Petrel* 2010 Attribute Matrix
Seal
Iso-Frequency
3D Curvature
Variance (Edge Method)
Dip Guided Variance
Filter
Dip deviation
Ant Tracking
RMS Amplitude
Remove Bias
Relative Acoustic
Impedance
Gradient Magnitude
Local Structural Azimuth
Event, Gradient, Principle component
Local Structural Dip
Event, Gradient, Principle component
Structural Smoothing
Structural Smoothing
Options: dip guide, edge enhance
Original Amplitude
T* attenuation
Chaos
Local Flatness
Envelope
(Reflection Strength)
Instantaneous Frequency
Cosine of Instantaneous
Phase
Instantaneous Phase
Apparent Polarity
Graphic Equalizer
Trace AGC
First derivative
Second derivative
Reflection Intensity
Instantaneous Quality
Time Gain
Genetic inversion
Dominant Frequency
Sweetness
Copyright © Schlumberger 2010. All rights reserved.
Further Reading: Interpreter’s Guide to Seismic Attributes
Trap
Description Reservoir
Charge
Short Description and Meaning General Structural Salt Edge Detection Formation General Stratigraphic Fracture Channels Texture Carbonates Noise Lithology AVO Hydrocarbon
Workflow (Structural) Orientation Indicator Attribute Reduction Indicator Workflows Indicator
Selected frequencies, also
PATENTED
combined with other
Spectral decomposition at user-selected frequencies. Selected frequencies can Identification of thin beds and subtle strati-
attributes in a ANN, can Can be used as input to Can improve the image of subtle
Obtained by cosine correlation transform (CCT) analysis that esti- Delineate Salt extents as provide sharper image of graphic features (e.g. pinch-out, reefs, chan-
Can enhance subtle structural detect possible fractures zones For channel mapping and facies mapping in par- stratigraphic S/N can improve at selected
mates the contribution of each frequency to the input seismic.
features.
separable from sediment on small faults than the input nels, etc.).
via attenuation analysis, or, thickness estimation ticular for seismic geo- features as well as frequencies
By exploiting the tuning effects provides indications on frequency content data for input to workflows Can be used along stratal slices for seismic geo-
conversely can highlight sub- morphology analysis sub-seismic faults
stratigraphic thickness. such as Ant Tracking. morphology analysis
seismic faults
N.B.: it works in time domain.
Detection of subtle depositional elements for Shows karsts and sinkholes, in
Structural attribute that describes how bent a curve is at a Detects subtle changes in Fault lineament detection, in High curvature zones Must be a density change
particular point. Enables the detection of subtle structural changes seismic geomorphology such as Can be used as texture at- addition to Directional curvature can
structural trend and/or tectonic particular in dip saturated Discerns flexure and especially on the Maximum in channel fill and sur-
in dip-saturated data. channel incisions, gullies, incised valleys, drain- tribute for seismic fracture corridors) and strati- enhance the
Equivalent to the second-order derivative when the dip is zero.
features and lineaments, convex up data. Helps indentifying position of anticline /
age patterns and gas vents (negative curvature)
Curvature are often rounds.
facies analysis graphic (carbonates build-ups/ geology by
(positive curvature) or concave down upthrown and downthrown syncline hinges associated with high Useful for channel
or channel fills, splays, lobes, lens, isolated reefs, channels, etc.) features suppressing footprints
(negative curvature) structures sides of a fault fracture density zones. development
bars, mounds and wedges (positive curvature)
Signal coherency analysis: Estimates trace to trace variance Karst and sinkhole delineation.
Can discriminate between low and high conti-
(1-semblance). Amplitude Invariant (but not orientation invariant); Reveals discontinuities in seismic data Fault detection from continu- Useful for channel sweep Good discriminator for seis- Detection and mapping of build-
nuity of seismic reflections. High variance can suggest
i.e. it will produce the same response for the same seismic signa- either related to stratigraphic Can help outline salt extents ous variance response.
Interpretation of progradational versus aggra- faults or fractures swarms
at Z values for channel mic facies analysis ups/reefs within layer cake
ture, whether in a low or high-amplitude region. terminations or structural lineaments Gas chimney mapping development depositional
dational stacking patterns on stratal slices.
environments
Can discriminate between low and high conti-
Reveals discontinuities in seismic Fault detection from continu-
Same as variance with an added principle component based nuity of seismic reflections. High variance can suggest
guiding. Improves continuity of non-vertical events.
data. As above, useful for structural Can help outline salt extents ous variance response.
Interpretation of progradational versus aggra- faults or fractures swarms
and stratigraphic terminations. Gas chimney mapping
dational stacking patterns on stratal slices.
Apply a frequency filter over time gates to seismic data. Various Frequency filtered data is useful input for fre- Filtered seismic can show Time gated frequency filter.
methods and tapers are available quency based attributes. channels clearer Mute unwanted frequencies
Discriminates rapid changes in Use in softer lithologies Possible fracture indicator by
Edge detection attribute: Estimates difference between sample dip
and local dip. A threshold can be applied.
local orientation. where the downthrown local high dip deviation
Input to Ant Tracking side of the fault shows dip response
PATENTED WARNING: the interior of a Delineate laterally continuous
Fault attribute enhancement and Large (seismic scale) fracture Fracture corridors, Karst delinea- Filter using a stereonet to
Fault enhancing attribute. Connects attribute responses by using
fault extraction
salt accumulation can be discontinuities based on a
swarms detection tion eliminate azimuthal features
principles of swarm intelligence (“ants”) chaotic conditioned input
Detects amplitude varia-
Measure of reflectivity within a time window: The square root of Classical attribute for bright
tions for channels with
the sum of the squared amplitudes divided by the number of live
density changes to sur-
spot detection (highly corre-
Samples lated to Envelope)
rounds
Removes DC bias for the seismic traces.
DC bias occurs when the average of the trace values departs from Removes DC bias from the
zero and may be caused by processing artifacts and/or geological trace
factors.
Physical attributes that reflects physical property contrast and
provides better tie to well domain for geological analysis: Assumes
Reveals discontinuities and improves
Stratigraphic layering. High contrast Can differentiate between tight Provides better tie to
zero phase data. Generated by integration of seismic trace and indicates possible sequence boundaries, or shaly and good porosity lime- lithology and can be
structural delineation
subsequent low cut filter to remove arbitrary long wavelength Reveals unconformity surfaces stone related to porosity (non linear)
trends
Derivative based attribute for stratigraphic and structural Provides information about the local Input for edge detection like
Good discriminator for fa- Discriminates weak coherent
application: The gradient for each voxel is calculated analytically by orientation field of the reflectors and variance as it is amplitude Good stratigraphic discriminator
cies analysis noise.
the spatial derivatives in t/d, x and y directions its changes in the three directions sensitive
A measure of compass direction of the “normal” to the plane of the
Captures structural orientation Use a wrapping colour map Captures stratigraphic orientation
local seismic event
Shows the dip orientation
A measure of the inclination of the seismic event measured from
Captures structural dip
Define dipping direction of
of events Captures stratigraphic dip Help identify channel edges
the horizontal plane events
Performs data smoothing by local averaging with a Gaussian General smoothing. Increased signal/ Estimating local signal
Use to remove noise from the Can illuminate “flat spots” or
weighted averaging filter. noise ratio for structural Interpreta-
data
magnitude
fluid contacts
Use as input for variance, dip deviation or chaos tion (absolute amplitude)
Used as possible data condi-
Provides increased layer continuity without tioning step
Performs data smoothing by local averaging with a Gaussian
weighted averaging along flow surfaces following the local dip/ Enhance discontinuities sacrificing vertical resolution Delineate channel edges before generation of vari-
azimuth Increased signal/noise ratio ance attribute in Ant tracking
workflow.
The original amplitude of the seismic data
PATENTED
Indicator of open fractures if Can indicate open
Frequency attenuation-based algorithm which compares Open Fracture indicator
gas is present Fractures
Can show gas presence
frequencies above and below selected points of analysis
Useful for identifying;
Identify stacked reefs and useful
Maps the “chaoticness” of the local seismic signal from statistical Faults and fractures Channel infill , Gas chimneys, Good discriminator for seis-
analysis of dip/azimuth estimate.
Delineate Salt extents
identification Reef internal texture, Sink holes, Salt diapir,
Channel infill
mic facies analysis
for depiction of karsting and
fractures
Shale diapir
Good stratigraphic indicator: Detection and mapping of build-
Maps the “flatness” of the local seismic signal, 3D. “Flatness” is the Reef internal texture
Determines to which degree Good discriminator for seis- ups/reefs within
degree to which local reflectors are flat/planar (not necessarily
local orientation is planar
Sink holes
mic facies analysis Layer-cake depositional environ-
horizontal). Channel infill
in particular subtle features ments.
Mainly represents the acoustic impedance contrast, hence Detect lithological changes, Spatial correlation to In combination with Reflec-
reflectivity. Indicates the group, rather than phase component of Sequence boundaries, Thin-bed tuning porosity and other lithologic tion Intensity, useful for Detect bright spots
the seismic wave propagation. effects variations (Near—Far) / Near
Bed thickness indicator and can detect
lateral changes in lithology Fracture zone indicator, since
Hydrocarbon indicator by
Time derivative of the phase Laterally increasing instantaneous fractures may appear as lower Rock property indicator
low frequency anomaly
frequency can indicate bed thinning or pinch frequency zones
outs.
Continuity boundary of sedi-
Improves reflector continuity
Cosine function applied to the instantaneous phase Improves lateral continuity of layers as it does not contain ampli-
ment at salt face
tude information.
Discriminator for geometrical shape
Description of the phase angle at any instant along a trace Continuity boundary of sedi- Can help when used in Good indicator of continuities, angular uncon-
independent of amplitude. It reveals weak and strong events with
ment at salt face combination to isolate faults formities, faults, pinch-outs,
equal strength
sequence boundaries, onlap patterns
May help distinguish differ-
Sign of the seismic trace where reflection strength has a local Can detect thick beds when Can enhance
maximum value seismic data is not too noisy . continuity of events
ent kinds of bright spots (due
to gas, limestone..)
High pass filter enhances
terminations and discontinuities for High pass filter enhances
Show onlap and channel
Seismic data bandwidth filtering : Applies a bandwidth filter with fault mapping. terminations and Show onlap, truncations, Reduce frequencies from
frequency indexed weighting as per defined in the equalizer Low pass filter enhances signal/noise discontinuities for fault unconformities
edges via frequency filter-
noisy seismic
ing
to improve seismic event continuity. mapping
Enhances low amplitude sections for
Vertical amplitude balancing using an RMS filter along a given improved horizon interpretation Boosts weak events but also
window Drawback is that relative amplitude boosts noise
information is lost
Useful for Stratigraphic analysis, facies
Time rate of change of the amplitude estimation, QC interpretation
(zero crossing)
Second derivative can be used to help
Second derivative measures the variation in the tangents of the guiding the pick by providing continuity in ar-
selected seismic amplitude, directly above and below the reflection. May enhance terminations eas of where reflections are poorly
High values indicate rapid shift from peak to trough (short and discontinuities
resolved on the raw amplitude
May help resolve subtle stratigraphic
wavelength) patterns such as shingled/low angle
prograding fore-sets
In combination with Enve-
Delineation of amplitudes while retaining fre- Can help isolate channels
Relates the energy of a seismic trace within a moving window
quencies features
Karst delineation lope, useful for (Near—Far) /
Near
Can indicate fluid content
A quality factor that is assigned based on the instantaneous Can be used for fracture Can be used for fracture
envelope Detection detection
and absorption
character of a reservoir
Helps identify time
Enables the balancing of amplitudes as a
dependant
function of time. If the gain is >1 amplitudes will increase with time
weaknesses in seismic ampli-
and if gain is <1 amplitudes will decrease with time
tudes
When combined with other
Better define lithology Inversion is effective for inversion
Neural Network approached inversion process.
boundaries
Can define channel edges
noise reduction attributes such as Poisson’s
ratio /Vp-Vs and density
Square root of the sum of the squares of instantaneous frequency Changes in dominant fre-
Reveals spectral properties. Can identify fea-
and bandwidth.
tures in low frequencies
quency of an event may be
Reveals time varying spectral properties of the seismic indicative of hydrocarbons
Can be used for channel
Classical attribute for hydro-
development especially
Sweetness is the combination of envelope and instantaneous Can help delineate subtle Can enhance subtle carbon sand
frequency. Sweetness=Envelope/SQRT (Inst. Freq) discontinuities
when channels appear as
Features detection (highly correlated
sand
with envelope)
bodies in shale
Salt Edge Detection Formation Fracture Texture Noise Lithology AVO Hydrocarbon
Short Description and Meaning General Structural General Stratigraphic Channels Carbonates
Workflow (Structural) Orientation Indicator Attribute Reduction Indicator Workflows Indicator
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