Chap 22:

1. Which of the following statements best describes theories

a. They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once.
b. They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations.
c. They are nearly the same things as hypotheses.
d. They are predictions of future events.

2. During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The
giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited
longer necks as a result."
Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's
misconception?
a. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.
b. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through
genes.
c. Only favourable adaptations have survival value.
d. If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been
passed on to the next generation.
e. Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.

3. In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants,
exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant
winter
wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of:
a. Hutton.
b. Lyell.
c. Lamarck.
d. Darwin.
e. Cuvier.

4. Charles Darwin was the first person to propose:

a. that Earth is older than a few thousand years.
b. that evolution occurs.
c. a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.
d. a mechanism for how evolution occurs.
e. that population growth can outpace the growth of food resources.

5. Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in
population over time?
a. The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present.
b. The population size is large.
c. The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate.
d. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.

6. Natural selection is based on all of the following except

a. populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.
b. the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring
c. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.
d. genetic variation exists within populations.
e. individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.

7.Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon
that population?
a. variation among individuals caused by environmental factors
b. genetic variation among individuals
c. sexual reproduction
d. Three of the responses are correct.
e. Two of the responses are correct.

8.The role that humans play in artificial selection is to:

a. choose which organisms breed, and which do not.
b. perform artificial insemination.
c. determine who lives and who dies.
d. create the genetic variants, which nature then selects.
e. train organisms to breed more successfully.

9. If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to
subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in
agreement?
a. If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism,
then a new genetic species will be the result.
b. If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of
generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause
sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.
c. If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will
be able to pass these genes on to its offspring.
d. A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new
species within just two generations.

10. The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example
of artificial selection because
a. S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients.
b. humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria
ever-more resistant.
c. humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come
into contact with methicillin.
d. humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin.