Condenser

Schematic Diagram
Log Mean Temp. Difference 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 − θm

θ2 − θ1
θm = Then:
θ
ln 2
θ1
t 2 − t in − t 3 − t out
Since: θm =
t − t in
ln 2
θ2 = t 2 − t in t 3 − t out
θ1 = t 3 − t out
t out − t in
θm =
But: t sat − t in
ln
t sat − t out
t 2 = t 3 = t sat @Pcondenser
Heat Transfer through the Condenser
Q R = mS h2 − h3 − 𝑒𝑞. 1 Q R = UAθm − 𝑒𝑞. 2
Where: Where:
Q R − Heat Rejected by the Steam Q R − Heat Absorbed by the Material
A = outside tube area, ft 2
h2 − enthalpy of steam from the turbine
ഥ × Ft × Fm × Fc × Fp
U=U
(wet mixture)
h3 − hf @Pcondenser Fp → prime mover factor 1.0
chlorinated = 0.85
Fc → cleanliness factor
good water = 0.95
Q R = mw Cp t out − t in 𝑒𝑞. 3
w Fm → tube material & thickness
Where: correction factor
Q R − Heat Absorbed by the Cooling Ft → temp. correction factor
Water
m𝑤 − Mass of Cooling Water ഥ → coefficient of heat transfer c vel
U
BTU
Figure 8 − 9; page 351
ft2 −hr−℉
Sample Problem
Design a surface condenser for a turbine that exhaust 50,000lb/hr of steam at
2”Hgabs with circulating water entering at80℉. Use an 8° terminal difference, 7-fps
velocity, ¾ in. 18BWG Admiralty Metal tube, and a cleanliness factor of 0.85.

Given:
lb
Ms = 50,000
hr
14.7psi
Pcond = 2"Hg × = 0.98262 psi
29.92"Hg
t in = 80℉
θi = 8° = t 3 − t out
3
v = 7fps; in 18BWG
4
FC = 0.85
Solution:
From steam table Pcond = 0.98262 psi

P (psi) T (℉)
0.9492 100
0.98262 t sat = 101.095 ℉ = T2 = T3
0.1016 105
Thus:

t out = t 3 − 8℉ = 101.095 − 8 = 93.095℉

And,
93.095 − 80
θln =
101.095 − 80
ln
101.095 − 93.095

13.095
= = 13.51°
0.96959
From Figure 8-9, page 351 Solving for the surface area (A)
ഥ = c vel,
U where C@3Τ4 = 270 Q R = UAθm = ms h2 − h3
ഥ = 270 7
U Where:
BTU Q R = ms h2 − h3 ≈ ms hfg @Pcond
ഥ = 714.353
U
ft 2 − hr − ℉ Note: due to the fact that h2 is not on saturated
Also, steam point, thus ℎ𝑓𝑔 @𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑.
ft Thus the Heat Exchange Institute released:
Ft @7 = 1
s BTU
hfg @Pcond = 950 non − reheat turbine
3 lb
Fm @ Admiralty metal 18BWG = 1 BTU
4 hfg @Pcond = 1000 reheat turbine and steam engine.
FC = 0.85 lb
Then:
Fp = 1 for turbine BTU lb BTU
ms 950 50,000 × 950
Thus: A= lb = hr lb
Uθm BTU
U = 714.353 × 1 × 1 × 0.85 × 1 607.2 2 × 13.51℉
ft − hr − ℉
BTU
U = 607.2 A = 5790.37ft 2
ft2 −hr−℉
Figure 8-9
Solving for mass of cooling water Solving the number of tubes from table 8-1, p. 353,
Q R = mw Cp t out − t in ¾ 18BWG
w
Vol gpm
lb BTU No. of tubes =
50,000 × 950 factor × Vel.
mw = hr lb
BTU 7246.92gpm
1 × 93.095 − 80 No. of tubes =
lb − ℉ ft
1.042 × 7
lb s
mw = 3,627,338.68
hr tubes
No. of tubes = 993.55
Expressing in terms of volume (gal/min) pass
lb 1hr Solving the length of tubes
mw 3,627,338.68 ×
hr 60min Area
Volw = = Length =
ρw lb A
62.4 3 No. of tubes ×
ft L
ft 3 gal 5790.37ft 2
Volw = 968.84 × 7.48 3 Lenght =
min ft ft 2
gal 993.55 0.1963
ft
Volw = 7246.92 or gpm
min Length = 29.69ft
Table 8-2 suggest that A = 3,000 to 6,000 length is 14 to 20 ft., thus
29.69ft
Actual Length = + {2 x tube sheet thickness }
2pass

1 1ft
= 14.845 ft + {2 × inch 𝑥 }
2 12inch
= 14. 93 ft
Actual No. of tubes = 993.55 × 2 pass
= 1987.1 ≈ 1988 tubes

Solving the friction loss on the condenser from fig. 8-11; p. 355; 7ft/s vel; 2 pass
hf = no. of pass 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 + 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
hf = 2 pass × 14.93ft × 0.4 + 1.4
hf = 14.744 ft
Figure 8-11
Solving the Break Horsepower of the Pump
𝑔
hf × 𝑉ሶ × ρ × 𝑜
𝑔𝑐
BP =
33,000 η

𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏 32.2
14.744𝑓𝑡 × 968.84 × 62.4 𝑚3 × 𝑠2
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑓𝑡
32.2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠 2
BP =
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
33,000 η
ℎ𝑝 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛

=36.01 hp @ 75% pump efficiency

Parts of the Condenser