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    4 views39 pages

    Aws b1!1!2000 Guide For The Visual Exami

    Uploaded by

    jayson acuna

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 39
    Key Words —visual inspection, visual examination, AWS B1.11:2000 surface conditions, instruments, An American National Standard eqqtipment, records, discontinuities, vontdestructive examination, Approved by American National Standards Institute January 7, 2000 Guide for the Visual Examination of Welds ‘Supersedes ANSUAWS B1.11-88 Prepared by AWS Committee on Methods of Inspection ‘Under the Direction of AWS Technical Activities Committee Approved by AWS Board of Directors Abstract This gwide contains information to assist in the visual examination of welds. Inchided sre sections on prerequi fundamentals, surface conditions, and equipment. Sketches and full-color photographs ilustrae weld discontinuities commonly Found in welds, American Welding Society :W, LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida ‘Statement on Use of AWS ‘American National Standard Standards All standards (codes, specifications, reco i 7 classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society are voluntary consensus maccordance with the rules of the Ameri- ccan National Standards Institute. When AWS i standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in fed lations, ofthe regulations of other governmental bodies. their provisions carry the full legal au ‘such cases, any changes in those AWS standards ‘must be approved by the governmental b before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these sta rly of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this coat in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between, ational Standard Book Number. 0-87171-625-9 by American Welding Society. Allright reserved Printed in the United States of America AWS standards are developed thro senting varied viewpoints and in ile AWS oministers the process and establishes niles {to promo fairness in the developme nol independently test, evaluate, oF verify the accuracy of formation or the scundness of itsstandars, AWS disclaims liability for any injry to yo cher damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe ial, indirect, consequential OF 6 di ly resulting from the publication use of, or reliance on this standard, AWS also makes no guartaty or warranty asto the accuracy cx completeness of any information published herein, In issuing and making: alle, A uurdertaking o render professional or other services for oF on ‘behalf of any person or enlity. Noris AWS undertaking 10 perform any duty owned by any person or entity to someone else Anyone using these dely ons or her own independent gre as appropiate, seck the advice of x competent lle eerste of reasonable cae in any given cicrasances, ‘This standard may be superseded by theastance af new cdtons. Uses shoul ensue tha they hve the last eto, Publication of this standard doesnot authorize infrigemest of any patent, AWS disslaims ability forthe infringement ‘of any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this stander. Finally, AWS docs not monitor, police, oreaforee ccmplianc: with this standard, nor does ithave the power to dos. (Oficial incepretations of any ofthe techni quirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in wrt ‘ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society, $50 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex C). With regard to. wiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may. be rendered. However, such opinions teprésent only the personal cpinions ofthe particular individuals giving them, These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, aor Cothese oral opinions constiue offical o unofficial options or intrpre- tations of AWS. In ation, oral opinions informal and should notbe used asa subsite for an official intrptation, ‘This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS BI Committee oa Methods of Inspection. It must be reviewed ‘every 5 years and if not revised, it must be either regpproved or withérawa. Comments (recommendations, additions, oF deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed 0 AWS Headquarters. Such comments will eceive careful consideration by the AWS BI Cormmitiee on Methods of Inspec- ‘ton and the author of the comments will ke informed of the Committee's response to the comments. Guests are invited t ‘aitend all meetings of the AWS B1 Commitee on Metieds of Inspection to express their comments verbally. Procedures {for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules ean be obiained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Leeune Road, Miami, FL 33126, ent process that brings together volunteers repre- Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, perscnal or eucatonal classroom use onl, or the intemal personal or ‘educational classroom use only of specific cients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided thatthe appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Cleerance Center, 222 Rovewean! Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-730-8400; ‘online: hups/www.copyright.com, i Personnel AWS Committee on Methods of Inspection PA. Grin, Chaic RD. McGuire, ist Vice Chair FD. Levert, 2ad Vice Chir 1B Connor, Secretory AW Borges, PE "CR. Brosheart R.Brosilow WA, Bruce EL Criscuelo “RE Deeds, Ir $C Meller KL Holdren “DL Isenhour °t. Laine *W.C Minton 4 W.Overy M,N. Pfeifior AG Ponz *S.J. Walmsley K Zerkle ‘Modern Welding Company, Incorporated National Roard of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors Loral Vought Systems American Welding Society Consultant Alyesta Pipeline Service Company Welding Design and Fabrication Exlison Welding Institute Consultant Consolidated Faison Company of New York Heller Assoxiates Welding Consultants, Incorporated Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company Consultant Consultant Pacific Gas and Electric Company Consultant Consuitant S.J, Walmsley and Associates Hobart Brothers Company ord (This Foreword isnot a part of AWS I formation purposes only.) ‘Visval ecamination (VT), as used in ‘and particular phases of welding may be methods requite the use af eyesight to ‘The use of yauges and other tools ss ‘examination of weldmeats The Guide for the Visual. to serve as a simple tutorial source o document to present the only app this document. tis intended that ‘welding personnel who need for a particular process. Inch performing visual exeminatin ites and conditions, ‘the Visual Examination of Welds, bu i included for in- ive method whereby a weldment, the related base metal, with applicable requirements. All visual examination ans which are present; hence, the term viswal examination, -main method, and these are treated only as adjuncts to visual n prepared by the AWS Committee on Methods of Inspection ing visual examination of welds I isnot the intent of tis ecamination attributes, which would be essential, or desirable, tol prerequisites for performing visual examination, steps and also typical examples of visual examination, disconti records. and other reference sourees which may be helpful. Termi. im AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms und Definitions. 2, The codes oF specifications applicable to any particular weldment | material contained hersin, should any conflict arise between the two. The does not inclad: all the conditions applicable toa specific instance, Examples given ure general and are used only for the purpose of illustration. “This material can be ning fext for inspectors. Although the information generally relates tothe are weld- ing processes, most of it applies to weldments fabricated by other fusion welding processes, for which these methods may be required. For the examination of resistance welded assemblies, refer to AWS C1.1, Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding, AWS Ci.3, Recommended Praciices for Resistence Welding Coated Low Carbon Steels, and AWS D8.1. Recom- imerided Practices for Automotive Weld Quality-Resistance Spor Welding, published by the American Welding Society Tor the examination of brazed assembles, refer to tie Brazing Handbook, also published by the American Welding, Society. Forthose who need more detiled information than this guide provides, bibliographies or complete books on the sub- jects covered in each chapter may be found in ond technics} libraries. The many specifications and codes that ae listed, and have been uscd as illustrative examples, may aso te consuked for more detailed information. Basie information on other nondestructive examinstion metheds is contained in AWS BI.10, Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Welds, and inthe AWS book, Welding Inspection, ‘Comments and inquiries concerning this standard are welcome. They should he sent tothe Secretary, BI Commitee ‘9n Methods of Inspection, American Welding Society, $50 NW, Leleune Roa, Miami, FL 33126. Personnel, Foreword. List of Figures 1 Table of Contents Gener. . LA Application... osname Prerequisites 21 Genera. 22 Visual Acuity 23. Equipment oor 24 Experience and Training 25 Procedures... 26 Certification Programs 27 Safety Fandamentals of Visual Examination. 31. General 32. Priorto Weiding.. 33. During Welding... 34. After Welding. Weld Surface Condi 4.1 General 42 Pomsity. 43° Incomplete Fusion... ce 44 Incomplete Joint Penetration. 45 Undereut 46 Underfill 47 Overlap, 48° Lamination oes 49° Seams and Laps a 4.10 Cracks... 4.11 Slag Inclusions... 4.12 Excessive Reinforcement... 4.13 Convexity and Concavity 414 Ave Strikes 41S Spotter = 4.16 Melt-Through.. 4.17 Weld Size 4.18 Surface Oxitation, ‘Examination Equipment. 5.1 Introduction, < 5.2 Calibration and Handling of Examination Equipmert. Linear Measuring Devices. ‘Temperature Measuring DeviceSc.nn Weld Gauges... i Fiberscopes and Borescope Ferrite Ganges... Light Source 59° Ammeters.. 6. Reconls... Annex A—List of Standards Commonly Annex Supplementary Reading Ma ‘Annex C—Guidelines for Preparation AWS Document List, “ List of Figures Scattered Porosity. ‘Surface Appearance of Piping Porosity Aligned Porosity with Cragk. Elongated POMS! enon Various Locations of Incomplete Fusion Incomplete Fusion, Incomplete Fusion at the Groove Face. Incomplete Fusion Between Weld Beads Incomplete Fusion Between the Weld and Buse Meta Incomplete Joint Penetration... Incomplete Joint Penetration with Consumable Insert. Incomplete Joint Penetration. Examples of Undereut. Undercat at Fillet Weld Toe Underhill es enen Lede Ung Fx Cand Ate Walle Stee. Overlap. Overlap. Laminations... ‘Types of Cracks, Longitudinal ys, Transverse Cracks Longitudinal Crack and Linear Por “Transverse Cracks ose ‘Threat Crack Crater Crack. zi Longitudinal Cracks. rooming from Crater Crack ‘Toe Cracks, ‘Toe Cracks. Underbead Cracks. Slag Inclusion... Weld Reinforcement. Convex Fillet Weld... Convexity . Concave Fillet Weld Surface Oxidation (Sugaring) in a Sta ‘Temperature-Sensitive Crayon, Surface Contact Thermomet Pyromecr. Evaluating a Convex Fillet Weld. Evaluating a Concave Fillet Weld A Maltipurpose Gauge ‘A Taper Gauge .. Hi-Lo Mismatch Gauge A Fiberscope in Use... Femite Indicator (errtescope).. ‘Tong Test Ammeeer... RBRRRERERBE ‘AWS B1.11-2000 Guide for the Visual Examination of Welds 1. General 1.1 Application Information contained inthis guide ap- to the general duties and responsibilis of visual inspectors of weldments and is useful to them in carying, out their duties and responsibilities defined in particular odes or specificstions. This document is primarily in- tended for those who are responsible for the final accep lance of weldments. However all welders, supervisors, technicians, and engineers who are required to routinely inspost work performed by them or under ther authority Vill benefit from the ase of this document, Tis doeu- ‘ment wll provide general guidelines forthe vgual ena ination of weldments ‘The inspector should be knowledgeable conceming ‘ach ofthe principles and methods of examination 1e- ‘ited om a particular weldment.It isthe responsibility Cf those charged with the administration and supervision Cf inspection to make certain thar the principtes and ‘methods set forth are properly undersiod and uniformly apliah This sesponsibilty also includes the qualiica- tton nd certification of inspectors, where such certiica- tion is required by codes, specifications, or civil laws AWS QC1, Standard jor AWS Cerifcaiion of Welding Inspectors, indicates the importnsce AWS assigns 10 visual examination, Contract docaments should specify the requisements for visual examination, In the abseace of such requite- ments, the manufacturer shouldbe requested to exis, {in woting the extent and the methods of examination to be required Acceptance standards should be cleaily uidets¥od by both the manufacturer and the buyer before any welding is ane. This isnot only to make mor effective use of the examination methods but 10 prevent disagreement ‘over whether 1 weldment is satisfactory and in accor-

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