Exposure is equal to quantity of exposure (dose), duration of exposure,

route/mechanism of exposure

External exposure was assessed by measuring lead in the pipes of the Flint water
supply

Most effective: Elimination of potentially hazardous exposures or injury potentials

(eg. eliminate lead exposure on assembly line by discontinuing use of lead-based
paints, reduce fall hazards by improving traction on factory floor, ensure that
school teachers are completely eliminated from SARS-CoV2 exposure by allowing work-
from-home)

Moderate effectiveness: Replacement of highly hazardous exposures with less harmful

alternatives (eg. use of red phosphorous rather than white phosporous for match-
making, requiring schoolteachers to still return to schools to teach but without
students or reduction of student populations)

Least effective: Supplying PPE to workers, eg. supplying PPE to schoolteachers

without reducing classroom density, supplying PPE to workers on assembly line
without altering quantities of toxic exposures workers are exposed to.