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    Cjzvlktzq1tyoq0qdejm6x93j Jan Gehl and Birgitte Svarre How to Study Public Life

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    Cjzvlktzq1tyoq0qdejm6x93j Jan Gehl and Birgitte Svarre How To Study Public Life

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    Nil Carreras

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    a walt ie, Feane : Birg ree Svarre i re deal ere Ae aa Nah | 7 / 3 ites itteatas Like the weather fei ficult to predict. None- theless, meteorologists have developed methods ‘enabling them to predic the weather and overthe _yeastheirrmethods have become sorefined that ‘they can make forecasts with greater accuracy and ‘each. The methods described in this book aso dea! ‘wth foreseeing phenomena in constant fix but the focus hereis ow life unfoldsin city space Just ‘swith weather forecasting, this doesn mean thot ‘anyone.can develop a surefire method to predict how people wil usea particular city space. Masses (fata have been gathered over the years con- ‘cerning the interaction of fe and space in cles, ‘and ust ike meteorologiss'knowledge about the ‘eather his data can provide greater understand {ng of cy ifeand predict how it will presumably Lnfoldin the given framework This book describes the methods that have been developed over the past so yearsto study the inte action between public ifeand space. They retools ‘ohelp us understand how we use publi space so ‘that can make it better and mare functional (Observations the key for most ofthe studles pre sentedin the book. thas been necessary to develop, almostfiom scratch, special tool forlooking at people because peoples use ofciieshas been overlooked while ‘abstact concepts large structures, traffic challeng- esandother amorphous issues have dominated turban planning. Public Space and Public Life ~on Speaking Terms Good architecture ansurs good nteracton between pb Te space and publ ite i wh stehitets and urban Blanner have Been desing with space theater side of the coln~ Me ~ has often bean fagoten, Perhaps th cause considerably easer to werkt and comme ‘cate about fr and space, he ies ephemeral and therefore cic to describe. Publ fe changes constantly in the course of a day, week or month, and over the years. In adaton, desig, gence age financial resoures culture ond many other factors determine how we use or do noture public space ‘There ae many excellant reasons why di to cesporate the diverse nature of publ nto architecture 8nd bn planing Nother ls eset arto {teat wert sureuncing fh lone f people he, fay make thee way Between blige In es wound the war Inthis contort pub space is understod a streets, a ey, buldings, squares, bolt everything that can be ‘considered parte the bit envionment Pubic should also be understood in the beadest sense ax everything that tates place between buildings, to and fom school ‘onbalcones sete, standing, waling dng ee Rie ‘eryhing wecan 9 cat andabrere happen fr more than ust street heave and café We, However we do not ‘mean cty feo be understood athe cy’ psychologia wellbeing, athe tthe complex and vest ie that Unfold inpubispoce makes nadifeencewhethe' out point of depart & Copenhagen, hala, Meco City ot 8 small cy n Wester Ausra The bi the interplay between fe and spaceinalits se. ‘The Missing Tools -ethe beginning oth 96s tea veces began to point ‘euttha someting was very wrong in many ofthe ew di tics being bull in rene numbers during this period of "api urban growth Something vi mizing, something that was cfu to define, but was expressed in concepts le bedroom communis and ital mpoverisment! fe between buildings had been frgote, pushed ase by or lunge-scle thinking, and overly eationstze, spe Calne procestes. ong the cles ofthe te were Jane “ocobe an Will Wyte in New York Gy, Chstopher ‘AuanderinBetalay, nd one ofthe authors of rs beck, Jan Gehlin Copenhagen Publ fe and publ space were history vested 2 3 cohesive nit Medal ees ge tle by il n aco ‘dance with changing needs, nconrast to the apd tepo ‘of modernism’ ges planing, Chleshave grown aed orhundreds of years rooted inary years fexparence and an tive fecting for ‘evencompossedabuldingtadton based on generations ‘fexperence in how cea ces with wel-unetining interacion between Me aed space. But ths knowledge ‘nas lox somenhere in the process of indusrizaton “nd moderation, which ed to funcional cy en ronmans forthe mporant and yt ignred segment of ‘yf on fot Ofcourse society has changed snc the Male Ages. The soln i not to recreate premodern thes, bu to develop contemporary tools that canbe op pled analteaty to once again forge an allance between and space ince. The Contours of an Academic Field ‘The envtonmental design pionees ofthe 9605 took the bse tape neaded to Better understand the ephemeral Concept of pubic ands interaction with ple pace Sd bulngs Ther method was to stay exstng, and {rule pre-industrial tes and publ space o gain base nonledge about how we se and get aound in cies. ‘Several books published fem 196 tothe mid 3805 ae stl conadered the ase textbooks for public fe stdles! ‘though the methods descbed were later reined nd few agendos and technologies emerge, the base pi ‘ples methods were developed that period Upto the mids his werk was cane ot primasty st aeaderi isttutons. However bythe end ofthat de ‘ade tnaecearthatthe mayes and princes regaring public He and publi space should be converted into tals ‘at could be ued cet in urban planing practice. ty planners and potions wanted wo make conctions better for peopl in oder o have an edge in inet compet ton became sratege gala crete tractive tis for peopl in ors t aac resents, tourists, investments End employes t il new jabs in the knowledge sckety Meeting tis gal requed understanding peoples needs na behavorinees Frm about the year 200, tincrensingly became taton for granted inthe eds of arhectur and urbe planing [rate gonenty at woreng wth ences wasruc Mochtteresperencehad shown that vbrant cyitedoes not happen by el Theis partly nasceablein cies ‘hatarehighly developed economical, because apart ‘commas people re nlongeron thestetby necesy ‘work sl enkets do rand ands on. However, less economically viable cies are loin paced because the apy growing volume of motorized trafic and ltd fartrctre provides estas or pe- dertane and produces ne anda pollution fer many people inthe daly Ives. The core ofthe matters to get the lage volumes if in publ spaces t function n way hat llons dally fe ak place under decent cond ‘Sas and partner with te physcalfamenork instead of fighting agnistt ‘Observations in the City Direct abseraton isthe primary tol ofthe ype of public Ie stodes deed inthis book Asa general re, ses sare notactvelyinovedinthe ens of being questioned father they ae observed, thelr actvtes and behavior trapped inorder to beter Understand the needs of us and how oy paces are used. The dec observations hep to understand why some spaces are wed and others is think about what you see.” See CUBES eS ‘Studying peoples behavior n publi space can ba comm pred to studying and sroctring other forms of sing forgeniims They could be animal or el: curtng how ‘mary there aren toal Row auc they move unde a ‘us condtions ad general describing how they behave ‘on the bas of systemic obseration, People’s behave ‘docimente, analyzed, and interpreted, but tM not done under te microscope The observaionsarecondct- te withthe naked eye and occasional sing cameras oF ‘ther ake to oom non stunton or fst eer the mo ‘ment inorder to enlyze the station move closely. The poltsto sharpen te gaze of the observer. 2 iterary autho who made a vinue ou of descbing ‘xanary ie a unos publ space wos rence Seorges Perec 36-9) n Species of Spaces nd Other Plc ‘ron Perec instructed hisreaers shot ose what ‘overlooked inthe cy He encouraged ther procticeby ‘ccsonally taking notes of hat they Se, preferably Ingsome typeof system. Ferecyroethatfyou dott notice ating is because younave not lemedio observe. "You musty moreso lost fctshyFrce yous to write down wat not of neret, the most banal onary cnoiess™ Life in he fy can ser baal and fleeting, ad herefre, according to arc the oberver must oak on take the ie ned to eal ves the ordnarness unfolding in pub ace in The Dah and Le of Great American ies fe Jane scab wrote inthe pec wha descpton of publi Ie, nay getheredfomherown neighborhood Greene ‘lagen anhatan: “the scenes that state ths Book ‘eal about us Fer llustatons please look lose areal {ties While you ae looking you might as well also ten, lingerand thnkabout what you see* According to cobs, ‘hen youre inthe hy you should ake the time tore ‘er what you ae sensing note: usingalyour senses Cer ‘aly te sense of ight sky to observation, butts oes rot mean desing dow ou other senses on th contrary. ‘means focusing ouratenton and nosing the suoandings ‘weave thrugh qiteunconscousy everyday. econ tothe Macro cnn dictionary, observe meant towntchor sty someone something with are tdattentenin order te dcove something” And watch tng wth cave and attention i prey what aes 0 wrestuseflknwedge rom ordinary scanes Anyone who Gecdes to observe nthe cy wl qu ele that oust tobe systematic in order to get ure krowedge from te comes confusion of He in publ space Perhaps ‘he person being abserved I actualy runing an eran, Dt tkes time to look at other people along the ay, of catches sight of protest march in the set that becomes al engrosig Ingenera the observer mustbeasnewvalasthe prover Lary onthe walt =the prs bencwasmet rer than {tla nisl nor-partcpant whe takes nthe big Pictre without ang part nthe ever. An server can ay various ols depending onthe character of te study “The role of region fr example, counting unt, where preciso isthe mast important function. The estar an ‘Bo have an atesament role categorising people by age ‘group for example. Here the abit fo evaluates the most imporsant neon. Orth egistarsolecan be analyca, eeping detale lary with afeeing fer nuance a waned ye and experienced sense of wha ype of infomation relevant Ris poral otrain your eye inthe at of abseraton. Naturally, there ference between the eyeofaprofe slonal and 2 layperson, but in principle anyone can ob- ‘eve cy fe Basnes wil need to hone he sil sae the word trough new eye and we tool advise, whe the ned, profesional eye can percevenew connection. However thee ae gest ciferecesinthe degree to which ‘brerer ill understand he farm aspect fabserers re ‘Shoenpectedt inept the wl eed spat ing, Man or Machine ln thaleete aginst modems abstact planing, ty Mest pioneers sch as Jane Jaen, War H. Whyte tn Jon Gehl encouraged people ose the interton of 5 yf and space with he oum eye, caus provides ‘greater understanding, We believe tis sl the cic Starting pent or going nto the cy tober wong one Senses, common sense aed smpleegstation ecriques Wien pen and pope, which i ty we emphases these In using these manual methods, the observer the hur rman factor fr god and il. Techni solutions seh st ‘ideo survelance cameras or G25 (Global Postening Sy ter raking devies can sometimes serve as more obec tvesolutons The decslon must be mode artothe degree of predsion needed andthe frm of kxonledge went, “Tete ferences that human regitaton avy rng ‘ore than eo facts tthe table When people ae doing the counting fr example they can ad nformaton fom ‘the ste that can have dec lence oh interpretation. (Observers often bring ext mateal ame by using the fees andl common senee. An automatic bye counter Is setup on a ike path to count passing bers, One dy almost no bey ae egsteed. What the hams rg Isvarean ses that van parked onthe ike pth 2 ow feet shee ofthe automate counter 50 on tit day the Dicjelsts veer around the counter Natural, the huran regtrar courts the lees anyway, nating the conctons {nd taking plese, whl the automatic counter py ‘egsterso lon numberof Beye. Ethical Considerations \When gathering data on human havior, always in portant to weigh how and where eth conigertons Should be made Data should be anonymized Lessation ‘ares fom course ta cut. Dbsarations are often accompanied by photo doci- ‘mentaton. in Denmark, legal photograph long '35 the photos are taken fem places tat are fel acee- ‘Sle nother words, you aren allowed to ener pate broperty without persion, but youcan takes pcre of emeone standing nis wn fen yard that peson can Deseen with the nated ee from pub stueet Theres serve a double purpose: to protect individu rm ive slon of privacy and to protect the redom of journalists and others to freely gather information® Photo ses Sraget Copenhagen’ man pees, ‘Se srting whe neat ohare gasrinpubie pace xapleopose sours Saterirchng Bench ina Copenhagen Snes) of {henucnes of rch ne eget em analy San So elon ang ung i dr tcp wan on Heane nse pattie sy Beier peter ho How is a bench used? “ssevrtsaren "or *tteenvo ores ’ ‘Asso can puto ip ‘Gh oiainthe Background bt wating) Here come a aporenteas ith Tere.on empty bench falntiorerdie et Tne = Beeneae ing endaghe GThslanicelac eta thegn. "Soe didnt realy want ost down. ste ee Wht on earth shat {guess ifrnanage mio ‘eSmpany” elie gh wating Spaiecinass lest fi Itismecessary to ask questions systematically ‘and divide the variety of activities and people Into subcategories in order to get speciicand useful knowledge about the complex interaction oflifeand form in public space. This chapter ‘outlines several general study questions: how ‘many, who, where, what, how long? An example Is given showing how each basic question has been studied in various contexts. ‘Once we begin observing cy fe and istration th ‘lyse rounding eter the most ornare cet ‘anprovidlntresing iawtedge about the tera oy [ie Sndtom “anyuherein thew Wecon seat turobservatontby acing sc questo keh what and Te Cordoba pening where aye Miguel ‘ca ormolated a olstestrotegy fan orcetarl and {ocalurbon poly ing780! “Thetstofqueonsthatcan be asked bouttheineraction ‘erween ie an form erential ene. The questions Fisted inthe paragraph at eto the mos bs, and, nat falcon be combined in anyway. When asking where peo: pay ee wally relevant oath they are, how ong they are staying ox ome ther combination of questions Its not pole to drow up ast of fed questions that can belestiate all areas orcs. Every suniqu Spd observers mast ue thei ees other sanses and good ‘aan snes Most importants that he context and ste ‘etemine the methods and tos, and onthe whole, How dndwhen the study shouldbe conducted. However, carmen to al sites and stuatons i tha at the very moment observes fasten her gaze on group oF peoslearyperof ster or otherwise the atantion Da the avery of ectvtes, groupings tendencies, tc, becomes patent er that the prospect ieomple, oe lapping nd na east study. Dre types oF acts te ineswaven: recreation and purposeful activites take Pace ie by sede We can speak of cainsaf events ~ and of continuous change Precsely because the nreracton batween fe and space so complex and ict t pn ‘on ean be vefl to atk base questions in an sister |oumaliticmanner nto ask them again and again, “oocusetnton on wo, what where and ther Basic ‘questions can provide genera owedge about behavior Inpuble space andspecal nowledge ofspecticsuein practice Staying there key questions can provide doc Imentavon and understanding of given paten of actly or carte knonledge about who goes whare or notin a ‘Sven pice, Thus these elementary questions canbe used ‘npr swell 2 for ore basi esearch purposes. " New Road, Brighton, England ow many people are waking and how many are station: 2 n Brighton New Rood «public Me study helped to The numberof pedestias ree by caw afer the set was converted into a pedestan oy set in 2008. The umber of stationary acts increased by sos" This type of before-and ater beedcount quanties the cenent 19 whlch the nitive used In Brighton, te nur bers document tat New Roa hs hifed stat from 9 trans steet toa detnaon. tts the these can be zed a good argument for prortning other pecertian projets both oal and genera, Question 1. How Many? Ning « qualitative esexsmant by counting how mony ‘eople do something makes i posible to measure what fright otherwise ephemera We, Almortallcier have are department ond preci deta on hon many ‘ars dive through major ares while departments For ‘pedastine and publ ie are sost unkown, a ae headeounts of people. ‘Courting provider quantitative data, which an be used toqualify projects and as arguments one way or the cther Inascalon mating proceste.Insputble measuterens ‘anoften serve ss convncing aguments “Sarin with he queton af ow many basta pubic Ife tues. In principle, eveything can be counted, but nha soften ener is or many people ae tving {pedestian ow) and how many are saying inane pace (Sationay activ ‘The question of how mary oe how ew comes in sever ails In publ fe studies, sch seo and afer ur ban improvement pees. f we snow how many people are staying square and wethenimrovethe square and ‘count the numberof peopl again, wecan ealvate thes ‘ato the renewal project the objective was for mace People to sty athe square, counting how mary wing the ime methodology on compara day at uid revel the degree of sucesso are. Usual gute a number of ‘untshave tobe made mn order tobe abet compare a ferent ene of ay leer ays and diferent season. ‘number ont oun rreiom ofinteest Wtisinportant ‘that results canbe compared. Therefor ts eset to ‘eglterpredesy anelcompray Fatal cnations Me ‘weather ond tne of day must abo be noted consent Sid precy so that sme tudes ean be conducted a 0 Question 2. Who? We se gathering knowledge about people's behavior in publ space athe cometstone ofa pub sty. When ‘ese people we mean wil ieent groupsof pepe teased by varus parameters ts often relevant to be nore spel about prectely who uses various publ spac 1 Wleregiratoncan be done.on the vial eve Is often more meaningful to investigate more general ct ‘pores suenae gender 0296 asc knowedge about the behavior of vious QoUPS cf people canbe ered wo plan more precisa waysof accom todatng the nesde of women, chien the ede and ‘Gzabed for example We emphasize thes groups here Bryant Park, New York City ‘ryan Pcs inthe mide of Manhattan between Times Square and Grond Cental Terminal. One posible ind torfor whether pari safer the presence of a sunt number of omen Every dy at sa and oo pm the park tice systematic through Bryant Pak and cess ‘onto countarsto recor the number f menand women, seepecve, The pk officer also notes westher condtions andtemperaure in Bryant Pork the deal gander vison i on the order of sa waren and 48% men. the peteentage of Wor rat could bea sgn that paksafety ton the wane Wester conditions de ply le however as Bryant a's fatashow thatthe number of women nthe painceses ‘The general question of gender and age can be regi tered by observation natal allowing fora certain (gee of accuracy nnakinga subjective evaluation ofa9e ‘group iscifaltor mposible to eategorize people with ‘Cepet to Job or economic stato, fr example, onthe tisofebzeraon alone Question 3. Where? ‘Panners nacht can design publi spce onthe bo sis of where people are expected to go and t ay How ‘va, many trampled footpath across otherwise pristine [awn attest tothe fact that people donot aways act 2s Intended. n order to encourage cond of pedestans fo flow smth and stil erate the ber condltons fori Ing people to use publi space, is val to have bcc and Speci nowledge of wher people move and sty i in vidual spaces. Stsls of movement and staying an help Uncover bares ad pinpoint where pedestrian pth nd Place tony canbe ai out TF the sugy area i a debited chy space. often relevant to study where people say On the edge 9 Grabradre Torv, Copenhagen Micrcimat the local clmat of speci se canes Impact wheter people say there. f people are walking from peint A wo pte 8 they can usualy Tie th sub ‘puna wind, sn or shadow conton, but fer tying ties place needs higher level of cite quay “This spingtie photo from Grey Fa Squae in ‘Copenhagen car shows the gnifcance of climate on whether people stay In 2 given space. In colé Northern European cimes. people want a pace In the sun. The hota ao ilstates hw wees serve at foal pol how ‘mary peope use benches andthe fact hat pple keep certain socal dstace betwen themseves. That people sitract mor peoples aso exerplfed, “The where question ean Fists to where people stuste ‘hemscies relative fo other people, bulings and cy Spaces ot the climatic ondtons. ve try topcture the Same pice on 2 gloomy overcast cay or at night here peopl say wll ost probably be very dere. ‘the mile or evenly dstibuted in the space? In pub; Semi publc or pate one The whee question slows ‘bterersto 200m ino psioning relevant to function ‘ements suchas funiture garden gates envances, doors bolas the study area Is 2 neighborhood quarter, en be relevant to determin where prope and atte te guthered or eipersed toa grea ose dates On the {ly eel hi can mean egstering or loesang numerous function, actives, rection of pedestian om and prefered plaesto stay optetstes ects ates Wk ome Se = SE Ce — a = sit aves oo an Ge "People on Foot ukekten. onset Necessary and Optional Activities ‘histstration of necesary an optional actives comes ‘rom Peotle an For by Jan Gein the architectural our al elena. eas part ofthe est arge sty oF the corelation between ple space a publ ie. “hen categorization of activites is par of Ges be sleworkto desc if ny aces. Late the generac ‘ores ofecenaryand opsonal activites weredescibed ina historcal perspective nthe book New Cy Le? 6 Inthe cours ofthe 20 cen Fer necessary act siestookplaceinpublespace. thisilustavon of ctvies hasbeen madeln sop, wouldindudenew actvessuch {taking on call phones ~ whe walking, standing and ‘Soted_scking in pub spaced to changes in smoke ing leglaton and any types of exercise, Ar the typeof “tes would vary widely fom place to place Question 4. What? ‘Mapping wat happens in cy space can provide spect wig ofthe types of acter nan aes sch 93) Ing commercalorpysial aces andtherequlements these vatous activities make on the pil environment. “Thiscanbe relevant for shop awe ory plannes with gard ta designing cty space, and more generally o Po- Wes nreatonto agventhemesuchashealth or fey Brady speaking, the primary aces in publ space sarewakng sanding tng ad plying, The st of c- tiesthatcan be registered almost ences. tisften most resningfl to note several types of acts a the same tie, However tls portant fo find te etecones tat best cover egtring the various event. Vie acts an lea be note les category being systematic wl Sharpan your general awareness. Ingenaal publespace actives canbe dvdednto wo categories nection and optional. Necessary actives ‘oud include shopping, walking to and fom bus 0p, ‘x working a parking enforcement atendart, pl of ‘eer o postman. Optional actives comprise sling Jogging sting ona air step chr or bench ores ead- Ing the newspepe oF simply enjoying He while walking ‘sound or seated, Actes that re ecesary for some people maybe fel chosen by others. ia staal perspective, the use of public space has ‘racy evolved from aces pimay motiatd by cess tothosemore optional in nature? ‘Soc actives can be developed around eer naces- sary er optional aces and are condtonl onthe pres tence of others people in the se space, passing each ‘ther o:loking at eachother In connection with ether Sct, amples incase chide playing, greetings and ‘conversations, common activites or the most widespread Sal acy of alt pasive contact ip the form of ust ‘aching and iering to other people? tis important forpubife tc to define nd record sacl ates n ore to support the uncon of pubic ‘pace as meeting place Heres where people meet ot {Ss ho ve Inthe quae corsmunity ar cy. Meeting ‘thers canbe simulating and iaresting anda broader ‘ansehen pact he ndviuals understanding ofthe ‘cil content oie ‘One can diferente between soc cvs wth peo ple wo know each ether and encounters with strangers fn the sweet Whe Rises cormon to ko stranger Is ealer to ste up a canversation wih people standing ear, even Stange you exer rman ‘ether in common space Willa. Whyte uses he ter tanglaonto define the senai wheretwo people who ont kno eachother start taking due to an external trent. The cataljt could be a tet ats or physcal ob Jet a seulpture Or could be an nasil ondtion ich 2 al n summer, power fate, fein 2 relghbor lng buldingoranything eee that pur people who onet now each otertostrt taking” Sinday moning on Swanston Set Mabevne, Astle. ” Sec/ iS Theaveragewpecditook SE (ndomstted peaeations 89 = Seer, 7 om ian. ae @ eons See ety woah many Mi, speteerereane” sont wire Willa Bacon Reepemirmas fee, fave ee free Be ‘convoy aso follow ts westmember Fastest man oo min 48 ‘cond How Fast People Walk? The 68 study above compris four regtratons of the verage speed of paertians covering @eo-meter sich Song he wating etn Copenhagen, The entre s km tang atest can be walked inva mates, But prt speed i intuence by weathe, ge, mobil, ends and ‘ether the padestane alone pat af agus. ‘A representative segment of pedestians vas shadowed through a o-metersuetch and the speed registered in seconds per 0 mater. The 'aph clay shows the 8 tendene to walk slower n warmer wenther. Shown a ‘orto how dfletent people walk dferent speeds" ‘ncidusl pedestrians walk ster than people in groups. Indvdualmen walk fstest cord 48 secondo mete ‘ih teenagers and women slighty slower. Then come peopl group ad ur Ike in any oer covoy, hey bre forced follow the speed ofthe lowest participant. “The sdowest tie 7 ecandsico meters was cocked by 2 poles ocean patol™ Question 5. How long? “Walking speed and the amount of time spent staying fan provi information about the quay of physical ‘fameworis soften the case tharpeoplewalkslomer and Sty lonerin places rele tothe uaes en pleases offered. Registering human acuity nation fo the physical en- vironment presents «number of pedal problems, estan Toremest because the question ivlvs processes chains ‘of events undergoing continuous change, One moment Is note he peso othe one to follow. In cotras to ‘essuing bln, fr example time san importante torin act studles. “Toe tims cimansion oxen oundarstainafe n pub spaces, which makes lng ay question. od iio wo the passing of dys, weeks and merths the nd ‘dua studyatua concer haw fong it takes peopleto covet ‘certs stance, owlong hey ty na certain ple, and homong the atv ast “The answers to these questions ae relevant for fn cut ho Tong we ac ling walkin ore to use pubic Atansprt oto determine whch atts conte tO the whole activtylevel for eample, as knowtedge about bow org various actives est can uly the werk orienting selected pu spaces to- ‘nad ining pooper longer periods of tying wheal Towing other spaces tohave ansent characte. nome pce is deal for peopl to ory by as quickly ae posible inorder ta make room for others. Suaes othe duration of vareus atv an state more prey haw much ime s penton spec atv (ie or example, ton tae lng to walktoand fom a pred car one resent street, and only sight Inge oempty the mobos while actives suchas gardening or ‘tile’ ploy can tke considerably lange bios, ‘Stablshing numbers fr the relationship between activ ties of short and long duration can provide new insights In adation, the une spent by inviduls oftlen eas 0 Influence trough careful planning and design. Tsar des ot ake amar expose atv © tne peopl to sty longer However they do stay longer, tanita cn slgnfcany induence ther perception of ‘Nhetheror nota place vant and wortha stay, rf they woud vther move on 3 quick as poset something Datta: ~=S, Se. >. COUNTING, ... MAPPING, © TRACKING AND OTHER TOOLS This chapter describes various tools for system= atizing and registering direct observations ofthe interaction between public space and public if ‘A ew cases of indirect observations are men- tioned, such as using cameras or other technical devices to register or look for traces of human activity. Regardless of the tools selected, itis always necessary to consider the purpose and timing ‘ofthe study. General questions of this type are

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