Industrial Lubrication and Tribology

Determination of Archard’s wear coefficient and wear simulation of sliding bearings

Miloš Stanković, Aleksandar Marinković, Aleksandar Grbović, Žarko Mišković, Božidar Rosić, Radivoje Mitrović,
Article information:
To cite this document:
Miloš Stanković, Aleksandar Marinković, Aleksandar Grbović, Žarko Mišković, Božidar Rosić, Radivoje Mitrović, (2018)
"Determination of Archard’s wear coefficient and wear simulation of sliding bearings", Industrial Lubrication and Tribology,
https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-08-2018-0302
Permanent link to this document:
https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-08-2018-0302
Downloaded on: 12 January 2019, At: 04:53 (PT)
References: this document contains references to 17 other documents.
To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)

The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 45 times since 2018*

Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:448547 []
For Authors
If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service
information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit
www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information.
About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of
more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online
products and additional customer resources and services.
Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics
(COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.

*Related content and download information correct at time of download.

 Determination of Archard’s wear coefficient
and wear simulation of sliding bearings
Miloš Stankovic, Aleksandar Marinkovic, Aleksandar Grbovic, Žarko Miškovic, Božidar Rosic and
Radivoje Mitrovic
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to present the methodology to determine Archard’s wear coefficient. By applying this coefficient into the numerical
simulation of wear, it is possible to predict wear without long lasting and usually expensive experiments.
Design/methodology/approach – To determine necessary particles of Archard’s equation and calculate wear coefficient K, an experimental
investigation is proposed. Afterwards, the wear simulation is executed in FEM software ANSYS 18.1. Analytical method is offered to determine worn
volume for cylinder-in-cylinder contact, based on “inclination” of inner cylinder.
Findings – Comparing the value of Archard’s coefficient obtained by this experimental investigation with the values from the literature for the
similar materials, high correlation is noted. Furthermore, numerically calculated contact pressure is confirmed with analytical method. Trend of
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)

pressure decrease due to wearing process, as well as due to increase of contact surface is observed.
Practical implications – Since the prediction of the wear is closely related to the life cycle assessment of bearings, and the machines in general, it
has significant practical importance for designers.
Originality/value – Determination of Archard’s coefficient is usually performed by conventional pin-on-disk tribometers. This methodology offers a
different approach for the determination of Archard’s wear coefficient for cylinder-in-cylinder contact, which is convenient for shaft-sliding bearing
contact.
Keywords Determination of Archard’s coefficient, Simulation of wear, Sliding bearings, Tribology of polymers
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction (Podra and Andersson, 1999) and compared it to the

Sliding bearings made of polymer materials (Krsmanovic and
Mitrovic, 2015) are widely used in case of special operation
conditions. These conditions are dry running, in absence of
lubricant, self-maintenance, etc. In many industries, sliding
bearings are inevitable components. For example, in the food
industry, where lubricant can spoil the food, or in the
production of household appliances, where longevity, smooth
operation and low mass of product are desirable. For all these
reasons, these bearings are quite interesting for investigation
and analysis.
In this paper, the wear of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyamide sliding bearings is investigated. Due to high costs
and longevity of the experiments, an attempt is made to predict
wear by means of FEM software ANSYS. The idea of wear
simulation originated from the late 1990s of the past century,
evolving hand by hand with the computer technology. Among
the first to present methods of FEM simulations of wear, were
Podra and Andersson, who presented the simulation with the
Winkler surface model (Podra and Andersson, 1997) to make it
simpler and less time consuming. Afterwards, the same authors
performed the simulation of sliding wear by means of ANSYS
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on
Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/0036-8792.htm
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 0036-8792]
[DOI 10.1108/ILT-08-2018-0302]
experimental results obtained by pin-on-disk apparatus. Liu
and Li (2001) presented some modifications to Archard’s
equation to improve wear prediction in case of studying highly
elastic or pseudoelastic materials. Determination of Archard’s
coefficient, theoretically and experimentally, was also
presented by many authors. Back in Challen and Oxley (1986)
analysed the low cycle fatigue wear mechanisms, indicating that
the wear coefficient was inversely proportional to the surface
roughness and hardness. Lee and Jou (2003) tried to take into
account the heating influence onto Archard’s coefficient during
a warm forging process. Later on, Benabdallah and Olender
(2006) did 2D wear simulation of polyoxymethylene by means
of pin-on-disc configurations. Due to uneven contact pressure
distribution, the development of an inclination in the wearing
profile of the pin was predicted by the simulation. One of the
recent attempts to determine Archard’s coefficient
experimentally was done by Sarkar et al. (2007). They
measured the change of wall thickness due to abrasive wear and
This work has been performed within the projects TR 35011, and TR
35021. These projects are supported by the Republic of Serbia, Ministry of
Education, Science and Technological Development, whose financial help
is gratefully acknowledged.
Received 6 August 2018
Revised 2 October 2018
11 October 2018
21 October 2018
24 October 2018
Accepted 24 October 2018
 Wear simulation of sliding bearings
Miloš Stankovic et al.
then used it to calculate the worn volume and Archard’s
coefficient.
The aim of the experiment presented in this paper is to
determine the dimensionless Archard’s coefficient K for the
specific material PTFE Polyamide, to simulate and predict
wear of this material. A 3D wearing simulation during three
revolutions of shaft is performed and results are compared with
experimental and analytical data.
2. Description of the test sample
For the purpose of this investigation, sliding bearings made of
PTFE Polyamide are used. Their mechanical and tribological
properties are given in Table I. Every sample used in this
investigation is labelled to provide easier data management.
Samples labelled with numbers 1 to 4 are used for pre-tests, to
optimize the input parameters of the experiment. Samples 5, 6
and 7 are used for the main tests. All data presented in this
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)
paper are related to these three samples. Although roughness of
the bearing’s contact surface is not relevant for this
investigation, it is interesting to present, as Archard’s
coefficient K, among others, comprehends its influence on
wearing. The roughness is measured on each sample subjected
to the experiment, in three angular positions: 0°, 120° and
240°. The mean roughness with standard deviations is given in
Figure 1.
3. Experimental determination of Archard’s wear
coefficient
According to Archard (1980), the wear could be calculated by
following equation:
Table I Characteristics of PTFE polyamide bushing
Permissible load, [N/mm2], (dynamic/static) 40/80
Permissible sliding velocity, [m/s] 1 loads. It is equipped with a frequency inverter, providing the
Friction coefficient 0.06..0.15
Temperature range, [°C] 30..1110
Density, [kg/m3] 1380
Figure 1 Mean roughness of the sliding bearings with the standard
deviation (s )
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
LF
DV ¼ K
H
where DV(m3) is the volume of the worn material, L (m)
stands for the sliding distance, F (N) represents the normal
load (N), H (N/m2) is the hardness of the softer material and
K is dimensionless wear coefficient. Conducting the
experiment, for the predefined sliding distance and normal
load, with known hardness of the material, it is possible to
determine coefficient K which should take into account all
the other phenomena that are influential to the amount of
wear (i.e. surface roughness). Sliding distance and radial
load should be set to provide measureable wear of sample,
for the reasonable duration of the experiment. Radial load
and the rotation speed should also meet the requirements of
the pv diagram of the sample. Taking into account all of
these factors, based on the literature (Benabdallah and
Olender, 2006; SKF Group., 2010) and constraints
regarding to the working conditions of the test rig, the
following experiment parameters are defined as follows:
p ¼ 1 MPa
v ¼ 1 m=s
L ¼ 20000 m
where p is average contact pressure, v is sliding velocity and L is
sliding distance.
The test rig is a custom made apparatus (Figure 2), the
property of the laboratory for the Machine elements, Faculty of
the Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade. Although pin-on-disk
(Benabdallah and Olender, 2006; Akinci, 2015) or ball on disk
(Cui et al., 2015) is the most common approach to determine
the wear, this apparatus allows examination of the cylinder-
in-cylinder configuration which corresponds to the contact of
sliding bearing and shaft. Two samples could be tested at the
same time and the same sliding speed, but with different radial
possibility to vary the sliding speed. Radial load is applied by
means of the weights hanged on the input arm of lever, while
the output arm lays below the nave in which the sample is
mounted. This test rig provides continuous measurement of
temperature and friction torque between the shaft and the
sample. Temperature is measured by thermocouple, and
friction torque by the system of strain gauges. By means of the
friction torque, the friction coefficient of the pair in contact can
be calculated.
Figure 2 Scheme of a test rig – a custom made machine USL 5-30
 Wear simulation of sliding bearings Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Miloš Stankovic et al.

The radial load is determined based on the average pressure in Applying this thickness into the following analytical calculation,
contact p = 1 MPa. To obtain this pressure, the following radial it is possible to determine worn volume of the sample.
load on the sample’s surface A should be applied: In Figure 4, note R1 ¼ d21 ; and R2 ¼ d22 , where d1 stands for
the real diameter of the outer cylinder, and d2 is the real
F ¼ p  A ¼ 1  20  20 ¼ 400 N diameter of the inner cylinder. Diameter d1 is obtained by
measuring five different samples, and calculating their average
For this radial load, the calculated mass of the weights hanged value, while d2 is measured on the same shaft, by varying the
on the input arm of the lever should be: angle and the position of the Vernier caliper along
F 1 400 the longitudinal axis of the shaft. The results are presented in
m¼  ¼ ¼ 4:079 kg the Table III.
g 10 9:81  10

In the experiment, the mass of the applied weights was m = Figure 4 Analytical determination of the worn volume
4.016 kg. The radial load which corresponds to this mass is:

F ¼ m  g  10 ¼ 393:95 N
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)

3.1 Determination of the worn volume DV

The measurement of the worn volume DV is the most complex
part of the experiment. For its evaluation, it is assumed that the
material is removed uniformly along the sample’s width.
Assuming this, and according to the geometry of the sample
and shaft in contact, the worn volume could be analytically
determined based on decrease of the wall thickness after the
wearing process (Figure 4). Generally speaking, the task is to
determine thickness of the bearing’s wall in the contact area
before and after the process of wearing. Table III Real measures of the bearing d1, and shaft d2
For this purpose, 3D microscope HIROX KH-7700 is used Measurement no. d1 [mm] d2 [mm]
with the possibility of magnification up to 400 times. Images of
1 20.22 19.94
one sample made before and after wearing are presented in
2 20.19 19.93
Figure 3, and the overview table with the thicknesses, for each
3 20.17 19.94
of three samples is given in Table II.
4 20.23 19.95
X 5 20.23 19.94
i 0:297 1 0:298 1 0:310
i¼ ¼ ¼ 0:302 mm Average value: 20.21 19.94
n 3 SD (r) 0.027 0.007

Figure 3 Measuring the thickness of the sample’s wall before and after the wearing

Table II Decrease of thickness for all specimens

Thickness before wearing Standard deviation (s ) Thickness after wearing Standard deviation (s ) Inclination
Sample no. [ m m] before wearing [ m m] [ m m] after wearing [ m m] i[ m m]
5 1544 1.30 1247 2.18 297
6 1576 2.34 1278 0.52 298
7 1570 1.60 1260 2.89 310
 Wear simulation of sliding bearings
Miloš Stankovic et al.
The initial contact points, 6a, are determined by solving
following system of equations:
x2 1 y2 ¼ R21
 2
x2 1 i 1 R1  R2 ¼ R22
Solution of the system is a = 69.54 mm. Applying these values
as limits of the integral, the profile surface P and the worn
volume DV are calculated. In the final equation, l is width of the
sample and equals 20 mm:
ða qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
P1 ¼ R21  x2 dx ¼ 157:87145 mm2
a
ða qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
P2 ¼ R22  x2 dx ¼ 154:47065 mm2
a
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)
 
P3 ¼ i 1 R1  R2  2a ¼ 8:2998 mm2
P ¼ P2 1 P3  P1 ¼ 4:899 mm2
DV ¼ P  l ¼ 97:98 mm3
The calculated value of the worn volume DV is confirmed by
the 3D model of the worn volume. The concurrence
between the modelled volume and the analytical value is
absolute.
3.2 Determination of the sample’s hardness
According to the literature (Bhushan, 2013), the hardness
authoritative for the calculation of wear coefficient K should be
determined by Micro–Vickers method. In this case, it is
determined by means of Micro Vickers Hardness Tester, model
TH710. Due to cylindrical shape of the specimen it is necessary
to apply the support below the sample (Figure 5), to obtain
correct results. Applying the force of 0.025 kgf (0.245 N)
during 10 s, the hardness of 10 kg/mm3 (98.07 N/mm3) is
measured. The error of the hardness tester is at most 6 10
per cent, which corresponds to 1 kg/mm3 (Instruction Manual,
2018).
Taking into account all previously defined or calculated
values (DV, H, L and F), the wear coefficient K is calculated:
Figure 5 Determination of sample’s hardness
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
DVH 9:798  108  98:07  106
K¼ ¼ ¼ 1:2196  106
LF 20  103  393:95
The values of H and K for some polymers in contact with tool
steel are given in literature (Bhushan, 2013). K values are in the
range 105 to 107. As the calculated wear coefficient belongs
to this range, it could be considered as a result verified by
literature.
4. Numerical simulation of wear of the
polymer-based composite sliding bearings
As the most of the numerical solvers calculate wear based on
Archard’s equation, Archard’s wear coefficient is necessary as
an input value for this wear simulation. Software ANSYS 18.1,
module “Transient Analysis” (suitable for time dependent
phenomena), is used for this simulation. Contact between the
shaft and the sample is defined as frictional, with friction
coefficient 0.8 (SKF Group., 2010). This friction coefficient is
also experimentally confirmed on USL 5-30 test rig. As contact
properties between the shaft and the sample, Archard’s
coefficient and the sample’s hardness are defined in a special
command file, as well as exponents m and n, which take into
account influence of the contact pressure and sliding velocity
(Ansys Theory Reference – 13.174.8, 2018). The calculation is
executed for 3 full revolutions of the shaft in contact with the
sample. These three revolutions are divided into 15 steps (five
steps per revolution), providing results not only before and after
process of wearing but also in 15 time points during the
process.
The outputs of this numerical simulation are contact
pressure in tribo-pair (Figure 6) during three revolutions
(readable in each of 15 steps), and the volume of the sample
before and after wearing process. The value of the contact stress
is confirmed in the following chapter by applying Herzian
equations.
Analysing the chart (Figure 7), three pressure segments are
observed: 6.05 to 6.03, 6.01 to 5.99 and 5.97 to 5.95, which
correspond to three revolutions of the shaft. During any of
three revolutions, decrease in contact pressure is noted, which
is explained by wearing of material. Due to wear, contact
pressure decreases. Between any of these segments, there are
sharp decreases of contact pressure (6.03 to 6.01 and 5.99 to
5.97). These sharp decreases are resulted by increase of contact
surface with every next revolution.
Calculated volumes of the sample before and after wearing
process are 947.8 and 947.61 mm3, respectively, and their
difference is 0.19 mm3.These values are not comparable to the
experiment, since three revolutions are not enough to compare
it to ca. 285,000 revolutions during the experiment, especially if
taken into account that wearing process is not a linear function
over time.
5. Verification of the contact pressure
According to the Herzian equation for the contact of the
cylinder sliding over the inner surface of another cylinder
(Figure 6), maximal contact pressure is calculated:
 Wear simulation of sliding bearings Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Miloš Stankovic et al.

Figure 6 Contact pressure calculated by Ansys vs Herzian contact pressure for cylinder sliding over inner surface of other cylinder
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)

2100 N/mm2, respectively (Professional Plastics, 2018; Li,

Figure 7 Contact pressure behaviour during three revolutions of shaft 2009). For steel, these are 0.3 and 200000 N/mm2. Taking
(calculated results) this into account, equivalent Young’s modulus is calculated
as follows:

1 1  1 1   2 1  0:4 1  0:3
¼ 1 ¼ 1 ¼ 3:2  104
E E1 E2 2100 200000
1 N
E ¼ 4
¼ 3118
3:2  10 mm 2

The width of the contact could be determined by formula:

 1=2  1=2
2F d  2  393:95 1492
b¼   ¼ 2:45 mm
p L E p  20 3118

And finally the maximal contact pressure:

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2F 2FE  2  393:95  3118 N
Pmax ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 5:12
p bL p Ld  p  20  1492 mm2

Comparing this value with the maximum pressure obtained by

numerical calculation (5.95 N/mm2), the relative error is
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi calculated:
2F 2FE 
Pmax ¼ ¼
p bL p Ld  x0  x 5:95  5:12
dx ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:16
x 5:12
where:
Pmax = maximal contact pressure;
F = radial load;
L = sliding distance; 6. Conclusion
E = equivalent Young’s modulus; and An experimental method to determine Archard’s coefficient K
d = relative diameter of the curvature. for sliding bearing made of PTFE Polyamide is proposed. By
To determine relative diameter of the curvature d, previously adjusting input parameters, sliding distance and radial load, to
determined diameters d1 and d2 are used. According to the obtain measurable worn volume, this method could be applied
equation, d1 goes with negative sign, and d2 with positive: to sliding bearings in general. The value of K obtained by the
experiment is confirmed by the literature, comparing to the
1 1 1 1 1 1
¼ 1 ¼ 1 ¼ 6:67  104 ) coefficients of similar materials.
d  d1 d2 20:21 19:94 mm Confirmation between numerical and analytical (Herzian)
d  ¼ 1492 mm values of contact stress is achieved with high correlation. If
taken into account that the contact pressure in numerical
The Poison’s ratio  and Young’s modulus E in case of calculation (5.95 N/mm2) decreases over time converging to
PTFE Polyamide are 0.4 (Professional Plastics, 2018) and the analytically determined pressure (5.12 N/mm2), the
 Wear simulation of sliding bearings
Miloš Stankovic et al.
maximum relative error of 16 per cent could be considered as
acceptable.
The numerical prediction of the wear is limited to three
revolutions of the shaft, due to current lack of computer
resources and model difficulty (frictional contact in tribo-pair
and transient analysis). But simplifying the model from 3D to
2D, and with further evolution of computer technology, this
limitation could be overcome and more revolutions could be
simulated to get more comparable results with the
experimental.
Taking into account the shapes of tribo-pair, it is observed
that they are initially in linear contact, and later on, this contact
becomes surface with tendency to increase in every next
revolution. It causes the contact pressure in tribo-pair to
decrease over time, and thus, the amount of wear is also
expected to decrease in every next revolution.
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)
References
Akinci, A. (2015), “Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of
self-lubricating wollastonite filled polycarbonate
composites”, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 67
No. 1, pp. 22-29.
Ansys Theory Reference – 13.174.8 (2018), “Contact surface
wear”, available at: www.sharcnet.ca/Software/Ansys/16.2.3/
en-us/help/ans_thry/thy_el174.html#conta174surfacewear
Archard, J.F. (1980), “Wear theory and mechanisms”, in
Peterson, M.B. and Winer, W.O. (Eds), Wear Control
Handbook, ASME, New York, NY, pp. 161-178.
Benabdallah, H. and Olender, D. (2006), “Finite element
simulation of the wear of polyoxymethylene in pin-on-disc
configuration”, Wear, Vol. 261 Nos 11/12, pp. 1213-1224.
Bhushan, B. (2013), Introduction to Tribology, A John Wiley &
Sons, New York, NY.
Challen, J.M. and Oxley, P.L.B. (1986), “Prediction of
Archard’s wear coefficient for metallic sliding friction
assuming a low cycle fatigue wear mechanism”, Wear,
Vol. 111 No. 3, pp. 275-288.
Cui, G., Wei, J. and Wu, G. (2015), “Wear behavior of Fe-Cr-
B alloys under dry sliding condition”, Industrial Lubrication
and Tribology, Vol. 67 No. 4, pp. 336-343.
Instruction Manual (2018), TH710, Micro Vickers Hardness
Tester, Beijing Time High Technology, Beijing.
Krsmanovic, V. and Mitrovic, R. (2015), Sliding and Roller
Bearings, Institute for textbooks and Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Belgrade.
Lee, R.S. and Jou, J.L. (2003), “Application of numerical
simulation for wear analysis of warm forging die”, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 140 No. 1-3, pp. 43-48.
Li, J. (2009), “Mechanical properties of a polyamide
6-Reinforced PTFE composite”, Mechanics of Composite
Materials, Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 287-292.
Liu, R. and Li, D.Y. (2001), “Modification of Archard’s
equation by taking account of elastic/pseudoelastic
properties of materials”, Wear, Vol. 251 Nos 1/12,
pp. 956-964.
Podra, P. and Andersson, S. (1999), “Simulating sliding wear
with finite element method”, Tribology International, Vol. 32
No. 2, pp. 71-81.
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Podra, P. and Andersson, S. (1997), “Wear simulation with the
Winkler surface model”, Wear, Vol. 207 Nos 1/2, pp. 79-85.
Professional Plastics (2018), “Mechanical properties of
plastic materials”, available at: www.professionalplastics.
com/professionalplastics/MechanicalPropertiesofPlastics.
pdf (accessed 18 May 2018).
Sarkar, M., Ghosh, S.K. and Mukherjee, P.S. (2007),
“Determining the value of archard’s coefficient on the
bottom plate of excavator bucket: an experimental
approach”, Proceedings of the 1st International and 16th
National Conference on Machines and Mechanisms
(iNaCoMM2013), IIT Roorkee, pp. 1083-1086.
SKF Group (2010), “SKF bushings, thrust washers and
strips”, publication number PUB BU/P2 06225/1 EN, p. 15.
About the authors
Miloš Stankovi c is a Research Assistant at the Machine
Design Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

University of Belgrade, Serbia. He was born in 1984 in Cačak,
Serbia and graduated in 2009 from the Department for
Mechanical Handling, Constructions and Logistics.
Afterwards, he began his PhD studies in the field of tribology
of machine elements, polymer sliding bearings in particular.
During this period, he assisted in curses: Modelling of Shapes,
Finite Element Analysis and Machine Elements. Miloš
Stankovic is the corresponding author and can be contacted
at: mstankovic@mas.bg.ac.rs
Aleksandar Marinkovi c is an Associate Professor at the
Machine Design Department, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Belgrade. Born in Sremska
Mitrovica 1963, he graduated 1989 at Thermoenergetic
Department. Since 1990, he started teaching and research
career as an Assistant at Machine Design Department, mainly
dealing with research of sliding bearing, particular self-
lubricating bearings, such also with all power transmission
components. Since 2005 as University Docent at Mechanical
Engineering Faculty, he is teaching machine elements and
modelling and calculation of structures. With intensive
international cooperation in tribology, he is also teaching PhD
students tribology in machine elements.
Aleksandar Grbovi c is an Associate Professor at the
Department for Aeronautics, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia. He was born in
1970 in Užice, Serbia. He graduated in 1994 from the
Department for Aeronautics and since receiving his PhD he
has been working on fatigue failure of structures, finite
element analysis and aircraft structure design.
Žarko Miškovi c is an Assistant Professor at the Machine
Design Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Belgrade, Serbia. He was born in 1980. He
received his PhD in 2017. His fields of interests are machine
design, experimental testing of machine elements and systems,
rolling bearings and conveyor idlers testing, friction and
vibration of rolling bearings, rolling bearings manufacturing
technology, rolling bearings life estimation, machine elements
and systems failure analysis, technical regulations and
standards, project management of engineering projects, 3d
modelling, rapid prototyping, etc.
 Wear simulation of sliding bearings
Miloš Stankovic et al.
Božidar Rosi c is a full-time Professor at the Machine Design
Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Belgrade, Serbia. He was born in 1956. He graduated in
1981 on the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Belgrade. On the same faculty, he received his Mr.Sc in 1988,
and his PhD in 1992. His main research interests are in the
area of power transmission, planetary gear sets, methods of
design, optimization techniques, structural and multicriteria
optimization and engineering of machine elements.
Radivoje Mitrovi c is a Full Professor at the Machine
Design Department, and the Dean of Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia. He was born in
1957. He received his PhD in 1992. He is a specialist in the
Downloaded by Western Sydney University Library At 04:53 12 January 2019 (PT)
For instructions on how to order reprints of this article, please visit our website:
www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/licensing/reprints.htm
Or contact us for further details: permissions@emeraldinsight.com
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
following fields: construction engineering, bearings testing,
plant design project management, machine design, reliability
of machine elements and systems, friction and vibration of
rolling bearing, rolling bearings manufacturing technology.
He made many reviews and expertise in field of bearings
testing, bearings life estimation, failure analysis, as well as
gearing and bearing design upgrading and improvement. He
is also familiar with technical regulations and standards, EU
directives and Management of engineering projects. He was
manager and/or participant of 66 national projects for
Serbian companies, as well as of 21 projects funded by
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development of Republic of Serbia. He is also a manager of
four projects funded by European Commission.