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24/03/2021 Glyoxalated Polyacrylamides G-PAM: additives for enhancing the strength of paper.
of paper. Giovanna Pellegrini RQ, Axchem® Italia -Stéphan L…
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Glyoxalated Polyacrylamides G-PAM: additives for enhancing the strength of paper. Giovanna
Pellegrini RQ, Axchem® Italia -Stéphan Lafrenière, Axchem®Canada
Posted on 1st October 2015 by Axchem
Summary: Glyoxalated polyacrylamides (G- PAM) provide an alternative chemistry to other papermaking resins
additives for wet and dry strength. This new generation of G-PAM provides a better compromise between wet
end chemistry performance and paper dry strength targets along with logistical benefits of shipping concentration
and shelf life.
Introduction
Glyoxalated polyacrylamide is often the acknowledged by the acronym G-PAM, the new generation of polymers
are obtained by a cross-linking reaction between different polyacrylamide backbone and glyoxal.
Figure 1: reactions to obtain a G-PAM
This new generation of recently developed G-PAM products range from a low to a medium cationic charge. The
G-PAM has been produced in order to provide a better machine runnability, efficiency and paper properties.
Combined with this performance is an increased product shelf-life, which makes it possible to ship over long
distances even where logistical conditions make it difficult to supply.
The new generation G-PAM’s are also less sensitive to high conductivity, high colloidal charge, dissolved salts and
hardness which are common conditions these days in a paper mills with closed water circuits. G-PAM’s principal
uses is related to their ability to develop increased sheet strength characteristics, providing both temporary wet
strength and permanent dry strength to the paper: Work has been shown G-PAM to be a runnability aid and will
increase the drainage characteristics during sheet formation whilst enabling paper and board makers to run a
higher draw in the press and drying section.
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24/03/2021 Glyoxalated Polyacrylamides G-PAM: additives for enhancing the strength of paper. Giovanna Pellegrini RQ, Axchem® Italia -Stéphan L…
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The action mechanism
The G-PAM’s have two ways to interact with the cellulose fibres:
1. The amino group reacts with the hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups of cellulose forming hydrogen bonds
that make possible the development of dry mechanical resistance;
Figure 2: H-bonding fibres-G PAM
2. The aldehyde groups react with hydroxyl to form covalent and hemiacetalic bonds. It is this mechanism in
certain pH conditions that enables temporary wet strength to be developed, due to transient formation of low
grade cross linking.
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Figure 3: emiacetalic bond fibre -G PAM
How is G-PAM dosed
Generally, the G-PAM is dosed after refining and added into high consistency pulp to aid and maximize their
absorption onto fibre.
The pH of the system must be lower than pH 8 to avoid the resin hydrolysing: in the same way that low hardness
and low conductivity in the water loop improves the efficiency of the product.
A standard dosage of GPAM can be from 1.5 to 2.5 kg / ton of paper of dry product.
Case History 1: Application in a 100% recycled paper mill producing packaging grades.
The use of a poor quality waste raw material has forced paper manufacturers to investigate chemical additives that
might substitute the natural ability of the fibres to form bonds. Specifically in this case, a G-PAM is been used for
several years to increase the strength characteristics of the finished paper.
The purpose of the test trial was to evaluate the difference between a second generation G-PAM and a third one,
respectively AXSTRENGTH®AS-8200 and AXSTRENGTH®AS-8275.
The paper machine manufactures Liner paper with a daily production of 1600 tons/day. The retention system is
provided by Axchem® and it consists of a cationic polyacrylamide powder AXFLOC®AF-904 PG.
The next figure shows the average results (based on six rolls tested) before and after the switching between the
two G-PAM resins.
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Figure 4: Average RCT before and after the product change.
In figure 5, we can appreciate the RCT behaviour moving back from the new G-PAM to the old one: the last value
is without any product.
Figure 5: RCT at the end of the trial.
It was observed that 33% less of the new generation G-PAM, increased the RCT by 5%.
Case History 2: Application in a tissue paper mill with cellulose as raw material
A tissue producer was looking for an additive to increase cross direction mechanical characteristics of the tissue
paper.
Axchem proposed
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parameters such as retention level, consistencies in the water loop, cationic demand and the drainage.
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In the following table, the trial values are listed as a function of the product dosage.
Figure 6: Wet-end parameters
The results show that AXSTRENGTH® AS-7200 has a strong impact in machine first pass retention and pulp
drainage: During the trial, machine speed and refining energy were not adjusted. It is the author view that an
increase in drainage can be utilised to increase machine speed.
In figures 7 and 8 demonstrates the improved dry strength performance of the paper using breaking length as an
indication of the function of G-PAM dosage.
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Figure 7: CD breaking length
Figure 8: MD breaking length
To confirm that there were no negative side-effects on the final product, paper whiteness and thickness was
evaluated. It was noted during the first steps of the trial, that the G-PAM was to act more as a retention aid than a
dry strength resin: once the optimum dosage was reached, it was established that no deterioration in the paper
whiteness was observed.
However, the greater drainage did impact on the paper thickness which trended down. This effect was cancelled
out by some small changes in the Yankee surface additive treatment.
The benefits observed during the trial are as follows:
Increase of the paper mechanical strength characteristics, +12% in machine direction and +23% in cross
direction;
A first pass retention increase, +15%
The
To find outdrainage increase,
more, including +53%.
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Conclusions
It has been established that Glyoxalated Polyacrylamides offered by Axchem can be dosed at cost effective levels to
show a positive increasing the mechanical strength characteristics of paper. The new GPAM’s developed by
Axchem offers a range of products to fit most paper mill wet end conditions and a variety of paper grades.
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24/03/2021 Glyoxalated Polyacrylamides G-PAM: additives for enhancing the strength of paper.

of paper. Giovanna Pellegrini RQ, Axchem® Italia -Stéphan L…

Figure 1: reactions to obtain a G-PAM

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The action mechanism

Figure 2: H-bonding fibres-G PAM

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Figure 3: emiacetalic bond fibre -G PAM

How is G-PAM dosed

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Figure 4: Average RCT before and after the product change.

Figure 5: RCT at the end of the trial.

Figure 6: Wet-end parameters

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Figure 7: CD breaking length

Figure 8: MD breaking length

The benefits observed during the trial are as follows:

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This entry was posted in 2015. Bookmark the permalink.

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