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Top232-234 Topswitch-Fx Family: Design Flexible, Ecosmart, Integrated Off-Line Switcher
Top232-234 Topswitch-Fx Family: Design Flexible, Ecosmart, Integrated Off-Line Switcher
TOP232-234
TOPSwitch-FX Family
Design Flexible, EcoSmart, Integrated
Off-Line Switcher
Product Highlights
+
AC DC
Lower System Cost, High Design Flexibility IN OUT
• Features eliminate or reduce cost of external components -
Section List
Pin Functional Description ........................................................................................................................................ 3
TOPSwitch-FX Family Functional Description ......................................................................................................... 4
CONTROL (C) Pin Operation..................................................................................................................................... 4
Oscillator and Switching Frequency........................................................................................................................... 5
Pulse Width Modulator and Maximum Duty Cycle..................................................................................................... 5
Minimum Duty Cycle and Cycle Skipping.................................................................................................................. 6
Error Amplifier........................................................................................................................................................... 6
On-chip Current Limit with External Programability.................................................................................................... 6
Line Undervoltage Detection (UV).............................................................................................................................. 6
Line Overvoltage Shutdown (OV)............................................................................................................................... 7
Line Feed-Forward with DCMAX Reduction................................................................................................................. 7
Remote ON/OFF and Synchronization....................................................................................................................... 7
Soft-Start.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Shutdown/Auto-Restart............................................................................................................................................ 8
Hysteretic Over-Temperature Protection.................................................................................................................... 8
Bandgap Reference.................................................................................................................................................. 8
High-Voltage Bias Current Source............................................................................................................................. 8
Using FREQUENCY and MULTI-FUNCTION Pins ..................................................................................................... 9
FREQUENCY (F) Pin Operation................................................................................................................................. 9
MULTI-FUNCTION (M) Pin Operation......................................................................................................................... 9
Typical Uses of FREQUENCY (F) Pin ....................................................................................................................... 11
Typical Uses of MULTI-FUNCTION (M) Pin .............................................................................................................. 12
Application Examples .............................................................................................................................................. 14
A High Efficiency, 30 W, Universal Input Power Supply............................................................................................ 14
35 W Multiple Output Power Supply........................................................................................................................ 15
17 W PC Standby Power Supply............................................................................................................................ 16
Processor Controlled Supply Turn On/Off................................................................................................................ 17
Key Application Considerations ............................................................................................................................... 19
TOPSwitch-FX vs. TOPSwitch-ll.............................................................................................................................. 19
TOPSwitch-FX Design Considerations ................................................................................................................... 20
TOPSwitch-FX Selection................................................................................................................................... 20
Input Capacitor................................................................................................................................................. 20
Primary Clamp and Output Reflected Voltage VOR ........................................................................................... 20
Output Diode.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Soft-Start.......................................................................................................................................................... 21
EMI .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Transformer Design........................................................................................................................................... 21
Standby Consumption...................................................................................................................................... 23
TOPSwitch-FX Layout Considerations..................................................................................................................... 23
Primary Side Connections................................................................................................................................ 23
Y-Capacitor...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Heat Sinking..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Quick Design Checklist........................................................................................................................................... 23
Design Tools........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Product Specifications and Test Conditions .......................................................................................................... 24
Typical Performance Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 30
Package Outlines ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
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TOP232-234
CONTROL (C)
0 DRAIN (D)
VC
ZC INTERNAL
1 SUPPLY
SHUNT REGULATOR/
ERROR AMPLIFIER +
SOFT START
- 5.8 V
4.8 V -
+ 5.8 V
INTERNAL UV
IFB COMPARATOR
VI (LIMIT)
CURRENT
LIMIT
ADJUST -
ON/OFF ∏8
+
VBG + VT SHUTDOWN/
AUTO-RESTART CURRENT LIMIT
MULTI- COMPARATOR
FUNCTION (M)
HYSTERETIC
THERMAL
SHUTDOWN
VBG
CONTROLLED
TURN-ON
STOP SOFT- GATE DRIVER
OV/UV START
LINE DMAX
SENSE DCMAX DCMAX
FREQUENCY (F) CLOCK
(Y Package Only) S Q
HALF
FREQUENCY SAW - LEADING
R Q
EDGE
+ BLANKING
OSCILLATOR WITH JITTER
PWM
COMPARATOR
RE
SOURCE (S)
PI-2535-062615
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TOP232-234
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TOP232-234
in excess of the consumption of the chip is shunted to sawtooth waveform for the pulse width modulator. The
SOURCE through resistor RE as shown in Figure 2. This oscillator sets the pulse width modulator/current limit latch at
current flowing through RE controls the duty cycle of the power the beginning of each cycle.
MOSFET to provide closed loop regulation. The shunt
regulator has a finite low output impedance ZC that sets the The nominal switching frequency of 132 kHz was chosen to
gain of the error amplifier when used in a primary feedback minimize transformer size while keeping the fundamental EMI
configuration. The dynamic impedance ZC of the CONTROL frequency below 150 kHz. The FREQUENCY pin (available
pin together with the external CONTROL pin capacitance sets only in TO-220 package), when shorted to the CONTROL pin,
the dominant pole for the control loop. lowers the switching frequency to 66 kHz (half frequency)
which may be preferable in some cases such as noise
When a fault condition such as an open loop or shorted output sensitive video applications or a high efficiency standby mode.
prevents the flow of an external current into the CONTROL pin, Otherwise, the FREQUENCY pin should be connected to the
the capacitor on the CONTROL pin discharges towards 4.8 V. SOURCE pin for the default 132 kHz. Trimming of the current
At 4.8 V auto-restart is activated which turns the output MOSFET reference improves oscillator frequency accuracy.
off and puts the control circuitry in a low current standby
mode. The high-voltage current source turns on and charges To further reduce the EMI level, the switching frequency is
the external capacitance again. A hysteretic internal supply jittered (frequency modulated) by approximately ±4 kHz at
under-voltage comparator keeps VC within a window of 250 Hz (typical) rate as shown in Figure 6. Figure 28 shows
typically 4.8 to 5.8 V by turning the high-voltage current source the typical improvement of EMI measurements with frequency
on and off as shown in Figure 5. The auto-restart circuit has a jitter.
divide-by-8 counter which prevents the output MOSFET from
turning on again until eight discharge/charge cycles have Pulse Width Modulator and Maximum Duty Cycle
elapsed. This is accomplished by enabling the output MOSFET The pulse width modulator implements voltage mode control
only when the divide-by-8 counter reaches full count (S7). The by driving the output MOSFET with a duty cycle inversely
counter effectively limits TOPSwitch-FX power dissipation by proportional to the current into the CONTROL pin that is in
reducing the auto-restart duty cycle to typically 4%. Auto- excess of the internal supply current of the chip (see Figure 4).
restart mode continues until output voltage regulation is again The excess current is the feedback error signal that appears
achieved through closure of the feedback loop. across RE (see Figure 2). This signal is filtered by an RC
network with a typical corner frequency of 7 kHz to reduce the
Oscillator and Switching Frequency effect of switching noise in the chip supply current generated
The internal oscillator linearly charges and discharges an
internal capacitance between two voltage levels to create a
~
~
~
~
VUV
VLINE
~
~
~
~
~
~
0V
S7 S0 S1 S2 S6 S7 S0 S1 S2 S6 S7 S0 S1 S2 S6 S7 S7 5.8 V
~
~
~
~
~
~
VC 4.8 V
0V
~
~
~
~
VDRAIN
~
~
0V
VOUT
0V
~
~
~
~
~
~
1 2 3 2 4
Note: S0 through S7 are the output states of the auto-restart counter PI-2545-082299
Figure 5. Typical Waveforms for (1) Power Up (2) Normal Operation (3) Auto-restart (4) Power Down .
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TOP232-234
PI-2550-092499
compared with the internal oscillator sawtooth waveform to 136 kHz
generate the duty cycle waveform. As the control current Switching
increases, the duty cycle decreases. A clock signal from the Frequency
oscillator sets a latch which turns on the output MOSFET. The 128 kHz
pulse width modulator resets the latch, turning off the output
MOSFET. Note that a minimum current must be driven into 4 ms
the CONTROL pin before the duty cycle begins to change.
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TOP232-234
allow extended input voltage operating range. Input voltage is Remote ON/OFF and Synchronization
not checked again until the power supply loses regulation and TOPSwitch-FX can be turned on or off by controlling the
attempts another turn-on. This is accomplished by enabling current into or out from the MULTI-FUNCTION pin (see Figure
the UV comparator only when the divide-by-8 counter used in 8). This allows easy implementation of remote ON/OFF control
auto-restart reaches full count (S7) which is also the state that of TOPSwitch-FX in several different ways. A transistor or an
the counter is reset to at power up (see Figure 5). The UV optocoupler output connected between the MULTI-FUNCTION
feature can be disabled independent of OV feature as shown pin and the SOURCE pin implements this function with
in Figure 16. “active-on” (Figure 19) while a transistor or an optocoupler
output connected between the MULTI-FUNCTION pin and the
Line Overvoltage Shutdown (OV) CONTROL pin implements the function with “active-off”
The same resistor used for UV also sets an overvoltage (Figure 20).
threshold which, once exceeded, will force TOPSwitch-FX
output into off-state. The ratio of OV and UV thresholds is When a signal is received at the MULTI-FUNCTION pin to
preset at 4.5 as can be seen in Figure 8. This feature turns off disable the output through any of the MULTI-FUNCTION pin
the TOPSwitch-FX power MOSFET when the rectified DC functions such as OV, UV and remote ON/OFF, TOPSwitch-FX
high-voltage exceeds the OV threshold. When the MOSFET is always completes its current switching cycle as illustrated in
off, the rectified DC high-voltage surge capability is increased Figure 7 before the output is forced off. The internal oscillator
to the voltage rating of the MOSFET (700 V), due to the is stopped slightly before the end of the current cycle and
absence of the reflected voltage and leakage spikes on the stays there as long as the disable signal exists. When the
drain. Small amount of hysteresis is provided on the OV signal at the MULTI-FUNCTION pin changes state from disable
threshold to prevent noise triggering. The OV feature can be to enable, the internal oscillator starts the next switching cycle.
disabled independent of UV feature as shown in Figure 15. This approach allows the use of this pin to synchronize
TOPSwitch-FX to any external signal with a frequency lower
Line Feed-Forward with DCMAX Reduction than its internal switching frequency.
The same resistor used for UV and OV also implements line
voltage feed-forward which minimizes output line ripple and As seen above, the remote ON/OFF feature allows the
reduces power supply output sensitivity to line transients. This TOPSwitch-FX to be turned on and off instantly, on a cycle-by-
feed-forward operation is illustrated in Figure 4 by the different cycle basis, with very little delay. However, remote ON/OFF
values of IM. Note that for the same CONTROL pin current, can also be used as a standby or power switch to turn off the
higher line voltage results in smaller operating duty cycle. As TOPSwitch-FX and keep it in a very low power consumption
an added safety measure, the maximum duty cycle DCMAX is state for indefinitely long periods. If the TOPSwitch-FX is held
also reduced from 78% (typical) at a voltage slightly higher in remote off state for long enough time to allow the CONTROL
than the UV threshold to 38% (typical) at the OV threshold (see pin to dishcharge to the internal supply undervoltage threshold
Figures 4, 8). DCMAX of 38% at the OV threshold was chosen of 4.8 V (approximately 32 ms for a 47 µF CONTROL pin
to ensure that the power capability of the TOPSwitch-FX is not capacitance), the CONTROL pin goes into the hysteretic mode
restricted by this feature under normal operation. of regulation. In this mode, the CONTROL pin goes through
Time
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TOP232-234
alternate charge and discharge cycles between 4.8 V and restart mode described above. When the fault condition is
5.8 V (see CONTROL pin operation section above) and runs removed, the power supply output becomes regulated, VC
entirely off the high-voltage DC input, but with very low power regulation returns to shunt mode, and normal operation of the
consumption (160 mW typical at 230 VAC with M pin open). power supply resumes.
When the TOPSwitch-FX is remotely turned on after entering
this mode, it will initiate a normal start-up sequence with Hysteretic Over-Temperature Protection
soft-start the next time the CONTROL pin reaches 5.8 V. In the Temperature protection is provided by a precision analog
worst case, the delay from remote on to start-up can be equal circuit that turns the output MOSFET off when the junction
to the full discharge/charge cycle time of the CONTROL pin, temperature exceeds the thermal shutdown temperature
which is approximately 125 ms for a 47 µF CONTROL pin (135 ˚C typical). When the junction temperature cools to below
capacitor. This reduced consumption remote off mode can the hysteretic temperature, normal operation resumes. A large
eliminate expensive and unreliable in-line mechanical switches. hysteresis of 70 ˚C (typical) is provided to prevent overheating
It also allows for microprocessor controlled turn-on and of the PC board due to a repeating fault condition. VC is
turn-off sequences that may be required in certain applications regulated in hysteretic mode and a 4.8 V to 5.8 V (typical)
such as inkjet and laser printers. See Figure 27 under sawtooth waveform is present on the CONTROL pin when the
application examples for more information. power supply is turned off.
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TOP232-234
Using FREQUENCY and MULTI-FUNCTIONAL Pins connecting a resistor from this pin to the rectified DC high-
voltage bus to implement OV, UV and DCMAX reduction with
FREQUENCY (F) Pin Operation line voltage functions. In this mode, the value of the resistor
The FREQUENCY pin is a digital input pin available in TO-220 determines the line OV/UV thresholds, and the DCMAX is
package only. Shorting the FREQUENCY pin to SOURCE pin reduced linearly with rectified DC high-voltage starting from
selects the nominal switching frequency of 132 kHz (Figure 10) just above the UV threshold. In high efficiency applications
which is suited for most applications. For other cases that this pin can be used in the external current limit mode instead,
may benefit from lower switching frequency such as noise to reduce the current limit externally to a value close to the
sensitive video applications, a 66 kHz switching frequency (half operating peak current, by connecting the pin to the SOURCE
frequency) can be selected by shorting the FREQUENCY pin pin through a resistor. The same pin can also be used as a
to the CONTROL pin (Figure 11). In addition, an example remote on/off and a synchronization input in both modes.
circuit shown in Figure 12 may be used to lower the switching Please refer to Table 2 for possible combinations of the
frequency from 132 kHz in normal operation to 66 kHz in functions with example circuits shown in Figure 13 through
standby mode for very low standby power consumption. Figure 23. A description of specific functions in terms of the
MULTI-FUNCTION pin I/V characteristic is shown in Figure 8.
MULTI-FUNCTION (M) Pin Operation The horizontal axis represents MULTI-FUNCTION pin current
When current is fed into the MULTI-FUNCTION pin, it works as with positive polarity indicating currents flowing into the pin.
a voltage source of approximately 2.6 V up to a maximum The meaning of the vertical axes varies with functions. For
current of +400 µA (typical). At +400 µA, this pin turns into a those that control the on/off states of the output such as UV,
constant current sink. When current is drawn out of the OV and remote ON/OFF, the vertical axis represents the enable/
MULTI-FUNCTION pin, it works as a voltage source of disable states of the output. UV triggers at IUV (+50 µA typical)
approximately 1.32 V up to a maximum current of –240 µA and OV triggers at IOV (+225 µA typical). Between +50 µA and
(typical). At –240 µA, it turns into a constant current source. +225 µA, the output is enabled. For external current limit and
Refer to Figure 9. line feed-forward with DCMAX reduction, the vertical axis
represents the magnitude of the ILIMIT and DCMAX. Line feed-
There are a total of five functions available through the use of forward with DCMAX reduction lowers maximum duty cycle
the MULTI-FUNCTION pin: OV, UV, line feed-forward with from 78% at IM(DC) (+90 µA typical) to 38% at IOV (+225 µA).
DCMAX reduction, external current limit and remote ON/OFF. A External current limit is available only with negative MULTI-
short circuit between the MULTI-FUNCTION pin and SOURCE FUNCTION pin current. Please see graphs in the typical
pin disables all five functions and forces TOPSwitch-FX to performance characteristics section for the current limit program-
operate in a simple three terminal mode like TOPSwitch-II. The ming range and the selection of appropriate resistor value.
MULTI-FUNCTION pin is typically used for line sensing by
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
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TOP232-234
Current
Limit
IM
DCMAX (78.5%)
Maximum
Duty Cycle
IM
VBG + VTP
MULTI- VBG
FUNCTION
Pin Voltage
IM
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Current (µA)
Note: This figure provides idealized functional characteristics of the MULTI-FUNCTION pin with typical performance values.
Please refer to the parametric table and typical performance characteristics sections of the data sheet for measured data.
PI-2524-081999
CONTROL Pin
TOPSwitch-FX
240 µA
VBG
(Positive Current Sense - Undervoltage,
Overvoltage, Maximum Duty
Cycle Reduction)
400 µA
PI-2548-062515
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TOP232-234
+ +
DC DC
D D
Input Input
CONTROL Voltage CONTROL
Voltage C C
S F S F
- -
PI-2506-081199
PI-2505-081199
Figure 10. Full Frequency Operation (132 kHz). Figure 11. Half Frequency Operation (66 kHz).
+
QS can be an optocoupler output.
DC
D
Input
Voltage CONTROL
C
STANDBY
S F
QS 47 kΩ
RHF 20 kΩ 1 nF
-
PI-2507-040401
Figure 12. Half Frequency Standby Mode (For High Standby Efficiency).
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TOP232-234
+ +
VUV = IUV x RLS
VOV = IOV x RLS
S S
- -
PI-2508-081199 PI-2509-040401
Figure 13. Three Terminal Operation (MULTI-FUNCTION Features Disabled. Figure 14. Line Sensing for Undervoltage, Overvoltage and Maximum Duty
FREQUENCY Pin Tied to SOURCE or CONTROL Pin). Cycle Reduction.
+ +
2 MΩ VUV = RLS x IUV 2 MΩ
VOV = IOV x RLS
S S
- -
PI-2510-040401 PI-2516-040401
Figure 15. Line Sensing for Undervoltage Only (Overvoltage Disabled). Figure 16. Line Sensing for Overvoltage Only (Undervoltage Disabled).
+ +
For RIL = 12 kΩ
ILIMIT = 67% ILIMIT = 90% @ 100 VDC
RLS 2.5 MΩ ILIMIT = 55% @ 300 VDC
For RIL = 25 kΩ
ILIMIT = 40%
DC DC
See graph for other
Input Input
resistor values (RIL)
Voltage Voltage
D M D M
CONTROL RIL 6 kΩ CONTROL
RIL C C
S S
- -
PI-2517-040401 PI-2518-040401
Figure 17. Externally Set Current Limit. Figure 18. Current Limit Reduction with Line Voltage.
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TOP232-234
+ + QR can be an optocoupler
QR can be an optocoupler output or can be replaced
output or can be replaced by by a manual switch.
a manual switch.
QR
DC DC ON/OFF
Input Input 47 kΩ RMC
Voltage Voltage
D M D M 45 kΩ
CONTROL CONTROL
QR C C
ON/OFF
47 kΩ S
- - S
PI-2519-040401 PI-2522-040401
Figure 19. Active-on (Fail Safe) Remote ON/OFF. Figure 20. Active-Off Remote ON/OFF.
+ + QR can be an optocoupler
QR can be an optocoupler
output or can be replaced
output or can be replaced
by a manual switch.
by a manual switch.
For RIL = 12 kΩ QR
ILIMIT = 67 % ON/OFF
DC DC 47 kΩ
Input For RIL = 25 kΩ Input
Voltage Voltage RMC 24 kΩ RMC = 2RIL
RIL D M ILIMIT = 40 % D M
CONTROL CONTROL
QR C RIL 12 kΩ C
ON/OFF
47 kΩ S
- S
-
PI-2520-040401 PI-2521-040401
Figure 21. Active-on Remote ON/OFF with Externally Set Current Limit. Figure 22. Active-off Remote ON/OFF with Externally Set Current Limit.
+ QR can be an optocoupler
output or can be replaced
by a manual switch.
RLS 2 MΩ
QR
DC ON/OFF
Input 47 kΩ
Voltage For RLS = 2 MΩ
D M
CONTROL
VUV = 100 VDC
C VOV = 450 VDC
S
-
PI-2523-062915
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TOP232-234
CY1
2.2 nF
C14 R15
1 nF 150 Ω
L3 12 V
3.3 µH @ 2.5 A
C3 R3
4.7 nF 68 kΩ
2W D8 C10 C11 C12
1KV MBR1060 220 µF
560 µF 560 µF
35 V 35 V 35 V
BR1
600 V RTN
2A D1
UF4005
R1 D2
L1 4.7 MΩ 1N4148 R6
1/2 W 150 Ω
20 mH R8
T1
C6 150 Ω
100 nF U2
C1
CX1 68 µF TOPSwitch-FX LTV817A
100 nF 400 V D M U1
250 VAC CONTROL TOP234Y
C
F1 R2 S F
R5
3.15 A 9.09 kΩ 6.8 Ω VR2
J1 1N5240C
10 V, 2%
L C5
47 µF
10 V
N
PI-2525-062515
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TOP232-234
35 W Multiple Output Power Supply CONTROL pin instead of the SOURCE pin in video noise
Figure 25 shows a five output, 35 W, secondary regulated sensitive applications to allow for heavier snubbing without
power supply utilizing a TOP233 for multiple output applications significant impact on efficiency.
such as set-top box, VCR, DVD, etc. The circuit shown is
designed for a 230 VAC input but can be used over the This design achieves ±5% load regulation on 3.3 V and 5 V
universal range at a derated output power of 25 W. Alternatively, outputs using dual sensed optocoupler feedback through
a doubler input stage can be used at 100 or 115 VAC for the resistors R9, R10 and R11. Other output voltages are set by
full power rating of 35 W. TOPSwitch-FX provides several the transformer turns ratio. Output voltage on the low power
advantages in the above mentioned applications. -5 V output is shunt regulated by resistor R12 and Zener diode
VR2. Dummy load resistor R13 is required to maintain
A single line sense resistor R1 (2 MΩ) implements an under- regulation of the 30 V output under light load conditions.
voltage detect (at 100 V), overvoltage shutdown (at 450 V) and Compensation of the TL431 (U3) is achieved with resistor R8
line feed-forward with DCMAX reduction features. Under- and capacitor C7. Primary side compensation and auto-
voltage detect ensures that the outputs are glitch free on restart frequency are determined by resistor R5 and capacitor
power down. The over-voltage shutdown turns off the C5. Second stage LC post-filtering is used on the 3.3 V, 5 V
TOPSwitch-FX MOSFET above 450 V on the DC input rail, and 18 V high power outputs (L2, L3, L4 and C13, C15, C17)
eliminating reflected voltage and leakage inductance spikes, for low ripple. Full load operating efficiency exceeds 75%
and hence, extending the surge withstand to the 700 VDC across the AC input range. Primary clamp components VR1
rating of the MOSFET. This feature prevents field failures in and D1 limit peak drain voltage to a safe value.
countries where prolonged line voltage surges are common.
The frequency jittering in TOPSwitch-FX helps reduce EMI,
This design also takes advantage of soft-start and higher maintaining emissions below CISPR 22 (FCC B) levels through
operating frequency to reduce transformer size. A snubber proper choice of Y1 capacitor (CY1) and input filtering elements
circuit (R4, C4) is used to slowdown dv/dt of the switching (CX1, L1). To minimize coupling of common mode transients to
waveform minimizing radiated video noise that could interfere the TOP233, Y1 capacitor is tied to the positive input DC rail.
with TV reception. The half frequency option of the TOPSwitch-FX Lightning strike immunity to 3 kV is attained with the addition
can be used by connecting the FREQUENCY pin to the of a 275 V MOV (RV1).
30 V
@ 100 mA
D8 C10 C11
MUR120 100 µF L2 1 µF 18 V
50 V 3.3 µH 50 V @ 550 mA
D9 C12 C13
CY1 UF5402 220 µF 100 µF R13
L3 24 kΩ
2.2 nF 25 V 3.3 µH 25 V
5V
D10 C14 @ 2.5 A
C15
MBR1045 1000 µF 100 µF
25 V L4 3.3 V
3.3 µH 10 V @3A
VR1
P6KE200 D11 C16 C17
BYW29- 1000 µF 100 µF
100 25 V 10 V
D1 RTN
BR1 UF4007
400 V
C18 C19
D12 330 µF R12 VR2 100 µF -5 V
1N5819 10 V 5Ω 1N5231 10 V @ 100 mA
C1
L1 33 µF
20 mH 400 V D2 R6
R1 1N4148 51 Ω
2 MΩ R10
T1 U2 15.0 kΩ
1/2 W LTV817 R7
CX1 C6 510 Ω
0.1 µF R9
100 nF 9.53 kΩ
250 VAC TOPSwitch-FX
C4 D M U1
47 pF TOP233Y C7
F1 CONTROL
CONTROL R8
C 10 Ω 0.1 µF
3.15 A
R4 R5
J1 2 kΩ S F 6.8 Ω
C5 C8 U3
L RV1 47 µF 22 µF TL431CLP R11
275 V 10.0 kΩ
N
PI-2536-062515
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TOP232-234
17 W PC Standby Power Supply This is achieved by turning the power supply off when the
Figure 26 shows a 17 W PC standby application with 3.3 V input voltage goes below a level needed to maintain output
and 5 V secondary outputs and a 15 V primary output. The regulation and keeping it off until the input voltage goes above
supply uses the TOP232 operating from 230 VAC or 100/ the under-voltage threshold (VUV ), when the AC is turned on
115 VAC with doubler input. This design takes advantage of again. The under voltage threshold is set at 200 VDC, slightly
the soft-start, line under-voltage detect, tighter current limit below the required lowest operating DC input voltage, for
variation and higher switching frequency features of start-up at 170 VAC. This feature saves several components
TOPSwitch-FX. For example, the higher switching frequency needed to implement the glitch free turn off with discrete or
with tighter current limit variation allows use of an EE19 TOPSwitch-II based designs.
transformer core. Furthermore, the spacing between high-
voltage DRAIN pin and low voltage pins of the TOPSwitch-FX The bias winding is rectified and filtered by D2 and C6 to
packages provides large creepage distance which is a create a bias voltage for the TOP232 and to provide a 15 V
significant advantage in high pollution environments such as primary bias output voltage for the main power supply primary
fan cooled PC power supplies. control circuitry. Both 3.3 V and 5 V output voltages are
sensed by R9, R10 and R11 using a TL431 (U3) circuit shown.
Capacitor C1 provides high frequency decoupling of the Resistor R6 limits current through optocoupler U2 and sets
high-voltage DC supply, and is necessary only if there is a long overall AC control loop gain. Resistor R7 assures that there is
trace length from the source of the DC supply to the inputs of sufficient bias current for the TL431 when the optocoupler is at
this standby circuit. The line sense resistor R1 senses the DC a minimum current. Capacitor C8 provides a soft-finish
input voltage for line undervoltage. When AC is turned off, the function to eliminate turn-on overshoot. The no load regulation
under-voltage detect feature of the TOPSwitch-FX prevents (cycle-skipping) of TOPSwitch-FX permits the circuit to meet
auto-restart glitches at the output caused by the slow the low standby power requirement of the Blue Angel
discharge of large storage capacitance in the main converter. specification for PCs.
CY1
1 nF
L1 5V
3.3 µH @2A
D3 C10 C11
+ 1000 µF L2 100 µF 3.3 V
SB540 3.3 µH 10 V
10 V @2A
VR1
BZY97C-
200 D4 C12 C13
SB540 1000 µF 100 µF
10 V 10 V RTN
200 - 375 R1
VDC 3.9 MΩ
D1 15 V
UF4005 D2 @ 30 mA
BAV21 R6 (Primary
C1 301 Ω Referenced)
R7 R9
0.01 µF T1
16.2 kΩ
1 kV C6 510 Ω
(optional) 35 V
U2
TOPSwitch-FX SFH615-2
D M U1
TOP232Y R10
CONTROL 12.1 kΩ
C
C7
R5 0.1 µF
S F
6.8 Ω
C8
10 µF U3
C5 TL431CLP R11
47 µF 35 V 10 kΩ
–
PI-2537-062515
16
Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
Processor Controlled Supply Turn On/Off In the case of products with a disk drive, the shutdown
A low cost momentary contact switch can be used to turn the procedure may include saving data or settings to the disk.
TOPSwitch-FX power on and off under microprocessor control After the shutdown procedure is complete, when it is safe to
that may be required in some applications such as printers. turn off the power supply, the microprocessor releases the
The low power remote off feature allows an elegant implemen- M pin by turning the optocoupler U4 off. If the manual switch
tation of this function with very few external components as and the optocouplers U3 and U4 are not located close to the
shown in Figure 27. Whenever the push button momentary M pin, a capacitor CM may be needed to prevent noise
contact switch P1 is closed by the user, the optocoupler U3 is coupling to the pin when it is open.
activated to inform the microprocessor of this action. Initially,
when the power supply is off (M pin is floating), closing of P1 The power supply could also be turned on remotely through a
turns the power supply on by shorting the M pin of the local area network or a parallel or serial port by driving the
TOPSwitch-FX to SOURCE through a diode (remote on). When optocoupler U4 input LED with a logic signal. Sometimes it is
the secondary output voltage VCC is established, the micro- easier to send a train of logic pulses through a cable (due to
processor comes alive and recognizes that the switch P1 is AC coupling of cable, for example) instead of a DC logic level
closed through the switch status input that is driven by the as a wake-up signal. In this case, a simple RC filter can be
optocoupler U3 output. The microprocessor then sends a used to generate a DC level to drive U4 (not shown in Figure
power supply control signal to hold the power supply in the 27). This remote on feature can be used to wake-up
on-state through the optocoupler U4. If the user presses the peripherals such as printers, scanners, external modems, disk
switch P1 again to command a turn off, the microprocessor drives, etc., as needed from a computer. Peripherals are
detects this through the optocoupler U3 and initiates a usually designed to turn off automatically if they are not being
shutdown procedure that is product specific. For example, in used for a period of time, to save power.
the case of the inkjet printer, the shutdown procedure may
include safely parking the print heads in the storage position.
VCC
(+5 V)
External
Wake-up
High-Voltage Signal
DC Input
Power
MICRO- Supply
100 kΩ PROCESSOR/ ON/OFF
CONTROLLER Control
27 kΩ U2
LOGIC LOGIC 1N4148
1N4148
INPUT OUTPUT 6.8 kΩ
D M TOPSwitch-FX
U4 U3 CONTROL
C
6.8 kΩ
CM 47 µF
S F U1 U3 U4
P1 1 nF P1 Switch LTV817A
LTV817A Status
– RETURN
PI-2561-062615
17
www.power.com Rev. C 06/15
TOP232-234
In addition to using a minimum number of components, shutdown sequence when it detects the first closure of the
TOPSwitch-FX provides many technical advantages in this switch, and subsequent bouncing of the switch has no
type of application: effect. If necessary, the microprocessor could implement
the switch debouncing in software during turn-off, or a filter
1. Extremely low power consumption in the off mode: 80 mW capacitor can be used at the switch status input.
typical at 110 VAC and 160 mW typical at 230 VAC. This is 4. No external current limiting circuitry is needed for the
because in the remote/off mode the TOPSwitch-FX operation of the U4 optocoupler output due to internal
consumes very little power, and the external circuitry does limiting of M pin current.
not consume any current (M pin is open) from the high- 5. No high-voltage resistors to the input DC voltage rail are
voltage DC input. required to power the external circuitry in the primary. Even
2. A very low cost, low voltage/current, momentary contact the LED current for U3 can be derived from the CONTROL
switch can be used. pin. This not only saves components and simplifies layout,
3. No debouncing circuitry for the momentary switch is but also eliminates the power loss associated with the
required. During turn-on, the start-up time of the power high-voltage resistors in both on and off states.
supply (typically 10 to 20 ms) plus the microprocessor 6. Robust design: There is no on/off latch that can be
initiation time act as a debouncing filter, allowing a turn-on accidentally triggered by transients. Instead, the power
only if the switch is depressed firmly for at least the above supply is held in the on-state through the secondary side
delay time. During turn-off, the microprocessor initiates the microprocessor.
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Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
Table 3 compares the features and performance differences Other features increase the robustness of design allowing
between TOPSwitch-FX and TOPSwitch-II. Many of the new cost savings in the transformer and other power components.
features eliminate the need for costly discrete component.
Line Feed-forward with N/A* 78% to 38% 4, 8, 14, • Rejects line ripple
DCMAX Reduction 23 • Increases transient and surge voltage
withstand capability
Line OV Shutdown N/A* Single resistor 8, 14, • Increases voltage withstand capability
programmable 16, 23 against line surge
Line UV Detection N/A* Single resistor 5, 8, 14, • Prevents auto-restart glitches during
programmable 15, 23 power-down
Switching Frequency 100 kHz ±10% 132 kHz ±7% 10 • Smaller transformer
• Fundamental below 150 kHz for
conducted EMI
Switching Frequency N/A* 66 kHz ±7% 11, 12 • Lower losses when using RC and RCD
Option (TO-220 only) snubber for noise reduction in video
applications
• Allows for higher efficiency in standby
mode
• Lower EMI (second harmonic below
150 kHz)
*Not available
Table 3. Comparison Between TOPSwitch-II and TOPSwitch-FX. (continued on next page)
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www.power.com Rev. C 06/15
TOP232-234
Remote ON/OFF N/A* Single transistor 8, 19, • Fast on/off (cycle by cycle)
or optocoupler 20, 21, • Active-on or active-off control
interface or manual 22, 23, • Low consumption in remote off state
switch 27 • Active-on control for fail-safe
• Eliminates expensive in-line on/off
switch
• Allows processor controlled turn on/off
• Permits shutdown/wake-up of
peripherals via LAN or parallel port
Thermal Shutdown Latched Hysteretic (with • Automatic recovery from thermal fault
70 °C hysteresis) • Large hysteresis prevents circuit
board overheating
Current Limit Tolerance ±10% (@25 °C) ±7% (@25 °C) • 10% higher power capability due to
-8% (0 °C to100 °C) -4% (0 °C to 100 °C) tighter tolerance
DRAIN DIP 0.037” / 0.94 mm 0.137” / 3.48 mm • Greater immunity to arcing as a
Creepage at SMD 0.037” / 0.94 mm 0.137” / 3.48 mm result of build-up of dust, debris and
Package TO-220 0.046” / 1.17 mm 0.068” / 1.73 mm other contaminants
DRAIN Creepage at 0.045” / 1.14 mm 0.113” / 2.87 mm • Preformed leads accommodate
PCB for TO-220 (preformed leads) large creepage for PCB layout
• Easier to meet Safety (UL/VDE)
*Not available
Table 3 (cont). Comparison Between TOPSwitch-II and TOPSwitch-FX.
TOPSwitch-FX Design Considerations Primary Clamp and Output Reflected Voltage VOR
A primary clamp is necessary to limit the peak TOPSwitch-FX
TOPSwitch-FX Selection drain to source voltage. A Zener clamp (see Figure 26, VR1)
Selecting the optimum TOPSwitch-FX depends upon required requires few parts and takes up little board space. For good
maximum output power, efficiency, heat sinking constraints efficiency, the clamp Zener should be selected to be at least
and cost goals. With the option to externally reduce current 1.5 times the output reflected voltage VOR as this keeps the
limit, a larger TOPSwitch-FX may be used for lower power leakage spike conduction time short. When using a Zener
applications where higher efficiency is needed or minimal heat clamp in a universal input application, a VOR of less than 135 V
sinking is available. is recommended to allow for the absolute tolerances and
temperature variations of the Zener. This will ensure efficient
Input Capacitor operation of the clamp circuit and will also keep the maximum
The input capacitor must be chosen to provide the minimum drain voltage below the rated breakdown voltage of the
DC voltage required for the TOPSwitch-FX converter to TOPSwitch-FX MOSFET.
maintain regulation at the lowest specified input voltage and
maximum output power. Since TOPSwitch-FX has a higher A high VOR is required to take full advantage of the wider DCMAX
DCMAX than TOPSwitch-II, it is possible to use a smaller input of TOPSwitch-FX. An RCD clamp provides tighter clamp
capacitor. For TOPSwitch-FX, a capacitance of 2 µF per watt voltage tolerance than a Zener clamp and allows a VOR as high
is usually sufficient for universal input with an appropriately as 165 V. The VOR can be further increased in continuous
designed transformer. mode designs up to 185 V by reducing the external current
limit as a function of input line voltage (see Figure 18). The
RCD clamp is more cost effective than the Zener clamp but
requires more careful design (see quick design checklist).
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Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
Output Diode
PI-2559-093099
The output diode is selected for peak inverse voltage, output
current, and thermal conditions in the application (including
Soft-Start Quasi-Peak
Generally a power supply experiences maximum stress at
start-up before the feedback loop achieves regulation. For a
period of 10 ms the on-chip soft-start linearly increases the
duty cycle from zero to the default DCMAX at turn on, which
causes the primary current and output voltage to rise in an
orderly manner allowing time for the feedback loop to take Switching Harmonic
control of the duty cycle. This reduces the stress on the (a)
TOPSwitch-FX MOSFET, clamp circuit and output diode(s),
and helps prevent transformer saturation during start-up. Also, 80
PI-2576-062615
soft-start limits the amount of output voltage overshoot, and in 70 TOPSwitch-II (no jitter)
many applications eliminates the need for a soft-finish
60
capacitor.
Amplitude (dBµV) 50
EMI
40
The frequency jitter feature modulates the switching frequency
over a narrow band as a means to reduce conducted EMI 30
peaks associated with the harmonics of the fundamental 20
switching frequency. This is particularly beneficial for average
detection mode. As can be seen in Figure 28, the benefits of -10
jitter increase with the order of the switching harmonic due to 0
an increase in frequency deviation. VFG243B (QP)
-10 VF646B (AV)
The FREQUENCY pin of TOPSwitch-FX offers a switching -20
frequency option of 132 kHz or 66 kHz. In applications that 0.15 1 10 30
require heavy snubbers on the drain node for reducing high Frequency (MHz)
frequency radiated noise (for example, video noise sensitive
(b)
applications such as VCR, DVD, monitor, TV, etc.), operating at
66 kHz will reduce snubber loss resulting in better efficiency. 80
PI-2577-062615
Also, in applications where transformer size is not a concern,
use of the 66 kHz option will provide lower EMI and higher 70 TOPSwitch-FX (with jitter)
efficiency. Note that the second harmonic of 66 kHz is still 60
below 150 kHz, above which the conducted EMI specifications
Amplitude (dBµV)
50
get much tighter.
40
For 10 W or below, it is possible to use a simple inductor in 30
place of a more costly AC input common mode choke to meet
20
worldwide conducted EMI limits.
-10
Transformer Design
0
It is recommended that the transformer be designed for
VFG243B (QP)
maximum operating flux density of 3000 gauss and a peak -10 VF646B (AV)
flux density of 4200 gauss at maximum current limit. The -20
turns ratio should be chosen for a reflected voltage (VOR) no 0.15 1 10 30
greater than 135 V when
Frequency (MHz)
(c)
Figure 28. (a) Conducted Noise Improvement for Low Frequency
Harmonics due to Jitter, (b) TOPSwitch-II Full Range EMI Scan
(100 kHz, no Jitter), (c) TOPSwitch-FX Full Range EMI Scan
(132 kHz, with Jitter) with Identical Circuitry and Conditions.
21
www.power.com Rev. C 06/15
TOP232-234
+
Output Filter Capacitor
TOP VIEW
M S S C
R1 Opto-
coupler
– DC +
Out
PI-2543-062615
Figure 29. Layout Considerations for TOPSwitch-FX using DIP or SMD (Using Line Sensing for Under-Voltage and Overvoltage).
+
Output Filter Capacitor
Figure 30. Layout Considerations for TOPSwitch-FX using TO-220 Package (Using Current Limit Reduction with Line Voltage).
22
Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
using a Zener clamp, 165 V when using an RCD clamp and When using P (DIP-8) or G (SMD-8) packages, a copper area
185 V when using RCD clamp with current limit feed-forward. underneath the package connected to the SOURCE pins will
act as an effective heat sink.
For designs where operating current is significantly lower than
the default current limit, it is recommended to use an externally In addition, sufficient copper area should be provided at the
set current limit close to the operating peak current to reduce anode and cathode leads of the output diode(s) for heat
peak flux density and peak power (see Figure 17). In most sinking.
applications, the tighter current limit tolerance, higher switching
frequency and soft-start features of TOPSwitch-FX contribute Quick Design Checklist
to a smaller transformer when compared to TOPSwitch-II.
As with any power supply design, all TOPSwitch-FX designs
Standby Consumption should be verified on the bench to make sure that components
Cycle skipping can significantly reduce power loss at zero specifications are not exceeded under worst case conditions.
load, especially when a Zener clamp is used. For very low The following minimum set of tests is strongly recommended:
secondary power consumption use a TL431 regulator for 1. Maximum drain voltage – Verify that peak VDS does not
feedback control. Alternately, switching losses can be exceed 675 V at highest input voltage and maximum
significantly reduced by switching from 132 kHz in normal overload output power. Maximum overload output power
operation to 66 kHz under light load conditions. occurs when the ouput is overloaded to a level just before
the power supply goes into auto-restart (loss of regulation).
TOPSwitch-FX Layout Considerations 2. Maximum drain current – At maximum ambient
temperature, maximum input voltage and maximum output
Primary Side Connections load, verify drain current waveforms at start-up for any
Use a single point (Kelvin) connection at the negative terminal signs of transformer saturation and excessive leading edge
of the input filter capacitor for TOPSwitch-FX SOURCE pin and current spikes. TOPSwitch-FX has a leading edge blanking
bias winding return. This improves surge capabilities by time of 200 ns to prevent premature termination of the
returning surge currents from the bias winding directly to the on-cycle. Verify that the leading edge current spike is
input filter capacitor. below the allowed current limit envelope (see Figure 33) for
the drain current waveform at the end of the 200 ns
The CONTROL pin bypass capacitor should be located as blanking period.
close as possible to the SOURCE and CONTROL pins and its 3. Thermal check – At maximum output power, minimum
SOURCE connection trace should not be shared by the main input voltage and maximum ambient temperature, verify
MOSFET switching currents. that temperature specifications are not exceeded for
TOPSwitch-FX, transformer, output diodes and output
All SOURCE pin referenced components connected to the capacitors. Enough thermal margin should be allowed for
MULTI-FUNCTION pin should also be located close to the part-to-part variation of the RDS(ON) of TOPSwitch-FX as
SOURCE and MULTI-FUNCTION pins with dedicated specified in the data sheet. The margin required can either
SOURCE pin connection. The MULTI-FUNCTION pin’s trace be calculated from the tolerances or it can be accounted
should be kept as short as possible and away from the DRAIN for by connecting an external resistance in series with the
trace to prevent noise coupling. Line sense resistor (R1 in DRAIN pin and attached to the same heat sink, having a
Figures 29 and 30) should be located close to the MULTI- resistance value that is equal to the difference between the
FUNCTION pin to minimize the trace length on the MULTI- measured RDS(ON) of the device under test and the worst
FUNCTION pin side. case maximum specification.
Heat Sinking
The tab of the Y package (TO-220) is internally electrically
tied to the SOURCE pin. To avoid circulating currents, a heat
sink attached to the tab should not be electrically tied to any
nodes on the PC board.
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TOP232-234
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Thermal Resistance: Y Package Notes:
(θJA)(1) ....................................... 70 °C/W 1. Free standing with no heat sink.
(θJC)(2) ......................................... 2 °C/W 2. Measured at the back surface of tab.
P/G Package: 3. Soldered to 0.36 sq. inch (232 mm2), 2oz. (610 gm/m2) copper clad.
(θJA) ......................45 °C/W(3); 35 °C/W(4) 4. Soldered to 1 sq. inch (645 mm2), 2oz. (610 gm/m2) copper clad.
(θJC)(5) ....................................... 11 °C/W 5. Measured on the SOURCE pin close to plastic interface.
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter
Symbol See Figure 34 Min Typ Max Units
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
FREQUENCY Pin
Switching
124 132 140
IC = 4 mA; Connected to SOURCE
Frequency fOSC kHz
(average) TJ = 25 °C FREQUENCY Pin 61.5 66 70.5
Connected to CONTROL
Frequency Jitter 132 kHz Operation ±4
∆f kHz
Deviation 66 kHz Operation ±2
Frequency Jitter
fM 250 Hz
Modulation Rate
IM ≤ IM(DC)
Maximum Duty IC = ICD1
75.0 78.0 82.0
%
DCMAX
Cycle IM = 190 µA 35.0 47.0 57.0
Minimum Duty
Cycle (Prior to DCMIN
0.8 1.5 2.7 %
Cycle Skipping)
Soft Start Time tSOFT TJ = 25 °C; DCMIN to DCMAX 10 14 ms
PWM %/mA
Gain IC = 4 mA; TJ = 25 °C -27 -22 -17
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TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter
Symbol See Figure 34 Min Typ Max Units
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
CONTROL
Current at Start of TJ = 25 °C 5.9 7.5 mA
Cycle Skipping
Dynamic ZC IC = 4 mA; TJ = 25 °C Ω
10 15 22
Impedance See Figure 32
Dynamic
Impedance 0.18 %/°C
Temperature Drift
SHUTDOWN/AUTO-RESTART
Control Pin VC = 0 V
-5.0 -3.8 -2.6
lC (CH) TJ = 25 °C mA
Charging Current VC = 5 V
-3.0 -1.9 -0.8
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www.power.com Rev. C 06/15
TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter
Symbol See Figure 34 Min Typ Max Units
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
MULTI-FUNCTION INPUT
Line Undervoltage lUV µA
TJ = 25 °C 44 50 54
Threshold Current
VM = VC
300 400 520
MULTI-FUNCTION
Pin Short Circuit IM (SC) Normal Mode
-300 -240 -180 µA
Current VM = 0 V
Auto-restart Mode -110 -90 -70
lM = 50 µA 2.00 2.60 3.00
MULTI-FUNCTION lM = 225 µA 2.50 2.90 3.30
VM V
Pin Voltage lM = -50 µA
1.25 1.32 1.39
lM = -150 µA 1.18 1.24 1.30
Maximum Duty
Cycle Reduction IM (DC) T = 25 °C 75 90 110 µA
Onset Threshold J
Current
Maximum Duty
Cycle Reduction IM > IM (DC) 0.30 %/µA
Slope
MULTI-FUNCTION 0.6 1.1
Remote-OFF Pin Floating
DRAIN Supply VDRAIN = 150 V mA
MULTI-FUNCTION
Current Pin Shorted to 1.0 1.8
CONTROL
26
Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter
Symbol See Figure 34 Min Typ Max Units
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
FREQUENCY INPUT
FREQUENCY Pin VF See Note B 1.0 2.9 VC -1.0 V
Threshold Voltage
FREQUENCY Pin IF VF = VC 10 22 40 mA
Input Current
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
TOP232 Internal; di/dt = 100mA/µs
0.465 0.500 0.535
TJ= 25 °C See Note C
Self Protection ILIMIT TOP233 Internal; di/dt = 200mA/µs A
0.930 1.000 1.070
Current Limit TJ= 25 °C See Note C
TOP234 Internal; di/dt = 300mA/µs 1.395 1.500 1.605
TJ= 25 °C See Note C
≤ 85 VAC 0.75 x
See
Figure 33 I
(Rectified Line Input) LIMIT(MIN)
Initial Current Limit IINIT A
TJ = 25 °C 0.6 x
265 VAC
(Rectified Line Input) ILIMIT(MIN)
Thermal Shutdown
125 135 150 °C
Temperature
Thermal Shutdown 70 °C
Hysteresis
Power-up Reset VC(RESET) Figure 34, S1 open
2.0 3.3 4.3 V
Threshold Voltage
OUTPUT
TOP232 TJ = 25 °C 15.6 18.0
ID = 50 mA TJ = 100 °C 25.7 30.0
ON-State TOP233 TJ = 25 °C 7.8 9.0
RDS(ON) Ω
Resistance ID = 100 mA TJ = 100 °C 12.9 15.0
TOP234 TJ = 25 °C 5.2 6.0
ID = 150 mA TJ = 100 °C 8.6 10.0
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TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter
Symbol See Figure 34 Min Typ Max Units
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
OUTPUT (cont.)
Off-State VM = Floating; IC = 4mA
IDSS 150 µA
Current VDS = 560 V; TJ = 125 °C
Breakdown VM = Floating; IC = 4mA
BVDSS 700 V
Voltage ID = 100 µA; TJ = 25 °C
NOTES:
A. For specifications with negative values, a negative temperature coefficient corresponds to an increase in magnitude
with increasing temperature, and a positive temperature coefficient corresponds to a decrease in magnitude with
increasing temperature.
B. Guaranteed by characterization. Not tested in production.
C. For externally adjusted current limit values, please refer to the graph (Current Limit vs. External Current Limit Resis-
tance) in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.
D. It is possible to start up and operate TOPSwitch-FX at DRAIN voltages well below 36 V. However, the CONTROL pin
charging current is reduced, which affects start-up time, auto-restart frequency, and auto-restart duty cycle. Refer to
the characteristic graph on CONTROL pin charge current (IC) vs. DRAIN voltage for low voltage operation characteristics.
28
Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
t2
t1
HV
90% 90%
DRAIN t1
D=
VOLTAGE t2
10%
0V
PI-2039-033001
PI-2022-033015
tLEB (Blanking Time)
120 1.3
PI-1939-033015
1.2
100 1.1
1.0
0.9
80
0.8
IINIT(MIN) @ 85 VAC
0.7
60 IINIT(MIN) @ 265 VAC
0.6
0.5
40 0.4 ILIMIT(MAX) @ 25 ˚C
Dynamic 1 ILIMIT(MIN) @ 25 ˚C
=
Impedance Slope
0.3
20 0.2
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CONTROL Pin Voltage (V) Time (µs)
Figure 32. CONTROL Pin I-V Characteristic. Figure 33. Drain Current Operating Envelope.
S1 470 Ω
100 kΩ
5W
S3
5-50 V
40 V 0-60 kΩ M D
470 Ω CONTROL
C TOPSwitch-FX
S2
S4 F S
0-15 V
47 µF 0.1 µF
NOTES: 1. This test circuit is not applicable for current limit or output characteristic measurements.
2. For P and G packages, short all SOURCE pins together. PI-2538-062615
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TOP232-234
The following precautions should be followed when testing while in this auto-restart mode, there is only a 12.5% chance
TOPSwitch-FX by itself outside of a power supply. The that the CONTROL pin oscillation will be in the correct state
schematic shown in Figure 34 is suggested for laboratory (drain active state) so that the continuous drain voltage
testing of TOPSwitch-FX. waveform may be observed. It is recommended that the VC
power supply be turned on first and the DRAIN pin power
When the DRAIN pin supply is turned on, the part will be in the supply second if continuous drain voltage waveforms are to be
auto-restart mode. The CONTROL pin voltage will be observed. The 12.5% chance of being in the correct state is
oscillating at a low frequency between 4.8 and 5.8 V and the due to the divide-by-8 counter. Temporarily shorting the
drain is turned on every eighth cycle of the CONTROL pin CONTROL pin to the SOURCE pin will reset TOPSwitch-FX,
oscillation. If the CONTROL pin power supply is turned on which then will come up in the correct state.
1.0 200
.9 180
Current Limit (A)
.8 160
di/dt (mA/µs)
.7 140
.6 120
.8 160
di/dt (mA/µs)
Minimum Maximum
.7 140
.6 120
Typical
.5 100
Maximum and minimum levels
.4 are based on characterization. 80
.3 60
0 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K
External Current Limit Resistor RIL (Ω)
30
Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
PI-1123A-033001
PI-176B-033001
1.0
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
Output Frequency
Breakdown Voltage
0.8
1.0 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.9 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction Temperature (°C)
PI-2552-033001
Over-Voltage Threshold
Under-Voltage Threshold
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
PI-2552-033001
Under-Voltage Threshold
Over-Voltage Threshold
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
31
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TOP232-234
PI-2542-091699
PI-2541-091699
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Voltage (V)
1.4
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin (V)
5
1.2
4
1.0
3 0.8
0.6
2
See 0.4
1 Expanded
Version 0.2
0 0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Current (µA) MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Current (mA)
PI-2563-033001
Onset Threshold Current
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
CONTROL Current
TCASE = 25 °C VC = 5 V
TCASE = 100 °C
Charging Current (mA)
1.6
DRAIN Current (A)
CONTROL Pin
1
1.2
Scaling Factors:
0.8
TOP234 1.00
0.5 TOP233 0.67
TOP232 0.33
0.4
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 20 40 60 80 100
DRAIN Voltage (V) DRAIN Voltage (V)
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Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
PI-1941-033001
PI-1942-033001
Scaling Factors: Scaling Factors:
300
TOP234 1.00 TOP234 1.00
DRAIN Capacitance (pF)
Power (mW)
200
100
100
10 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
DRAIN Voltage (V) DRAIN Voltage (V)
33
www.power.com Rev. C 06/15
TOP232-234
TO-220-7B
.165 (4.19)
.185 (4.70)
.400 (10.16) .045 (1.14)
.146 (3.71) .415 (10.54) .055 (1.40)
.156 (3.96)
.108 (2.74) REF
.236 (5.99)
.260 (6.60)
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Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com
TOP232-234
PDIP-8B (P Package)
⊕D S .004 (.10)
.137 (3.48) Notes:
MINIMUM 1. Package dimensions conform to JEDEC specification
-E-
MS-001-AB (Issue B 7/85) for standard dual-in-line (DIP)
package with .300 inch row spacing.
2. Controlling dimensions are inches. Millimeter sizes are
shown in parentheses.
3. Dimensions shown do not include mold flash or other
.240 (6.10) protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed
.260 (6.60) .006 (.15) on any side.
4. Pin locations start with Pin 1, and continue counter-clock-
wise to Pin 8 when viewed from the top. The notch and/or
dimple are aids in locating Pin 1. Pin 6 is omitted.
5. Minimum metal to metal spacing at the package body for
the omitted lead location is .137 inch (3.48 mm).
Pin 1 6. Lead width measured at package body.
7. Lead spacing measured with the leads constrained to be
.367 (9.32) perpendicular to plane T.
-D- .387 (9.83)
.057 (1.45)
.068 (1.73)
(NOTE 6)
-T-
SEATING .008 (.20)
PLANE .120 (3.05) .015 (.38)
.140 (3.56)
.014 (.36)
.053 (1.35)
.300 (7.62) P08B
.022 (.56) ⊕T E D S .010 (.25) M .390 (9.91)
PI-2551-040110
SMD-8B (G Package)
⊕ D S .004 (.10) .137 (3.48) Notes:
MINIMUM 1. Controlling dimensions are
inches. Millimeter sizes are
-E- shown in parentheses.
2. Dimensions shown do not
include mold flash or other
protrusions. Mold flash or
protrusions shall not exceed
.006 (.15) on any side.
.372 (9.45) 3. Pin locations start with Pin 1,
.240 (6.10)
.388 (9.86) .420
.260 (6.60) and continue counter-clock-
⊕ E S .010 (.25) wise to Pin 8 when viewed
.046 .060 .060 .046 from the top. Pin 6 is omitted.
4. Minimum metal to metal
spacing at the package body
for the omitted lead location
.080 is .137 inch (3.48 mm).
Pin 1 Pin 1
5. Lead width measured at
.086 package body.
.100 (2.54) (BSC) 6. D and E are referenced
.186
datums on the package
.286 body.
.367 (9.32)
-D- Solder Pad Dimensions
.387 (9.83)
.057 (1.45)
.125 (3.18) .068 (1.73)
.145 (3.68) (NOTE 5)
.004 (.10)
.032 (.81) .048 (1.22)
.053 (1.35)
.009 (.23) .004 (.10) .036 (0.91) 0°- 8°
.037 (.94)
.012 (.30) .044 (1.12) G08B
PI-2546-040110
35
www.power.com Rev. C 06/15
TOP232-234
Patent Information
The products and applications illustrated herein (including transformer construction and circuits external to the products) may be covered
by one or more U.S. and foreign patents, or potentially by pending U.S. and foreign patent applications assigned to Power Integrations.
A complete list of Power Integrations patents may be found at www.power.com. Power Integrations grants its customers a license under
certain patent rights as set forth at http://www.power.com/ip.htm.
1. A Life support device or system is one which, (i) is intended for surgical implant into the body, or (ii) supports or sustains life, and (iii)
whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions for use, can be reasonably expected to result in significant
injury or death to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause
the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
The PI logo, TOPSwitch, TinySwitch, LinkSwitch, LYTSwitch, InnoSwitch, DPA-Switch, PeakSwitch, CAPZero, SENZero, LinkZero,
HiperPFS, HiperTFS, HiperLCS, Qspeed, EcoSmart, Clampless, E-Shield, Filterfuse, FluxLink, StakFET, PI Expert and PI FACTS are
trademarks of Power Integrations, Inc. Other trademarks are property of their respective companies. ©2014, Power Integrations, Inc.
36
Rev. C 06/15 www.power.com