Learn Sanskrit Sanskrit is the mother of all native languages of India A great storage of knowledge with subjects like Medicine, Mathematics, Geography, Geology, Statecraft, Astronomy, Philosophy and many other is kept alive and fresh in Sanskrit lore for thousands of years, If you know atleast one major Indian language thoroughly, you can understand Sanskrit 50%. Then why stop at second rate? Make your knowledge first class. Even if you do not know any Indian language, you need not worry. With a bit hardwork, it is all yours. And more... We are doing the hard work - you go through the lessons. Now the way is even simpler. A series of Sanskrit lessons from Alpha to Omega are conducted for you by one of the prestigious Jnanapith Award winner's family members. Right from the first lesson, it goes in a very interesting and scientific way, ALPHABET Ist Session: Sanskrit Alphabet is called "VARNAMALA” “Vama’ is pronounced as in murmur (do not dropthe first R) "Mala" is pronounced as in Malt. Varna (varnam) means letter - Mala means garland, Thus Varnamdld is a combination of two words giving a meaning - garland of letters. There is a total of 48 letters in which 15 are vowels and 33 are consonants. Unlike English, all the 15 vowels are arranged first in an order because they are the basic uninterrupted vocal sounds and then the 33 consonants follow, which form syllables Let us see how these letters form the shape of a garland. Along with the normal way of spelling the Sanskrit sounds in English, we also take the help of phonetic symbols (Oxford standard) and a Transliteration guide for pronunciation - which are almost equivalent to Sanskrit.VOWELS PHONETIC u uw r ge ROR S Es The 2%: (aha) is the life of Sanskrit and Vedas. Thisis called 'Visarga’. This is the basic sound 'h'. Though it is learnt as 3: (aha) - it is always pronounced alongwith the preceding vowel as aha, ihi, uhu, ehe, aihi, (not aihai), oho, auhu (not auhau) - as in Ramaha, Gowrihi, Sambhuhu, ete. 1. The Short forms of & (E) and 21 (O) donot exist in Sanskrit. 2. The Vowel (1) is used very rare.Consonants Every crude Consonant is uniformly pronounced with the first vowel A (A). SANSKRIT a aa ata we ga gd a wt sug ENGLISH ka kha a gha (g)na ca cha Ja Jha (ia h ‘Tha Da Dha gee gy Na PHONOTIC AS IN KA lucky, lac KA (with stress) gut, collar BA gum, guide BA(withstress) ghee, aghast, nA ‘singer, stronger tfA Tunch, chip ‘tf A (with stress) chance, cherry dza judge, jungle ‘dzA (with stress) jherkin, jhoom ndza sponge, lounge t plant, flight ‘tA (with stress) Table, time dA Door, Dog ‘dA (with stress) Adhesive, definite nA Round, land 8A Truth, youth "GA (stress) ‘Thousand, thorough ‘oA That, then ‘oA(withstress) Budha, Dharma nA Noun, Nuna a “oso q a z Pa Pha PA "PACwith stress) ba ‘DA (with stress) VA SA fA SA hA Sharp, Ripe appoint, paint, paid (notasin phone or flower) bark, bat abhor, Bharat (official name of India) Money, some Yes, yard Red, Run (like the linking 'r' as in four -hours - runner-up") Love, life Viva, value (not as in we, want) Sand, saturn, salary Ship, push Sit, sound halt, horse Along with these 33 consonants, a traditional practice of writing two more letters exists. a Jia Ksha ndzA Signature (with extra nasal sound) Sanction, fictionNote the difference between the vowel # ( r) -R- (touch of the tongue) and consonant (rA) - Ra, (run of the tongue) A crude consonant is denoted with a sign (.) marked under the letter like ; Fim); Lg), Hath; Fdz) E =(g)ia = is anasal combination of ka GF) & ga (7) 3 =(z)ia = Nasal combination of Ca) & Ja 7) 7 =na = Nasal combination of ta (2) & da (3) 4a =na = Nasal combination of ta (71) & da(@) Though itis said that the-total letters are 48, for centuries together conventionally ‘varnamala’ ends with 4 (ksha). As the varnams (letters) start from 41(A) and end with 4 (ksha), these letters are called Aksharams also. Not only that, there is another scientific reason explained :- The first sound produced from the vocal cord is 3 (A) with the ‘opening of the mouth. Last letter, with the closing of the mouth is 7, (m), In between, the major ‘phonetic stations’ are i(k), 4 (sh) and@(r). Soall ‘the major letters pronounced in an order make A. K.... sh... m (H..%...9...2..9). And more, vocal cord can also pronounce a compound letter. So making +4 (k+sh).as'ksha' the Letteris symbolically called as 4779 (Aksharam) ‘Varnamala (garland of letters) started from Larynx with 3 (A) as the first flower, knots back to the original point at Larynx, with 4 (ksha) or @ (ha) as the last flower, completes the shape of garland making its name, vamamala, meaningful.Spelling and pronunciation: In English, uncertainty about pronunciation arises from the regularity of spelling. But in Sanskrit script, such trouble does not arise. Because, pronunciation is not apart from spelling. A word is read as itis spelt. For example, the word "Parama" (ultimate consists of three syllables (letters). Pa ra) and ma) (PA) (fA) (mA) and (Parama) is written as "H/ the top lines of the three letters joined together and read as itis. There is no chance of mispronunciation if letters are pronounced basically correct. Mixing vowels with consonants: To write consonants with vowels, there is a simple and scientific method followed: Each vowel has got a symbol of its own, ‘Any consonant mixed with that symbol, is pronounced with that vowel Vowel Vowel symbol Mixed with consonants Ar AKa)y No symbol, Because Every consonant is basically written inthis form ams Atay T (Placed at the right side of the letter) H+ T= Al +1 = 1 O+7= a, 94+1= a1 and soon... eM) f (Placed at the left side of the letter)2i@) 3/U(u) B/U(a) RRC) %/ Ru( muy ALA) YE(e) By Ai(ai) ai 0 (0) ~ P+ m= fe, f+ a ft feasfa+feas (Placed at the right side of the letter) a+t= Fre T= ih ast=djaetedt...... (Placed below the letter) FR+ sR +47 a4,= 494, =9..... (Placed below the letter) += %1+.= 7 a+.= Gat] (Placed below the letter) Has BT =] Ae GFF (Placed below the letter) HF+E=RAE= A+ Es 4 Ate = (Placed at the side of the letter) (But this is not in regular usuage) (Placed at the top of the letter) af share sh af sear eG... (Placed at the top of the letter) ae = 7f =8 afstahsd.... (Placed at the right of the letter)ae Au (au) 5 34/Am(am) 3/ Aha(aha) Writing the conjunct consonants: mfl= a 14) Tt a+T= ah a4+ Tea... (Placed at the right side of the letter) erts attest aes tastiest... (Placed at the top of the letter) B+ =e 7 ae sae oc. (Placed at the right side ofthe letter) Hts; Te ST Wee W Ate Jftwo or more cansonants pronounced consequently without the intervention of vowels, there is another system followed. ‘Write the first pronounced consonant/or consonants first - veritically ‘cut into half-and write the final consonant fully at the extreme right side:- Examples: Kea= ®+4=4,0=79 Keis 8+ 3, a= eT fracas a+ ah= ach =f Kou= $+ 9=4,9=99 Keds B+ Osa qr KCe= B+ 953 3279 Keo= %4+W=3,. T= Note : But in usage this letter is being written like this (#8)Keu= &+ isa d= ai Keam= %40=3 9-579 Keana = $+ 4 = 4, 4: = Fa: Kia= HFZF, 25% Kta= B+ G35 Kpa= H+ 953,951 Kma= ®+8=3, 4-37 Kya= H+ F=4,4=e] gma= T4+Rsheem gya= T+ 454 qsy gpa= oo 14+051g5q ghya= F+4="a=%] Cma= U+Hat qs Cpa= W+U=4I-q Cya= F+a=qqeq tma= T+ Ast Fam dya= S+asFa-] thma= 4+4=%9=e7 thha= 4+ 4549527 thya= 444=49=4 dhma= Y+R=e,q= 07 dhna= F+ 4 S8F =H Nya= 74#457, 9277Nka= Nga= 4475" F=>7 Pka= T+ eG Hee Pca= G+U=Uusy Pta= F+esyeae Pta= . G+a=Ga=a Pma=* F+W2tqoq Pya= U+9=tq=q Ksya= ®+9+9=929=Fq tsna= G+844 =60,4 = 044 ktva= $+G+7= Fe7 = ey Consonant Ra (%) is written ina different style giving a curved stroke () on the upper line of the letter, if itis pronounced ina crude form with the following letter. Rva= t+7=9 Rka= (+524 Rga= t+75% Rpa= t+d29 If it is pronounced fully, making the preceding letter pronounce ina crude form it is noted witha stroke (-). Vra= a+tse Kra= H+Uw gra= TW+ts7 pra= q+t=F Ifthe same letter occurs twice : it is written one upon one Kka= B+R=8 Cea= F+4=¥%tia= g+c=e ththa= 3+3=% dda= $+8=+% For convenience, some letters are being written: ppa= ¥+4 = UF=( side by side) bba= 4+4 === (side by side) mma= 4+=FT= (side by side) y ya= 4+ 7 = 2 = (side by side) All these are easily understandable with a little practice. Finally words are written like this. Jianam= 9 or 3 Devaha= 2: Raimaha= @7: Note: Ifa word ends with I (am), it isbetter to write 7 (m) at the end of the word, instead of putting a dot (,) on the last letter, A sentence is written like this, Sense: L Aham = Patham Pathami eR Te, wart Tam reading the lesson 1 “~~ Tesson am reading Words - 7a: (Sabdah) Aword is called 7%; (Sabdaha), 721 : (Sabdah) is plural. All Sanskrit words are basically classified into two sections - YFP (sub- antam) and fAg-7F(tingantam) @AeW (sub-antam) means - words end with 'sup’ group fe S°79 (ting-antam) means - words end with ‘ting’ groupaay (sub-antam) belongs to non-verbal group fea (ting-antam) belongs to verbal group. Basically, a sentence is constructed with at (karta), aAAT (karma) and a (Kriya). eat (karta) means subject, 41 (karma) means object and Brat (kriya) means verb. eT (Sub-antam) Non Verbal word ‘AA (sub-antam) word has FAT (lingam), 7777 (vacanam) and fafat (vibhakti), ferT. (lingam) means gendre aq7_ (vacanam) means number feta (vibhakti) means case fei77 (lingam) - gender ferris of three types. Every word is divided into any one of these three. $fe" (pumlingam), GAY fe (strilingam) and TGA eT, (napumsaka lingam), 1 fry, (pumlingam) : means Masculine gender. It tells about male nous or names. Examples: A: Ramaha - Name ofa person Pi Krushnaha = - Name ofa person a Sarpaha - Snake sat: Viukshaha = - Tree 2. Gat FFT (stri lingam) means feminine gendre, Ittells about female nouns or names. Examples: diet (sita) - Name of a person war (Radha) - Name of a person aa (Lata) - Creeperaa (Déla) - Cradle 3. qa fT (Napumsaka lingam) means Neuter gender. It tells about neutre nouns or names. Examples; S77 (Dhanam) — - Money a (Vanam) - garden PA (Pushpam) —- flower Fah, (Phalam) + fruit aay (Vacanam) - Number Every language has only two vacanams (numbers). But in Sanskrit T47{(vacanam) is of three types. HAA (Eka vacanam), fe FIR (Dvi vacanam) and 47TH (Bahu vacanam). This is the speciality of Sanskrit 1. Sh TAA (Eka vacanam) means Singular number. It tells about a person or a thing. Examples: 14: (Ramaha) one Rama oar: (vrukshaha) one tree a: (sarpaha) one snake ata (Sita) one Sita aay (Lata) one creeper TA (Vanam) one garden ay (Pushpam) — one flower 2. f& FATA (Dvi vacanam) means Duel number. This duel number is the speciality of Sanskrit language. This duel number is not found in any other language. It tells about two things or two persons. Examples: Tt (Rimau) = Two Ramas aaa (Knushnau) —- Two knushnasgett (Vrukshau) —- Two trees at (Sarpau) - Two snakes aa (Sita) - Two Sitas 7™ (Radhe) ~ Two Radhas aa (Dale) - Two Cradles ma (Vané) - Two gardens pF (Pushpé) - Two flowers Feat (Phalé) - Two fruits 3. 4 TAA (Bahu vacanam) means plural number. Ittells about three or more persons or things. Examples: AI: (Ramaha) — - Many Ramas (Knushndha) + - Many Krushnas (Vrukshaha) - Many trees (Sarpaha) —_- Many snakes. (Sitdha) - Many Sitas (Radhéha) - Many Radhas (Délaha) - Many cradles (Vanani) - Many gardens (Pushpani) = Many flowers (Phalini) = Many fruits FETEEESS forfaat - (Vibhakti) CASE fafa (Vibhakti) means "case", It isused to join the words together and complete a sentence giving the needed meaning, Thisis added at the end of the subanta word (G41 21) and so called case termination. In Sanskrit, f4fRT (Vibhakti) is of eight types. They are: 1. gee raft - Prathama vibhakti - Ist or Nominative case2. fain faaiaa Dvitiya vibhakti - 2nd or Accusative case 3. qdiar fart - Trutiyavibhakti 3rd or Instrumental case 4, aga fifa - Caturdhi vibhakti - thor Dative case 5. Gat ffs - Pancami vibhakti_- Sth or Ablative case 6. 34 frrfat =~ Shashthi vibhakti_ - 6th or genetive case 7, arc Fafa - Saptami vibhakti_ - 7thor locative case 8. dae sant fafa - Sambodhana prathamd vibhakti - 8th or vocative case (Addressing) (Traditionally this is referred after the Ist) Vibhakti (Fafa) is added at the end of'a subanta word (Gard 74) It's form slightly changes according to the gender and number of the word. First let us see how the masculine form appears in singular number. 1. 441 Prats (Prathamé Vibhakti) : Thisis the subject in the sentence Its form won't change. Examples: 7: = - Ramaha - person Rama MR: -Krushnaha — - person krushna 2, feta Prafaa (Dvitiya Vibhakti) : Means "about". 371 (Am) joins at the end of the word. Examples: wT -Ramam - about Rama FP -Krushnam —- about Krushna 3. efter epee Crrutiya Vibhakti) : Means “By” “with” or "through", ‘QQ (Ena) joins at the end. Examples: wim =-Ramena = - By Rama - with Rama wT -Krushnena - By Krushna - with Krushna 4. age fanifaa Caturdhi Vibhakti : Means “for”. 3477 (Aya) joins at the end.Examples TAR - Ramaya - For Rama SPT -Krushndya - For Krushna 5, arf orf Pancami Vibhakti: Means "from", "than". Ha (At) joins at the end. Examples: Ad - Ramat - From Rama - Than Rama FOOT, - Krushnat - From Krushna - Than Krushna 6. 958) fenrfael Shashthi vibhakti: Means "of". @I (sya) joins at the end. Examples: 7a -Rimasya - of Rama aeT = - Krushnagya - of Krushna 7, ae ferafea Saptami vibhakti : Means "in". & (E) joins at theend. Examples: 7m - Rame -inRama aay -Krushne —-inkrushna 8. Gata want fast Sambodhana Prathama Vibhakti: This is used in addressing. @ (Hey) joins in the beginning of the word and the facet (visarga) that is the mark: goes off: Examples: au. Hey Rama - Hello Rama! + You Rama! ® 37. Hey Krushna - Hello Krushna! - You krushna! Verb fast (ting-antam) After understanding about the basics of G4-7{ (sub-antam), let us know the basics of f@™77 (ting-antam) fear (ting-antam) means the verbal form of'a word. It develops from 4g: (Dh tuhu). Dhatuhu means verbal root or primitive verb.feS™7H (ting-antam) has three qualities namely T444{ (vacanam), JU (purusha) and “leq (kalam), 1, THT (vacanam): We already learnt about T4714 (vacanam) in the previous lesson. 2. Gea (purusha) means person. this is of three types. STAGE = (Utama purusha) Wega ey = (Madhyama punusha) and Wet ges = (Pradhamapumisha) ‘SH JSF (Uttama purusha) means Ist person. AeTA JY (Madhyama purusha) means 2nd person and WH Fed (Prathama purusha) means 3rd person. 377(Aham) ‘l'is Uttama purusha aA (tvam) ‘Thou’ or "you" is Madhyama purusha. 4: (saha) means "He" #1 (Sa) means "she". ‘dl (tat) means "that". @ (te) means “you, you all" etc, are Pradhama Purusha 3. HTH (Kalam) means tense. Though the tense in Sanskrit is divided into ten by its various moods, basically it is ofthree types. We can know the moods in an advanced stage. The three tenses are T4HM MAH, (vartamana kalam), 4 FIA, (Bhiita kilam) and TRAM (Bhavishyat kilam) 1, AAT FTAA means present tense. Thisis called technically 4 (lat). For example let us take the 4g (Dhatu) (i.e., the root verb) - 7 (patha). U6 (Patha) means to read If 7 (Patha) is terminated with f@ (ti), it becomes present tense of third person or 44 Je4 (Prathama purusha) Singular (Eka vacanam).If 3 (patha) is terminated with f@ (si), it becomes present tense of second person or 74 YF (Madhyama purusha) singular. If 9% (patha) is terminated with 314 (Ami), it becomes present tense of Ist person or S45 Je (uttama purusha) singular. Examples: In Eka vacanam / th 4444 / Singular, WA Fes (Prathana purusha) 3rd person. Meaning q+ fa =90ft (Pathati)= (He/she) is reading "27H Fest (Madhyama purusha) 2nd person We + fa = gale (Pathasi) = (you) are reading STA GET (Uttama purusha) Ist person 3 + aft = gory (Pathami) =(1) am reading 2. Yq Biv (Bhiita kalam) means past tense: This is called technically as (lang) the simple past. Examples: (In Singular) G T4474 - Eka vacanam WHA Gee (Prathama purusha) (3rd person) Meaning A+ 9+ T= Ad (Apathat) (She/He) read it WeqA FSI (Madhyama purusha) (2nd person) A+ WS = HW (Apatha) (you) read it STA FET (Utama purusha) (Ist person) H+ + Y= a (Apatham) — (I) read it. 3 Wed eA, (Bhavishyat kalam) means future tense. This is technically called Jz (Irt) the simple future. Example: (in singular) %% T444- Eka Vacanam Meaning Tan eT / Prathamapurusha 3rd person we + geafa = afer (Pathishyati) (He’she) will read 2H Jer / Madhyama purusha 2nd personTo -+ gate = ofeeafis (Pathishyasi) (you) will read ‘STA JR4/Uttama purusha Ist person Uo + early = ofeeertty (Pathishyami) (1) shall read. So now the sentence : am: Tafa Ramaha pathati - means Rama reads or Rama is reading. affctt Tofe Sita Pathati - means Sita is reading or Sita reads, In these sentences (Ramaha) UH: and €fal (Sita) are subantams and (Pathati) is Tingantam. ‘Next we will go into the further details of {4-77 (sub-antam).IInd Session amare - Namavacakani (NOUNS) Now we know the words are divided into two types as 7, (subantam) and fem (tingantam). And gM has certain qualities like faa - linga, #3 vacana and fafa vibhakti. Now let us know the Fay subantam indetail. = is of five kinds:~ 1, awareey- Namavacakam (Noun and proper Noun) 2, vam - Sarvandmam (Pronoun) 3, nraaraaz - Bhava vacakam (Abstract Noun) 4, Rerwr{- Viseshanam (Adjective) 5, yea - Avyayam (Adverb) - (Indeclinable) These are formed either in 37-74 (Ajantam) or in @=7q (Halantam.) 380 (Ajantam) means word ending with vowel. a4- (AC) means Vowel, am - (Antam) means end. oq + aay (AC+Antam) becomes sty (Ajantam) in pronunciation. eq - Halantan means word ending with a crude consonant. - (Hal) means consonant, aay - (Antam) means end. Lard aear : Ajanta Sabdaha (Words ending with Vowels) aaa 7@1;- Ajanta Sabdaha (the words ending with vowel) are of five kinds. |, warty (Akarantam) end with vowel "A" 2, ganna (Ikarantam) end with vowel "I" 3, sarenq (Ukarintam) end with vowel "U" 4, set (Rkdrdntam) - end with vowel "R" 5, dent (Okarantam) - end with vowel "O" Now let us learn some arent 72:- Akaranta Sabdah (words ending with vowel "A") These wart yr: (Akaranta Sabdah) can be found in all genders.IL. Akaranta pumlinga sabdah Letus first learn some $€¢7/pumlinga (masculine) words. Majority of these $4 (pumlinga) words have visarga (:)at the end. (Visarga is the aspirated sound "h").This ft (visarga) is pronounced like the vowel preceeding. Thatisthe rule. B Ramat+h — =Ramaha Hani +h ahi ay: Sambhu +h ambhuhu Below is a list of some samrd (Akaranta) f/pumlinga (masculine) words. They are given in aq -Eka vacanam (Singular number). cd em: shthrara: tee mie e Ware aaa: WG aa = Naradaha wie: - Gane’aha aes: - Subrahmanyaha og Agunaha fr: wa: ‘fe: aR: ARS: Was: ARTO: fr Sara: FRR: afar: bo Bharadvajaha fo Narayanaha ¢ - Sivan b= Anjaneyaha bo Satyanarayanaha wile: - Manoharahamara ~ Mahadevaha Yea: = Markandeyaha ai Kartikeyaha wm - Sudhakaraha - Madhavaha - Marathyunjayaha b= Kalidasaha - Bhasaha - Suregaha Srikantaha - Srikanthaha - Kasyapaha - RakeSaha _ Sandilyaha - Mohanaha - Suryaha - Chandraha All these above masculine words are the names of some Mythological characters and are still in use as the names of male persons. These are called amaraarf Namavacakd ni" “Proper Nouns ". eangeggEae gas WL. = Now we will learn another list of aera, yf ae: /Akaranta, pumlinga Sabdah- (masculine nouns end with vowel"A") These are not proper nouns but Nouns and come under Namavacakis. aaa Devalayaha - Temple arm ~ Grandhalayaha - Library at: - Desaha - Country We Gramaha - Village ym Kugramaha - Hamlet (very small village) fe - Gehaha ” - House ae - Lékaha - World gt Viukshaha - ‘Tree eam - Dvipaha - Island we Samudraha - OceanPQtAGGTARTEPAEGQSEGRA TSAR G ET Saga Fa g Mandiikaha Matsyaha Kakaha Mayuraha Bakaha Kapotaha Garudaha Hermitage Planet Star ‘Cloud Well Sky ‘Wave Hil Lake ‘Water tank Pool Lion Tiger Horse Elephant Monkey Tortoise Dog Cat Mouse Cock Fox-Jackal Wolf Donkey Pig Cat Deer OX/Bull Serpent/snake Frog Fish Crow Parrot Peacock Crane Pegeon/dove Eagle- Hamsaha - Madhupaha - Andaha - Ajaha - Meshaha - Manavaha - Dévaha - Amaraha - Rakshasaha - Sakataha - Vahanaha - Radhaha - Balaha - Wruddhaha - Dakshinaha - Vamaha Bhaktaha - Nicaha - Uttamaha - Mirkhaha - Panditaha - Bhikshukaha - Dushtaha Mallaha - Sreshthaha - Gopalaha - Sevakaha - Viraha - ‘Varaha - Paramahamsaha gC Seas ase gad tas ge ae aes ata thee s Cart Vehicle Chariot Boy Old man Right Side/South Left side/North Devotee Rascal Best person Fool Scholar Beggar Villain Wrestler Great person Cowboy Servant Warrior Boon Saint/sage All these above words are broadly called warez: (Na mavacaka sabdah) i.e., nouns, And also called as atarra: (Jativa caka Sabdaha) i.e, common nouns, TV. Feminine Nouns - aera eifia aaraan Strilinga NamavacakaNow we will lear some avarra (Akardnta), 2 fit (Stri linga) words in singular. Majority of Feminine words end with nA’ FAPGPAG PG a gga gaedgasaqsaggs2 Sita Rama Urmila Susila Bhama Ganga Syamala Siradi Durga Subhadra Ambika Satya Nila Chaya Saroja Narmada Sulochana Yasoda Renuka Uma ‘Yamuna Krushna anta Hema Sakuntala Anasiya Priyamvada Kamala Usha - Radha Girlie Annapurna Lilaae Devasena ae - Kausalya gta Sumitra wr Padma ae Vasundhara wart Bhramarimba Allthese above feminine proper nouns - amar zai (Namavacaka sabdah) are some mythological characters and are still in useas the names of female persons. ¥ Now we will learn another list of ctf amaras 72: (Strilinga Nama Vacaka Sabdaha) which are feminine, common nouns end with vowel "At (a1) am - Devata - Goddess aq Lata - Creeper am - Nauka - Ship aie - Jyotsna - Moonlight ten Sandhya - Dawn aa + Dola - ‘Cradle wa Bala - ‘Young woman yor = Viuaddha. - ‘Old woman meme Karuna - Kindness mm Prabha - Brightness am Vina - Stringed music instrument. a= Sakha - Branch afer - Balika - Young girl wat + Bharya - Wife wae Kanya : Virgin wa Mala - Garland a - Krida : Game at Sena - Amy fem + Nisa - Night ar - Katha - Story oat = Ajna - Order at Lajja - Shyness.VI. Neuter proper nouns- 23 fraevarrert: - Napumsaka Linga Namavacakéni Now we will learn some 7477 fet (Napumsaka linga), awara aft (Namavacakani) i.e., Neutre gendre common nouns, which end with vowel ‘A' (a). Majority of these words end with "Am" (3). Note all these words end with "am" (341) GUpVaggaaaagaagirsaqpTaagapag7 Visvam Ambaram Jalam Salilam Nakshatram Abaddham Satyam Jiainam Vimanam Vanijyam Trade Sentence House Cloud ‘Chair ComfortFqpPAsaaggTpPiaaaaypasyas Bhayam Bhadram Ghantam Sariram Vadanam Udaram Netram Trunam Kshiram Tailam Mulyam Patram Chatram Dandam Suvarmam Rajatam Sakalam Duradarsanam Fear Safety Stylus Pen Body Face Mouth Stomach Eye Cloth Milk Court yard Value Food Umbrella Stick Jewel Silver Piece Television Friend.Session III Pronoun - adm: ( Sarvanamaha) L As we understood the basic structure of some nouns in sanskrit, now let us learn some important pronouns also. A pronoun is called as a4-74: (sarvanimaha). According to the detailed Sanskrit grammer, the basic: #4 (sarvanama) words are forty one, adam words have 1 - linga (gender), 444- vacana (number) and frsf#t-vibhakti (case termination). They are used to replace a noun in general, or to indicate a group of individuals, animals or things. Hereis a list of more oftenly used #414 words in Singular form. 1 wm - Abam -1 2am - Tvam - you (thou) These two are gender free and are used in all genders. IL yfet Pumlinga (Masculine) words. 3% - Saha ~He(That man) 4m - Eshaha - He (This man) 5. RR - Ayam ~ This He (near) 6. aah: - Asaubu ~ He, It (who is present but at a distance) 1% - kaha - Who? Bad - sarvaha - All 9. Fam: = katamaha - Which or who?(of many) ID. eat Strilinga (Feminine) words: 10,4 - sa ~ She (That woman) IL. em - Esha - She (This woman-present and nearer) 12, say - lyam ~ This/she (near) 13. sett - Asau ~ She/ It (present but at a distance) 14a - ka = Who? 15, waf - sarva -All 16, aa katama - Who or which (of many) IV. aque f1 Napumsaka linga (Neuter) words.17. aa tat - That (which isabsent) 18, va - Btat - This (which is nearer) 19, aq + Idam + This (which is near) 20. we - Adaha - ltor this (visible at a distance) 21, fr - Kim = What or which one? 22, aR - Sarvam ~All 23. mand Katamat + Which one (of many)Session IV A simpe sentence with Noun and pronoun As weare familiar with certain nouns. and pronouns, let us now construct some simple sentences. ..... sentences? without a verb?! Yes, without a verb. Sanskrit is such an accommodative language. See this sentence with a masculine noun. a TH Saha Ramaha He = (is), —s Rama The above two words % and %, (a pronoun and a noun) placed together give a meaning of "He is Rama", without using the auxiliary verb "is", Below is alist of such sentences for your study. I. Sentences with Masculine Nouns. Fea: - Aham Ramaha -Lam Rama aa Re: - Tvam Sivaha - You are Siva aa - Saha Krshnaha - That (He who is not present) is knushna. oa se: - Eshaha Govindaha - This (He who is nearer) is Govinda anit aliftara: =~ Asau Srinivasaha - (He who is a bit far off) It is Srinivasa ae at: - Ayam Sarpaha ~ This (which is near) isa snake a aR - Ayam Sukaraha - Thisis a pig aa: - Saha Murkhaha -Heisa fool ean aiza: - Tvam Panditaha - You are a scholar are - Saha Vanaraha - That is a monkey ren Tin - Aham Ganesaha - 1am Ganesha va: ae: - Eshaha Sevakaha - Heisa servant IL Sentences with feminine nouns: we afta - Aham Sita - Tam Sita a - Tvam Radha - You are Radha aaa - Sa Sarala - That is Sarala