RESERVOIR SIMULATION Prepared by Teknica 4 Teknica Petroleum Services Ltd. Suite 2500, 530 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 3S8 April 2001Chapter 1 Overview 1. What is Reservoir Simulation? 2. Why Reservoir Simulation? 3. History and Development of Reservoir Simulation 4. Main Objective 5. What Can a Reservoir Model Answer? 6. Other Analysis Methods 7. Examples of Beneficial Applications 8. Types and Dimension of Models ‘vtehinde TeknicaWhat is Reservoir Simulation? The word "simulation" as defined by Webster means “to assume the appearance of without the reality". Simulation of petroleum reservoir performance refers to the construction and operation of a model whose behaviour assumes the appearance of actual reservoir behaviour. There are two types of models: physical models and mathematical models. Among the various types of mathematical models and tools for analyzing reservoir performance, computer reservoir simulation is the most complex and sophisticated. It is widely used and has become an integral part of reservoir engineering. TeknicaWhy Reservoir Simulation? - The only way to describe quantitatively multi-phase flow in a heterogeneous reservoir. - The only way to handle situations having a production schedule determined not only by the properties of the reservoir, but also by market demand, prices and government regulations. Se TeknicaHistory and Development of Reservoir Simulation - Reservoir Simulation started in late 1940's. - Development strongly influenced by the advances in computer and computer technology (1) mainframe—workstation PC (2) drastic reduction in computer time and cost (8) post processor, graphical display of simulation results - Becoming more user friendly and easier to use (keyword and free format input) - Can handle more complex problems atetindoe TeknicaMain Objective -To build a model of the reservoir and to examine its performance in terms of production and pressure. —To predict future performance -To find ways to increase ultimate recovery or to recover the hydrocarbons more economically (profitability).-. Methodology of Reservoir Simulation —The reservoir is ‘divided into a number of blocks (or grid blocks). —Basic geological and reservoir data is provided for each block. —Wells are positioned within the arrangement of blocks. —The target rate and well pressure are specified as a function of time. —The appropriate equations derived from the Darcy's Law are solved to give the pressure and saturations for each block as well as the production and injection for each well.What Can a Reservoir Model Answer? . How should the field be developed and produced in order to maximize the economic recovery of hydrocarbons? . What is the best enhanced recovery scheme for the reservoir? How and when should it be implemented? . What is the ultimate economic recovery for the field? (Reserves) . What type of laboratory data are required? What is the sensitivity to various data? . What are the critical parameters that should be measured in the field application of a recovery scheme? ‘atetindoe Teknica6. What is the best completion scheme for wells in a reservoir? 7. What portion of the reservoir is the production coming from? intend TeknicaOther Analysis Methods - Lab test (physical model) - Field pilot test - Well testing - Simple mathematical analysis 1. Buckley Leverett (waterflood) 2. Marx Langenheim (steam) - Extrapolation from performance of other pools (empirical) - Decline Curve - Material Balance wintetiedee TeknicaExamples of Beneficial Applications - Optimum well pattern. well spacing, completion intervals - Infill drilling - Conversion of producers to injections - Potential for horizontal wells, optimum well spacing offset from WOC and GOC - History matching to determine reservoir size, OOIP, barriers (faults) - Production forecast to justify the construction of facilities, (e.g. gas processing plant, battery, pipelines) - Economic evaluation for acquisition, divestiture or unitization - Feasibility of EOR schemes (gas injection, CO2 flood, steam injection etc.) ieaheietoe TeknicaTypes and Dimension of Models - Blackoil - Compositional - Thermal - Chemical flood - Dual porosity (fracture) - Gas model (gas gathering system) DIMENSIONS 1-D 2-D areal (xy, r@, curvilinear) 2-D cross-sectional (x Z) 2-D radial (r z) ‘virteindoe TeknicaUSE AND MISUSE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION MODELS (K.H. Coats, SPE paper 2369) - Whereas the field can be produced only once at considerable expense, a model can be produced or "run" many times over at low expense and over a short period of time. - Reservoir simulation models are not perfect. They have the following sources of errors: 1. model itself is usually approximate since it involves certain assumptions. 2. replacement of the differential equations by finite- difference equations introduces truncation error. 3. round off error due to finite word length of the computer (negligible) and 4. — most importantly, true reservoir description are never fully known. - We should be less concerned with the absolute accuracy of the reservoir description than with the sensitivity of calculated results to these data.- Interest in accuracy of input data should be proportional to the sensitivity of computed results to these data. Example, a vast difference is gas relative permeability curve results in virtually no change in computed oil recovery, thus, the accuracy of the gas relative permeability data would not be important. - Effort should be concentrated in obtaining the data that have the greatest effect on calculated performance. - Misuse of reservoir models: 1. _ overkill, use of too complex a grid system (or too many grid blocks). Almost the same results can be obtained using a much simpler grid system or using half or one third of the number of grid blocks. 2. — oversimplification, the use of 2-D areal studies for a complex reservoir or complex flow pattern that requires a 3-D model.Problems 1.1 State your objectives or goals in this course. 1.2 Mention some other types of modelling (physical or mathematical) being used in oil and gas as well as other fields or industries. 1.3 Is reservoir simulation replacing the role of engineers? As better and more efficient computer reservoir models are being developed, will the need for good engineers diminish? teehee TeknicaChapter 2 MODELLING CONCEPTS 10. 11. Grid Blocks Time Steps Discretization (Finite-Difference) Mobility Weighting Numerical Dispersion Explicit, Implicit, Semi-Implicit Procedures Solution Methods Vertical Equilibrium Grid Orientation Effects History Matching and Forecast Sensitivity Study ‘vbebinde TeknicaGrid Blocks Fig. 2.1—A well-stirred tank analog of a simulator grid system. The above is a tank analog of a simulator grid system showing the mixing of the injected fluid and the fluid originally in the tanks. It is not a true representation of a 3-D reservoir. Fig 2.1 TeknicaGrid Blocks (Cont.) es | (a) ) © U} (9) Fig. 2.2—Typleal models used In reservolr simulation: (a) tank, (b) 1D, (c) 1D radial, (d) cross- sectional, (e) areal, (f) radial cross-sectional, and (g) 3D. TeknicaTwo-dimensional cross-section Vertical sweep, Gravity segregation, Perforation policy, Heterogeneity Two-dimensional areal Multi-well, Pressure maintenance, Vertical equilibrium, Small vertical variationsThree-dimensional Multi-well, Vertically heterogeneous, Thick reservoir sections, Layered system with Partial communication ra tg AS Eh 184 lesaDiscretization G LTT: g “y %0 asf 2 z o ° 1 4 (a) (b) Block Number Fig. 2.3—A four-gridblock watertlood model: (a) hypothetical reservoir and its water-saturation distribution at a certain time in the waterflood and (b) four-gridblock model and simulated water-saturation distribution. In each grid block, the saturation is assumed to be uniform throughout. TeknicaSingle Phase Flow- | Cprservaber~ off (Mass, VO) _ ae 200. Zt Cc Coe Eigen alo ( Daragé a) ve fsb 3. 2 Epuatlon of stele P-Pe peo ™ a ( Dfery Eguelir— -fer 3-D ae 2P 20. ge Bx By oer ayTaylor Senés Expansions G 2 i Plarax) = Pls) tAX Pls) +b ar?p'Ox) +Zaxp Gee Px -ax)= PO) Ax Por) +dax ploy — fan Pe). -- Fist Denvafive Forworel Diflrence BB. PUP 54d Bs Ax Backworol Drferonee ze PO -Pore) + ofr) ( Central. Dy ee By sublaeke Parad Foca 7 flr) - Second Derrntive. by ne) BPR _Perex)-2 Poy + fOren) + ofhes aXe AanSomme © OP a Pes-Pt ax AX pote eis as aX OF _ Ra-Poy Ox Zax Rnd devrclive OP _ Pierre Pet Fo ox Aan csDiscretization of Diffusivity Equation The 1-D diffusivity equation is written as Ke2p_ ap pe ax2 PS at ® Eq. (1) can be discretized and becomes n+l pn OP) -2Pi+Pi=j) - Pi) (2) where _K_At °* pep (Ax)2 (3) K is permeability p is fluid density c is compressibility w is fluid viscosity At is time step size Ax is grid block size ‘vitor TeknicaSeplert Fropudalien (ID) oes c— : Pe eS The , 0d >» —e nH Cold ) é-1 c el ee Contiak Difference (PH 2 Pre Pe HPL Lmpher Farmudelin. (-D) © (pyres ee General weighiad avenge + inalicer Bolen, art Os + CONE Pe Peal Y= REP a 0<@s | i 6=0 , bnphert b= 4% ) Crane -Nrabalsere b= 1, Gxpheit”The left hand side of Eq. (2) may be evaluated at time tM (at the beginning of the time step) or at time tnt+1 = tN+At (at the end of the time step). If the left hand side of Eq. (2) is evaluated at tf, it is called the explicit formulation as all the P's are known at tN. If the left hand side of Eq. (2) is evaluated at t+, it is referred to as the implicit formulation as all the P's are not known at tn+1. vvatetindoe TeknicaMobility Weighting - Upstream weighting - Downstream weighting (not recommended) - Mixed weighting - Extrapolation or Interpolation Methods (2 point upstream) - The upstream weighting is used most often and the 2 point upstream can reduce grid orientation effect TeknicaMobility ile oh “y eae C if to aed __khA R-B b..° Hit f& § ASP a. —EKeA Mm AX |). UpsTrea— waygeing FAL Pe Pee) 2, Downsirem— weaghting _ Ae Roe Per Pear) 3. MixeR Weil ing ge[wacr (i Ara [CPe-Port ) w: weighty feel We | 7 Uptlecam eight Woo, Dewnshean wepExtirepolalion Mathes (2 pomt- Cpsirea— ) Gon = fut SH, 2% tek “ Knew = Kye t Keo~ Kren y, 4X¢ uK vi * ~ Loe tax z z - Poe eee = ent Bxet awe) tok. +(Kearkviz). ay t= Kron Cas cohVertical Equilibrium Reservoir Segment Simulator Gridblock Depth Single vatue of water saturation equal to volumetric average of curve on left Water Saturation Water Saturation (a) (b) Fig. 2.6—Vertical saturation distribution in a reservoir seg- ment is modeled as a single value in a gridblock. Fig. 2.6 TeknicaVertical Equilibrium (Cont.) In the fully dispersed mode, the oil, water and gas saturation are assumed to be well mixed in the grid block, i.e., they are uniform. The vertical equilibrium (VE) assumption holds for a thick reservoir with: (i) good vertical permeability and (ii) substantial fluid density differences. Under VE, the gas, oil and water will be segregated (i.e. separated) ‘nated TeknicaGrid Orientation Effects Fig. 2.4—Flow paths for parallel and diagonal flow in a rec- tangular grid system. ‘oaths TeknicaGrid Orientation Effects Fig, 5.17—Exaimple of (a) parallel and (b) diagonal grid orien- tations. va TeknicaGrid Orientation Effects (a) E | {A PS x f () * Fig. 5.20—Symbolic illustration of (a) five-point and (b) nine- point formulations of flow equations. nie TeknicaGrid Orientation Effects (Cont.) Grid orientation effect is a phenomena that fluid flows parallel to the grid and diagonal to the grid behave differently even though the distances between the injector and producer are the same. (See figs. 2.4 and 5.17). Although the use of smaller grid blocks can reduce truncation errors (or spatial dispersion), it can not eliminate grid orientation effects. So far, the only satisfactory method to reduce grid orientation effect is to use a 9-point approximation as shown in Fig. 5.20 inane TeknicaHistory Match and Forecast - Use simplest possible model - Use most reasonable input data - Be sensitive to critical parameters that affect the results most - Automatic history matching ivan doe TeknicaSensitivity Study The purpose of sensitivity study is to determine the effects of certain parameters on the performance of a project. Obviously, some parameters have significant effects and others have very little effects. The senstivity study is important especially when the exact reservoir properties are not fully known. rata doe TeknicaProblems 2.1 222 Discretize the following PDE (partial differential equation) at grid block i and express the results using both forward and backward difference. of _ 1 of Ox CC Ot Discretize the following 2- dimensional diffusivity equation at grid block (i,j) Re LE Oe Chi + = ax" ay? K ia at TeknicaProblem 2.3 A Well-Stirred Tank Model ig, 2.4—A well-tiered tank enelog of «simulator grid eyster. Given six tanks as shown above and each tank has a volume of 100 cc. Intially tank 1 is filled with water and all the other tanks are filled with oil. From a water source, water is flowing into tank 1 at a constant flow rate of 10cc/sec. Assume that the water and oil are well- mixed in each tank. They have the same viscosity and flow "equally easily". Determine the volume fraction atetadoe Teknica(saturation) of water in each tank at various times. Hint: Formulate the problem using conservation of volume. Write a computer program to calculate the volume fraction of water at various times using 1,5,10, and 20 sec time steps. ete tee TeknicaProblem 2.4 Discretize the 1-dimensional Diffusivity Equation as shown: a oP 4, oP ox ot with the following initial and boundary conditions: Initial Conditions: P(x,0) = 10 for all x Boundary Conditions: P (1,t) = 60 P (6,t) = 10 for allt >0 Write a computer program to determine P at various times. Examine the results using 2, 5, 10, and 20 sec time steps. ‘vated TeknicaChapter 3 Steps in Preparing a Model Study 1. Model Design Check List 2. Preliminary Design 3. Data Collection and Input Data Preparation 4. Conducting the Model Study 5. Other Considerations ‘vain TeknicaModel Design Checklist - Define the objectives of the study (i.e. problem to be solved) - Are data available? Reservoir/geological data Production/pressure data Fluid properties Rock properties Relative permeability data Well data - Any previous reservoir study done? - Quality of answers, time and fund available viatetidee TeknicaPreliminary Design Based on limited available information, select (or determine) the following: - Dimension of model - Grid system and approximate number of grid blocks - Number of components (based on fluid properties) - Type of model - What model is available? - Estimating time and fund required - Obtaining approval from management and partners ‘vvatetidoc TeknicaData Collection and Input Data Preparation - Collect reservoir/geological/production data - Manipulate production data (unit, rate, watercuts, gas-oil ratio, cumulative recovery and recovery factor) - Prepare input data for modelling study (may need contouring and digitizing of maps) - Collect fluid, rock and relative permeability data and prepare input data - Collect well data and prepare input data for reservoir model study ‘vivatetindoe TeknicaConducting the Model Study - Always start with the simplest possible model - First run the model for a few time steps then proceed to longer runs - Use restart option to save computer time whenever feasible - Be sensitive to the critical parameters which affect the results most - Use engineering judgement on the reasonableness of input data used - Keep a good communication with others involving in the same project vate aoe TeknicaOther Consideration 2-D vs 3-D - 3-D is used when the reservoir is too complex to reduce to a 2-D areal or 2-D cross-sectional model - Reservoir is thick and has significant variations in reservoir properties in the 3rd dimension - Significant vertical flow (water or gas coning or gravity draining) Use of Pseudo Functions - for reducing 3-D problems to 2-D problems - Pseudo relative permeability and capillary pressure functions - VE pesudofunctions ivabeindee TeknicaOther Considerations (Cont.) Averaging of Permeability Horizontal Flow: 7 c=] Vertical Flow: She — el K Ss hi/kKi cel TeknicaY \ | @ oe © Fig. 3.1—Areal model coordinate systems: (a) Cartesian, (b) radial, and (c) curvilinear.Om ioctan © water nictor raw Fig. 3.2—Gridding used for well blowout studies.* 72,000 - 24,000 10,000}. 20,000 g eur 8 16,000 80 2 |Z & 12,000 ayer] 60 : 7 Mee i a $2000 pt 40 é r_| 2000 4000 scawater nate | 2 aero ee z et et soo Elapsed Time (min) Fig. 3.3—Calculated behavior of relief and blowout wells.®Fig. 3.4—Jay-Little Escambia Creek waterflood patterns: (2) five-spot pattern, and (b) 3:1 linedrive pattern. © Production well © Injection weit Fig. 3.5—Combination pattern for Jay-Little Escambia Creek. @155518 |~—_—270-—+| 40 a5|-—150—-] f 150 < 40 ELL 27 —| 9 9 3 8 A 01 Fig. 3.6—Model grid for vertically fractured well.‘Subsea Depth (f0 6900 7000 7100 7200 EEE of cat. 504% HM ot cat. 20-50% TD Aaait tes structural positions of Walls Fig. 3.7—Grid for Borregos R-5 (south) cross-sectional model.Jen, 1958 Jen, 1966, July 1967 uty 1968 8nd cum. Oi Ol Rate Avg. {kbEn (kbpd) GOR 30 13 B00 60 141 1170 74 33 1670 97 7.6 — 8400 Sy > 0.45 0.04 < $,<0.45 Sq < 0.08 Indicates structural ns of Wells Fig. 3.8—Calculated gas Invasion In Borregos R-5 (south) during primary recovery. "?Start of Flood ————___» 1 Year Later» timate ———___ Gas cap Mobi one Oit bank Flooded area Indicates structural positions of Wells, oO0NB8B Fig. 3.9—Predicted fluld movement In Borregos R-5 (south) during waterflood.‘3600 ration ‘organic meat IM sassve strormatoporois FS stromatoporois dete ‘stromatSborold detritus, calcarenite ‘era main) ‘Aig tarinate THD sarsve stromaroporote EEA meme rere net evprerenagert tere BEBE san wore © e00 sano 000 Ce w-sw E-NE | GOC at Start of Miscible Flood Pool a 200 Vertical Dense blocks 0 500 Horizontal (ft) Fig. 3.11—Locations of grid boundaries and barriers to vertical | flow in the Golden Spike model. ‘”Poo! Outing 200 RUSHES Ges icity awept $5 > 90%) (ee tronmiacly sent: 55 < 90%) oso Horizontal (H) Fig. 3.12—Calculated fluid distribution in 1973 In the Golden Spike model.” oe fame eee Gas tmiscly swat: 5g > 90%) ° EI on 7 oes tonmintir awast $5 < 90%) oso Horizontal (1, Fig. 3.13—Observed oll surface at Golden Spike In 1975 and calculated fluld distribution in the modet-'”Fig. 3.14—Radial model grid.?°Total Fluid Rate © 100 B/D O 500 B/D } 1250 B/D O 2000 8/D Oil Production Rate (STB/D) oO 10 20 30 40 50 Cumulative Oil Production (% OOIP) Fig. 3.15—Predicted effect of rate on the performance of a bottomwater-drive reservoir. 2°Fig. 3.16—Modeling of a multilayer reservoir: (a) with a 3D model, and (b) with a 2D model.— Leading edge of tar zone — Reservoir model boundary Fig. 3.17—Structure contour map showing model grid—top of Reservoir A, Khursantyah.?5Depth Subsea (ft) 1 Prod. well MW Open interval 5 Tar barriers o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 41 12 Distance from North Edge of Reservoir Model (km) Fig. 3.18—North/south cross section, Khursanlyah.25Fig. 3.19—Cross section of Bonnie Glen D-3A.?7 avers taver2 | avers | Laver 3600-3650| 9680-3700] 2700-3750] 3760-2800 P a tavers | avers} caver? | Layer 3800-3650] 3860-3900] 3900-3965| 9966-4000 tavers | caverta | cavers | Layer 12 40004050] 4050-4100] «i100 4150] 4150-4200 Fig, 9.20—Grid system In the Bonnle Glen model.”a) 40 = 0.264 psitt — Rock curve on 7 O haste & h=25K q = | A et | 7 ; . T eaiecoe i | oO aase e : od © 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1.0 Oit Saturation, 5 ) “ Fig. 3.22—Typical pseudo-relative-permeability and capillary- pressure curves Illustrating effects of formation thickness (after Ret. 29).Chapter 4 Selecting Grid and Timestep Sizes 1. Selection of Grid 2. Selection of Timesteps rietentoe TeknicaChapter 5 Description Of Eclipse Model 1.Eclipse Features 2.Data Requirements 3.Eclipse Input File SectionsECLIPSE Features —3-Dimensional —3-Phase — Fully Implicit —Cartesian and Radial Geometry —Cormer-point Geometry — Distorted Grids — Sloping Faults —Local Grid Refinements and Coarsening — Black Oil — Gas Condensate and Volatile OilECLIPSE Features (con't) — Fine Grid Equilibrium — Dual Porosity and Permeability —Non-neighbor Connections — Faults and Pinchouts — Numerical Aquifers — Dual Porosity — Directional Relative Permeabilities — Hysteresis — Relative Permeabilities — Capillary Pressures — Saturation Table ScalingECLIPSE Features (con't) — Vertical Equilibrium — Rock Compaction — Regions — Saturation Functions — PVT Properties — Equilibration — FIP and inter-region flows — Full Control of Output — Time Steps — Arrays — Well Summary — Output Summary Files and Graphics — Others — Restart — Input Free Format and Keyword — Extensive Data CheckingReservoir Geometry Three-dimensional cartesian and radial geometries Inactive cells, saves space and increases speed Dual porosity and permeability (fractured reservoirs) Special connections Aquifers 3-D radial Fault offsets Dual porosity and permeabilityReservoir Geometry (Continued) Corner-point Geometry Faults Distorted or Irregular Grids with FaultsNon-neighbour Connections e Precise shape, location and attitude known for every cell e Automatic calculation of transmissibilities between blocks and across fault-planesNon-neighbour Connections (Continued) e Correct determination and apportionment of flows across faults into juxtaposed blocks is e Enables local refinement of important cellsEnd-point Scaling Normalised Curves kro! Seimin Suycr Seo,max Un-normalised Curves kro Kew Sumin Sw, cr Sw,max Sa where Su Saar (86S) [Sea =Se wymax w,crHysteresis Relative Permeability Scanning curve __— Drainage |_ imbibition — Sw Capillary Pressure Scanning curve Drainage | imbibition ZaProduction Well Controls CONTROL OPTIONS Tubing-head pressure Oil flow rate Water flow rate Gas flow rate Liquid flow rate Bottom-hole pressure Reservoir flow rateInjection Well Controls CONTROL OPTIONS Tubing-head pressure Injection rate at surface conditions Re-injection of fraction of Group/Field production Replacement of Group/Field voidage Bottom-hole pressure Injection rate at reservoir conditionsCross-flow Modelling ate ES Gens —— et ie Multi-layer Cross-flow production in producer tt '— <—_ Ze Ee a Bee a ie —! i Cross-flow Cross-flow in injector in shut-in wellWell Management Options e Well controls (and constraints): Rate (oil, water, gas, liquid, reservoir), BHP, THP Re-injection fraction Voidage replacement fraction e Group and Field Production Controls: Rate (oil, water, gas) e Well/Group/Field Economic Limits: Rate (oil, gas) Water-cut, gas-oil rate, water-gas ratioGroup and Id Controls FIELD Target or limiting Oil, water, gas liquid rates Flows in proportion to group tential or specified handling capacity Group GROUP Target or limiting Oil, water, gas liquid rates “Well Flows in proportion to well ie ae guide rate WELL Target or limiting Oil, water, gas liquid, reservoir voidage rates BHP and THP Group WellNO oP ON = Data Requirements . Reservoir Geometry . Rock properties . Fluid properties . Rock-fluid, inter-fluid interactions . Initial state . Well data . Production scenarioSources Of Input Data Reservoir Description Data Type Depth Gross Thickness Lithology Net Thickness Porosity Net Thickness Porosity Permeability Permeability Saturations Contacts Source Seismic data and Wells Geological Interpretation and Log Analysis Cores Well Tests Log Analysis and CoresSources Of Input Data (con't Fluid Properties Lab analysis of samples Saturation Functions Special Core Analysis/Log Analysis Initial Pressure Well Tests Production Data Pressure and Rate measurements during the producing period.ECLIPSE Input File Sections RuNspEc General Model Characteristics crip Shape and Volume epit Modify Rock Properties props Fluid Properties, Rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions rEGIons Reservoir sub-divisions soLution Initial State summary Output required scHEDULE Well Data and Production scheduleECLIPSE Input File Sections (Continued) The RUNSPEC section Basic dimension data, option switches. Usually consists of alternate comment and data lines. Where default is suitable, use / to terminate record. The GRID section Define simulation grid, transmissibilities, porosities. Output from Fru may be included in this section. Values may be specified for all cells with a single keyword, or for “boxes” of cells. Transmissibility multipliers act between cell and its neighbour in the positive direction—opposite to BETA convention.ECLIPSE Input File Sections (Continued) The EDIT section (OPTIONAL) Once the errp section data has been read, the program evaluates pore volumes, transmissibilities etc. These may be modified or overwritten in the eprr section, using the Box syntax. The PROPS section PVT and relative permeability data is entered in tabular form. In multiple table case, all tables for a given keyword are entered together. The REGIONS section (OPTIONAL) Specify regions for PVT tables, reporting, equilibration etc. In each case, NX-NY-NZ integers giving region number for a cell follow keyword.ECLIPSE Input File Sections (Continued) The SOLUTION section Specify initial solution in one of three ways: e Equilibration from oil-water and gas-oil contacts. e From a restart file: RESTART ‘CHAP .X0011’ / e Explicitly specifying initial solution using PRESSURE, SWAT etc.ECLIPSE Input File Sections (Continued) The SUMMARY section Specify quantities to be stored, at every time step, on summary files, for later plotting or tabulating. These may be: e Cell quantities - pressure, saturations. .. e Well quantities - flow rates, water cut... e Completion quantities - as for wells e Group quantities - as for wells e Report region quantities - fluid in place... e Field quantities - oil rate, fluid in place... Each has a mnemonic, used in graphics.ECLIPSE Input File Sections (Continued) The SCHEDULE section This section drives the simulation, by: e Defining, opening and closing wells « Specifying times during the simulation at which output reports are to be produced, restart files written etc. e Modifying the default time-stepping controls, convergence criteria etc, if required. The simulation moves through a series of user defined report steps. To perform a report step, the simulator may take one or more steps. At the Nth report step, a restart file with suffix N may be written: e.g. step 10 of run oDEH may write out oDEH.x0010.a) 67 & 4 lo $23 45 Ut (2 B38 tf 1S 1G DEG Tee Method 1 EQUALS ACTNUM 1 116 115 117 ACTNUM 0 15 1211/ ACTNUM 0 1 4 33117 ACTNUM 0 1244117 ACTNUM 01016 1 1114/7 (ACUNUME CG) 14216) 2) 202 1) ACTNUM 0 12 16 3 311 / ACTNUM 0 1316 4 411 / ACTNUM 0 15 16 5 5 11 / ACTNUM 0 16 16 6 8 1 1 / ACTNUM 0 1 21313 1 1 / ACTNUM 0 6 8 1313 1 1 / ACTNUM 0 1 91414 11 / ACTNUM 0 1101515 1 1 / ACTNUM 0 16 16 1515 1 1 /011100011111 ooo0000001TITIT ooo00000001TTT1O/ « 3 s 3 = ACTNUM Method 3 5 eece soo REESE boo rrrrgeoce rrr BEES bib bE NER RPE Rrra eeeekbbbbbbaeesd ERLATeebeeeersee ACTNUM1.X° =Four Types of Regions in ‘Eclipse’ Region 2 Region 1 Region 3 PVT Regions Rock Regions Equilibrium Regions Fluid-in Place Regions Regions with different PVT Date, ie., different bubble point pressures, different solution GOR and different Formation volume factors (Bo and Bg) Regions with different rock types, i.c., different ecttatiwe permeability and capillary pressure data Regions with different equilibrium data, i.e., different water-oil contact, different gas-oil contact or different datum pressures at the same datum depth Regions for calculating the original fluid4in-place REGION.XLSThree Methods to Specify Regions in ‘Eclipse’ Method 4 Method 2 EQUALS FIPNUM FIPNUM FIPNUM FIPNUM FIPNUM FIPNUM 1 FIPNUM 5142 54 42 St eR wD a4 ¥3 22 HAS TD #4 HS TD anes 2 e320 63 2 80x as 4 tts Fewum eos / BOX 1544447 FIPNUM 2011 BOX 145 8417 FIeNUM 161 Box e914 4147 FIPNUM 162 1 BOX eos 7414s FIPNUM 62 1 BOX 9981s FIPNUM 321 REGIONSproblem 2 Write porosity input data for the following data @NOGAYN= Porosity Data for a 6 x 8x 1 system 4 Fi 3 4 a 6 ACTNUM1.XLS.SAMPLE OF RUNSPEC IN FREE FORMAT INPUT TITLE AQ layer model, (xxxx.data) , 3-Phase, 3-D, Dec. 2, 1997 DIMENS 13 609 / OIL WATER GAS DISGAS FIELD EQLDIMS 1 100 20 1 20/ ~analytical (cart.) aquifer AQUDIMS 00001 1000/ FAULTDIM 90 / WELLDIMS 20 30 1 20/ START 30 'JUL' 1986 /TABDIMS -311216911/ 412016 1511/ UNIFOUT UNIFIN FMTOUT SMRYDIMS 3000 / GRIDOPTS 'YES' / —NOSIM for initialization checking only —-NOSIM NOECHO SAVE /Selection of Grid - Grid Selection Affects the Accuracy and Reliability of Results and Cost - Grid Selection Should Depend on: de Reservoir (boundary, shale break, discontinuity) 2. Variations in reservoir properties (gas cap, bottom water and heterogeneity) 3. Specific locations required by the study 4. Permeability trend iS: Having at least 2 grid blocks between injector and producer 6. Fund available ‘valet TeknicaSelection of Grid (Cont.) - Effects of Grid Sizes ile Staggs and Herbeck 1/4 5-spot pattern (Fig. 5.6) 2. Effects of grid sizes on saturation profiles and recovery (Figs 5.7 and 5.8) 3. Effects of grid sizes on oil recovery (5-spot waterflood) 4. Effects of vertical layering (Fig. 5.9, 5.10 and Table 5.1) - Sensitivity on Grid Size - Variable Grid Size Should be Used ‘viendo TeknicaGrid Orientation Effect tations, Fig. 5.17—Ex Gas injection well Reservoir Boundary Fig. 5.3—Example of use of zero permeability to model bar- riers to flow.!Fig. 5.4—Typlcal areal grid in which a single-phase region Is modeled with large blocks.Pressure Reservoir Length Reservoir Length () Fig. 5.5—Hypothetical pressure and saturation profiles Illus- trating the need for adequate segmentation. Profiles are shown for Initial, final, and two Intermediate conditions in the llfe of a hypothetical reservoir.CT Oates t V i I waa I sasal | T H : i I t 4 1 IL ! é4—-E- otdaF exe axa v rt cpr Trt i 1 1 1 T 1 1 foveal ! 1] sea | I I LH } + ! I t g-L--1! ral eee eee ee 5x5 axe <= Actual S-sp0t element of 5 acres @) 3 Proaucing eal 4 injection well o 1 2 8 4 5s 6 7 Time (ve) (b) Fig. 5.6—Influence of grid spacing on performance predictions’: (a) models used to study the effect of spacing and (b) oll rates predicted by the models.poe aes . : Nam WSS Chnance tom Infeson Wet (16 69 fete Fig. 5.7—Influence of grid spacing on calculated saturation distribution In a linear model.[won 2a 6k meter Cut Im & oes men elon Fig. 5.8—Influence of grid spacing on calculated oll recov- ery from a linedrive waterflood at a favorable mobility ratio.Cumulative Fractional Oil Recovered 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 PV injected Fig. 5.9—Influence of grid spacing on calculated oil rec ery from a five-spot waterflood at an unfavorable mobility ratio.®‘Distance trom Infection Face ft 5.10—Influence of a vertical grid spacing on cross- Fig. Calculated saturation distribu- sectional model performance. ical grid- tions are for flank waterdrive models having (a) 4 verti blocks and (b) 10 vertical blocks.No Flow Boundary (b) Fig. 5.11—Simulation of updip gas migration’: (a) model with Inadequate vertical segmentation and (b) model with ade- quate segmentation provided by addition of a thin layer at the top of each of the two sand units. TABLE 5.1—EFFECT OF VERTICAL DETAIL ON PREDICTED WATERFLOOD EFFICIENCY Displacement Recovery Number of Layers Efficiency Efficiency in Model (% OIP) (% OIP) 4 52.1 47.2 10 55.1 49.6 30 58.9 52.0Fig. 5.12—Influence of grid spacing on predicted gas move- ment In horizontal gas/oll displacement. Fig. 5.13—Typical grid system for well models (note geometric scale of horizontal distance).Original WoC “——— Tar Barrier — Shale Barriers (a) () Fig. 5.14—Example grid systems used in reservoir simulation studies: (a) cross-sectional model and (b) 3D model.| i tinctan Wal (196.68 Yond Fig. 5.15—Influence of mobility weighting on simulation ac- curacy.Fig. 5.16—Example of use of modified pseudo-relative-permeabllty functions to reduce numerical dispersion (after Rel. 22}: (a) ‘modified and conventional peeudofunctions, b) cross-sectional and 10 models used to evaluate the procedure. and (c) comaah, ‘Son of results using conventional and modified peeudofunctions..TABLE 5.2—GRID SIZES USED IN MODELS TO STUDY GRID-ORIENTATION EFFECT Parallel Diagonal Number of Number of Grid Size* Gridblocks Grid Size* Gridblocks 0.202 8x8 0.2 6x6 0.101 18x15 0.1 Wx 0.050 29x29 0.05 21x21 *Grid size is expressed as a fraction of the distance along the edge of the five-spot pattern between the injection and production wells.Fig. 5.17—Example of (a) parallel and (b) diagonal grid orien- tations.0 ar 0.2 16x81 (@) Ss arcor mem 4 = 0105 (21x21) 07 esa PV injcted 10 T T T T oof ost Book z Zosh exer os (0 eae o.t0t Usxi8) ar 010805 20x28) on : 1 : os 07S PV injocted Fig. 5.18—Influence of grid spacing on cal ance of unit mobility ratlo displacement: and (b) parallel grid.0.9 Oil Recovery, PV 7 ea Parallel PO 0.6 &—© Yanosik-McCracken, 9point! O--—0 Ax=0.2 4 Standard Spoint scheme 0.5 0.7 0.9 Vt PV injected Fig. 5.19—Influence of grid spacing and equation formula- tlon on calculated performance of unfavorable mobility ratio displacements (after Ref. 30).(a) Fig. 5.20—Symbolic illustration of (a) five-point and (b) nine- point formulations of flow equations.55 (a) 0.085 Vp Injected 10 oot ost PV Recovered ° T os a 4 a SS paraiter O—© Yanosik-MeCracken, 9point | O09 ar 01 + ax = 0.05 1 1 1 L 0.7 0.9 wt 13 18 PV injocted Fig. 5.21—Use of initial high displacing-phase saturation near the wellbore to reduce grid orlentation (after Ret. 30): (a) typl- cal initial conditions and (b) calculated performance of un- favorable mobility ratio displacement (compare with Fig. 5.19).