SIR RICHARD terms and eme

by mikayqtqt

PRE TEST

TEXTUAL METHOD

The text itself should be form the self sufficient object of inquiry and understanding

OLIGARCHY

Rule by the few that was the dominant form of government in the Greek-city states during the
Age of archaic and classical Greece

SOLON

Said to have started the story of the Athenian democracy by understanding some major
economic reforms

SOCIAL CONTEXT METHOD

It holds that it is the context of the religious political and economic factors which determines the
meaning of any given text.

BASILEUS

Originally, Greek city-state was ruled by a king, called basileus

EKKLESIA

Right and duty of every male Athenian ciizen who was over 29 years old to attend

ISEGORIA

An equal opportunity to speak given to all citizens, irrespective of their status

ATHENIAN

Citizenship of Socrates and plato

GRAPHE PARANOMON

A suit, or an accusation against a bill or proposal which was contrary to the law

PARREHSIA

Means “FRANK AND CRITICAL SPEECH” during ancient democratic Athens

APPETITES ( farm )

The lowest element of the SOUL according to Plato (conflict with reason)

CATHOLIC CHURCH

An ancient religion that found Platonism conducive to its doctrine

CALLIPOLIS
 It means the ideal city according to the republic

ANNCIENT GREEK HISTORY DIVISION/PERIODS

Mycenaean Period, Dark Ages, Archaic Ages, Classical Ages

ACADEMY

School of plato

PHAINOMENA

Means appearance

ARISTOTLE

Author of De Anima

KARL POPPER

Criticize plato with the theory of unchecked sovereignty

PHRONESIS

A virtue which means Practical wisdom

POLIS

Means city state

THE REPUBLIC

Book written by Plato about the virtue of Justice

APOLOGY

A dialogue between Socrates and his accusers

NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS

The scientist of the good of man is politics

OLIGARCHY

If ancient Athens was democracy, ancient Sparta is considered oligarchy

GUARDIANS (philosophers and soldiers)

They will defend the city against external attacks according to plato

RATIONAL

Highest element of the SOUL according to Plato

EUDAIMONIA

Means happiness in the philosophy of Socrates

MACEDONIA

Birth place of Aristotle

INTRODUCTION

 CONVERSATION with the voices from the past is what an engagement with the history of political
thought

 POLITICS seems to be one of the significant markers of human creativity, and in societies where
this creativity often seems to bear fruit as in a modernizing society, thinking about politics is a
central concern

 PAST legitimate object of enquiry, pace the discipline of history

TEXTUAL METHOD

Insisting that the given autonomy of the text itself as the sole necessary key to its own meaning

Text itself should form self-sufficient object of inquiry and understanding

ARISTOTLE NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS

The centrality of the concept of the choice to the concept of moral action

JS MILL

Making freedom of the choice essential for the development of our moral and mental faculties

CONTEXTUAL METHOD

It is the context which determines the meaning of any given text

LEVIATHAN

Response to the pressing political questions r political problems of the day

 In order to study political thought then we require knowledge of the HISTORY

IDEAS

Response to immediate circumstance

 Looking at the text in the context is also a matter of interpreting the context orrectly.

HANS GEORG GADAMER

Exponent of modern hermeneutic “FUSION and HORIZON”

GADAMER

Believes that it is through these assumptions that we think, interpret, and understand at all
 Believes humans are part of an “effective history”

 A study of SOCIAL CONTEXT may help in the understanding of a text

LINGUISTICS COTEXT

A certain language of politics is available to him in which he understands the political question of
his day

 It is its difference how the political concerns of that time were different --- that make it relevant
to us not the fact that its that its author was asking the same question about politics to us

 Politics brings out change

 If our goal is human happiness o human welfare, we can use politics as an instrument to change
things in that direction

 Political authority is legitimated by the idea of individual rights

ONE

PHILOSOPHICAL THERESOME

Socrates, Aristotle, Plato

SOCRATES AND PLATO

Athenian citizens

ARISTOTLE

Not Athenian citizen

ANCIENT GREEK HISTORY DIVISION

The Mycenaean Period, the Dark Ages, the Archaic Ages, the Classical Ages

POLIS

City- state

BASILEUS

King who ruled the Greek city state

ARCHONS

Group of 3 men. Replace basileus

ARCHON EPONYMOUS

Functioned like chief magistrate

POLEMARCH
 Head of arms forces

ARCHON BASILEUS

Performed religious duties

COUNCIL OF AREOPAGUS

Responsible for city’s government

ARISTOCRACY

Government of Athens during 7th century

OLIGARCHY

Ruled by few usually noble born and rich and wealthy. Dominant form of government in the
Greek city states

FOUR IMPORTANT MOMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS

 Solons economic reforms of the late 6th century

 Cleisthenes reorganization of the tribes in the early 6 th century
 The reforms of 462-460bce associated with epilates and pericles
 The changes of 404-403bce

HEKTEMORIORI

Tenant or Farmer

FOUR PROPERTY CLASSES

 PENTAKOSIOMEDIMNOI atleast 500 measure produce

 HIPPIES 300-500 measure produce. Able to provide horse and be cavalry men in times of war
 ZEUGITAI 200-300 measure produce could pay for their own armor and who become infantry
men during war
 THETES only produce less than 200 measure. Manual laborers and did not pay taxes

BOULE

New political institution: To advice the archons

EKKLESIA

Pre existing advisory body

DEMES

Place of residence

TRITTYES

Division of the localities group

EKKLESIA
 Right and duty of every male Athenian who was 20 years old to attend

EKKLESIA KYRIA

Session was called the main meeting

OBLOS

Payment for attending ekklesia

AGORA

Market place

BEMA

Podium

FREE SPEECH

Athenians saw as an integral to the proper functioning of their democracy

ISEGORIA

An equal opportunity to speak given to all citizens

PARRHESIA

Frank and critical speech

GRAPHE PARANOMON

Suit or an accusation against a bill or proposal which was contrary to the law

EISANGELIA

An accusation of crimes against the state

B OULE

Or council was responsible for preparing the agenda of each session of the assembly

PRYTHANEIS

Standing committee group of 50

STRATEGOI

Most important magistrates (10 generals)

EUTHYNAI

Accounts of magistrates on leaving the office

DIKASTERIA

Known as courts
DIKASTS

Jurors who secured in dikasteria

METICS

Resident alien with no political rights

ATHENIAN WOMEN

Were not given any rights

50,000 ATHENIANS

Males considered citizens

SLAVERY

The basis of the ancient democracy

EM WOOD

Ordinary peasant citizen and the crafts men citizen who formed the basis of the Athenian
democracy

TRIREMES

The ships which formed the backbone of the Athenian navy

SOCRATES

Speaking his mind on every occasion mirrors the democratic practice of parrhesia

PLATO

Famous for comparing democratic assembly to an out of control ‘great beast’ in republic

ARISTOTLE

Definition of political rule as a continuous altercation between ruling and being ruled in turn
captures the status of Athenian men as citizen-subjects

TWO

ACADEMY

Founded by plato

SOCRATES

Main protagonist of Plato’s dialogue

PLATONIC CORPUS

What we know about Socrates

EUDAIMONIA

Happiness

SOCRATES

First to establish the eudaimonia foundation of ethical theory

EUDAIMONIST AXIOM

That happiness is desired by all human beings as the ultimate end of all their rational acts

ARETE (VIRTUE)

Essential for happiness by Socrates

SOCRATES

Believes that everything had a specific function or goal

To perform its function well, a thing needs a special quality or virtue

To live happily we need specific virtues to achieve goal

Living good life means living virtuously

EUDAIMON

Living well favored by a god

FOUR CARDINAL VIRTUES

Courage, wisdom, justice, temperance

SOCRATIC ELENCHUS

Investigation of moral questions which means cross examnation

SOCRATES EARLY PLATONIC DIALOGUE

Knowledge elenctically but keeps avowing that he knows nothing

SOCRATES OF LATER PLATONIC DIALOGUES

Seeks demonstrative knowledge and is confidence

REPUBLIC

Dialogues about justice

APOLOGY

Dialogue between Socrates and his accusers

APOLOGY AND CRITO

Two of plato’s early dialogue

CRITO

Socrates in jail waiting for his execution

REPUBLIC

As dialogue between Socrates and his friend: Virtue of justice

JUSTICE

One of the four cardinal greek virtue

GUARDIANS

Defends the city against external attacks and maintain internal law and order

PLATO’S FULL BLOWN CITY

Contains 3 classes: farmers and crafts men/ auxiliaries (soldiers) / and philosophers

GUARDIANS

Philosophers and soldiers ( depende on farmers )

FARMERS Work of production SOLDIERS military skills PHILOSOPHERS develop reasoning skills

PERSONS SOUL BY PLATO

Contains 3 elements superior to the body: APPETITE (farm ) lowest SPIRITED (auxiliaries) part
of the soul RATIONAL (live for reason) highest element

Soul reason the rational – Appetite conflict with reason

JUSTICE

Serves as the common interest: fair distribution

Requires individual takes up, everyone is doing their part

PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE

Ensure not only the common interest served,, but happiness of these individuals is also served
because of the harmony between what they do.

SOCRATIC CONCEPT OF VIRTUE

Link between the happiness of an individual and the happiness of others

PLATONIC CONCEPT OF JUSTICE

Specifies links as a distribution of the work and benefits

PLATO ( = reason)

Follower of Socrates

PLATO INTEREST
 Make city virtuous and happy

DISTRIBUTIVE PRINCIPLE

Citizens receiving whatever goods they are capable of benefiting from

PLATONIC POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Importance of political community focusing on justice

SOCRATIC DICTUM

Virtue is knowledge

FORMS

Plato’s ideas are called. Good, justice, beauty, truth, courage, and other moral attributes

RATIONALISM

Most important aspect of plato’s philosophy

LIFE OF REASON

Goal of human life according to plato

POLITICS

Divided lines that separates the world and of change

VIRTUE

Essential for community

THREE MEN

Athenian stranger, clinias from crete, and megillus from Sparta

PLATOS POLITICAL THOUGHT DIFFERENT PERIOD

The early Socratic dialogue the middle period, the later period dialogues

NOCTURNAL COUNCIL

Highest body: consist of wisest men

GUARDIANS OF LAW

Small body

KARL POPPER

Sharply criticized plato for using the theory of unchecked sovereignty

REASON

Has nothing to do with either human experience or our emotions and passion
THREE

ARITOTLE

Faithful student of plato, was not an Athenian, born in Macedonia

LYCEUM

School of Aristotle

PHAINOMENA

Appearance

ENDOXA

Beliefs ( what we believe, what we say)

FORMS

Represent the truth then the forms are contained in the appearance themselves

HUMAN BEING GOAL

Live a life of eudaimonia, to flourish

SOCRATES AND PLATO

To live well was to live virtuously

EUDAIMONIA BY ARISTOTLE

Full normal functioning of a thing relative to a capacities specific to its kind

PHRONESIS

Practical wisdom

NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS

Concerned with the good life for a human being is a component of goof life

MORAL ACTION

Important to understand because moral development is goal of human life

VIRTUE

Is a state or character concerned with choice lying is a mean

ASPECT OF WHAT TO BE MORAL ACTION

To have acted morally, the faculty of right judgement, character

ETHICAL LOGOI
 Argument

3 FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE

The contemplative science ( theory as end) the pratical science ( good action as end ) the
productive science ( an object as end)

POLITIKOS

Who handles the affairs of political associations

PATERNAL RULE

Kingship over the family

ARISTOTLE

It is also the purpose that allows us to make sense why claims that man is a political animal
or that the state is a natural association

ZOOM POLITIKON

Political animal

 The goal of human life is to live well. To Aristotle to live well is to live a moral person

MORALITY

Requires that one is able to be impartial between owns interest and the interest of
others who are not related

VIRTUE BY SOCRATES 2 ASPECTS

Brought happiness to individual and Safeguard the community

POLITY

Best form of government

CONSTITUTION

For Aristotle, a way of distributing deliberative and judicial office, that’s the right of
the citizens

2 PRINCCIPLE TO CLASSIFY CONSTITUTION

A. Whether legislative and judicial office is concentrated in the hands of one, the
few or the many
B. Whether those who hold these office are performing their function keeping the
common good in mind

2 PRINCIPLES GIVES 3 GOOD CONSTITUTIONS

Monarch Aristoracy Polity

3 PERVERTED FORMS

Tyranny Oligarchy Democracy

DEMOCRACY

For Aristotle is the least bad of the perverted constitutions

 Peasant-based democracy is much better than extreme democracy in which there is no respect
for the law

JUSTICE

For Aristotle, a principle of the proportionality with only thosecounting as equal who
are with respect to some relevant criteria

TELOS

Goal

SPEECH

Is the mark of mans political nature because speech is the medium in which politics
take place

SPEECH ARISTOTLE

Is a matter of conversation debate in the ekklesia, articulate discussion

POLITY

Final goal of all human Endeavour then, obviously, it must be polity which is the
best constitution

Most stable constitution

SOCIOLOGICALLY SPEAKING

Polity is characterized by predominance of the middle class

OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

Farmers, mechanics, laborers, soldiers, and priest

SOCIAL CLASSES

Rich poor and middle class

INJUSTICES

(Aristotle) prime cause of resolution and instability in society

POLITICAL NATURALISATION

Aristotle’s part of his teological way of thinking

TEOLOGY

Central to Aristotle’s theory of explanation

4 DIFFERENT KIND OF CAUSE IN THE THEORY OF EXPLANATION

The material cause

The efficient cause

The formal cause

The final cause

FINAL CAUSE

Provides the real explanation of any phenomena

 Nature is a purposive system

 Nature may not be a moral system but it most certainly displays a rational ordering – Aristotle

LETTER:

Hi kung nakita mo to ibig sabihin charaaan! I hope what I did here will be able to
help you with our subj. I don’t really know if I get the important things/terms HEHEH. I did this to lessen
things heheheh sana nakatulong talaga. 

I am happy that we come this far and look, we are 2 sems away sa graduation. I
am glad that we are still here alive and kicking. I hope you are happy that I am me HAHAH

If you have any problems and difficulty it may be in academics or in life, please let
me know and know that you can count on me. Mukha lang akong masungit at di approachable pero
pwede mo akong lapitan during hard moments. Mabait at Mabuti akong nilalang HAHAH Sana okay ka
lang palagi at kung hindi pag usapan natin yan! 

So ayon lang, I hope this will really help you.

Take care always!

˜M˜