered around the green, Golfer 2 has 17 shots that go ino sonallsand trap near the green and 3 just onthe green near the trup. Whick golfer s move precise? Which is more ‘Use your own words to explain the dilference between deductive and inductive rezoning. Suppose that you are waiting at agorner for» bux. Three dbflerent coutts pass this pasticular corner You see buses past by from the two routes that you are not interested in taking, When you sy ro yourseEE, “My lus must be ne” what type of reasoneng (deductive or inductive) are yore ting? Explain your answer When ascicenat looks at an experiment and then predices the results af ther related experienents, which type of re soning i she using? Explain your answer, Whar is the diflerence hetween hypothesis and) x question? Should the words sry and made be used interchanges in the context of science? Defend your answer win ‘mation found ina web search, ‘Waris law of mature? Are all scent: Lrws examples of laws of nacre? Numbers and Measurements 129 130 13h 132 133 Lt serie s miscommunication that can arise because uniee are nox included as part ofthe information. ‘What isthe difference berween a qualitative and» quanti- tative measurement? ‘dlenify which of che flowing units are base wnt the SI nystem: grams eters, jones, liters, amperes. ‘What isa Méerived™ ont? Rank the following prefises in onder of increasing sie of ‘the numer they represent: centi-, gga, nano, and kilo ‘The largest cornputers now include dick storage space measured in potabytes. How many bytes are in petabyte? {Recall that in computer terminology, the prefix is only “close” to the value it designates in the metre rte.)