The surface of the tool over which the chip flows is known as the rake face.

The cutting edge is formed by the

intersection of the rake face with the clearance face or flank of the tool. The tool is so designed and held in such a
position that the clearance face does not rub against the freshly cut metal surface. The clearance angle is variable but is
often on the order of 6-10°. The rake face is inclined at an angle to the axis of the bar of work material and this angle
can be adjusted to achieve optimum cutting performance for particular tool materials, work materials and cutting
conditions. The rake angle is measured from a line parallel to the axis of rotation of the work-piece.

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The importance of precision in too making, whet her in the tool room of the user, or in the factory of the tool maker,
cannot be overestimated. This is an area where excellence in hand-skills is still of great value

Turning

The basic operation of turning, (also called semi-orthogonal cutting in the research laboratory), is also the one most
commonly employed in experimental work on metal cutting. The work material is held i n the chuck o f a lathe and
rotated.

The product of these three gives the rate of metal removal, a parameter often used in measuring the efficiency of a
cutting operation.

V f w = rate of removal

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The cutting speed and the feed are the two most important parameters which can be adjusted by the operator to
achieve optimum cutting conditions

. The depth of cut is often fixed by the initial size of the bar and the required size of the product.

DRILLING

In drilling, carried out on a lathe or a drilling machine, the tool most commonly used is the familiar twist-drill. The
“business end” of a twist drill has two cutting edges. The rake faces of the drill are formed by part of each of the flutes,
the rake angle being controlled by the helix angle of the drill. The chips slide up the flutes, while the end faces must be
ground at the correct angle to form the clearance face.