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Multiple pregnancy

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Prativa Dhakal, Lecturer at School of nursing, Chitwan Medical College, Chitwan

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Published on Dec 13, 2013

Published in: Self Improvement, Technology

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 Multiple pregnancy
1. Multiple Pregnancy Presentation by Prativa Dhakal M.Sc. Nursing Maternal Health Nursing Batch 2011 Powerpoint Templates Page 1
2. Contents • • • • • • Definition Varieties of twin pregnancy Incidence Factors influencing twinning Maternal physiological changes Diagnosis – – – –
– • • • • • History and clinical examination Symptoms General examination Abdominal examination Investigations Complications Prognosis
Management Nursing interventions References Powerpoint Templates Page 2
3. Multiple pregnancy • When more than one fetus simultaneously develops in the uterus then it is called multiple pregnancy. • Simultaneous
development of two fetuses (twins) is the commonest; although rare, development of three fetuses (triplets), four fetuses (quadruplets), five fetuses
(quintuplets or six fetuses (sextuplets) may also occur. Powerpoint Templates Page 3

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 4. Twins pregnancy Varieties: • Dizygotic twins: is the commonest (two-third) and results from the fertilization of two ova. • Monozygotic twins (one-
third) fertilization of single ovum. Powerpoint Templates results from the Page 4
5. Genesis of twins • Imonozygotic twins (syn. identical, uniovulvar) • Dizygotic twins (syn: fraternal, binovular Powerpoint Templates Page 5
6. On rare occasion, the following possibilities may occur • If the division takes place within 72 hours after fertilization the resulting embryos will have
two separate placenta, chorions and amnions (D/D) • If the division takes place between the 4th and 8th day after the formation of inner cell mass
when chorion has already developed diamniotic monochorionic twins develop (D/M) • If the division after 8th day of fertilization, when the amniotic
cavity has already formed, a monoamniotic monochorionic twins develop (M/M) Powerpoint Templates Page 6
7. Diamniotic Dichorionic Separate placenta Frequency: 35% Mortality: 13% Diamniotic DiChorionic fused placenta Frequency 27% Mortality 11%
Diamniotic Monochorionic single placenta Frequency 36% Mortality 32% Powerpoint Templates Monoamniotic Monochorionic single placenta
Frequency 2% Mortality 44% Page 9
8. Multiple pregnancy contd… • On extreme rare occasions, division occurs after 2 weeks of the development of embryonic disc resulting in the
formation of conjoined twins called-Siamese twins. • Four types of fusion may occur – Thoracopagus (commonest) – Pyopagus (Posterior fusion) –
Craniopagus (cephalic) – Ischiopagus (caudal) Powerpoint Templates Page 10
9. Examination of placenta and membranes Dizygotic Twin Monozygotic twin Two placenta, either completely Placenta is single. separated or more
commonly fused at the margin appearing to be one. No anastomosis between the two fetal Varying degrees of anastomosis vessels. between the
two fetal vessels. Each fetus is surrounded by a amnion and chorion Each fetus is surrounded by a separate amniotic sac with the chorionic layer
common to both. Intervening membranes consist of 4 Intervening membrane consists of two layers-amnion, chorion, chorion and layers of amnion
only. amnion. Powerpoint Templates Page 11
10. Anastomosis between placenta Powerpoint Templates Page 12
11. • Sex: while twins having opposite sex are almost always binovular and twins of the same sex are not always uniovular but the uniovular twins
are always of the same sex. • If the fetuses are of the same sex and have the same genetic features (dominant blood groups), monozygosity is
likely. • A test skin graft: Acceptance of reciprocal skin graft—proof of monozygosity. • DNA microprobe technique is more definitive. • Follow-up
study between 2-4 years—showing almost similar physical and behavioral features suggestive of monozygosity. Powerpoint Templates Page 13
12. Incidence • Varies widely. Highest in Nigeria being 1 in 20 and lowest in Far Eastern countries being 1 in 200 pregnancies. Monozygotic twins 1
in 250 in the world. • According to Hellin’s rules, the mathematical frequency of multiple birth is twins 1 in 80 pregnancies, triplets 1 in 802,
quadruplets 1 in 803 and so on. Powerpoint Templates Page 14
13. Factors that Influence Twinning • The causes of twin pregnancy is not known. • Race: Highest amongst Negroes (once in every 20 births), lowest
amongst Mongols and intermediate among Caucasians • Heredity: Family history in mother. • Maternal Age and Parity: Twinning peaks at age 37
years • Increasing parity: 5th gravid onwards. • Nutritional Factors: Taller, heavier women—twinning rate 25 to 30 % greater. • Pituitary Gonadotropin
• Infertility Therapy • Assisted Reproductive Technology Powerpoint Templates Page 15

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 14. Terms • Superfecundation • Superfetation • Fetus papyraceous or compressus • Fetus acardius • Hydatidiform mole • Vanishing twin Powerpoint
Templates Page 16
15. Diagnosis History and Clinical Examination • Recent administration of either clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins or pregnancy accomplished by
ART are much stronger associates. • Clinical examination with accurate measurement of fundal height. Powerpoint Templates Page 17
16. Diagnosis contd… • In women with a uterus that appears large for gestational age, the following possibilities are considered: – Multiple fetuses –
Elevation of the uterus by a distended bladder – Inaccurate menstrual history – Hydramnios – Hydatidiform mole – Uterine leiomyomas – A closely
attached adnexal mass – Fetal macrosomia (late in pregnancy) Powerpoint Templates Page 18
17. Diagnosis contd… Symptoms • Minor symptoms of normal pregnancy exaggerated. are often • Increased nausea and vomiting in early months •
Cardio-respiratory embarrassment • Tendency of swelling in the legs, varicose veins and hemorrhoids is greater • Unusual rate of uterine
enlargement and excessive fetal movements Powerpoint Templates Page 19
18. Diagnosis contd… General examination • Prevalence of anemia is more • Unusual weight gain, preeclampsia or obesity • Evidence of
association. not preeclampsia Powerpoint Templates explained is a by common Page 20
19. Diagnosis contd… Abdominal examination Inspection: Barrel shaped and the abdomen is unduly enlarged Palpation – Height of uterus > period
of amenorrhoea – Girth of abdomen> normal average at term (100 cm) – Fetal bulk disproportionately larger in relation to the size of the fetal head.
– Palpation of too many fetal parts – Finding of two fetal heads or three fetal poles Auscultation • Two distinct FHS at separate spots, difference in
heart rates is at least 10 beats/minute. Powerpoint Templates Page 21
20. Diagnosis contd… Investigations Sonography • separate gestational sacs identified early • Confirmation of diagnosis as early as 10th week of
pregnancy • Variability of fetuses, vanishing twin in second trimester • Chorionicity (twin peak sign) • Pregnancy dating, Fetal anomalies • Fetal
growth monitoring, Presentation and lie of fetuses • Twin transfusion localization, Amniotic fluid volume Powerpoint Templates Page 22
21. Twin peak sign Powerpoint Templates Page 23
22. Diagnosis contd… Biochemical Tests: • Levels of hCG in plasma and in urine are higher • Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level: Elevated •
Unconjugated oestriol: approximately double Radiological examination Powerpoint Templates Page 24
23. Complications Maternal During pregnancy Nausea and vomiting Anemia Pre-eclapmsia (25%) Hydramnios (10%) Antepartum hemorrhage
Malpresentation Preterm labour (50%) Mechanical distress Powerpoint Templates Page 25
24. Complications contd… • During labour Early rupture of membranes and cord prolapse Prolonged labour Increased operative interference
Bleeding Postpartum hemorrhage Powerpoint Templates Page 26
25. Complications contd… • During puerperium Subinvolution Infection Lactation failure • Fetal Miscarriage Prematurity (80%) Growth problem
(25%) Intrauterine death Asphyxia and still birth Fetal anomalies Powerpoint Templates Page 27
26. Powerpoint Templates Page 28

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 27. Complications of monochorionic twins Twin twin transfusion syndrome (TTS) • one twin appears to bleed into other through placental vascular
anastomosis. • Receptor twin becomes larger with hydramnios, polycythemic, hypertensive and hypervolemic • Donor twin which become smaller
with oligohydramnios, anemic, hypotensive and hypovolemic. • Donor may appear stuck due to severe oligohydramnios. • Difference of hemoglobin
concentration between the twin usually exceeds 5 gm% and estimated fetal weight discrepancy is 25% or more. Powerpoint Templates Page 29
28. Complications of monochorionic twins contd… TTTS contd.. Management • Antenatal diagnosis: ultrasound with doppler flow study in the
placental vascular bed. • Repeated amniocentesis to control polyhydramnios in recipient twin. – prevent preterm labour and placental abruption. •
Selective reduction of one twin is done when survival of both the fetuses is at risk. • Smaller twin generally have got better outcome. • Plethoric twin:
risk of CCF and hydrops. • Perinatal mortality: 70%. Powerpoint Templates Page 30
29. Powerpoint Templates Page 31
30. Complications of monochorionic twins contd… Dead fetus syndrome • Death of one twin (2-7%) is associated with poor outcome of the Co-twin
(25%) specially in monochorionic placenta. • The surviving twin runs the risk of cerebral palsy, microcephaly, renal cortical necrosis and DIC. • This is
due to thromboplastin liberated from the dead twin that crosses via placental anastomosis to the living twin. Powerpoint Templates Page 32
31. Complications of monochorionic twins contd… Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP): • Characterized by an acardiac perfused twin having
blood supply from a normal co-twin via large arterio-arterial anastomosis. Conjoint twin: • Rare. • Perinatal survival depends upon the type of joint. •
Major cardiovascular anastomosis leads to mortality. Powerpoint Templates high Page 33
32. Fetal acardius
33. Research evidence Twin, acardiac, outcome (GrabD, Schneider V, Keckstein J, Terinde R) • 26-year-old G2P1 was initially seen in the 16th week
of a twin gestation. An acardiac-acranial twin was present. There were spontaneous movements of the lower extremities. Chromosomal analysis of
amniotic fluid showed two normal females. Several ultrasonographic examinations showed lack of growth of the malformed twin but appropriate
growth of the normal twin. Spontaneous labor developed at 40 weeks and a normal female, 3270g, with Apgar 9/10/10, was delivered. The acardiac
twin was approximately 10 cm long and was spontaneously delivered out of a second amniotic cavity. Pathologic findings • The female acardiac
acephalic twin (31g, 10 cm) showed no heart or lung development; liver, intestine, and urogenital tract appeared normal. Spleen, pancreas and
stomach were absent. The placenta was monochorionic diamniotic, and the two umbilical cords were interconnected by a direct anastomosis.
Powerpoint Templates Page 35
34. Complications of monochorionic twins contd… Monoamniocity: • Monochorionoc twins leads to high perinatal mortality due to cord problems. •
Prostaglandin synthase inhibitor used to reduce fetal urine output, creating borderline oligohydramnios and to reduce the excessive movements.
Powerpoint Templates Page 36
35. Antepartum Management of Twin Pregnancy To reduce perinatal mortality and morbidity rates in pregnancies complicated by twins, it is
imperative that: • Delivery of markedly preterm neonates be prevented • Fetal-growth restriction be identified and afflicted fetuses be delivered

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 before they become moribund • Fetal trauma during labor and delivery be avoided, and • Expert neonatal care be available. Powerpoint Templates
Page 37
36. Management contd… • Diet: increased requirement of calories, protein, minerals, vitamins, and essential fatty acids. Caloric should be increased
by another 300 kcal/day. Supplementation with 60 to 100 mg/day of iron and1 mg/day of folic acid. • Bed Rest • Antepartum Surveillance:
sonographic examinations • Tests of Fetal Well-Being • Prevention of Preterm Delivery • Hospitalization • Use of corticosteroids to accelerate fetal
lung maturation. Powerpoint Templates Page 38
37. Management during labour First stage: • A skilled obstetrician, presence of ultrasound machine and experienced anesthetist • Bed rest to
prevent early rupture of membrane. • Limit use of analgesic drugs • Careful monitoring • Internal examination soon after the rupture of membranes •
An intravenous line with ringer’s solution • Availability of one unit of compatible and cross matched blood • Neonatologist:Present at the time of
delivery. Powerpoint Templates Page 39
38. Management during labour contd.. Delivery of the first baby: • Delivery: Same guidelines as in normal labour with liberal episiotomy. • Forceps
delivery: if needed, should be done preferably under pudendal block anaesthesia. • Do not give intravenous ergometrine with delivery of the anterior
shoulder of the first baby. • Clamp the cord at two places and cut it between. • At least 8-10 cm of cord is left behind for administration of any drug or
transfusion, if required. • The baby should be labeled one. Powerpoint Templates Page 40
39. Management during labour contd.. Conduction of labour after the delivery of the first baby: Steps of management: Step I: • Ascertain lie,
presentation, size and FHS of the second baby. • Vaginal examination: To confirm the abdominal findings and to exclude cord prolapsed, if any to
note the status of membrane. Powerpoint Templates Page 41
40. Management during labour contd... Lie longitudinal: • Step I: Low rupture of membranes, syntocinon, internal examination to exclude cord
prolapse. • Step II: If the uterine contraction is poor, 5 units of oxytocin is added. • Step III: Is there is still a delay, interference is to be done.
Powerpoint Templates Page 42
41. Management during labour contd... 1. Vertex: Low down—forceps are applied. • High up—CPD should be ruled out. • The possibility of
hydrocephalic head should also be kept in mind and excluded by ultrasonography. • If these are excluded, internal version followed by breech
extraction is performed under general anesthesia. • Ventouse: effective alternative. 2. Breech: Breech extraction. 3. Lie transverse: Correct by
external version or internal version to cephalic or podalic. Powerpoint Templates Page 43
42. Management during labour contd... Indication of urgent delivery of second baby: – Severe vaginal bleeding, – Cord prolapse – Inadvertent use of
IV ergometrine with the delivery of anterior shoulder of the first baby, – First baby delivered under general anesthesia, – Appearance of fetal distress.
Powerpoint Templates Page 44
43. Management during labour contd... Delay in the birth of second twin • Birth of second twin should be completed within 45 minute of the first twin
being born but with close monitoring can be extended if there are no signs of fetal compromise. • The risk of delays: – intrauterine hypoxia, – birth
asphyxia, – sepsis Powerpoint Templates Page 45

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 44. Management during labour contd... Management of third stage • Routine administration of 0.2mg methergin IV with delivery of anterior shoulder.
• Deliver placenta by CCT • Continue oxytocin drip for at least one hour, following delivery of second baby. • The patient is to be carefully watched for
about 2 hours after delivery. Powerpoint Templates Page 46
45. Indications of caesarean section Obstetric causes: – Placenta previa – Severe preeclampsia – Previous caesarean section – Cord prolapse of
the first baby – Abnormal uterine contractions – Contracted pelvis • For twins: Both fetuses or even first fetus with noncephalic presentation, • Twins
with complications: IUGR, conjoint twins; Monoamniotic twins, monochorionic twins with TTS Powerpoint Templates Page 47
46. Management of difficult cases of twins Interlocking • Commonest: Aftercoming head of first baby getting locked with forecoming head of second
baby. • Vaginal manipulation to separate chins of the fetuses • Decapitation of first baby (dead), pushing up decapitated head, followed by delivery of
second baby and lastly, delivery of decapitated head. • Occasionally, two heads of both vertex get locked at the pelvic brim preventing engagement
of either of the head. • Disengagement of the higher head: Under general anesthesia, If fails, caesarean section is the alternative Powerpoint
Templates Page 48
47. Management of difficult cases of twins contd.. Conjoined twins • Extremely rare. • Often diagnosed during delivery • Presence of a bridge of
tissue between the fetuses on vaginal examination confirms the diagnosis. • Antenatal diagnosis is important. • Benefits are: reduces maternal
trauma and morbidity, improves fetal survival, helps to plan method of delivery, allows time to organize pediatric surgical team. Powerpoint
Templates Page 49
48. Postnatal period Care of the babies • Immediate care • Maintenance of body temperature, • Use of overhead heaters, • Parents given the
opportunity to check the identity tag and cuddle them. Breastfeeding • Provide knowledge to mother regarding different positions for breastfeeding,
along with advantages, attachment, positioning timing. Powerpoint Templates Page 50
49. Postnatal period contd.. Nutrition • Expressed breast milk is best (for small babies), they may need to be fed intravenously or by nasogastric tube
or cup-fed, depending on their size and general condition. • Careful monitoring of weight gain, regular capillary blood glucose estimations • Reassure
her that lactation responds to the demands made by babies sucking at the breast. • At feeding times, mother must be provided support and advised
on positioning and fixing babies. Care of the mother • Slow involution of uterus, increased ‘After pains’ so analgesia should be offered. • High calorie
diet. • Teach extra support to handle twin babies Powerpoint Templates Page 51
50. Management and Nursing Interventions • Nutrition counseling • Fetal evaluation • Evaluate woman for signs and symptoms of obstetrical
complications • PTL prevention: explain for hospitalization – Encourage bed rest and hydration. – Institute fetal monitoring and assist with tocolytic
therapy, if ordered. • Explain to the woman that mode for delivery depends on the presentation of the twins, maternal and fetal status, and
gestational age Powerpoint Templates Page 52
51. Management and nursing interventions contd… Intrapartum management • Establish I.V. access – Provide for electronic fetal monitoring for each
fetus. – Double setup is recommended for delivery. • • • • • • • Availability of two units of crossmatched whole blood. I.V. access with large bore
catheter. Surgical suite immediately available. An obstetrician and assistant experienced in vaginal births of twins. Best choice of anesthesia:

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 epidural. Anesthesia provider capable of administering general anesthesia. Neonatal team for each neonate present at birth for neonatal
resuscitation. – Pitocin induction/augmentation may be required secondary to hypotonic labor. – Postpartum hemorrhage may occur due to uterine
atony. • Emotional support. Powerpoint Templates Page 53
52. Nursing diagnoses • Anxiety • Deficient Knowledge Regarding High-risk Situation/Preterm Labor • Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition: Less/More than
Body Requirements • Risk for Fetal Injury • Risk for Maternal Injury • Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume • Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange • Risk for
Activity Intolerance • Risk for Ineffective/Compromised Family Coping • Risk for Interrupted Family Process. Powerpoint Templates Page 54
53. Nursing diagnoses contd… For Cesarean Delivery • Deficient Knowledge Regarding Surgical Procedure, and Postoperative Regimen • Anxiety
(Specify Level) • Powerlessness • Risk for Acute Pain • Risk for Infection • Risk for Impaired Fetal Gas Exchange • Risk for Maternal Injury • Risk for
Decreased Cardiac Output Powerpoint Templates Page 55
54. References • Fraser DM, Cooper MA.Myles Textbook for Midwives.15th edition. Philadelphia:Churchill livingstone elsevier;2009 • Dutta
DC.Textbook of obstetrics. 6th edition.Calcutta:New central book agency;2004 • Pillitteri A. Maternal and child health nursing. Care of the
childbearing and childrearing family. Sixth edition. Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 2010. • Cunningham, Leveno, Bloom. William’s
obstetrics. 23rd edition. United states of America; Mcgraw Hill companies: 2010. • Nettina S.M, Mills E.J. Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice. 8th
Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006 • Multiple Pregnancy and Birth: Twins, Triplets, and High-order Multiples: A Guide for
Patients. Patient information series. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2012 Powerpoint Templates Page 56
55. THANK YOU

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