Coclusion (Group 3)

Rezki Aulia Sabri (10507 11002 20)

Sudirman N (10507 11013 20)
Arfiah Ainun Salsabila (10507 11008 20)

RESEARCH VARIABLES, VALIDITY, and RELIABILITY and Designing a

Quantitative study

In designing a research project, such as the importance of properly identifying,

operationalizing, and controlling variables, ensuring the internal and external validity of the
study, and determining reliability

 A hypothesis is a statement about what we expect to happen in a study.

 An independent variable is what we believe may be responsible for a result.
 A dependent variable is the variable that we measure to determine the effect of the
independent variable.
 Other variables are moderator, intervening, and control.
 Operationalizational definitions are ones that allow researchers to work with a
particular variable and which allow measurement
 There are many types of validity all of which help to ensure that the results of a study
reflect what we belief they reflect. Validity types are: content, face, construct,
criterion-related, predictive, internal, and external.
 Reliability in a research study (a form of consistency) is central. Some types of
reliability are: rater and instrument.

There are many areas to consider when designing a research project. We have
discussed the most commonly used design types in experimental and quasi-experimental
research, identifying them along such dimensions as participant assignment to treatment
group, testing, and variables included. Below is a checklist of some of the concepts discussed
in this chapter that are useful to think about as you are designing and reporting a study