20, 2. 2. 2 28, (3) {ne tive options a nave A << .LaUst We Mane nv os altitudes from A, B,C respectively. ABC bas area 8 = ah/2 a> b> c(sincch < ht < H, ‘Taree positive lengths a, b, ¢ with a > 6 > ¢ form the sides ofa triangle precisely when 2 < be (bythe triangle inequality), This condition is equivalent 10 JZ < b/26 +124; thas, 1h <1 417%, ‘The ratios A, B,D, E all satisfy this conition, but C doesnot. ‘Suppose the large squere has sie s, andthe small top Tet Apc» rectangle has vrical side of length x. ele 1 AB = Jz, CD = 3/x, EF = 2 = TU =s~4/z, TW = 5-3. $= A/x = 2 ~ 4x (ince TUVW isa square~ given) ‘ Br = 4/x, sox = 2/3. perimeter ofthe boom left rectangle =2/x+ 4x =3/ 8+ 8/9 = 11IN3. @4P = (0+ H(A ab+ D> sinba-+con'x = (sinx-+ cosa sin? sinx00sx + 08"x) ‘AAOM is «30-60-90 tangle, 0 04 = 20M. ‘BAOM and AAO'M’ are similar, and 00" = OM + OM (sum of two rai); sinx + cosx)(1 ~sinxc0sx) pO Man ON TURE OTe Pees OM” OA A ca OM! = OM = 1:3 eM : (OMY = 159 Join AB, BC and CA. 4 Then ABC is equilateral, with sides length 3c. ‘The tree medians meet at O, where y ‘AO = BO = CO = (2/3)x 3V3/2)= V3. 2: OX 2 OY = OZ =3 Ni. a 5 Hence the circle centre O through X,Y, Z has area (3 ~ x3 = (12 ~ 6y3) = 6x2 ~ V3) ‘Let A be the apex of the cone, O the centre of the ‘sphere and the point wbere the sere Touches he thse ofthe cone. Let P be any point where the sphere touches the sige ofthe cone, and lt Bethe pint, ‘whee the ne AP meets the base ofthe coe LeOP = r= OC be the radius ofthe sphere. ABC and AAOP ar sila. * BC/OP = AC/AP = (AO + OC)/AP BC/r = [rf sina + r}/{r/ tana) BC = r(1+ sina) cosa volume of phere = 9 = 4xP/3 : volume of cone = € = (1/3)xr(1 + sina) cosal? x (r/ sina +r) ane = 2389} (E282 = sana cot art + Soa? _ 4 sina costal = sina)? emcee a (lear (= sata 4sina(l ~ sina)? cota rl leer 10, nL. 12, 13, 14, 15, UK SENIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE Orgenised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust, SOLUTIONS This solutions pamphlet outlines a solution for each problem on this year’s paper. We have tried o give the most straightforward approach, but the soluions presented here are not the only possible solutions Occasionally we have added a ‘Note (in itlics). lease share these solutions with your students. Much of the potential benefit of grappling with challenging mathematical problems depends on teachers making time for some kind of review, or | ftiow-np, during which stents may besin to see what they should have done, and how many problems they could have solved. We hope that you and they agree that the firs: 15, problems could, in principle, have been solved by nost ‘candidates; if not, please let us know. =| 3B. | wl = | cdl 2 | a] E au] A |b axae (2.x 4) +2 = 10, the other options all give the answer 12. ‘The five integers ae “consecutive” “The third tem isthe middle term and sois equal tothe average 10, while the second and fourth terms are equal to10 ~ d and 10 + d, where d = 1 isthe common difference, NOTE: (a) There is no need to work out the terms ofthe sequence. (b) The same idea wil work for any AP: the sum of two terms the same distance either side ofthe middle term is equal to twice the average. “The area of a shombus ABCD is equal to half the product ofthe diagonals AC.BD. {A rhombus is «special parallelogram, so the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other ~ at May. “The diagonal AC cuts the rhombus into two congruent isosceles triangles ABC and CDA. “The line joining the apex B of the isosceles triangle ABC to the mid-point M of the base [AC is perpendicular t0.AC; *. AABC bas base AC and height BD/2, so has area (AC/2}(8D2). + the thombus ABCD has area (AC.BDY2.] ‘The smallest amount that cannot be paid with < 4 coins is 38p, Ip. 2p, Sp, 10p, 20p can all be paid with just one coin. 3p. 4p, 6p. TP. L1p, 12p, Sp, 21p, 22p, 25p, 30p require two coins 5p.9p, 139, 14p, 16p, 17p, 23p, 24p, 26, 27p, 3p. 32p, 35p all require three coins 0eSe26'), 19p (=10+5+242), 28p (=20+5+241), 29p (=20454242), 1), 34p (=20+104242), 36p (=20+10+5+1), 37p (220+10+542), all 3iip cannot be paid with four coins.) ue Four eo ‘The surface ofthe initial 2 by 2 by 2 arrangement consists of nit squares, The surface of each unit cube cecmoctrantome,sinawictices OG <9 210, 8am0:200 = 8:5 ne fur comers, the resulting "shape" has a surface area of nactly 24 24.120 = 211 = £10255; 300:180 = 5: str for ernouii could be the frst entry in Volume 2; t would then be right atthe ont that is on the right of Volume 2 as it stands on the shel henry for “iste gould be the last entry in Volume 3, so would be right atthe back. thie kitof Velume 3 as it stands on the shelf SOT: There nv be several entries under the name of “Bernoulli”? infact the Projessr of Mathematics in the University of Base! was called Bernoulli for 105 years inu row. Three members of the family stand out: Jakob (1654-1705), Johann (1667-1748) and Daniel (1700-1782) all made major contributions to mathematics The first twelve students scored a total of 12 x 6.5 = 718 marks. ‘The remaining eight students might have scored any total between 8 x O= 0 and 8 x 10 = 80. Thus the twenty students could have a toll score as low as 78-+ 0 = 78 marks, or as high as 78+ 80 = 158 marks, Hence all we can say about the average M forthe whole ‘group is that it must be > 78/20 = 3.9 and < 158/20 = 7.9. Let the cube have side length s, Using Pythagoras onthe ight angled triangle ABC (with AB = BC =), we find AC =5V2. Using Pythagoras on the right angles triangle ACG, we find AG =543. Hence cos 2CAG = ACIAG = V(2/3), OL = £/10,200n = nf10. 04 = 1/9,s00n = 0/9. nL. 2 13. 4 18, 16. u. 18. 19, 999 = 9x 111 < 9x99 =H < 9 < (99? = 977 < 9H = (VP < 9 < 9") 14201 +20 +201 +20 +20 +201 ¢ 201 + 201 +20 + 20+ BM) SLF2E Pe D eH ea he a hy Po 24 Now (t-! 4274 2. +P +24 Ie - 1) = (- 1) DH 428424 0. +P +241) = (= 1-1) = 2-1 ‘Suppose Noel bought c cards atm pence each. Thus ne = 1560. The extra e) card effectively reduced the unit cost by Ip. (n+ e- 1) = 1560 netc=n=1 = 156 ne = nin+) 0 = +n 1560 = (n 39 (n+ 40) n= 39 (incen > 0) Hence Noel could have bought 12 cards fo 5 (with 32p change). Sappose there are h pecs along each orzontal edge and v pices slong each vertical edge. Then hy = 1000 = 25), ‘Thus the only possibilities forthe pur (A, v) are {1.1000}, (2,500), (4,250), 15, 200), {8, 125), 110,100), (20,50), (25,401. ‘The total numberof edge pieces is 2h 4 2 ~ 4 = 2(h + v ~ 2)(since 2h + 2y counts «each ofthe four comers twice). 2. 126(= 2(25 + 40 = 2), 136(= 2(20 + 50 ~ 2),21 possible; but 316 isnot. ‘Tae exterior angle at D of wiangle ADC is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles: “ 2BDC = ZDAC + £DCA = @ + (ACB ~ ZBCD) = 6 + (ZACB - 6) = ZACB = ZDBC (giver) Hence ACAD is isosceles withthe same angles as BACB. ‘BC/BD = BC/{(AC/2) ae AC? + AB - 2.AC.AB. 0086 (by the cosine rule in ABC) (V2.BC) + (V2.BC} ~ 2.(2.BC)(v2.BC} cos 8 BBC)/(4BC) = 3/4. ach arc i x/360 times the fll circumference. arwAA’ = (x/360)2na, and are BB’ = (x/36))2xb [Now equate the lengths ofthe two routes (are Ad direct and via arcBB), (£/360)2na = (a ~ 6) + (x/360)2xb + (a - b) (1/360) (@ ~ b) = 2(0 - b) (1360) = 1 360/x = 360/(22/7) Poy = sta) = seh) = (est Vt +) ofa) = PRG) = FCA) = -A/I-1a) = Fa) = FW) = FG) = “l/s. f(y) lies onthe cuve, so does (x, —):this excludes A, C ‘Vales of x which produce negative values of sin x donot feature: this excludes D. Bis possible: this excludes E YVol(sand = vol(ytinger) + vo(hemisphere) = (wr4).r + fx = jar’ ‘When tuned over, he conical end (volume (r*/3)) fils up fs, and the eyiner then filletoa heioh of fr /3-—a ttl hele e+ 4/3 = 7r13. 20 + 100 ~ 2))are all 1260/11 = 1145. = 2) = ol)