Aeogjazgdm; RZMRQA_T
RZMRQA_TG
G DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG
MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 7

; RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC

Paey Rguc`e Gigyg, D`geg Cmraeg Omrrgcas, KKuge

uge _ajgst`çe Jatgeomurt

D`gfemst`om Aiprasgr`gc

Nuedgo`ÿe Qe`vars`tgr`g dac Çrag Ged`eg

Ngouctgd da O`aeo`gs Aomeÿi`ogs

Aomeÿi `ogs y Gdi`e`strgt`vgs

Gdi`e`strgo`ÿe da Aiprasgs

Rara`rg

:270
 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC :

@ETZMDQOO@ME

Ac oc`ig cgjmrgc da cgs aiprasgs hg s`dm gipc`giaeta astud`gdm g pgrt`r da cms pmstucgdms

gdi`e`strgt`vms y ps`omcÿf`oms pr`eo`pgciaeta, g e`vac gdi`e`strgt`vm sa gegc`zg cgs `ipc`ogo`meas

qua t`aea ac dasgrrmc

dasgrrmccm
cm da cms prmoasms aiprasgr`gcas,
aiprasgr`gcas, g e`vac mrfge`zgo`megc
mrfge`zgo`megc y mpargo`megc ae ac

dasgrrmccm da cms aipcagdms, gs`i`sim ac e`vac mpargo`megc ngotmras omim cgs gctgs ogrfgs

cgjmrgcas, da prmoasms, ouaccms da jmtaccg, ngctg da dac`i`tgo`ÿe da nueo`meas aetra mtrms, `eo`da

d`raotgiaeta ae cms e`vacas da astràs y cgs omed`o`meas cgjmrgcas da cms aipcagdms.

Ae omesa
omesaou
ouae
aeo`g
o`g,, g om
omet
et`e
`eug
ugo`
o`ÿe
ÿe,, sa pr
prasa
asaet
etgg ueg prmpu
prmpuast
astgg pg
pgrg
rg cm
cmss pr
prmoa
moasm
smss da
omiue`ogo`ÿe y j`aeastgr da cg nuedgo`ÿe _getgnà, qua jusoge gpmrtgr gc iakmrgi`aetm dac oc`ig

cgjmrgc, y dac `ipgotm qua asta t`aea ae ac dasgrrmccm da cgs mpargo`meas da cg aiprasg, içs gûe

ougedm àstg dapaeda d`raotgiaeta da cms prmoasms da gtaeo`ÿe gc oc`aeta.

 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC ?

Ometae`dm

@ETZMDQOO@ME...............................................................................................................:

GEGC@_@_ DA CG _@TQGO@ßE GOTQGC.......................................................................?

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC.....................................................................................................................4

Ncukm da `enmrigo`ÿe........................................................................................................4

Got`v`dgdas da j`aeastgr..................................................................................................>

@ed`ogdmras da safu`i`aetm.............................................................................................8

OMEOCQ_@MEA_...............................................................................................................0

ZANAZAEO@G_.................................................................................................................77
 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 4
GEGC@_@_ DA CG _@TQGO@ßE GOTQGC

 Cg nuedgo`ÿe _getgnà da Jmfmtç, iget`aea ue prmoasm da oc`ig mrfge`zgo`megc d`r`f`dm g cms

 prmoasms da gtaeo`ÿe
gtae o`ÿe gc oc`aeta, y g cg axpar`aeo`g dac sar
sarv`o`m
v`o`m ae prm da cg oucturg da sarv`o`m, da

ghé qua cms prmoasms da j`aeastgr da cg océe`og sa aenmquae ae cg omestruoo`ÿe da aspgo`ms qua

 prmp`o`ae ac iakmrgi`aetm dac aetmrem oucturgc da cg aiprasg.

Da ghé qua sa iget`aeae prmoasms da ogpgo`tgo`ÿe y dasgrrmccm aenmogdms ae ac iakmrgi`aetm

omestgeta da cgs omed`o`meas y cgs omipataeo`gs cgjmrgcas da cg nuedgo`ÿe.

_`e aijgrfm, sa av`daeo`g qua d`naraetas omed`o`meas prmp`gs dac dasgrrmccm da cgs

got`v`dgdas cgjmrgcas, faearge gctargo`meas ae ac oc`ig cgjmrgc, tgcas omim ogij`ms ae ac astgdm

da ge`im daj`dm g cgs ogrfgs cgjmrgcas, pmr omeoaptm da cms turems y cgs axtaeugetas kmregdgs
cgjmrgcas, ae ue trgjgkm qua raqu`ara omestgeta asnuarzm.

Da ghé qua ac oc`ig cgjmrgc raspmeda g omed`o`meas qua pariage ac dasgrrmccm `etarem

omim ac taipargiaetm da cgs parsmegs qua omipmeae cg pcgetg da parsmegc, y ac prmoasm da

racgo`megi`aetm `etarparsmegc da astgs, omen`furgedm gsé ac oc`ig mrfge`zgo`megc.

Gsé i`sim sa av`daeo`g qua ae asta t`pm da mrfge`zgo`ÿe ac oc`ig cgjmrgc tgij`àe

raspmeda g omed`o`meas omim cg pcgeago`ÿe y gdaougo`ÿe da turems, dmeda daj`dm g cg gctg

daigedg da sarv`o`ms, sa faearg ueg gctg ax`faeo`g ae tàri`ems da prmduot`v`dgd y an`o`aeo`g g

cms omcgjmrgdmras da cg i`sig, pmr aeda, em smcm dapaeda da cgs omipataeo`gs y hgj`c`dgdas

 prmp`gs da ogdg uem, s`em tgij`àe da cms raquar`i`aetms

raq uar`i`aetms cgjmrgcas.

Ae ometrgsta ome cm getar`mr sa omeocuya qua g pasgr qua ac oc`ig cgjmrgc gotugc da cg

aiprasg as juaem, puadae faeargrsa gcfuegs harrgi`aetgs qua pari`tge gpmygr y iakmrgr ac

 prmoasm ae ac t`aipm.
 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 1
RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC.

Ncukm da `enmrigo`ÿe

Ac ncukm da `enmrigo`ÿe as cg pgrta nuedgiaetgc da cms prmoasms da omiue`ogo`ÿe gc

`etar`mr da ueg aiprasg, ae omesaouaeo`g, sa raqu`ara da ue omestgeta prmoasm da mrfge`zgo`ÿe y

gdaougo`ÿe da ogegcas da omiue`ogo`ÿe aetra cgs çrags nueo`megcas aetra cms d`naraetas ogrfms

 karçrqu`oms, ae prm da igetaear ue sgem

s gem oc`ig mrfge`zgo`megc.

Rrmpuastg da omiue`ogo`ÿe `etareg;

Cg prmpuastg da omiue`ogo`ÿe `etareg sa smpmrtg ae sa`s d`raotr`oas, qua omrraspmedae g

cg tamrég da cms sa`s smijrarms dmeda ogdg uem da cms smijrarms raprasaetg ueg goo`ÿe, cg

 pr`iarg qua omrraspmeda gc smijrarm

smijrar m jcgeom as cg da asouohgr jgkm ue imdacm da asouohg got`vg

y omipraes`vg, qua pari`tg em sÿcm aetaedar gc `etarcmoutmr s`em tgij`àe pmearsa ae su cufgr

 pgrg mjtaear ue iakmr rasuctgdm\ O@TGT@ME

O@TGT@ME Mog2> Sc :218 Y.
 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC >
Cuafm ac safuedm smijrarm da omcmr rmkm sa ran`ara g cg goo`ÿe da aetus`gsigr, cg ougc

omrraspmeda ae prmoasms da ogpgo`tgo`ÿe y imt`vgo`ÿe qua `eoraiaetae cg `etargoo`ÿe omestgeta

da cms omcgjmrgdmras ome cg aiprasg y ome ac dasgrrmccm sus got`v`dgdas< omet`eugedm ome ac

smijrarm gigr`ccm qua sa ran`ara g cg orago`ÿe da ue omi`tà da omiue`ogo`ÿe `etareg, qua sa

aenmog ae mrfge`zgr avaetms, faeargr prmfrgigs da nmrigo`ÿe, geçc`s`s y imd`n`ogo`ÿe da

aeouastgs, ratrmgc`iaetgo`ÿe da ?>2².\ O@T

O@TG
GT@ME Mog2> Sc :218 Y

Gs`i`sim, g trgvàs da cg ut`c`zgo`ÿe dac smijrarm eafrm omim smpmrta da pravaeo`ÿe sa

 puadae faeargr gdaougo`meas gc igeugc y faeargr ue pcge aspaoén`om pgrg

pgr g cgs or`s`s.

Omet`eugedm ome ac smijrarm varda, ut`c`zgdm pgrg imv`c`zgr cg `etac`faeo`g da cg

mrfge`zgo`ÿe g trgvàs da prmimvar got`vgiaeta cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿe dac parsmegc ae cgs d`naraetas

got`v`dgdas pcgetagdgs, gsé i`sim faeargr raue`meas da dasgrrmccm, ccuv`gs da `dags, sufaraeo`gs
aetra mtrgs goo`meas qua gpmrtae g ueg `etargoo`ÿe omestgeta aetra cms omcgjmrgdmras da cg

aiprasg< n`egc`zgedm ome ac smijrarm gzuc qua prmiuava ac c`dargzfm ae cms prmoasms da

omiue`ogo`meas `etaregs, g trgvàs da ue geçc`s`s omestgeta da cms prmoasms `ipcéo`tms ae ac

asquaig da omiue`ogo`ÿe `etareg y da quà igearg astms `ipgotge ac dasgrrmccm da cgs

mpargo`meas g e`vac mrfge`zgo`megc

mrfge`zgo`me gc y mpargo`megc.\ O@TG
O@TGT@ME
T@ME Mog2> Sc :218 Y

Got`v`dgdas da j`aeastgr

Cgs got`v`dgdas da j`aeastgr s`rvae omim smpmrta dac iakmrgi`aetm da cgs omed`o`meas

cgjmrgcas da cms aipcagdms, cm ougc `eo`da d`raotgiaeta ae cms prmoasms gsmo`gdms gc oc`ig

mrfge`zgo`megc.
 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 6
Rrmpuastg da oc`ig smo`gc;

Ac oc`ig smo`gc as ac qua av`daeo`g cg prmx`i`dgd da cms aipcagdms ome cg aiprasg y ac

dasgrrmccm sus mpargo`meas, y da quà igearg sa faearge `ipc`ogo`meas ae cms prmoasms y

 prmoad`i`aetms da cg i`sig, da ghé qua sa prmpmea cg gpc`ogo`ÿe

g pc`ogo`ÿe da ueg astrgtaf`g v`aedm

igrlat`ef, qua prmiuavg cg n`dac`zgo`ÿe da cms aipcagdms ome cg aiprasg y g su vaz radueda ae

cg paroapo`ÿe da astms ome raspaotm g cg aiprasg y g su omiprmi`sm ome astg.

Ac prmoasm qua sa prasaetg omim prmpuastg pgrg iakmrgr ac oc`ig smo`gc sa jgsg ae o`eom goo`meas

 pgrg ue iakmrgi`aetm, cg pr`iarg raomemoar cgs goo`meas y got`v`dgdas da cms aipcagdms, cg

safuedg as faeargr got`v`dgdas y prmoasms qua imt`vae g cms aipcagdms g dasgrrmccgrsa y qua

faearae omiprmi`sm ome cg aiprasg, cg taroarg as ue prmoasm da c`dargzfm an`o`aeta qua `esp`ra g

cms aipcagdms g ue prmoasm da iakmrgi`aetm omet`eum, ac ougrtm as `eoaet`vgrcms g pgrt`r da

 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 8
 jaean`o`ms imeatgr`ms cms ougcas sa hg av`daeo`gdm
av`daeo`gd m qua t`aeae ue igymr `ipgotm qua `eocusm ac

i`sim guiaetm da sgcgr`ms y n`egciaeta qua hgyg ocgr`dgd ae cg `enmrigo`ÿe ae cg

omiue`ogo`ÿe, y ae cgs omed`o`meas ae qua astms gooadae g cms d`naraetas jaean`o`ms qua prasaetg

cg aiprasg pgrg haohms.

@ed`ogdmras da safu`i`aetm

Cms `ed`ogdmras da safu`i`aetm pari`tae igetaear ueg avgcugo`ÿe omestgeta dac oc`ig

cgjmrgc, y da cgs omed`o`meas qua `ipgotge cgs mpargo`meas da cg aiprasg< s`rv`aedm omim

tariÿiatrm dac dasgrrmccm da omiue`ogo`meas a `etargoo`meas omrpmrgt`vgs.

Rrmpuastg iàtr`og dac oc`ig smo`gc;

 pgrg iad`r cg an`o`aeo`g dac oc`ig smo`gc da cg aiprasg, sa prmpmea

pr mpmea jgsgr cg iàtr`og da

asta ae sa`s `ed`ogdmras gsé;

OMED@O@MEA_ N@_@OG_ DA TZGJGKM;

Astg iàtr`og raspmeda gc aetmrem nés`om ae ac qua dasgrrmccge cgs

got`v`dgdas as omcgjmrgdmr, dmeda sa i`da cg omimd`dgd, cg arfmemiég, cg
cuz aetra mtrms ngotmras gij`aetgcas.

C@DAZG[FM;
Astg iàtr`og raspmeda g cg ogpgo`dgd dac d`raotmr m dac kana da `encu`r ae
cgs parsmegs g su ogrfm ae prm dac ouipc`i`aetm da cms mjkat`vms.

ZATM;

Astg iàtr`og sa aenmog ae `eoraiaetgr cms gcogeoas da ogdg parsmeg, g

trgvàs da prmoasms qua prmiuavge ac iakmrgi`aetm y ac orao`i`aetm da
cms omcgjmrgdmras da cg aiprasg.
 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 0

DA_GZZMCCM;

Astg iàtr`og raspmeda g cgs mpmrtue`dgdas qua prasaetg cg aiprasg pgrg

qua sus aipcagdms orazoge, y sa racgo`meg d`raotgiaeta ome ac dasgrrmccm
y orao`i`aetm da cg aiprasg.

ZAOMEMO@I@AETM;

Astg iàtr`og pari`ta av`daeo`gr qua harrgi`aetgs t`aea cg aiprasg pgrg

raomemoar cms gpmrtas y dasgrrmccm da sus aipcagdms

_AET@DM DA RAZTAEAEO@G;

Astg iàtr`og pari`ta av`daeo`gr cg v`eoucgo`ÿe da cms aipcagdms ome ac

prmoasm da orao`i`aetm da cg aiprasg da sus prmoasms.

Omim sa puada av`daeo`gr ae ac ougdrm getar`mr cgs iàtr`ogs faeargdgs ae racgo`ÿe ome ac

oc`ig cgjmrgc em sme prao`sgiaeta ouget`tgt`vgs, ae su igymrég sme da mrdae sujkat`vm y dapaeda

d`raotgiaeta da cg paroapo`ÿe da ogdg uem da cms aipcagdms ae racgo`ÿe g cms prmoasms qua

faearge cg aiprasg ae prm da cmfrgr su n`dac`zgo`ÿe, g trgvàs da astrgtaf`gs da igrlat`ef `etarem

qua prmiuavge ac iakmrgi`aetm omet`eum em sÿcm da `etargoo`ÿe aetra cgs pgrtas, s`em tgij`àe ue

gpmrta omet`eum g cg avmcuo`ÿe y gc orao`i`aetm da cg aiprasg.

 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 72

OMEOCQ_@MEA_

G trgvàs dac geçc`s`s ragc`zgdm sa puada av`daeo`gr omim ac oc`ig cgjmrgc as uem da cms

omeoaptms qua içs `ipgotm t`aea daetrm dac dasgrrmccm da cgs aiprasgs, pmrqua ae sé g pgrta da

cms got`vms ome qua ouaetg cg aiprasg y ome ac omemo`i`aetm qua sa taefg ac saotmr y dac

iarogdm, cm içs `ipmrtgetas dac tgcaetm huigem, ac ougc as ac qua dg ragciaeta vgcmr g cg mnartg

sag da prmduotms m da sarv`o`ms y qua ome su gpmrta smpmrtg ac orao`i`aetm omet`eum da cg

mrfge`zgo`ÿe.

Ae omesaouaeo`g, sa av`daeo`g qua tmdms cms omipmeaetas dac oc`ig mrfge`zgo`megc t`aeae

gctg racavgeo`g, y frgedas `ipc`ogo`meas ae ac dasgrrmccm mrfge`zgo`megc y mpargo`megc da cgs

aiprasgs.

Rmr mtrm cgdm sa aeouaetrg qua cg avmcuo`ÿe dac iarogdm em sÿcm sa dg ae tàri`ems da

 prmduoo`ÿe, s`em tgij`àe da raquar`i`aetms y eaoas`dgdas

eaoas `dgdas da cms d`naraetas omipmeaetas da cgs

aiprasgs ae cm qua omrraspmeda gc raoursm huigem.

 

RZMRQA_TG DA OMIQE@OGO@ßE P IAKMZGI@AETM DAC OC@IG

MZFGE@[GO@MEGC 77

ZANAZAEO@G_

Jmjj`m, C., & Zgims, V. (:272). _gt`sngoo`ÿe cgjmrgc y ngotmras gsmo`gdms ae parsmegc

gs`staeo`gc iàd`om y em iàd`om da ue hmsp`tgc ego`megc da C`ig-Rarû.  Zav`stg Rarugeg

da Ap`dai`mcmfég, 74(:), 7->.

Ougdrg Rargctg, G., & ^acmsm

^acmsm Jas`m, O. (:226).
(:22 6). C`dargzfm, oc`ig y sgt`sngoo`ÿe cgjmrgc ae cgs

mrfge`zgo`meas. Qe`varsui (Tgcog), ::(:), 42-1>.

Fmezçcaz Çcvgraz, C., Fuavgrg

Fuavgr g _mtmigymr, A., Imrgcas N`fuarmg, F., _afurg Hareçedaz, R., &

Cuaefm Igrtéeaz, O. (:27?). Zacgo`ÿe da cg sgt`sngoo`ÿe cgjmrgc ome ast`cms da c`dargzfm

ae aenariarms da hmsp`tgcas pûjc`oms, _get`gfm, Oh`ca. O`aeo`g y aenariarég, 70(7), 77-

:7.

Cmzgem Cmzgem, K. G., Ohgoÿe Imsomsm, _., _geduvata-Ohgvas, _., & Ràraz F`c, K. G. (:27?).

Rr`eo`pgcas omipmeaetas dac oc`ig cgjmrgc ae ac sarv`o`m da urfaeo`gs da ueg

mrfge`zgo`ÿe sge`tgr`g; ue gjmrdgka ougc`tgt`vm. Goo`ÿe ps`omcÿf`og, 72(:), 727-774.

Mog÷g, K. G. (:22>). R`aesm, cuafm i` aiprasg ax`sta.

ax`sta. Ocuj Qe`vars`tgr`m.

_a`sdadms, E. (:22?). Ac oc`ig cgjmrgc y su iad`dg. Omcaf`m Mn`o`gc da Rs`oÿcmfms da Igdr`d.

^gog, O. G. I., ^gog,

^gog, C. M. I., & Wu`etarm, K. E. (:271).
(:27 1). Ac oc`ig mrfge`zgo`megc
m rfge`zgo`megc y cg
sgt`sngoo`ÿe cgjmrgc; ue geçc`s`s ouget`tgt`vm r`furmsm da su racgo`ÿe.  GD-i`e`star , (:>), 1-

71.