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Bhoot (ghost)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia दियों का देश के आर्थिक एवं सांस्कृ तिक विकास में प्राचीनकाल से ही महत्वपूर्ण
योगदान रहा है। सिंधु (सिन्धु) तथा गंगा (गङ्गा) नदी की घाटियों में ही विश्व की सर्वाधिक प्राचीन सभ्यताओं - सिंधु (सिन्धु)
घाटी तथा आर्य सभ्यता का आर्विभाव हुआ। आज भी देश की सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या एवं कृ षि का संकें द्रण (संके न्द्रण) नदी
घाटी क्षेत्रों में पाया जाता है। प्राचीन काल में व्यापारिक एवं यातायात की सुविधा के कारण देश के अधिकांश नगर नदियों के
किनारे ही विकसित हुए थे तथा आज भी देश के लगभग सभी धार्मिक स्थल किसी न किसी नदी से संबद्ध (सम्बद्ध) है।
नदियों के देश कहे जाने वाले भारत में मुख्यतः चार नदी प्रणालियाँ है (अपवाह तंत्र) हैं। उत्तरी भारत में सिंधु, मध्य भारत
में गंगा, उत्तर-पूर्व भारत में ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी प्रणाली है। प्रायद्वीपीय भारत में नर्मदा कावेरी महानदी आदी नदियाँ विस्तृत नदी
प्रणाली का निर्माण करती हैं।
भारत की नदियों को चार समूहों में वर्गीकृ त किया जा सकता है जैसे :-

 हिमालय से निकलने वाली नदियाँ

 दक्षिण से निकलने वाली नदियाँ
 तटवर्ती नदियाँ
 अंतर्देशीय नालों से द्रोणी क्षेत्र की नदियाँ

भारत की प्रमुख नदियों की सूची[संपादित करें]

मुख्य लेख:  भारत की नदियों की सूची

 गंगा नदी
 यमुना नदी
 सरस्वती नदी
 कालिंदी
 कावेरी
 रामगंगा
 कोसी
 गगास नदी
 विनोद नदी
 कृ ष्णा नदी
 गोदावरी
 गंडक
 घाघरा
 चम्बल
 चेनाब
  झेलम
 दामोदर
 नर्मदा
 ताप्ती
 बेतवा
 पद्मा
 फल्गू
 बागमती
 ब्रह्मपुत्र
 भागीरथी
 महानदी
 महानंदा
 रावी
 व्यास
 सतलुज
 सरयू
 सिन्धु नदी
 सुवर्णरेखा
 हुगली
 गोमती नदी
 माही नदी
 शिप्रा नदी

इन्हें भी देखें[संपादित करें]

नदी जोड़ो परियोजना

बाहरी कडियाँ[संपादित करें]

 नदियों के किनारे बसें विश्व के प्रमुख  शहर

 भारत की नदियाँ (इण्डिया वाटर पोर्टल)
 भारतीय नदियों का इतिहास Archived 25 मार्च 2011 at the वेबैक मशीन.

[दिखाएँ ]

भारत की नदियाँ

[दिखाएँ ]

भारत के भूगोल से संबंधित विषय

श्रेणियाँ : 
  भारत की नदियाँ
 नदियाँ
 भारत का भूगोल
 भारत के स्थलरूप
दिक्चालन सूची
 लॉग इन नहीं किया है
 वार्ता
 योगदान
 अं क परिवर्तन

 खाता बनाएँ
 लॉग इन
 ले ख
 सं वाद
 पढ़ें
 सम्पादन
 इतिहास दे खें
खोजें
? ?? ? ? ???

 मु खपृ ष्ठ
 चौपाल
 हाल में हुए परिवर्तन
 हाल की घटनाएँ
 समाज मु खपृ ष्ठ
 निर्वाचित विषयवस्तु
 यादृच्छिक ले ख

योगदान
 प्रयोगपृ ष्ठ
 अनु रोध
 दान करें

सहायता
 सहायता
 स्वशिक्षा
 अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न
 दे वनागरी कैसे टाइप करें
 दत ू ावास (Embassy)

उपकरण
 यहाँ क्या जु ड़ता है
 पृ ष्ठ से जु ड़े बदलाव
 फ़ाइल अपलोड करें
 विशे ष पृ ष्ठ
 स्थायी कड़ी
 इस पृ ष्ठ पर जानकारी
 यह ले ख उद्ध ृत करें
  छोटा यू॰आर॰एल
 Wikidata प्रविष्टि

मु दर् ण/निर्यात
 पु स्तक बनायें
 पीडीएफ़ रूप डाउनलोड करें
 प्रिन्ट करने लायक

अन्य परियोजनाओं में

 विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स

अन्य भाषाओं में

 भोजपु री
 বাংলা
 English
 संस्कृ तम्
कड़ी सं पादित करें

 अन्तिम परिवर्तन 04:26, 28 मार्च 2021।

 यह सामग्री क्रिये टिव कॉमन्स ऍट् रीब्यूशन/शे यर-अलाइक लाइसें स के तहत उपलब्ध है ; अन्य शर्ते लागू हो सकती हैं ।
विस्तार से जानकारी हे तु दे खें उपयोग की शर्तें

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 e

A bhoot or bhuta (Sanskrit: भूत bhūta) is a supernatural creature, usually the ghost of

a deceased person, in the popular culture, literature and some ancient texts of
the Indian subcontinent.[1] Interpretations of how bhoots come into existence vary by
region and community, but they are usually considered to be perturbed and restless
due to some factor that prevents them from moving on (to transmigration, non-
being, nirvana, or heaven or hell, depending on tradition). This could be a violent
death, unsettled matters in their lives, or simply the failure of their survivors to
perform proper funerals.[1]
The belief in ghosts is deeply ingrained in the minds of the people of Indian
subcontinent across generations. There are many allegedly haunted places in Indian
subcontinent, such as cremation grounds, dilapidated buildings, royal mansions,
forts, forest bungalows, burning ghats, etc... Ghosts also occupy a significant place
in the Bengali culture. Ghosts and various supernatural entities form an integral part
of the socio-cultural beliefs of the both Hindu and Muslim communities
of Bangladesh and Indian states of West Bengal. Fairy tales often use the concept of
ghosts and references to paranormal activities are found amply in modern-day
Bengali literature, cinema, radio and TV programmes.

Contents

 1Etymology and idiom

 2Characteristics of bhoots
 3Thwarting bhoots
 4Bhutas
 5See also
 6References

Etymology and idiom[edit]

Bhūta is a Sanskrit term that carries the connotations of "past" and "being" [2] and,
because it has connection with "one of the most wide-spread roots in Indo-European
— namely, *bheu/*bhu-", has similar-sounding cognates in virtually every branch of
that language family, e.g., Irish (bha), English (be), Latvian (but)
and Persian (budan).[3][4]
In Hindi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Bengali, Sindhi and other languages of the northern
subcontinent, the concept of bhoots is extensively used in idiom. To be "ridden by
the bhoot of something" (bhoot sawaar hona) means to take an obsessive interest in
that thing or work unrelentingly towards that goal. Conversely, to "dismount a bhoot"
(bhoot utaarna) means to break through an obsession or see through a false belief
that was previously dearly held.[5][6] "To look like a bhoot" (bhoot lagna) means to look
disheveled and unkempt or to dress ridiculously. A house or building that is untidy,
unmaintained or deserted when it should not be is sometimes pejoratively called
a bhoot bangla.[7]
The word has travelled far into Southeast Asia: it entered Javanese through Sanskrit
as buta generally referring to a malevolent spirit/demonic giant which haunts places,
it also refers to the genre of evil giants in wayang stories such as Buta Cakil. It has
also undergone an evolution in the Malay world to mean a jin-like creature
mentioned in the as Malay Annals;[8] there is a legend of such a creature that dwells
in the plains of the Perak River with similar traits albeit of gigantic size giving its
name to a town in north of the Malay Peninsular named Bota.[9]

Characteristics of bhoots[edit]
Bhoots are able to alter and assume forms of various animals at will, but are usually
seen in human form.[10] However, their feet often reveal them to be ghosts, as they
are backwards facing.[11] As the earth is regarded as sacred or semi-sacred in many
traditions of the Indian subcontinent, bhoots go to lengths to avoid contact with it,
often floating above it, either imperceptibly or up to a foot above. [11] Bhoots cast no
shadows, and speak with a nasal twang.[12] They often lurk on specific trees and
prefer to appear in white clothing.[13] Sometimes bhoots haunt specific houses (the so-
called bhoot banglas, i.e. bhoot bungalows), which are typically places where they
were killed or which have some other significance to the bhoot.[14]
Many ghost stories in the region combine these elements. For instance, they might
involve a protagonist who fails to flee or take countermeasures when they run across
a bhoot. Instead, they unwittingly accept the bhoot's companionship (e.g., makes the
ghost a companion as he/she walks through a forest, picks up the ghost in his car
because it looks like an attractive woman waiting by the roadside at night). They
become progressively aware that their companion is dressed entirely in white and
has a funnily nasal voice, before the horrifying realization dawns on them that their
companion's feet are turned backwards, or he/she is not casting a shadow in the
moonlight, or is walking without actually touching the ground. Bhoots are said to
seek out milk and immerse themselves in it. Consuming bhoot-contaminated milk is
considered a typical route for bhoot-possession of humans, which has also been a
frequent plot element in bhoot stories.[12]
A particular kind of bhoot, that of a woman that died during pregnancy or childbirth, is
known as a chudail (dakini in Nepal and eastern India). Chudails look like human
women, but their feet are turned backwards or other features are turned upside
down. They can change their forms at any time. Chudails often try to lure young men
at road crossings and fields or similar places. If a man is enamored of a chudail, it is
believed that she will cause his death. There are, however, stories of people living
with a chudail, or even marrying one.[citation needed]

Thwarting bhoots[edit]
In many regions, bhoots are supposed to fear water and steel or iron objects, so
keeping those nearby is believed to scare them off. [15] The scent of burnt turmeric is
also said to ward them off.[12] As is typical of ghosts throughout the world, invoking the
name of holy figures and deities is also said to repel bhoots. In some regions,
sprinkling earth on oneself is said to shield against bhoots.[16] According to Hinduism,
the soul cannot be destroyed by any means. As a bhoot is just a deceased, lost, or
angry soul, the Hindu exorcists do not (or cannot) destroy them, but in turn performs
a ritual according to the Atharva Veda called atma-shanti which is just a modified
shraadh (death anniversary) done by those haunted by the bhoot to promise it that
everything in the power of them would be done to either assure the rebirth of
the bhoot or finish the works left incomplete by the bhoot (or both). Thus
the bhoot gets what it wants and would stop troubling those haunted by it forever. [17]

Bhutas[edit]
The Bhutas, spirits of defied heroes, of fierce and evil beings, of Hindu deities and of
animals, etc., are wrongly referred to as "ghosts" or "demons" and, in fact, are
protective and benevolent beings. Though it is true that they can cause harm in their
violent forms, as they are extremely powerful, they can be pacified through worship
or offerings referred to as Bhuta Aradhana.[18]

See also[edit]
 Garuda Purana
 Ghosts in Bengali culture
 Ghosts in Tibetan culture
 List of ghosts
 Preta, vetala and pishacha
 Yakshini
 Kanjirottu Yakshi
 List of superstitions in India

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:    Britannica; Dale Hoiberg; Indu Ramchandani
a b

(2000),  Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5, Popular

Prakashan, 2000,  ISBN  978-0-85229-760-5, ... Bhut also
spelt bhoot, in Hindu mythology, a restless ghost. Bhoots
are believed to be malignant if they have died a violent of
premature death or have been denied funerary rites ...
2. ^ Henk W. Wagenaar; S. S. Parikh; D. F. Plukker; R.
Veldhuijzen van Zanten (1993), Allied Chambers
transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary, Allied
Publishers, 1993,  ISBN  978-81-86062-10-4, ... bhūt भूत
(m.) a ghost; an evil spirit; ... the past tense (also bhūtkāl
भूतकाल); (adj.) past, bygone ...
3. ^ Leon Stassen (2003), Intransitive Predication: Oxford
Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory, Oxford
University Press, 2004,  ISBN  978-0-19-925893-2, ... one
of the most wide-spread roots in Indo-European - namely,
*bheu/*bhu-. This root, which can be found in practically
all branches of the family ... Welsh bod, Irish bha, Scottish
Gaelic ba; English be ... Latvian but ... Russian byt' ...
Modern Persian budan; Vedic bhu- ...
4. ^ William H. Snyder (2001), Time, Being, and Soul in the
Oldest Sanskrit Sources, Global Academic Publishing,
2001,  ISBN  978-1-58684-072-3, ... derived in Sanskrit
from the two verb roots (Indo-European *es- and
*bheu-) ... bhūtam n. "being, creature" ...
5. ^ Seminar, Issues 525-529, R. Thapar, 2003, 2003, ...
Filmi bhoot savaar tha na [I was obsessed with films] ...
6. ^ Nonica Datta (1999), Forming an identity: a social
history of the Jats, Oxford University Press,
1999,  ISBN  978-0-19-564719-8, ... Is bholepan ke bhoot
ko syr se utar de ... Get rid of your naivete ...
7. ^ Lt Gen Yashwant Mande (2001), Terror In Kashmir &
Other Stories, Prabhat Prakashan, 2009,  ... The house
had developed a shabby look. No visitors came. It had
become a bhoot bangla ...
8. ^ Ahmat Adam (2016). Antara Sejarah dan Mitos:
Sejarah Melayu & Hang Tuah dalam Historiografi
Malaysia. p.  104. ISBN 9789672165934.
9. ^ Maxwill, Sir William George (1925). In Malay Forests.
Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.  ISBN  978-
1177612609.
10. ^ R.E. Enthoven; Arthur Mason Tippetts Jackson
(1989),  Folklore Notes - 2 Vols, Asian Educational
Services, 1989,  ISBN  978-81-206-0485-8, ... it is
believed that ghosts or evil spirits have the form of a
human being, but their feet are turned backwards ... They
can change their forms at any time ...
11. ^ Jump up to:a b Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-
Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute (1962), Anthropos,
Volume 57, Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und
Steindruckerei, 1962,  ... its feet are twisted and turned
backwards. The bhut always floats one foot above the
ground ...
12. ^ Jump up to:a b c William Crooke (1896), The popular religion
and folk-lore of northern India, Volume 1, A. Constable &
Co., 1896, p.  237, ... they are very fond of milk ... Bhuts
can never sit on the ground ... ... three infallible tests by
which you may recognize a Bhut. In the first place he
casts no shadow ... can stand anything in his
neighbourhood but the scent of burning turmeric ...
always speaks with a nasal twang ...
13. ^ Office of the Registrar General (1967),  Census of India,
1961, Volume 8, Part 6, Issue 9, Manager of Publications,
Government of India, 1962, ... Bhoot: This malevolent
male spirit appears in spotless white clothes. Its abode is
trees and field-embankments. It appears and disappears
in moments ...
14. ^ Amaresh Misra (1998), Lucknow, fire of grace: the story
of its revolution, renaissance and the aftermath,
HarperCollins Publishers India, 1998, ISBN 978-81-7223-
288-7, ... bhoot bangla - haunted mansion ...
15. ^ Gurnam Singh Sidhu Brard (2007),  East of Indus: my
memories of old Punjab, Hemkunt Press, 2007,
p. 269,  ISBN  978-81-7010-360-8, ... desirable to keep
water handy, since the bhoot  avoided water. Another
object useful for warding off the bhoot  was anything
made of iron. It need not be a sword or knife; even a steel
bracelet was supposed to be protective ...
16. ^ Ellen Winner (2003-11-01),  World Shaman:
Encountering Ancient Himalayan Spirits in Our Time,
iUniverse, 2003, ISBN 978-0-595-28836-6,  ... I saw a
huge shadow was moving there and here. Slowly that
shadow changed in human's shape and walking towards
me. I thought some kind bhut was trying to attack me. I
hurriedly speak the mantra, picked up a little dust from the
ground ...
 17. ^ Devdutt Pattanaik (2006), Myth=Mithya, Penguin Books
India, 2006, p. 77,78,  ISBN  978-0-14-309970-3, ...ghosts
are not godless-creatures. They are not exorcised......
18. ^ "Museums of India - National Handicrafts and
Handilooms Museum, New Delhi" (ISBN 0-944142-23-0)
by Jyontindra Jain and Aarti Aggarwala.

 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-

500-51088-1) by Anna Dhallapiccola
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Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder's Thakurmar Jhuli

Categories: 
 Nepalese culture
 Superstitions of India
 Superstitions of Pakistan
 Asian ghosts
 Demons in Hinduism
 Non-human races in Hindu mythology
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