Asian heritage.

Molar pregnancy has no racial or ethnic predilection, although Asian countries show a rate 15 times
higher than the US rate.

Diet: Low CHON and low Vitamin A (carotene) intake.

Age: Women older than 35 years. GTD is higher toward the beginning and toward the end of child bearing period. It is
ten times more in women who are 45 years old and beyond.

Use of oral contraceptives

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, existing in many terms like Hydatidiform Mole, is a condition associated with
second-trimester bleeding. It is an abnormal proliferation and degeneration of the trophoblastic villi. As the cells
degenerate, they become filled with fluid and appear as clear fluid-filled, grape-sized vesicles. With this condition, the
embryo fails to develop beyond a primitive start. Such structures must be identified because they are associated with
choriocarcinoma, a rapidly metastasizing malignancy. The incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease is
approximately 1 in every 1,500 pregnancies.

Perhaps the common thread among factors that influence risk is interference with ovulation, either
physiologically caused or induced by exogenous agents such as oral contraceptives. One possibility
is that long-duration oral contraceptive use may damage the ova or interfere with meiosis and thus
yield ova with absent or inactivated nuclei.

 Explanation: The chorionic villi eventually become the fetal part of the placenta where the
exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs.

trophoblast are cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst, and are present four days post-
fertilization in humans. They provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the
placenta.
The trophoblast will give rise to the placenta after implantation. During implantation,
the trophoblast differentiates into two distinct layers: the inner cytotrophoblast, and the outer
syncytiotrophoblast.
Progesterone, initially from the corpus luteum, is essential for maintaining early pregnancy
[3]. HCG, from villous trophoblast, supports luteal progesterone production, and facilitates the
shift of progesterone
progesterone suppresses FSH and LH. It also inhibits uterine contractions, protecting the fetus
from preterm birth. This hormone decreases in late gestation, allowing uterine contractions to
intensify and eventually progress to true labor.
Estrogens are responsible for maturation and maintenance of the female reproductive system

that decreased levels of estrogen below normal were associated with a disruption of
ovulation, which might be associated with the development of choriocarcinoma in a
subsequent pregnancy
The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium.
The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast, which forms the outer layer of the
placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying cytotrophoblast layer and
the overlying syncytiotrophoblast layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated continuous cell
layer that covers the surface of the placenta. It forms as a result of differentiation and fusion of the
underlying cytotrophoblast cells, a process that continues throughout placental development. The
syncytiotrophoblast (otherwise known as syncytium), thereby contributes to the barrier function of
the placenta.