QAM - GENERATION modules basic: ADDER, AUDIO OSCILLATOR, 2 x MULTIPLIER preparation Consider the block diagram of Figure 1. Itis a quadratwe modulator. message A “eS? | + }-> cam case t - ouput F] 2 nesses 7¥ ox Figure 1: a quadrature modulator a There are two messages, A and B. Whilst these aze typiclly independent when they axe analog, it common practice for them to be intimately related for the caze of digital imessages, In the former case the modulator is often called a quadzetwe amphitude rmodulater (QAND, whereas in the leter iti often called a quadiatze phase sft keyed (QPSE) modulator ‘This Lab Sheet investigates an analog application of the modulator. The system is then descnbed as a pair of identical double sideband supgressed camer (DSBSC) generators, with their outputs added Their common carriers come fiom the same source, but are in phase quadrature. The two DSBSC axe overlaid in frequency, but can be separated (by @ suitable receiver) because of this phase difference. [Note thatthe two paths into the ADDER. are labelled ‘I’ and ‘Q’. This refers to the phasing of the DSBSC - inphase and quadrature experiment Figue 2 shows a model of the block diagram of Figure 1 ‘The 100 Liz quadvatue carts come fiom the MASTER SIGNALS module. Note that these do not need to be in precise quadzature relationship, exzois of a few degrees make negligible difference to the performance ofthe system as a whole -transmutter, channel, and TERE ot sheer ‘wren ts cam 12Baa TMS (QADC- retin 48 rer 13 receiver. It is at the demodulator that precision is required - heve it is necessary that the local caress match exacly the phase difference at the tansutte. ‘The two independent analog messages come fiom an AUDIO OSCILLATOR. and the MASTER SIGNALS module (2 kHz) wl LE Figure 2: QAM generation - the model of Figure 1 Setting up is simple. Choose a fiequency in the range say 300 to 3000 Hz forthe AUDIO OSCILLATOR (inessge ‘A Confirm there are DSBSC at the output of each MULTIPLIER Adjust their amplitudes to bbe equal at the output of the ADDER, by using the ADDER. gain contols (remove the ‘A’ input when adjusting ‘g’, and the ‘B” input when adjusting ‘G’) Since the QAM signal will (in later experiments) be the input to an analog channel, its ‘amplitude should be at about the TIMS ANALOG REFERENCE LEVEL of 4 volt peak-to-peak. ‘What isthe relationship between the prak amplitude of each DSBSC at the ADDER output, and their sun? ‘To what should the oscilloscope be tiggered when examining the QAM? Is the QAM of @ ‘recognisable’ shape ? For the case when each message could ie anywhere inthe range 300 to 3000 He, what bandwidth would be required forthe tensmision ofthe QAM? phase division multiplex What has been exemined in this Lab Sheet bas been called a QAM generator. When used for analog messages, as here, itis also often called phase division multplex - PDM. But beware - this abbreviation is also used for pulse dation modulation; and PDM is also called pulse width modulation - PWM! ‘The demodulation of what has heve been called QAM is examined in the Lab Sheet entitled QAM demodulation, There it wil be seen that two overlaid DSBSC channels can be separated, due to their relative phases, hence the name phase division muliplex can be applied. TINS Lab Stet copmigt tim hooper 199, mbaleyholingspty bd ACY OO1-060.083 osQAM DEMODULATION modules basic: MULTIPLIER, PHASE SHIFTER extra Basic: for the mansminer: ADDER, AUDIO OSCILLATOR, 2x MULTIPLIER preparation Please complete the Lab Sheet entitled QAM - generation, which describes the generation of @ quadrature amplitude modulated signal with two, independent, analog messages. That generator is requited for ts experiment, as it provides an input to a QAM demodilater A.QAM demodulator is depicted in block diagram form in Figue 1 > xX wy ° 4 message A oO ne carrier ¥ message B me +X mS ° Figure 1: a QAM demodulator. In this experiment only the principle of separately recovering either message A or message B fiom. the QAMis demonstrated. ‘So onlyone half of the demodulator need be constructed, Such a simplified demodulator is w eo} shown in te block. dagem. of Sra Figue 2. Ths is the strctue you . wall be modeling, By eppropmate Onn adjustment of the phase either go Inessage Aor message B can be Fige? recovered experiment transmitter Set up the tranamitter according to the plan adopted in the Lab Sheet entitled QAM - generation, ‘Synelwonize the oscilloscope to, and observe, say, the ‘A’ message, on CHI-A. THF sce a TnBaca TIMS (QAM demeshintion 149 rt 13 recelver ‘A model of the block disgram of Figwe 2, which is a demodulator, or seceiver, is shown in Figue 3 Figure 3: channel A or B demodulator ‘The 100 kifz carer (sinat or cost) comes fiom MASTER SIGNALS. This isa ‘stolen’ camier Incommercial practice the carer information must be derived directly ftom the eceived signal. Remember to set the on-board switch SWI of the PHASE SHIFTER to the Hlzange ‘The 3 kifz LPF in the HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER can be wed if the messages aze restiicted to this bandwidth. Observe the output fiom this filter with the oscilloscope on CH2-A. Since ressage A is already displayed on CHI-A, an immediate comparison can be made. Probablyboth ressages will be appearing at the filter output, although of different amplitudes, Being on different frequencies the display wall note stationary. Now slowly rotate the conse contol of the PHASE SHIFTER, The output waveform should slowiy approsch the shape of message A (if not, flip the =180° front panel toggle switch). Note ‘that the phase adjustment is not used to maximise the amphtude of the wanted message but to mmntce the amplitude of the woosanted message. When this minimum is achieved then what remains, by default, is the wanted message. Provided the phasing at the transmitter is anywhere near quadatue there should alwaysbe a useful level ofthe wanted message. The magnitude of the ‘wanted waveform will be the maximum possible only when true quadrature phasing i achieved at the transmitter. An error of 45" at the transmitter, after accwate adjustment at the ceiver, results in a degradation of 3 dB over what might have been achieved. ‘This is a signal-to-noise ratio degradation, the noise level is not affected by the camer phasing, phase division multiplex ‘The arrangement just examined has been called phase division muldplex - there exe two channels sharing the same frequency space. Seperation - demultiplexing - is by virtue of their special phase relationships. ‘To enable canier acquisition fiom the received signal there needs to be a small ‘pilot’ camer, typically about 20 dB below the signal itelf. A filter is used to seperate this from the message sidebands. TIMS can easily demonstrate sucha system by using a phase locked loop (PLL) as the filtering element An example of the case when the messages aze digital, instead of analog, is that of quadrature phase shift eying - QPSK. This is examined in the two Lab Sheet entitled QPSK- generation ancl OPSK- demodulation TINS Lib Suet copie tim hooper 199, mberbyholingspty hd ACNOO1-060003 2