Fourier Series: N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series
N. B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot (Guj.) - INDIA
N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

Periodic Function
A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

all real x and some fixed T is called Periodic function.

Periodic Function

The smallest positive number T , for which this relation holds, is
called the period of f (x).

Periodic Function

If T is the period of f (x) then

Periodic Function

f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )

Periodic Function

f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x − T ) = f (x − 2T ) = . . . = f (x − nT )

Periodic Function

f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x − T ) = f (x − 2T ) = . . . = f (x − nT )
∴ f (x) = f (x ± nT ), where n is a positive integer

Periodic Function

f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x − T ) = f (x − 2T ) = . . . = f (x − nT )
Eg. Sinx, Cosx, Secx and Cosecx are periodic functions with period
2π

Periodic Function

f (x) = f (x + T ) = f (x + 2T ) = . . . = f (x + nT )
f (x) = f (x − T ) = f (x − 2T ) = . . . = f (x − nT )
Eg. Sinx, Cosx, Secx and Cosecx are periodic functions with period
2π
tanx and cotx are periodic functions with period π.

Even & Odd functions
A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).


Eg. x2 and cosx are even function.


Z c Z c
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx ; if f (x) is an even function.
−c 0


Z c Z c
−c 0
A function f (x) is said to be odd if f (−x) = −f (x).


Z c Z c
−c 0
Eg. x3 and sinx are odd function.


Z c Z c
−c 0
Eg. x3 and sinx are odd function.
Z c
f (x)dx = 0 ; if f (x) is an odd function.
−c

Some Important Formula
eax
Z
eax sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx) + c
a2 + b 2

eax
Z
a2 + b 2
eax
Z
eax cos bx dx = 2 (a cosbx + b sinbx) + c
a + b2

eax
Z
a2 + b 2
eax
Z
a + b2
Z c+2π h cos nx ic+2π
sin nx dx = − = 0, n 6= 0
c n c

eax
Z
a2 + b 2
eax
Z
a + b2
sin nx dx = − = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π c+2π
sin nx
cos nx dx = = 0, n 6= 0
c n c

eax
Z
a2 + b 2
eax
Z
a + b2
sin nx dx = − = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π c+2π
sin nx
cos nx dx = = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π
1 c+2π
Z
sin mx cos nx dx = 2sin mx cos nx dx
c 2 c

eax
Z
a2 + b 2
eax
Z
a + b2
sin nx dx = − = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π c+2π
sin nx
cos nx dx = = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π
1 c+2π
Z
c 2 c
1 c+2π
Z
= [sin (m + n)x + sin (m − n)x] dx
2 c

eax
Z
a2 + b 2
eax
Z
a + b2
sin nx dx = − = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π c+2π
sin nx
cos nx dx = = 0, n 6= 0
c n c
Z c+2π
1 c+2π
Z
c 2 c
1 c+2π
Z
= [sin (m + n)x + sin (m − n)x] dx
2 c
c+2π
1 cos (m + n)x cos (m − n)x
=− + = 0, n 6= 0
2 m+n m−n c
Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
cos mx cos nx dx = 2
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
[cos (m + n)x + cos (m − n)x] dx
c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
1 sin (m + n)x sin (m − n)x
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
sin mx sin nx dx
c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
c
Z c+2π
sin nx cos nx dx
c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
sin nx cos nx dx = 0, n 6= 0
c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
cos2 nx dx
c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
cos2 nx dx = π
c

Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
cos2 nx dx = π
Zc c+2π
sin2 nx dx
c
Z c+2π Z c+2π
1
2cos mx cos nx dx
c c
Z c+2π
1
= 2
c
c+2π
=2 + = 0, m 6= n
m+n m−n c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
c
Z c+2π
cos2 nx dx = π
Zc c+2π
sin2 nx dx = π
c
(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

functions, one of which is power of x . We apply the
generalized rule of integration by parts
Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .


Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx


Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4


Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4
1
= − e−2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8


Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4
1
= − e−2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin nπ = 0


Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4
1
= − e−2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin nπ = 0 and cos nπ = (−1)n


Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4
1
= − e−2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n + 12 π = (−1)n



Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4
1
= − e−2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n + 12 π = (−1)n and cos n + 12 π = 0



Z
u vdx = u v1 − u0 v2 + u00 v3 − u000 v4 + . . .
Z
Eg. x3 e−2x dx
−2x −2x −2x −2x
3 e 2 e e e
=x − 3x + 6x − 6
−2 (−2)2 (−2)3 (−2)4
1
= − e−2x (4x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3)
8
sin n + 12 π = (−1)n and cos n + 12 π = 0

where n is integer.
Fourier Series
The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

c < x < c + 2π is given by

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
f (x) = + an cos nx + bn sin nx
2 n=1 n=1

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 c+2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π c

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 c+2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π c
1 c+2π
Z
an = f (x) cos nx dx
π c

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 c+2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π c
1 c+2π
Z
π c
1 c+2π
Z
bn = f (x) sin nx dx
π c

Fourier Series
Corollary 1: If c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < 2π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Fourier Series
Corollary 2: If c = −π, the interval becomes −π << π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π

Fourier Series
Special Case 1: If the interval is −c < x < c and f (x) is an

odd function i.e. f (−x) = −f (x). Let C = π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx = 0
π −π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
an = f (x) cos nx dx = 0
π −π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π
because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an odd
function

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π
functionZ
1 π 2 π
Z
bn = f (x) sin nx dx = f (x) sin nx dx
π −π π 0

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π
functionZ
1 π 2 π
Z
bn = f (x) sin nx dx = f (x) sin nx dx
π −π π 0
because sin nx is an odd function , f (x)sin nx is an even
function
Fourier Series

even function i.e. f (−x) = f (x). Let C = π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π 2 π
Z Z
where a0 = f (x) dx = f (x) dx
π −π π 0

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
1 π 2 π
Z Z
an = f (x) cos nx dx = f (x) cos nx dx
π −π π 0

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
because cos nx is an even function , f (x)cos nx is an even
function

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
functionZ
1 π
bn = f (x) sin nx dx = 0
π −π

Fourier Series

∞ ∞
a0 X X
2 n=1 n=1
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
1 π 2 π
Z Z
π −π π 0
functionZ
1 π
bn = f (x) sin nx dx = 0
π −π
because sin nx is an odd function , f (x)sin nx is an odd
function
Example
2
π−x
Ex. Obtain Fourier series of f (x) = in the
2
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Hence deduce that
π2 1 1 1
= 2 − 2 + 2 − ...
12 1 2 3

Example
2
π−x
Ex. Obtain Fourier series of f (x) = in the
2
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Hence deduce that
π2 1 1 1
= 2 − 2 + 2 − ...
12 1 2 3

Example
Sol. Step 1. The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

Example

∞
a0 X
f (x) = + (an cos nx + bn sin nx) . . . (1)
2 n=1

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
Step 2. Now a0 = f (x) dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
a0 = dx
π 0 4

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
a0 = dx
π 0 4
2π
1 (π − x)3

1
= =− (−π 3 − π 3 )
4π (−3) 0 12π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
a0 = dx
π 0 4
2π
1 (π − x)3

1
= =− (−π 3 − π 3 )
4π (−3) 0 12π
π2
=
6

Example
Z 2π
1
Step 3. an = f (x) cos nx dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
an = cos nx dx
π 0 4

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
an = cos nx dx
π 0 4
1
= 2
n

Example
Z 2π
1
Step 4. bn = f (x) sin nx dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
bn = sin nx dx
π 0 4

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π (π − x)2
Z
bn = sin nx dx
π 0 4
=0

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval [0, 2π]

Example

2 ∞
π2 X 1

π−x
= + cos nx
2 12 n=1 n2

Example

2 ∞
π2 X 1

π−x
= + cos nx
2 12 n=1 n2
π2 1 1 1
= + 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1 2 3

Example

2 ∞
π2 X 1

π−x
= + cos nx
2 12 n=1 n2
π2 1 1 1
= + 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1 2 3
Putting x = π, we get

Example

2 ∞
π2 X 1

π−x
= + cos nx
2 12 n=1 n2
π2 1 1 1
= + 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1 2 3
π2 1 1 1 1
0= − 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 − ...
12 1 2 3 4

Example

2 ∞
π2 X 1

π−x
= + cos nx
2 12 n=1 n2
π2 1 1 1
= + 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos 3x + . . .
12 1 2 3
π2 1 1 1 1
0= − 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 − ...
12 1 2 3 4
π2 1 1 1 1
= 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ...
12 1 2 3 4

Example
Ex. Expand in a Fourier series the function f (x) = x

in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Example
Ex. Expand in a Fourier series the function f (x) = x

in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Example

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0
Z 2π
1
a0 = x dx
π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0
Z 2π
1
a0 = x dx
π 0
2π
1 x2
=
4π 2 0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0
Z 2π
1
a0 = x dx
π 0
2π
1 x2
=
4π 2 0
= 2π

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
an = x cos nx dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
an = x cos nx dx
π 0
2π
sin nx cos nx
x − −
n n 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
an = x cos nx dx
π 0
2π
sin nx cos nx
x − −
n n 0
=0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
bn = x sin nx dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
bn = x sin nx dx
π 0
−2
=
n

Example


Example

∞
2π X −2
f (x) = +0+ sin nx
2 n=1
n

Example

∞
2π X −2
f (x) = +0+ sin nx
2 n=1
n
∞
X sin nx
=π−
n=1
n

Example

∞
2π X −2
f (x) = +0+ sin nx
2 n=1
n
∞
X sin nx
=π−
n=1
n

Example
Ex. Determine the Fourier series expansion of the

function f (x) = xsin x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Example
Ex. Determine the Fourier series expansion of the

function f (x) = xsin x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Example

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
a0 = x sin x dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
a0 = x sin x dx
π 0
1
= [−x cos x + sin x]2π0
π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
a0 = x sin x dx
π 0
1
π
1
= (−2 π cos 2π + sin 2π − 0 + sin 0)
π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
a0 = x sin x dx
π 0
1
π
1
= (−2 π cos 2π + sin 2π − 0 + sin 0)
π
−2π
a0 = = −2
π

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
an = x sin x cos nx dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z 2π
1
= x (2 sin x cos nx) dx
2π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z 2π
1
2π 0
Z 2π
1
= x (sin (n + 1)x − sin (n − 1)x) dx
2π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z 2π
1
2π 0
Z 2π
1
= x (sin (n + 1)x − sin (n − 1)x) dx
2π 0
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
= x sin (n + 1)x dx − x sin (n − 1)x dx
2π 0 2π 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
an = x sin (n + 1)x dx − x sin (n − 1)x dx
2π 0 2π 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n = 1

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n = 1 Z 2π
1
∴ a1 = x sin 2x dx
2π 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n = 1 Z 2π
1
2π 0
2π
1 cos 2x sin 2x
= −x +
2π 2 4 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n = 1 Z 2π
1
2π 0
2π
1 cos 2x sin 2x
= −x +
2π 2 4 0
1
=−
2

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n 6= 1

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 cos (n + 1)x sin (n + 1)x
∴ an = x − − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 cos (n + 1)x sin (n + 1)x
∴ an = x − − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0
2π
1 cos (n − 1)x sin (n − 1)x
− x − − −
2π n−1 (n − 1)2 0

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 cos (n + 1)x sin (n + 1)x
∴ an = x − − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0
2π
1 cos (n − 1)x sin (n − 1)x
− x − − −
2π n−1 (n − 1)2 0

1 2π 2π
= − +0+ −0
2π n+1 n−1

Example
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
2π 0 2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 cos (n + 1)x sin (n + 1)x
∴ an = x − − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0
2π
1 cos (n − 1)x sin (n − 1)x
− x − − −
2π n−1 (n − 1)2 0

1 2π 2π
= − +0+ −0
2π n+1 n−1
2
= 2
n −1

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
= x sin x sin nx dx
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
= x sin x sin nx dx
π 0
Z 2π
1
= x (2sin nx sin x) dx
2π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
= x sin x sin nx dx
π 0
Z 2π
1
= x (2sin nx sin x) dx
2π 0
Z 2π
1
= x (−cos (n + 1)x + cos (n − 1)x) dx
2π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
bn = x (−cos (n + 1)x + cos (n − 1)x) dx
2π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n = 1

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n = 1 Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
∴ b1 = (−x cos 2x) dx + x dx
2π 0 2π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n = 1 Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
∴ b1 = (−x cos 2x) dx + x dx
2π 0 2π 0
2π
cos 2x x2

1 sin 2x
= x − − +
2π 2 4 2 0

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n = 1 Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
∴ b1 = (−x cos 2x) dx + x dx
2π 0 2π 0
2π
cos 2x x2

1 sin 2x
= x − − +
2π 2 4 2 0
b1 = π

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n 6= 1

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 sin (n + 1)x cos (n + 1)x
∴ bn = x − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 sin (n + 1)x cos (n + 1)x
∴ bn = x − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0
2π
1 sin (n − 1)x cos (n − 1)x
+ x +
2π n−1 (n − 1)2 0

Example
Z 2π
1
2π 0
If n 6= 1
2π
1 sin (n + 1)x cos (n + 1)x
∴ bn = x − −
2π n+1 (n + 1)2 0
2π
1 sin (n − 1)x cos (n − 1)x
+ x +
2π n−1 (n − 1)2 0
=0

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , a1 , an (n > 1), b1 and

bn (n > 1) in (1), we get the required Fourier series of f (x) in
the interval [0, 2π]

Example

∞
−2 X
f (x) = + (an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 n=1

Example

∞
−2 X
2 n=1

Example
Ex. Find the Fourier series for the periodic function

f (x)= −π; −π < x < 0
= x; 0 < x < π

Example

f (x)= −π; −π < x < 0
= x; 0 < x < π

Example

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π
1 π
Z
π −π

Example
Z π
1
π −π

Example
1 π
Z
π −π
Z 0 Z π
1
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx
π −π 0

Example
1 π
Z
π −π
Z 0 Z π
1
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
= (−π) dx + x dx
π −π 0

Example
1 π
Z
π −π
Z 0 Z π
1
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
= (−π) dx + x dx
π −π 0
π
=−
2

Example
1 π
Z
π −π
Z 0 Z π
1
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
= (−π) dx + x dx
π −π 0
π
=−
2

Example
Z 0 Z π
1
Step 3. an = f (x) cos nx dx + f (x) cos nx dx
π −π 0

Example
1 0
Z Z π
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
= (−π) cos nx dx + x cos nx dx
π −π 0

Example
1 0
Z Z π
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
" 0
1 sin nx
= −π +
π n −π

Example
1 0
Z Z π
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
" 0 #
1

sin nx

sin nx
cos nx π
= −π + x − (1) −
π n −π n n2 0

Example
1 0
Z Z π
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
" 0 #
1

sin nx

sin nx
cos nx π
= −π + x − (1) −
π n −π n n2 0
(−1)n − 1
=
πn2

Example
Z 0 Z π
1
Step 4. bn = f (x) sin nx dx + f (x) sin nx dx
π −π 0

Example
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
= (−π) sin nx dx + x sin nx dx
π −π 0

Example
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
" 0
1 −cosnx
= −π +
π n −π

Example
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
" 0 π #
1 −cosnx −cos nx −sin nx
= −π + x −
π n −π n n2 0

Example
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
Z 0 Z π
1
π −π 0
" 0 π #
1 −cosnx −cos nx −sin nx
= −π + x −
π n −π n n2 0
1 − 2(−1)n
=
n

Example

required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (−π, π)

Example

∞
−π X
4 n=1

Example

∞
−π X
4 n=1
∞ ∞
−π X (−1)n − 1 1 − 2(−1)n
X
= + cos nx + sin nx
4 n=1
πn2 n=1
n

Example

∞
−π X
4 n=1
∞ ∞
−π X (−1)n − 1 1 − 2(−1)n
X
= + cos nx + sin nx
4 n=1
πn2 n=1
n

Example

f (x)= 2; −π < x < 0
= 1; 0 < x < π

Example

f (x)= 2; −π < x < 0
= 1; 0 < x < π

Example

f (x)= −k; −π < x < 0
= k; 0 < x < π

Example

f (x)= −k; −π < x < 0
= k; 0 < x < π
1 1 1 π
Hence deduce that 1 − + − + . . . =
3 5 7 4

Example
Ex. Find the Fourier series of the function

f (x)= x; 0 ≤ x < π
= 2π ; x = π
= 2π − x ; π < x < 2π
3π 2 1 1 1
Hence deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
8 1 3 5

Example

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example

∞
a0 X
2 n=1
1 2π
Z
where a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 π
Z
π 0
1 2π
Z
π 0

Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
= x dx + (2π − x) dx
π 0 π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
= x dx + (2π − x) dx
π 0 π
" 2π #
π
x2 x2

1
= + 2πx −
π 2 0 2 π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
= x dx + (2π − x) dx
π 0 π
" 2π #
π
x2 x2

1
= + 2πx −
π 2 0 2 π
=π

Example
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π

Example
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
Z π Z 2π
1
= x cos nx dx + (2π − x) cos nx dx
π 0 π

Example
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
1

sin nx
cos nx π
= x − (1) −
π n n2 0

Example
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
1

sin nx
cos nx π
= x − (1) −
π n n2 0
2π
1 sin nx cos nx
+ (2π − x) − (−1) −
π n n2 π

Example
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
1

sin nx
cos nx π
= x − (1) −
π n n2 0
2π
1 sin nx cos nx
+ (2π − x) − (−1) −
π n n2 π

1 cos nπ 1
= 0+ − 0+ 2
π n2 n

1 cos 2nπ cos nπ
+ 0− − 0−
π n2 n2
2 [(−1)n − 1]
=
πn2
Example
Z 2π
1
π 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
= x sin nx dx + (2π − x) sin nx dx
π 0 π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
π
1 cos nx sin nx
= x − − (1) −
π n n2 0

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
π
1 cos nx sin nx
= x − − (1) −
π n n2 0
2π
1 cos nx sin nx
+ (2π − x) − − (−1) −
π n n2 π

Example
1 2π
Z
π 0
Z π Z 2π
1
π 0 π
π
1 cos nx sin nx
= x − − (1) −
π n n2 0
2π
1 cos nx sin nx
+ (2π − x) − − (−1) −
π n n2 π
=0

Example
Ex. Find the Fourier series of

f (x)= −1; −π < x < − π2
= 0 ; − π2 < x < π2
= 1 ; π2 < x < π

Fourier Series: N. B. Vyas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fourier Series: N. B. Vyas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) which satisfies the relation f (x) = f (x + T ) for

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

A function f (x) is said to be even if f (−x) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

(Leibnitz’s Rule)To integrate the product of two

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval

N. B. Vyas Fourier Series

The Fourier series for the function f (x) in the interval