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Calibration Volume Present
Calibration Volume Present
Topic # 14. Calibration of volume tank, water meter, orifice, venture meter and
weir.
• A water meter is subject to wear and deterioration and, over a period of time, loses its peak
efficiency
• Protect individual customer against over-registration
• Protect customers (as a group) against inequity of under-registration and higher water
rates
• Protect water utility from revenue loss caused by under-registratio
2.2. Characteristics
Accuracy - The closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and the
true value of the quantity being measured.
Repeatability - ability of a flowmeter to indicate the same reading each time the same flow
condition exist
Linearity - constancy of the meter factor over a specified flowrate range.
Rangeability - the ratio of the maximum to minimum flowrates specified by the meter’s
linearity. Rangeability is frequently termed as turndown ratio.
Resolution - measure of the smallest increment of total flow that can be individually
recognized
2.3. Calibration Equipment
• Test Bench – Single or multi-meter
• Reference Standard (Calibration Method) – Volumetric – Gravimetric – Reference Meter
• Water supply – Flow through – Re-circulating reservoir – Pump – Gravity feed
• Inlet valve
•Quick-acting valve on discharge side
•Flow regulating valve
•Device for determining flow rate
•Pressure gauge
•Temperature gauge
•High resolution test encoder
3. Weir.
A weir is a small barrier built across a stream or river to raise the water level slightly on the
upstream side; essentially a small-scale dam. Weirs allow water to pool behind them, while
allowing water to flow steadily over top of the weir.[2] Additionally, the term weir can be used
to refer to the crest of a spillway on a large embankment dam.
Weirs can be constructed out of several different materials, depending on their age and
purpose. Wood, concrete,[3] or a mixture of rocks, gravel, and boulders can all be used to
construct a weir.[4]
In a weir, the surface over which the water flows is known as the crest. The flow of water that
moves overtop of this crest is known as the nappe, which is simply the water that makes it
overtop the weir. This nappe does not exist with dams, as dams permit no flow of water over
the structure. If this nappe falls a significant distance through the air - meaning that the weir
increases the elevation of the water prior to the weir - the weir is said to have free discharge.
However, if water flows partially underwater as a result of little elevation increase from the
weir it is said to be submerged or drowned
4. Orifice.
An orifice is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe, a plate, or a body
orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop. An hour glass is a form
of orifice. A nozzle, venturi or thin sharp edged orifice can be used as the flow restriction.
In order to use any of these devices for measurement it is necessary to empirically calibrate
them. That is, pass a known volume through the meter and note the reading in order to
provide a standard for measuring other quantities.
Due to the ease of duplicating and the simple construction, the thin sharp edged orifice has
been adopted as a standard and extensive calibration work has been done so that it is
widely accepted as a standard means of measuring fluids. Provided the standard mechanics
of construction are followed no further calibration is required.
An orifice in a pipeline is shown in figure with a manometer for measuring the drop in
pressure (differential) as the fluid passes through the orifice. The minimum cross sectional
area of the jet is known as the “vena-contracta.”
Title.
Calibration of venturi meter.
II. Theory.
Venturi Meter is a device that is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through a
pipeline. The basic principle on which a Venturi Meter works is that by reducing the cross –
sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created between the inlet and
throat & the measurement of the pressure difference enables the determination of the
discharge through the pipe.
III. Objectives
Calibration of Venturi meter different flow rate.
IV. Apparatus .
Venturi meter
Stopwatch
Caliper
V. Procedure
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery valve closed and manometer valve at open open position.
3. Connect the power cable to 1Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth connection.
4. Switch on the pump & open the delivery valve.
5. Open the corresponding Ball valve of the Venturi or Orifice meter pipeline.
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
7. Open the corresponding Ball valves fitted to Venturi or Orifice tappings.
8. Note down the differential head reading in the Manometer. (Expel if any air is the by
opening the drain cocks provided with the Manometer.)
9. Operate the Butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known
time and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
10. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment.
VI. Findings.
VII. Observations.
I have observed that sometimes the calibrations of instructments are slightly different from
actual record.
VIII. Conclusion.
The inlet section of the Venturi Meter is of the same diameter as that of the pipe, which is
followed by a convergent one. The convergent cone is a short pipe, which tapers from the
original size of the pipe to that of the throat of the Venturi Meter. The throat of the Venturi
Meter is a short parallel side tube having its cross – sectional area smaller than that of the
pipe. The divergent cone of the Venturi Meter is a gradually diverging pipe with its cross –
sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of the pipe. At the inlet
and the throat, of the Venturi Meter, pressure taps are provided through pressure rings.