Forum
Alfred Aimé Flamant: Hydraulician and Textbook Author
Willi H. Hager, F.ASCE
Emeritus Professor, Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und
Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland (corre-
sponding author). Email: hager@vaw.baug.ethz.ch
Oscar Castro-Orgaz
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Professor, Hydraulic Engineering Area, Univ. of Córdoba, Córdoba
E-14071, Spain. Email: ag2caoro@uco.es
Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays
founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil en-
gineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership
of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not
necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of
the journal.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001758
Introduction
The book Hydraulics written by Alfred Flamant counts among the
great textbooks of the 19th century. The book presents the back-
ground of hydraulics adequately and particularly includes the then
recent additions of the experimental results of Bazin, as well as the
theoretical findings of Boussinesq, both relating mainly to weir
flow, hydraulic jumps, and water waves. Given the popularity of
Flamant’s book, the few details known on the author are presented
in this work. Based on letters written to and by Flamant, this his-
torical work would like to especially shed light on this aspect by
providing the contents of these letters, discussing their contents in
the light of hydraulics in general, and providing a description of
Flamant’s professional career within the French Corps of Bridges
and Roads. His biography is presented to come up with a well-
balanced overview of important aspects of a notable hydraulician
who passed away a century ago.
Hydraulic textbooks in the engineering sciences have played
and still play an important role. These have had possibly a larger
impact in theoretical branches than in applied sciences, given the
more complicated approach from the reader’s perspective. In hy-
draulics, eminent textbooks of the 19th century up to 1891, the year
Flamant’s book was published, listed by the year of publication,
include those of Du Buat (1816), Eytelwein (1823), Bélanger
(1828), Venturoli (1833), D’Aubuisson de Voisins (1834), Navier
(1838), Hagen (1841), Poncelet (1841), Dupuit (1848), Rühlmann
(1857), Bresse (1860), Weisbach (1875), Unwin (1881), and
Merriman (1889). Obviously, most of the books originate from
Frenchmen, who dominated the science of hydraulics in the
19th century.
Joseph Boussinesq (1842–1929), with his monumental essay on
flowing water, revolutionized the sciences of both hydraulics and
fluid mechanics (Boussinesq 1877). He therein added considerably
to both free surface and pressurized flows. Of relevance was his
theory of flows with curved streamlines, thereby presenting the
generalized shallow water equations previously derived by his
mentor Adhémar Barré de Saint-Venant (1797–1886) for both
steady and unsteady flows. Based on the general equations devised
by Navier (1822), Boussinesq introduced simplifications to design
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a one-dimensional flow description based on a system of highly
nonlinear, higher order partial differential equations. He applied
these equations to the solitary wave problem, namely, the single-
peaked translation wave of permanent shape (Boussinesq 1872),
first described by Russell (1837). Despite its relevance in fluid me-
chanics, and desperate efforts by the scientific community, the full
solution to the problem was presented only 35 years later, marking
the start of a new era in fluid mechanics. Boussinesq, then only
30 years old, was able to explain the phenomena previously ob-
served by Russell. He applied his advanced theory of flows with
curved streamlines, thereby accounting for nonhydrostatic pressure
and nonuniform velocity distributions; these have been the main
limitations of the hydraulic theory by which the solution of the soli-
tary wave problem was excluded.
A major reason that this advanced theory was hardly noticed
by the then scientific community was the linguistic abilities of
Boussinesq. Apart from the involved mathematical treatment and
the complex structure of his approach, Boussinesq, in addition, was
an author who had an enormously complicated writing style. His
sentences often had massive overlength; his messages were not
straightforward, with supplementary information usually provided
in additional sentences. It frequently takes an enormous effort to
understand his ideas, although the statements are finally logical and
mathematically correct. Therefore, relatively few have taken the
time and the effort to penetrate into these precious but painful ex-
pressions so that Boussinesq hardly can be counted among the
popular writers. To advance the issue, other, more qualified authors
had to present his main thoughts to engineers and scientists of
lower mathematical training.
The first having achieved this extraordinary task was Boussinesq’s
colleague Alfred Flamant (1839–1915). As explained subsequently,
both taught at Lille University in northern France until 1886, when
Boussinesq was appointed Member of the Institut de France, of the
Academy of Sciences, Paris. Based on letters of the large correspon-
dence between de Saint-Venant (dSV) and Joseph Boussinesq (JB)
kept at the library of the Institut de France, the first author also
found documents relating to the communication between the pre-
vious two persons and Flamant. The correspondence can only be
accessed by photography by which the contents can only be pub-
lished from transcriptions, but not by the original letters. This is a
prerequisite to obtain entrance to the library. The following includes
therefore no originals but transcriptions from French to English.
This limitation appears acceptable because it is the only way of
publication. The entire correspondence includes hundreds of letters,
of which only few relate to Flamant. However, these shed enough
light on Flamant. The second correspondence available at the same
library relates to letters exchanged between Flamant and JB between
1884 and 1906. The letters written by Boussinesq to Flamant are
not available because they were destroyed during World War I,
as subsequently highlighted.
Flamant and the Correspondences
The library of the Institut de France has two correspondences,
namely one between de Saint-Venant and Joseph Boussinesq and
a second between JB and Flamant. Both give insight into Flamant’s
career and his life. The correspondence between dSV and JB lasted
J. Hydraul. Eng.
 for nearly 20 years, starting in 1868 with a letter from the mentor
asking for information on a paper published by JB on the isotropic
deformed matter. The correspondence ended in late 1885, 10 days
before dSV passed away on January 6, 1886 at his residence at
Vendôme, nearly 200 km southwest of Paris.
The first letters relate to the earth pressure theory, as developed
by Rankine, of which Flamant has made a translation into French,
published in the Annals of Bridges and Roads (Flamant 1874). In a
letter written on March 8, 1874, by JB to dSV, it is stated: “Flamant
came to me yesterday. He leaves the home now again, after his
illness. I have asked him whether he would like to improve his
translation [mentioned previously]. He told me no, and that I could
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return it to you.”
In a letter written by JB to dSV on June 8, 1877, it is mentioned:
Flamant has changed his location from Lille to Nice. He has
asked for this residence for reasons of health of his wife, who
was often ill at Lille, mainly due to problems of her chest.
Flamant there would like to make works in hydrodynamics,
and it appears that there will be important works for setting
up levees along Var River. He came yesterday to me saying
goodbye, and will leave Lille today.
In a letter written by JB to dSV, dated November 12, 1881, it is
stated:
I have seen this morning Flamant, and I passed him my papers
written by Brown, Gordon and Allan Cunningham [relating to
the uniform flow experiments conducted in India]. He will try
to read these. He liked the idea of preparing a review on these
findings in the Annales with me. However, when could he do
this work? He has currently an inflammation of his veins of
the legs, forcing him to keep the bed, because another fall
could rapidly increase the blood pressure. In addition, he
has had 3 weeks ago a strong pneumonia, which was banned.
Three months ago, he had a rheumatism in the legs possibly
having caused his phlebitis. As to you, at your age [de Saint-
Venant then was 84], almost equal to the ages of Flamant and
me [JB], we have not half of your health. I am more indis-
posed than Flamant, I have had no less colds when arriving
in Paris. I, however, have not interrupted my courses at the
Institut industriel at Lille.
On December 9, 1881, JB writes to dSV that Flamant does
physically better. In another letter of dSV to JB, it is stated that
Flamant just does computations for the vertical velocity component
of an orifice flow from a tank, thereby collaborating with his men-
tor on a problem of common interest. In a letter written by JB to
dSV on June 2, 1884, it is stated that Flamant has written a letter to
JB from Italy:
He asked me news about you, given that he has had no more
contact since a long time. I responded that you do well. I think
that he would have received from you, with pleasure, a note
asking to study several questions. I would add that he could, at
the limit, become professor of mechanics at the School of
Bridges and Roads, Paris. He could succeed Prof. Collignon,
if Flamant would obtain the position of chief engineer within
his Corps.
Shortly later, on July 29, 1884, dSV writes to JB that Flamant
has been appointed indeed deputy of Collignon. The letter written
by JB to dSV on October 31, 1885, has the message:
I am happy that Mr. Flamant can obtain either a position at the
Ecole Centrale or at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers.
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I have sent him my best wishes. However, I cannot at all in-
dicate you an appreciation on his way of lecturing, given that I
have never attended his lectures and that I do not know a per-
son who could inquire you [dSV was certainly asked to give
his opinion on Flamant’s qualities when taking over either
position]. Accordingly, all I can say is, in my opinion, he is
indeed capable to present a good lecture in applied mechanics,
and that I have never heard from anybody the slightest blame
on his lecturing style at Lille.
These letters thus shed some light on the life and professional
qualities of Flamant. It is evident that he suffered from various ill-
nesses and that he had to care for his health. It also becomes clear
that Flamant had done a good collaboration with dSV and finally
posthumously published two works with his mentor (Saint-Venant
and Flamant in 1888 and 1889—see Appendix). One problem was
certainly Flamant’s wife, an Italian, who had problems with the
climate both at Lille and in Paris. This will become even more evi-
dent once the Flamants leave France for Algeria.
Let us now have a look at the second correspondence. The
first letter written by Flamant to JB on July 24, 1884, from Paris,
reads:
I stayed at sea a little longer than anticipated doing there
excursions, causing the delay in my response. First, I would
like to thank you for kind and friendly words following my
appointment to the School of Bridges and Roads. It is thanks
to Mr. de Saint-Venant and you that I finally understand some-
thing of the resistance of materials, and it is the two of you,
therefore, to whom I have to thank for my appointment.
The letter continues with other topics on which Flamant was
then working, mainly on earth pressure.
A letter dated December 10, 1884, sent from Paris, reads:
I have told you, I think at least, that I have been asked to
collaborate for an Encyclopedia, to be published under the
direction of Mr. Lechalas, Inspector General of the Corps of
Bridges and Roads. The entire project includes mainly tech-
nical material, but there should also be two volumes on ap-
plied mechanics, namely the stability of constructions and
the resistance of materials, on which I agreed to take the task
over, and hydraulics, for which we have not yet an author. As
Mr. Lechalas knows that I am in contact with you; he asked
me to propose you as the author of this second book if this
would fit you in preparing this volume. The following con-
ditions apply:
• Author’s freedom to include, or not, material presented in other
volumes of the encyclopedia;
• Obligation to limit work between 300 and 600 pages in octa-
vo; and
• Fixed reward at 2 French francs per book sold.
The book should deal with the science of hydraulics, an impor-
tant issue for engineers, plus the theory of water wheels. It should
be written in the light of engineering applications. If you were able
to write this book, you would certainly make a great service to all
engineers, who often are quite embarrassed to solve questions re-
lating to the movement of liquids and who do not know where this
information can be found.
The correspondence does not include the letter written by
Boussinesq, but this invitation was not at all in the latter’s mind. He
did not want to popularize his theoretical approaches, he did not want
to waste his time in favor of fundamental works, and he was simply
not a person of engineering qualities. Lechalas, who authored a
J. Hydraul. Eng.
 book in river engineering, thus certainly invited Flamant to contrib-
ute this book on hydraulics.
The only common work of JB and Flamant was the obituary
of Saint-Venant. The letter written on July 11, 1886, by Flamant,
details the following:
I will certainly write the conclusion of our obituary on
Mr. Saint-Venant, since you cannot do it now. I would do it
once you have finalized your part in order to connect the two
portions. I would take advantage of your additions to my text
and insert them, abbreviating maybe some parts. This job has
to be finished. However, as to the conclusion, we should possibly
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say something on the situation of the Saint-Venant family. Yet,
I don’t know anything on it. Mrs. de Saint-Venant has passed
away a few months before him. We’ll talk about this issue.
Flamant continues:
Mr. Raoul de Saint-Venant [eldest son of dSV] did not send
me any manuscript. I only received printed works. I am will-
ing, if you think, to develop his memoir on the swell, and even
his unpublished work on how to present the theory of steady
water flow [this was published by JB for Saint-Venant
(1887)]. In any case, I would be happy to read them, given
that I will have to lecture on this topic, but I am not yet much
prepared. If you can obtain these two manuscripts from
Mr. Raoul, I would look at them and inform you on how we
could proceed; I think that the Annales des Ponts et Chaussées
would certainly open their doors for such publications. I’ll
certainly see you before August 17 at the Street Claude
Bernard 75, or at the Institut, but I am taken on Monday 19.
The preceding comments, both on the common obituary and on
the development of Saint-Venant’s ideas relating to hydraulic prob-
lems, were intended to honor their common mentor. Both have
profited enormously in terms of professional advance and personal
closeness to one of the most outstanding scientists in engineering
mechanics. Note that both papers were published in the journal
mentioned. The obituary paper was also published in which two
close collaborators of dSV highlight his outstanding qualities
(Boussinesq and Flamant 1886).
The next letter written by Flamant to JB is dated August 20,
1886, and reads:
Dear Sir and friend, I send you, by post of today, a parcel
containing:
1. The biographical note on Mr. de Saint-Venant. You will see that
I have not added all parts proposed by you. I realized that the
details on which you enter would hardly be of interest to the
reader. However, I can go back and accept several of your pro-
posals, if this would be in your interest.
2. The list of publications, which I did no more touch, but which I
would review before sending it to the printer.
3. Your manuscript of the obituary.
4. The small note on Mrs. de Saint-Venant, which you have sent me.
5. What I have extracted from the manuscript on the flowing water.
I think that will be about all to be published. Maybe one could
add two paragraphs, namely a more accurate and complete de-
termination of frictional intensities due to both fluid viscosity
and wall presence. dSV expressed the terms A and B using four
functions, yet these remain undetermined and thus do not add
to the problem. Another addition should detail the limitations
of his analysis, due to the neglect of terms to approximate the
streamwise and transverse velocity components. It appears to
me that he has done complicated computations to arrive at such
a simple result.
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Flamant continues: “Please read all this, once you have the time,
and tell me your opinion. As to the obituary, if you agree, you could
send it directly to Mr. Raoul asking him for his comments. I will
then send it to the Annales along with the memoir on the flowing
water, modified and completed after your wishes.” Another point
not further detailed in this paper relates to a possible translation of
the work of Gerstner on waves.
Flamant closes his letter with the following words:
I wish that you profit at its best from your vacation. Sit back
and remember that work was imposed to the man as punish-
ment of his disobedience. This is a saying that should always
be in the mind during vacations, to overcome regrettable fa-
tigues. Rest and good food are the maxims to put into practice,
and I would like to be able to charge Mrs. Boussinesq to sup-
port you. Sir and friend, my respects to her and please accept
my best wishes, Yours A. Flamant.
This letter thus states Flamant’s will to collaborate with JB for
their common master, who has been too old and too weak to finalize
projects started decades ago. In addition, it also highlights that
Flamant would have liked to initiate a closer personal relation to JB.
In the letter written from Paris to JB on December 22, 1886,
Flamant mentioned details as to the preceding indications. It reads:
“I saw Mr. Raoul before his departure. Printing is slow, the note will
be published before the end of the year, but the two memoirs won’t
appear in the next two or three months. There is not enough space
in the Annales.”
He continues:
I read with pleasure the proofs of the memoirs of Mr. de Saint-
Venant published in the volumes of the Academy and then
return these to you, although it would be more convenient,
for reading, to refer to the previous sheets. Finally, I look for-
ward to your comments and then will follow your instructions.
I thank you, as well as to Madame Boussinesq, for the good
wishes for the New Year. I in turn also express ours with the
hope that you’ll get rid both of these cursed and persistent
colds. I try to see you these days, either at the Academy or
at the Sorbonne, Yours A. Flamant.
Until 1890, Flamant has addressed several letters to JB, yet these
do not deal with hydraulics. The next letter was written only in
1900 from Algiers, then belonging to the French Empire, to where
Flamant was sent as a French engineer. In 1901, a letter describes
the wish of Flamant to return to France because his son was about
to enter the School of Mines. In 1902, Flamant writes that he and
his wife will return to France on July 12. However, they will not live
in Paris but at Bourg-la-Reine, some 10 km south of Paris. Further
letters were exchanged until 1906, but there is none whose context
deals with the book Hydraulics. In summary, the correspondence
between Flamant and JB extended over nearly 25 years, during
which several questions posed by Flamant were answered by his
colleague. However, there is no letter dealing with Flamant’s book
Hydraulics, except for the information that Boussinesq was first
invited to write it. However, he refused the offer so that Flamant,
then a professor at the School of Bridges and Roads, accepted the
proposal and finally succeeded in presenting an outstanding work.
The Book Hydraulics
This book has seen four editions, of which the first was published in
1891. Next, ones in 1900, 1909, and 1923 followed (Fig. 1), result-
ing from its success in the hydraulics community (Foris 1891).
02520002-3 J. Hydraul. Eng.
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Fig. 1. Front cover of book Hydraulics (Flamant 1923). (Image courtesy of the archive of Willi H. Hager.)

In all three reeditions, the note “re-reviewed and augmented” was 1915. At a visit to Béranger, a book printer in Paris, the first author
stated on the front cover, but according to the authors’ observations, received no explanation. Clearly, readers did not want to concen-
it was not true. More sadly, the final 1923 edition did not even in- trate on sad matter after World War I but attempted to look into a
clude a simple comment on Flamant, who had passed away in bright future, so that this misfortune was overlooked.

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J. Hydraul. Eng., 2020, 146(7): 02520002

 The book includes 10 chapters, entitled as follows: (1) Hydro-
statics, (2) Liquid movement in general, (3) Accidental circumstances
of the movement, (4) Conduits, (5) Open channels, (6) Natural
watercourses, (7) Nonpermanent flow, (8) Undular flow, (9) Elastic
fluids, and (10) Fluid resistance. The book has several Appendices;
its final length is 699 pages, including an alphabetical index of
topics.
The preface deals first with the statement that hydraulics, for a
long time, was a purely empirical branch of mechanics, which
applies for many other sciences; the first definite achievements
were only made toward the end of the 18th century. Apart from
the textbooks mentioned previously, Flamant particularly quotes
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the outstanding works of Henry Bazin (1829–1917) and Joseph
Boussinesq in experimental and theoretical approaches, respec-
tively. Although these are not final, they are stated to be often suf-
ficient for solving practical engineering problems. Flamant also
mentions the limitations of formulas, having often been overlooked
in the past. He focuses on an important point, stating that others
have previously presented almost all topics of his book. Apart from
those mentioned, he indicates the names of Saint-Venant, Dupuit,
Dausse, Kleitz, Graeff, Lechalas, and Fargue.
The contents of the chapters are summarized as follows. Chapter 1
deals with hydrostatics, a topic treated in most textbooks. It in-
cludes the stability of floating bodies, the principle of the metacen-
ter of a body, and applications to the quadratic prisms. Chapter 2
introduces the fundamental flow equations by Euler and their sim-
plification to the Bernoulli equation. The governing equations for
steady open channel flows are discussed. Further, the uniform flow
is described along with the governing retaining forces and also the
then recent experiments of Couette on outflow from a container.
The friction coefficients determined by Boussinesq are used to
present the uniform flow features of circular and wide rectangular
cross-sections. Chapter 3 deals with the orifice flow involving
various crest geometries and compares the results with recent ob-
servations. The effect of flow expansion and contraction and the
hydraulic losses along a bend are explained. Weir flow, mainly
based on the recent works of Bazin and Boussinesq, is described
in terms of the velocity and discharge features, the various nappe
types, and the tailwater effect. JB considered the effect of curved
streamlines on the discharge characteristics (Castro-Orgaz and
Hager 2017), obtaining results in excellent agreement with the ob-
servations of Bazin. Both the undular and the direct hydraulic
jumps are described. At the time of the book’s publication, Bazin
had just completed the first of his five papers on weir flow, so that
the results are incomplete. Chapter 4 is devoted to pipe flows, stated
to be relatively simple, except for the determination of the friction
factor. Flamant presents a large number of available formulas and
then refers to these mostly considered in France, namely the for-
mulas of Prony or Darcy. Flamant (1892—see Appendix) presents
also a formula developed by himself, along with tables to facilitate
its application. He deals with the velocity distributions of typical
pipe flows and then presents examples to outline the computational
procedures (Sauvage 1893; Alibrandi 1895). Chapter 5 deals with
backwater curves and hydraulic jumps, again much based on the
advances of JB and Bazin. The subdivision, according to Saint-
Venant, of open channel flows into rivers and torrents, constitutes
an important principle. Typical velocity distributions as observed
and computed are also given.
In chapter 6, the flow in natural watercourses is described, in-
cluding sediment transport and the entrainment condition for sedi-
ment. The equilibrium condition of sand rivers and the effect of
river bends on the flow features are highlighted. Given two other
books on the subject, namely these of Fargue and Lechalas, the
improvement of rivers to withstand floods was only mentioned,
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including general recommendations for the engineering practice.
The effect of levees along rivers is discussed in terms of bed slope
and the lowest upstream water elevation. At a high bed slope, the
riverbed must be protected by drop structures to avoid dangerous
scour and slides of the entire river. Groundwater flow is shortly
addressed based on Dupuit (1848), as well as various gauging
methods to determine the discharge. Chapter 7 highlights questions
relating to flood flows based on the approach by Kleitz (1877).
Next, a possible means to reduce floods is presented and explained
with works conducted on the Seine and Loire Rivers in France. The
effect of reservoirs on flood attenuation is equally treated. Chapter
8 deals with waves mainly based on Boussinesq and Bazin, relating
to wave propagation. The solitary wave features based on JB
(1877—see Appendix) are exposed. This is followed by Gerstner’s
theory on oscillatory waves and on the swells and ripples. The ef-
fect of oscillating flow in tubes is described, with applications to
lock structures. The end of this chapter details tides and their
effect on fluvial rivers and estuaries. In Chapter 9, elastic fluids
are discussed including the principle of thermodynamics. There,
perfect gas flow is described along with gas tanks and their appli-
cation to gas flow in long tunnels. Comments are given to gas
distribution systems in cities for road illumination. Chapter 10
finally intends to present the available knowledge on fluid resis-
tance. Flamant correctly states that this problem has not yet been
really attacked, except maybe for the impact of a fluid jet onto a
plane. The studies of both Poncelet and dSV are presented and
also indications of Du Buat and others on the effect of a solid
body on fluid flow. Flamant comments: “Everybody applies hy-
draulic formulas, yet few persons listen to the response.” Notably
for a book of the 19th century, Flamant also defines the main
parameters used.
The book has, as many others of this era, no reference section;
the references are directly cited in the main text. The book is
adequately illustrated with sketches and diagrams, yet no photos
are reproduced, as is also typical for this era. Given the book of
Flamant (1888a—see Appendix), his hydraulics book must have
been prepared within less than 3 years—a large effort at his time.
A textbook is defined as a standard work for the study of a par-
ticular subject. The question now of course is the following: what
makes this particular book so outstanding from other hydraulic
textbooks? The answer includes various reasons, namely:
• Diversity of topics considered, including both free surface and
pressurized flows and also water and gas movements;
• Simplicity in explanations, mainly as compared with Boussinesq;
• Simplification of presentation, restricting considerations on
main facts but excluding details that would complicate the
understanding;
• Adequate summary of studies by the two leading hydraulicians
of the late 19th century, namely Bazin and Boussinesq;
• Addition of sketches again to ease understanding of explana-
tions; and
• Presentation allowing others to base their own projects on a
sound foundation.
Note that various textbooks were written up to World War I,
including these of Basset (1890), Masoni (1900), Unwin (1907),
Gibson (1908), Bakhmeteff (1912), Forchheimer (1914), or von
Mises (1914). In several of these, Flamant’s Hydraulics served as
example both in the selection of topics as in the presentation of the
results provided by Bazin and Boussinesq, among others. The two
volumes of Boulanger (1909) are excellent summaries of the the-
ories provided by Boussinesq and may be recommended as easy
access to the latter’s writings.
A particular aspect so far largely overlooked refers to the popu-
larization of the formula of Manning (1889), describing uniform
J. Hydraul. Eng.
 open channel as well as pipe flows. As described by Dooge (1992),
Manning appears to have been unfamiliar with the work of Gauckler
(1868), who attempted successfully to simplify the formula of
Bazin (1865). The third person having developed this formula for
a river flow was Strickler (1923), of whom an account is given by
Hager (2015). The current formula is referred to as the Gauckler-
Manning-Strickler (GMS) formula.
Returning to Dooge (1992), he notes that Flamant was the first
to cite the Manning formula in his 1891 book. Dooge further details
that he had found letters written by Flamant to Manning asking for
information on this formula. In a letter written on April 11, 1891,
Flamant writes (Dooge 1992): “I propose to teach this formula and
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its results in my hydraulics course at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaus-
sées, and it is possible that it may be adopted by some engineers.”
In a letter written on June 30, 1895, Flamant states (Dooge 1992):
“In my treatise on hydraulics, published some years ago, I have
recommended the use of your formula which I found very good.”
Dooge even comes to the opinion that Flamant’s Hydraulics book
was largely responsible for the dissemination of the Manning for-
mula in the US. Currently, this formula is still widely used in the
hydraulic engineering practice, given its simplicity, if it is applied
exclusively to flows in the turbulent rough regime.
In summarizing, it may be mentioned that the outstanding nature
of Flamant’s book is highlighted by comparing it with that of
Boussinesq (1877). While the latter book contains a formidable
amount of mathematical developments, the calculus level and al-
gebraic manipulations are by no means simple (Castro-Orgaz and
Hager 2017). An average engineer or a student will hardly find this
reference useful. Boussinesq relies on the mathematics to explain
the physics. On the other hand, Flamant is concise, describes the
physical concepts rather than mathematics itself, and illustrates
his text with clear figures. While we could tentatively state that
Boussinesq’s book was a research treatise for mathematicians and
fluid dynamicists, Flamant’s book is definitely a work dedicated to
conveying the rich hydraulic knowledge available to a wide audi-
ence of engineers, who by definition are not necessarily experts in
mathematics. A clarity of presentation and focus on concepts should
not be misunderstood as synonymous of low book level. It is just
the opposite; Flamant was able to present some of the advanced
theories of his mentor in a simple way, thereby revealing his peda-
gogic skills while keeping the knowledge level in the book at a then
high standard.
Flamant’s Biography
Alfred-Aimé Flamant was born on October 31, 1839, at Noyales,
the Department of Aisne, located northeast of Paris (Bulletin de la
Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie 1917). He graduated in
1857 from the Polytechnic School, Paris, and in 1859 from the
School of Bridges and Roads as a civil engineer. A note at the latter
library describes the student Flamant as having dark blond hair, low
brows, a big nose, blue eyes, an average mouth, a round chin, a
round face, and a height of 169 cm. He then became Corps member
of Bridges and Roads and was first sent to Lille in charge of the
Roubaix Canal and river for improvement works. The Corps sent
him in 1874 to Nice, where he was active for road projects and
contributed to the Menton Harbor. In 1878, he was called, now as
chief engineer, back to the north and given charge of a project to
connect the Deûle and Seine Rivers. This project aimed to ease
the transport of goods from the north of France to the capital. The
project was presented in 1882 but never realized. Flamant was
moreover involved in large construction works, thereby becom-
ing an expert in the stability of materials and in hydraulics.
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J. Hydraul. Eng., 2020, 146(7): 02520002
In addition, from 1872 to 1879, he was professor of civil con-
structions at the Institut industriel du Nord, Lille, becoming a
colleague of Joseph Boussinesq (1872), who stayed there from
1872 to 1886. From then to 1883, Flamant continued there as
professor of industrial physics.
Flamant was appointed in 1885 as deputy professor of mechan-
ics at the Central School, Paris, and at the School of Bridges and
Roads. In 1893, he was appointed inspector general of the second
class within the Corps for the French colony, Algeria, thereby tak-
ing over as director of public works at Algiers. He returned in 1902
to France, now as inspector general of the first class and as a
member of the Corps Council. He represented France at various
international congresses, such as at the 1900 Universal Expo-
sition and at the 9th International Congress of Navigation held at
St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1908. His authority and his character have
greatly added to the quality of these early meetings. In 1903, he
became Member of the Commission for Flood Announcement, act-
ing as president starting in 1908, and from then also at the Central
Hydrometrical Service of Paris. He retired in 1909 and lived from
1912 at Versailles close to Paris before moving in 1915 to Saint-
Quentin. This city had been heavily bombed during World War I,
and Flamant lost most of his scientific papers. He passed away on
June 27, 1915, at Saint-Quentin.
Flamant’s death date is unknown, including in the “official”
biography of St. Le Tourneur (1975), as well as Dreyfus (1890)
and Larousse (1971). In 2001, the first author contacted the city of
Saint-Quentin, who provided the preceding date. His father’s
name was stated to be Louis Joseph Flamant, and his mother’s
name was Elisabeth Victoire Voreaux, both having passed away
before 1915. Flamant’s wife was Carlotta Isabelle Christine Ciucci,
an Italian, whom he married in 1869. She was born on January 8,
1847, at Lucca, Italy, and passed away on December 21, 1929, at
Saint-Quentin. The two lived there in 1915 at 55 Rue Antoine
Lécuyer.
Flamant was awarded the Montyon Prize of Mechanics from the
Académie des Sciences, Paris, for his book Hydraulics, based on a
report of Boussinesq (1893). It is first noted that Flamant greatly
profited from his collaboration with dSV and that the two had
published several papers. This collaboration continued after dSV’s
death, given the papers published posthumously. The commission
unanimously decided to honor Flamant with the award. In 1875, he
had already been awarded Cavalier of the Légion d’Honneur, be-
coming Officer in 1897. He also became Officer of Agricultural
Merits in 1902 and Officer of Public Instruction in 1903.
For decades, the first author, in vain, searched for a portrait of
Flamant. He has of course not seen all published material around
the Universal Expositions held in 1889 and 1900 in Paris, in which
Flamant was personally involved. Furthermore, the School of
Bridges and Roads started taking class photographs in 1863, yet
Flamant graduated in 1859, so that he is also absent there. Once
retired, he was away from his colleagues; apparently, nobody cared
for his souvenir once having passed away in one of the centers of
World War I. The only available obituary was published two years
after his death (Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour
l’Industrie 1917).
During a visit to Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, the
first author found a diminutive note stating that the grave of the
Flamant family is at Soissons, a city 100 km northeast of Paris.
There, he found the grave house on the cemetery [Fig. 2(a)]. Its
door was locked, yet one could take photographs across the door
bars. Fig. 2(b) shows the inscriptions of Flamant (center) and his wife
(bottom). In addition, the two family names Lebon and Henin are
stated. From a document of Soissons community, Mrs. Lebon was
J. Hydraul. Eng.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO on 11/30/20. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Fig. 2. Soissons cemetery (a) grave house of Lebon family; and (b) Alfred Aimé Flamant (top center) and Charlotte Christine Isabelle Ciucci, wife of
Alfred. (Images courtesy of the archive of Willi H. Hager.)
Fig. 3. Flamant family around 1919. (Images courtesy of the Family
Archive of J.-C. Tixier.)
identified as Flamant’s sister, and Pierre Flamant was his son. With
this information, we searched for the Lebon family.
A phone call to the Lebon family evidenced that Mr. Tixier
headed the surviving family. In an e-mail, he sent W. H. Hager
two photos of the family. On Fig. 3, dated 1919, one sees from
left in the back row Pierre Flamant (1879–1961), mining engineer,
Mr. Tixier’s grandfather; his mother-in-law, Louise Descambres-
Lebon; her mother-in-law, Flore Lebon-Flamant; and Carlotta
© ASCE
J. Hydraul. Eng., 2020, 146(7): 02520002
Flamant-Ciucci (1847–1929), Alfred’s wife and mother of
Pierre Flamant. The four kids of Pierre Flamant are André
(1910–1931), Françoise (1914–still alive), Suzanne (1913–1999),
i.e., Mr. Tixier’s mother, and Marguerite (1911–1920). Despite
Alfred Flamant’s absence, the photo gives a good idea of the
Flamant family, including his wife Carlotta. Note that the photo
was taken just after World War I, which for France was an
extremely hard period with immense losses of lives and goods,
particularly in its north.
Conclusions
Alfred Flamant was one of the most successful textbook authors of
the 19th century relating to hydraulics. His book had four editions
and attracted readers because of the well-selected topics, the ease in
explanations, the accuracy of the mathematical developments, the
many sketches to better follow the text, and the first attempt to fa-
miliarize the complex explanations of Boussinesq in the fields of
weir flow and wave hydraulics. In addition, the book includes the
experimental findings of Bazin relating to open channel and weir
flows.
The book remained a precious document over decades and was
read by students and engineers to find solutions to hydraulic prob-
lems in both research and applications. The present work does not
only deal with the preceding issue but with the background of the
person Flamant, who so far was hardly considered. Based on a
series of letters written between the famous de Saint-Venant and
his two collaborators and colleagues, Boussinesq and Flamant, a
variety on the life and career of Flamant may be revealed. In addi-
tion, the Flamant family was found by a telephonic search, provid-
ing additional material except for Flamant’s portrait, which is still
not available, despite long and intense search actions.
02520002-7 J. Hydraul. Eng.
 Appendix. Bibliography of Flamant

His bibliography includes works in diverse topics, yet mainly questions in hydraulics and the elasticity theory are considered in
this paper. Note also his various books, an exception in his era, particularly in view of the fact that he was not working thoroughly in
an academic institution. However, Imprimerie Nationale (1913) shares other writings, mainly reports, which are not available.
Author(s) Year Title Journal/Book Volume/Pages
Flamant, A. 1880 “De l’influence des courbes et de la section transversale des canaux sur Dunod, Paris —
la vitesse de marche des bateaux (Of the effect of curves and the
transverse section of canals on the speed of boats).”
Flamant, A. 1881a “Note sur l’économie d’eau à réaliser par l’emploi d’une colonne Annales des Ponts et 51(1), 81–92
liquide pour le remplissage et la vidange des écluses de navigation Chaussées
(Note on the economy of water for filling and emptying navigation
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locks using a liquid column).”

Flamant, A. 1881b “Calcul de l’effort nécessaire pour mouvoir un bateau dans un canal Annales des Ponts et 51(1), 213–224
courbe (Computation of the effort to move a boat in a curved canal).” Chaussées
Flamant, A. 1882 “Compte rendu des expériences hydrauliques faites à Roorkee, inde Annales des Ponts et 52(2), 43–96
anglaise (Review on the hydraulic experiments made at Roorkee, Chaussées
British India).”
Flamant, A. 1883a “Ecluse double de 4 m de chute (Double lock 4 m deep).” Nouveaux Annales de la 8(7), 99–102
Constructions, Series 3
Flamant, A. 1883b Discussion of “Recent hydraulic experiments.” Proc. Institution of Civil 71, 65–67
Engineers
Saint-Venant, A., 1883a Traduction de “Théorie de l’élasticité des corps solides de Clebsch Dunod, Paris —
Barré de, (Translation of ‘Theory on elasticity of solid bodies by Clebsch’).”
Flamant, A.
Saint-Venant, A., 1883b “Représentation graphique des lois du choc longitudinal, subi à une de Comptes rendus de 97(3), 127–133;
Barré de, ses extrémités par une tige ou barre prismatique assujettie à l’extrémité l’Académie des sciences 97(4), 214–222;
Flamant, A. opposée (Graphical representation of the laws governing the 97(5), 281–290;
longitudinal shock, subjected at one of its ends by a prismatic staff or 97(6), 444–447
bar attached at the opposite end).”
Saint-Venant, A., 1883c “Des vitesses que prennent, dans l’intérieur d’un vase, les divers éléments Comptes rendus de 97(20),
Barré de, d’un liquide pendant son écoulement par un orifice inférieur, et des moyens l’Académie des sciences 1027–1031;
Flamant, A. simples qui peuvent être employés pour déterminer très approximativement 97(21),
les restes numériques de séries doubles peu convergentes (Of the velocities 1105–1111
taken by various fluid elements at the interior of a tank during outflow
across an orifice, and simple means to approximately determine numerical
remains of weakly converging, double series.”
Flamant, A. 1884 “Report of the International Commission on the Suez Canal.” Proc. Institution of Civil 84, 473
Engineers
Flamant, A. 1885a “Notice sur les travaux scientifiques de M. Flamant (Notice on the Gauthier-Villars, Paris —
scientific works of Mr. Flamant).”
Flamant, A. 1885b “Résumé du Rapport de la Commission Internationale du Canal de Suez Annales des Ponts et 55(4), 744–762
(Summary of Report of the International Commission on the Suez Chaussées
Canal).”
Flamant, A. 1886a “Stabilité des constructions, résistance des matériaux (Stability of Baudry, Paris —
constructions, resistance of materials).”
Flamant, A. 1886b “Note sur la flexion au-delà de la limite d’élasticité (Note on the flexion Le Génie Civil 9(2), 3–5
over the limit of elasticity).”
Flamant, A. 1886c “Report of the International Commission on the Suez Canal.” Van Nostrand’s 35(215), 432
Engineering Magazine
Brune, E., 1888 “Cours de constructions (Lecture notes on constructions).” Imprimeries réunies, —
Flamant, A. Paris
Flamant, A. 1888a “Mécanique générale (General mechanics).” Tignol, Paris —
Flamant, A. 1888b Des ondes liquides non périodiques: L’onde solitaire (Of liquid non- Annales des Ponts et 59(2), 5–48
periodical waves: The solitary wave).” Chaussées
Saint-Venant, A., 1888 “De la houle et du clapotis (Of the swell and the splash).” Annales des Ponts et 58(2), 705–809
Barré de, Chaussées
Flamant, A.
Flamant, A. 1889 “Projet de chemin de fer métropolitain pour Paris (Metropolitan railway Le Génie Civil 11(1), 6–10;
project for Paris.” 11(2), 30–34
Saint-Venant, A., 1889 “Courbes représentatives des lois du choc longitudinal et du choc Journal de l’Ecole 59, 97–128
Barré de, transversal d’une barre prismatique, dressées par feu de Saint-Venant Polytechnique
Flamant, A. (Representative curves of the laws of longitudinal and transverse shocks
of a prismatic bar, as proposed by the late de Saint-Venant).”
Flamant, A. 1890a “Ministère des Travaux Publics: Le pont du Forth (Ministry of Public Proc. 4ème Congrès Imprimerie
Works: The bridge of Forth).” Internationale de Nationale, Paris
Navigation Intérieure,
tenu à Manchester, 1-27

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 Appendix. (Continued.)
Author(s) Year Title Journal/Book Volume/Pages
Flamant, A. 1890b “Plan incliné pour bateaux de navigation intérieure (Inclined plane for Le Génie Civil 18(7), 98–102
boats of internal navigation).”
Flamant, A. 1891 “Hydraulique (Hydraulics).” Baudry & Cie., Paris —
Flamant, A. 1892 “Etude sur les formules de l’écoulement de l’eau dans les tuyaux de Annales des Ponts et 62(4), 301–345
conduit (Study on the formulas of water flow in pipes).” Chaussées
Flamant, A. 1896 Discussion of “The suspension of solids in flowing water.” Trans. ASCE 36, 327–329
Flamant, A. 1898a “Taxes et péages (Taxes and tolls).” Proc. 7ème Congrès 5ème Section, 1ère
International de Question.
Navigation, Bruxelles Goemaere,
Bruxelles
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Flamant, A. 1898b “Etude sur les turbines (Study on turbines).” Revue de Mécanique 2(1), 5–23; 2(3),
260–274
Flamant, A. 1900a “Hydraulique (Hydraulics),” 2ème édition Béranger, Paris —
Flamant, A. 1900b “Notice sur l’hydraulique agricole en Algérie (Notice on the Giralt, Alger —
agricultural hydraulics in Algeria).”
Flamant, A. 1900c “Notice sur les routes et ports de l’Algérie (Note on the roads and ports Girard, Alger-Mustapha For the
in Algeria).” exposition
Universelle,
Paris, 68 p.
Flamant, A. 1900d “Tableau des entreprises d’irrigation fonctionnant en Algérie (Table of Girard, Alger-Mustapha For the
irrigation entreprises working in Algeria).” exposition
Universelle, Paris
Flamant, A. 1903a “Sur la flexion des poutres rectangulaires (On the flexion of rectangular Annales des Ponts et 73(4), 65–99
bars).” Chaussées
Flamant, A. 1903b Discussion of “Flow of water in pipes.” Trans. ASCE 51, 313
Flamant, A. 1904 “Abaque pour faciliter les calculs relatifs aux distributions d’eau (Graph Annales des Ponts et 74(4), 219–221
to facilitate computations relating to water distributions).” Chaussées
Flamant, A. 1905 “Quelques installations récentes de turbines hydrauliques (Some recent Revue de Mécanique 16(1), 305–322;
installations of hydraulic turbines).” 16(2), 539–557
Flamant, A. 1906 “Sur la propagation des ondes liquides dans un tuyau élastique (On the Revue de Mécanique 18(1), 101–103
propagation of liquid waves in an elastic tube).”
Flamant, A. 1909a “Hydraulique (Hydraulics)”, 3ème édition Béranger, Paris —
Flamant, A. 1909b Proc. 11ème Congrès International de Navigation tenu à Annales des Ponts et 79(5), 91–120
Saint-Pétersbourg en 1908. Rapports des délégués français sur les Chaussées
travaux du Congrès: 1ère Section, Navigation intérieure; 5ème Question,
“Préservation des basses régions contre l’envahissement des eaux
(Report of the French delegates on the works of the Congress: Section 1,
Internal navigation; 5th Question, Preservation of the lowlands against
water flow).”
Flamant, A. 1912 “Alimentation de Paris en eau potable (Alimentation of Paris with Proc. 4ème Congrès 4(3), 1–14
drinking water).” National des travaux
publics français
Flamant, A. 1923 Hydraulique (Hydraulics),” 4ème édition Béranger, Paris —

Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Mr. Jean-Claude Tixier for having
considerably added to the Flamant family history in both family
details and photographs.
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