oe = Hho = he = ,
zpac=42400+ 42 p0c=4c4oc=he;
Oieca: eene
(AN Mts eatin cbc ons irra ae
Searibe em equa he eto ofthe ner Jesoo—eco=tesoc~he
‘Eped ate sto the complete civeamfrece: A rather surprising conclusion can be drawn
am from this ascusion® if the pots 4 and © ae
now a ‘i ted, and Bt moved fo various postions
“This fc sey 10 remember, since the area of nthe cies own in Fig 33. then sh ofthe
age te sectors excl what would be the sector responding inserted anges ae equal 9 One
eres tani with Heat rand base 5. Soe
3. CYLINDERS
(©) INSCRIBED ANGLES ‘Allies bout volume begin this way: select
"ie 19 lustrates the important fact that an 4 nit of Tenth, conser ace Whose edge is
AE sere Sele pce ihivunit ad defn the volume of hi eae tobe
no taht angle This is os sal understood a3 & ne cubic" (Fig 2) The rectangular box
‘foc ease of the moe gener ft (Fig. 2) ‘town in Fig. 21 has height 3 and rectangular
thot an angle insrbed in an ae ABC of aoe te wih sin 2 and 4 is box can be died
* lay equals onc half of he corresponding cen by horizantaland verte planes ito 3 ayers
anche. To se why this trv, we beain BY Uh ies whch eh yer coma =
nsigring the simplest special ase in which Eales (in the fre we indeste the horzotal
Spe side ofthe meribed angle passes though Siviing planes). There are seary 8°3 = 2¢ uit
the cre (ip 1 Here we see ht Cubes altogether, 90 the volume of he box i 2
z Ce sis an exc angle of the atic units The fact tha the weume ofthis box
aaa Indicted isosceles ange this central angle isthe area ofthe base tines the eight soeets
therefore equals he sum ofthe base angles Othe that the volume V ofan atirary rectangular box irs
with neigh handaren of base B shouldbe dts
SRE Bile = Bh 20. Sirs, the
a E
a
‘volume of any soli with verti walls and hoi
‘ntl tase and top (Fig. 27) defined be the
rea of the base fies the het. In particular
fhe volume of » elinder understood to be 8
pe tour epines) wih eight and adi
SPbase'r hie 28) is P= wth since the aren of
the base iw
Soot faith tp and oto are removed
rnc nda er sea
toed eel at and woe
‘Tige Fe) cao fo see ta he
Trica he cr the aren of ths
‘eStart ba tol ens Serht
GOES}
=
=)
4, CONES
‘Consider cone (understod tobe right ci
calar cone) wih hetoht frags of base rand
Slant heights, as shown in Fig. 30. The fond
tena fits about cones are the formulas sated
in Fig. 30, Thevalume formula (he volume equals
‘ovometey
‘one third the ares ofthe bas ties the height,
sr eauivalenty. onehrd the volume of the
ircumscrbing Cylinders difieal. ad we de
‘Ss itn part (below Te tera aren frei
(®) LATERAL AREA,
“The formula forthe Inter are i proved in
Fig 31 by cutting the lateral slace ofthe Sone
own a generator and urolin ths surface ito
‘sector of circle This formula i tary To
femember by thinking of the lateral sutace as
{ep out by fevlving a generator abowt te
‘sus the lateral area equals the length f is
‘enerator multiplies by the distance traveled by
ft ipo, 4-2) =r, ap suet in
rm ofa cone (Pig. 32) exuae fe
fength of generator ralph! bythe datance
teed ye mgt. Tha 8 poe a
(®) VOLUME.
In Fig. 33 we consider the cone shown in
Fig 30.‘Our prose isto establish the volume
"
formula V = 4Bh, in particular to understand
ies te eo | ere
this cone we inscribe regular polygon wih»
Sides, where ms Some large amber inthe fire,
= 8). Using this polygon as base, We construe
ig Sooners pom ove teenie ttre
ros wah?
s pyramid whose vere the vertex the cone
Wrote je sme eng ae
Tpmecuched by the volume ofthe Pyam "
wma hee he vole formula forthe
Soe iherare mics osiaw tne vlome
he pea ones the area a ts
SRE ba Sac he pyramid canbe ded
is» count pam te ype so
ie 32urmcest show tat the volume rm.
tate for these api Pyrames Tit we
ow 8
“Qe the lft in Fig. 35 we sow she pyramid in
ASS
Rane oa ere eeeee
Seperate eects
Sepeeeaenineeerae
Siena armen
ermmera nacycaitaae
Sieger
eee
ES macumacemenn ras
Bearer cea oes
ener
eee ee ear
fave the same volume, so the volume of each i
epee ae
eee
Fig 30."
The wes ane tere key fhe ft i 0
rt efi ba a
EXD by mesos of Coals Pencil a sae he
‘cuowerny
5. SPHERES
‘Our purpose so extaninh he formas stated
‘in Fag. forthe vue Vand surface aca At
(@) CAVALIERI'S PRINCIPLE,
Cone cecal sel (Fig 37 ef) om
siting of stack of tin rectangular ce
srinthesame dimensions The shape ct ack
an cau beaeed watout cana wou:
SF sendy posting at hora ig 37
apt The Vote before Clery he se
‘Se volume afer since each cand he stack
changed excep ns gotion rae tomeaty
Sande, Net coder two soar wh dierent
shapes butte me hei P38) made op
‘Seal numbers ft ard f we sume at
‘Sch card none suck has the sae ce en
Ihe comesponding cr he ster acs ep
ita the dieret shapes ofthese carte
teens reasonable to concn ta the wo sade
‘Sse the same yume. These reat tow
‘netting cad,
Scns very power principe in
Solumes Th pail wat fest ori OY
{he tlan matbematican whove mame bear
{Cavaliers "pnt sates that two sls
fave the property that every Bate parle 19
2 ited plane intents thers i cone seems
faving egal aren then the fo sods have he
‘ve sttme Fi 39)
(6) THE VOLUME FORMULA.
We fi the volume ox sere of radu r by
comparing the sphere with the folowing slid
(ig. 40) vonsierw cylinder wih base eas
co} 2, the comparison slide what
‘a of th opine afr the eval of te
Teaveanc Shown ine fare ati he
‘nae ih ey comcalllowsomi e
Tr Salt te stesso someting co
Sesleri inthe re,
{Siu tr they are eu By Cava’ Pr
Splines have en aes. The vole
oth sphere being atl othe vue ofthe
Svlndr Sinan the sume’ fhe oo Fone
‘Beretore wives byte formula
v= man wt)
(©) THE SURFACE AREA
FORMULA.
We inde ice eA phere oftas
roving he apes age mamber
‘inal rfide* tae at thereof
etme de os ge moro ty
Shane rset Pl #0 These pot
atl angi ane trees rat En
‘Some onthe src eHow
Sg rey pet on oetly neat
feeb ste “Tandle he vcd the Ose of
mama we veers te ce ae
ste ial the re he base footy
syn ands ehh then vim Y
iscventy yor we thee equtons or
{ech “pyramid” ig the osha, we
et oe me Fat suice weet
‘Shae ae comet by ie cation
Yar
bast
Since we know that V= ar we hive
exoerey
APPENDIX A. THE MAIN
FORMULAS OF GEOMETRY
The formu stated here expr we
sentof Seton 03 oes
‘TRIANGLES (Figs, 42, 43)
Pythagorean theorem: abt =
CIRCLES (Fig. 44)
chcunerenge c= 2nr
CYLINDERS (Fig. 45) fees
ao
wae l
CONES (Fig. 46)
(aera area = mos nicer
volume ¥= berth
SPHERES (Fig. 47) c
surface area 4 =
volume Y= $72
APPENDIX B. A NUMBER OF
EXERCISES, SOME EASY AND
SOME HARD a
‘The hatier (and therefore more iepesting
SSaocs soe aoe
‘are marked with two anterisks (*") Sree 1
See se ane Ain ech fe foi
fares
i 2 nah cae fd he eid anh
7 Wieswmacser bat
aan
7 eA Laren Datwncnd
/ : mG cos kato ala
wk hae cms
\ Bratere
a BC {the symbol &
tt Bre, AB
Iams Se" yoignscle to. Find ie
Be angles x. 7, ZW.
Te man ota mone wie
Pea Sd
pales
inches?
& sre eS square inches, what sits Peak?
6. I the base of triangle is 9 inches and its
‘orowerny
7. To theo tm of eng
Sinica ir ceun eater
iota
st Inte ene 40, Band Ewe hemi
tat dele hates
Soincmaut tor aaron
sheen tes
9. Agate a5) inchin ante,
sei when pont 7 fet ft the
fara Shee aes eee
Boer ofthe enc ke
iGreen teen
10, Aan 6 tte fat ofa tag
fot dow te
Seiten oe night
apt
1 eh tee te dtd ae peo
Sorat ange Co's
12, Phan itesdpiig nara
1B Tae ame of fren age 3
i ie pine oes
id te pel ae eee
4 Top equate sande hele of 4
ths tnd tat let
er pein? Of ct tat OF ak
Sat
15. Fis
ineach fhe following ight triangles
@ o ©
16. 20-foot ladder leans aging a wall with
its fot 6 feet rom the wall A man stands
‘on a rang which is 12 fet rom the baton:
ofthe ladder. How fare the man fom te
Wall and rom the ground?
17. Whats the agonal of square whose side
18, Whats te side ofa squre whos diagonal
ZA
ie PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS
19, Findthe ate ofan eqilateraltranle whove
Nein
120, Heron's formula sates thatthe aren of 8
tissu bes pen by A =
BESO See =o). where the ou
pers= flav bs0 ead he erg
‘ete. Prove this formula by veya the
folowing ses
wa
7
Weve —Bedi
ot b—eyanbe
122420) 24 = 20) (28— 20
Pore eee tte
=
n= VTE TT
TT=BIIS
()a-Vie
“These ses requ changes or tangle
aie tage nse at he ete Provise
She caages and nt a sow a
tReet wot any resee
toe a
21, Une Herons formula nd one oer method
tbe ares ofa ig ange wih ies
es
22, Apply Heron's formula 0 vey the result
Ener. 2
Fred te hygoemise of «rahe wane
Aros Tes are) 34,0) 3612; 9 6,85
ee ccs set
‘The nypotense of aight wane i 15
cles 12 What ste ote x?
IPE is any itevor point of the nated
‘canis show ht r= Ba
26. Inthe aii fre, fd, 64
"2. Show tht in any paralelgram the sum of
the squares of the agonal quae the om
our se
28. A sie of one square equals» diagonal of
Second Square. Fld the roof the ae of
the farger sare to that of the mallee
23, Asie of ne eauiatra range egal the
‘eit of second equilateral tangle Find
the rato ofthe perimeter of the target
‘ng to that of he ama
30. Show that na 30-40" igh rnae the i=
‘de onthe hypoteause divides the hypoten
Sse il segments whos lets ve te
SECTION 2
|. The dameter of oe circle equals the ris
oft second ce, ind the ai oftheir
2. The ratio ofthe areas of wo circles of rai
‘and ris 21 What ithe tao Rr et
3. Find the area of sector of circle of aus
10 whose central angle (2) 6 0) 5
ow
4 Tyo concentric cia haeccumfrences
50w and 40m" Find the area of the
Shaped region betweet thems
5. Show that the ares of the ring shaped regis
ietween two concenuis cles equals he
bes of acrcle whose diameter isn chord
theouter cele mich anno the ner
"6, Find the area of te stated part ofeach PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS
pacneaee gta
pret nese
pa re
aes
Secret
rer eee
eae
ee ee
ced
sie wo icles wih he eon intern
Gitano the tats pantt and 0
aaaceoroup he cetera Show
arity Shord ofthe ace which har
se cee bse byte second
If ABCD is 3 quadrilateral inscribed ina
‘re, show thatthe opposite anges ant
iar supplementary (4 = C= 180.
(AB and CD ae wo tts gael, a
‘ies mcsess'2 point Sbow tet te
frodr athe semensofone horde
We'produs of he segments of te ober
Goat tay tht aE" BE = CE*DE.
focse sar tanges
If AB and CD are wo chords ofa circle that
hve been extended to intersect a anexer-
fil point E, show that AE" BE™~ CE DE.
cromerey
SECTION 3
Fn the volume andthe otal surface
oft rectanglar box With edges 4,3
Stee
Find the length of the diagonal joining
‘pposte veces of the box nthe reed,
‘What isthe volume ofa cube whose tral
Surface ares i 150 square inches?
‘A cslinder is 7 inches high andthe rads
‘obit hase inches, Use the approxima
tion # = 2 and calcite a) ts vole,
(2) slater ars; () te total aes.
I the radius ofthe base of a eylnder i
outed and is height tp by what
tiled? |
a bd
‘umber i the volume mu
Find the volume ofa eying the rd
‘oft tase one he eight
Ina certain ctnder theater aeni ale
the ttt aes, How isthe height related
ihe mdivn ofthe bate?
SECTION 4
1
a
Find the volume of a cone 28 feet high
whose base has ameter T2 feet Use the
ieee
approximation 9 = 2
Fu noel
Sete cee
inches. Use the approximation = 22.
Tietiauca cep ele
Diet ener
iy tea Pee oe
laa
‘Reto ce wap pl
Deli tice eee
not fer re eer
ce Tacrcennear ange
fon one oe
Soca PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS
cio of a ones hand he ans of
Tiamat ee tatved: how must be
{SEES foliey te voame vchanged?
inn ral oth base ofa cone iets
‘Azahar teat fhe yume of
Me ensialtone oe volume of the fa
thn formed inthis way? ia
Gren yen of ayo tial
Tigaue bine 155 fet on' sie and was
{eee Came ven
radi ube const of ent
‘Rind ad te vohome of oe of these
isin two erent ma
om
Rca ten made by wig sem
acne pce of cane of rads 8 fet
Fd he hei ofthe tent and the number
SFG at tw ie
SECTION 5
2
Find he ome of sphere whos danetr
es
Find the rads of sptere whose volume
Stowe eat
nthe aca of a sphere if he ccunfer
Err fame crcen tr (Aeatere
isc etaton of the sce oa sphere
Silane hog omer)
Fin the radius of spete whos ares
3or
The rads ofthe earth is approximately
100) es une ate of te cone
ime Stats iv appronmatly 3 0.000
Susre ies: What prcmage of theft
SENG tar does is wee represen?
3
Use the aproinaon x= 2
‘cdr cirumeried toa sober.
fiat othe ome of heer
Ieibe tame o te spere
‘Reyne screumscibed about a spite
South res othe bere nal
iB ie of te eyiner
ras of crn spre incense
Me ears aie by 9. Find the
Mas the where
crowerey
0
on,
‘A onder with height 6 and radius 4 is
iMscribed a's apere. Find the ate snd
‘olume ofthe sphere
‘A cylinders circumseibedsbou sphere.
‘A cone has the same ae snd heh the
‘ylinder Find the rao of he tot! sen of
the eylindr to that othe sphere ad ofthe
‘An equilateral angle and 2 square are
ine ince with 8 tthe
Shae being paral oa side of the square
‘The emire gre is revaved aboot tht
alte ofthe tangle which perpendicn:
[arto sie of the square: Find the rato of
the area of the aphere tthe ttl ses of
the tinder andthe rato ofthe total area of
te einer fo the total aren of the cone,
1A sphere is inscribed in » cone. The slant
belt ofthe cone equal the diameter of ts
bs. Ifthe height ofthe cone 9 ng he
ses ofthe sphere
‘The ratio ofthe volumes of two spheres is
2733 and te sum of thera i 1, What
isthe radius ofthe smaller epee?
‘A sphere is circumscribed about a cube.
Find the ratio of the volume ofthe cube 10
the volume of the sphere
‘A.cylinder is circumscribed about sphere.
‘Show thatthe ratio of their volumes equals
the ratio of ther ttl areas,
“Two spheres of adi 3 nches and inches
{est on «table and touch ope another How
far apart are the points at which they touch
the be?
Use Cava Principle to ithe volume
‘of 4 spherical sepment of one tare and
thickness i the radius ofthe sphere is
Inthe preceding exercise, nd the volume
(ofthe Spherical sector (he soil shown on
there resembling ied icecream one)
se this result and » compar of sens
land volumes, fo show that the ares of the
‘curved surface ontop ofthe sectors 27h. eae ey)
Soins
‘PRECALCULAS MATHEMATICS fceieenres
19, phere slid tha semaine Te
‘crt eso shee oadhis 920 es, Ofek
ine igen st ney oR oe.
ona cemer of te spbere IC MB yw wa 23. 4.208
IESRP ig ae ne remo Exerc ae
Pe tie voume of the Hin 15. @2V: © 46) 4V5.
2B oa how remarkable is ha this 14.2 tet tom he wal $V fet fro he 8 2
Sime depends ony on had oto he peat. Vie) vin a
SIS oe here) ea Via, vive. aa
radeal wedge te st cat om 2 26 23.05; 0) 18569 10 i
ie ie neal ES Benn cies an
metiatai tte aottoe tere re
rem ae the se Apply Cavalier’
Past i nd the volume of sch wedge and + d"— 9G" + GE + DP+ FEY Bat
these expresions ae
ual, becauie AG = DE
reese yearar wheres ihe ado
ts und the beg f the cyide > 2. andor
ESS Comparnon soi a retangular Sen vies nie
(CsSsaving fen 2 with two SE aan :
Sox eticmened, where the pyramids iv
Pram aqore end of the box 3s beset eee
a tg ae
Sopecccgees | ten
mcsennaat eeea :
APPENDIX C. THE ANSWERS TO
Seafete2; Jere):
‘THE EXERCISES, WITH FU a
TUE TTIONS FOR A Coles o. frame
SeLECTED FEW Approsiatty 8 ies The angles
ACD ABD ee
SECTION | feacit he Sore
SECTION tat 4103: Stee
Toirvgan eos ‘ison The anes ABC and DED ae edt
‘cual The uimbes ACE tad DBE sete
Paras 10 0 C= wr: Cm mr
Si) Baa, Doo" E aes or
6 Shor eA = 2", ar, and consequently 4 = CE or
Fos AE-BE=CE- DE.
c
Since the sum ofthe anges of trianle
Siete we have (39) L024 37 SECTION 3
Bete aa 9 63 1 Vine = 0 cube fe, area =
3 Scena ane eae feat. V7 fet 3S cae inches
tne ys cae ce) 1 ces
{he sum ofthe acate angles in aright wiangle bad
(2764 square inches. fhe original radios
eat a Seen iy
Se ig, oe set fea ut he en
STR CT iolackes th b 8 inches Malta 2raci3h The coped whee ‘PRECALCULAS MATHEMATICS
‘rth and the new volume
Toyrth a the new volume
criginl volume. 658. Th
SECTION 4
“mse cabic fet 2.9} hes
13 Since r= h, A= ar VER = VT
Ym be mut by. 6
Tansedot etic fee. 836
4: eh = V5 fet voame =
SECTION 5
hen 2B 3 Non 43
63283. 9.4= 100m =
an.
GV wcaie
5 About 159%
12. Draw a good picture ofthe station,
‘Shown Iti the ads ofthe sphere an
‘he rads ofthe base of he one, then By Using
°
nie tangles we ste that
Fainat
4g9 = 36. The sii ana
3,73, and therefore A= art
les mentioned
treo tangles wih a acute an
onmon a teat frien mas
{hea ofthe hypotente to the shore le
Meahe 15, Wk2vilin. a av Biches
teva ak(r—4) my
aes
rh. 20.80
‘croweney
APpesx p-ruacLaR
Prana Wn fat
scans Ap BAS
Cn penn tes a ep
ee a ee
(eer wan ae
AoC hcl ane
Nea tbe pemeritaSee oet s
thetpne of 480. ate pn be ys
‘Spd hereon pine oe Uae
‘Se whee Sr an
eee prin in 5 St
Sth rsimiarw4Be wena
these tangs te ni oy
rare" = (het
are a'c= (H4) ana ae.
(Prov By sin ange,
voatgchet oe kero
Te“T RG and SE BE
3 “Ha
“RERE (48) C347]
nai ea a
sh ite ane aa
irccareeerenete
Saeones satis
By the above paragrap horizontal eos sections
Paco
Siete ck ar ble arse
Sane
APPENDIX E, CEVA'S THEOREM
ies de tt aa be
Oey thats ee ace
plotting
serge as eile ee
See eee
Syiate Snare a ‘PRECALCULS MaTaESIATICS
In order 10 formulate this theorem i com
semen trace te flowing. Ae
SSE afoot pe led sce, Tn ach
lange 0 Fig 31 we show tre cevians AX,
[BYE om he eh ese covans ae concurent
a apt bt on the ight hy are nt concur
teat Cen's theorem gives a ceerion fr On
rene inte of the lens ofthe St Se
Sats whic tor ich cevans die he
‘Sitar the worl
CEVA'S THEOREM.
ecevians AX, BY and CZ of ane
bein conven and only
AZ BRC,
ww
consent st Fs shows on he fin Fi 3
FStcurenect we ent themes of an
‘ABC by the sya (4B). Sve the areas
‘Parle wis cqal Nl are propor 0
terhsen we fave P
Be cd) caPz) _(Acz) = (402)
$2 (aeB~ tars tach t802)
are)
tare)
tne sane may mi
BE APB) ang CY (8
ex" arc) 4 AY 1Aee
hat‘ otto sens th Be eqn
"hry event by cro-maition
ichomini
a
ceomerey
By multiplying these three equations together,
‘86 obtain our concason, a
epee ease ee
SHZ-
Laat ttf Bice ur ue ate
Se a er ea
Snatomeaas
SRG
Thenine algae
&-B.
ae = 2usaran ge
See
at ae
fee oes
TT tena et
ee any eet area
scat ere! es ena
ee a
oo nee
cae
Serene
aden eaten oteelateed
Sener aera
AZ.BX CY beosd cos B acos
BZ CK AY ~ Geos 8 bese Ceara ~
3, In the 19th century a Fresch mathematician
famed Joseph Gergonne proved the following
{Ca cies mcribed in rangle ABC (Fa $9),
wd if. ¥, Z ae the points where the ele
tangent fo the des of the angle, then A, BY
and CZ are concurven. Why is this ue? PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS
APPENDIX F.
BRAHMAGUPDYS FORMULA
In Exercise 20 of Section 1 we ask the reader
to prove Hero's frat forthe are 4 of at
Ande with nde a bre (P33)
An Vi a= OTRO
hae 7 e+ 0c) hh temps
the tamale The presence of the factor» under
the rial suggests tha this formula might be
‘ec case oft more genera! mate
A=VG=ME-G-TE-)
{ving the aes of uadrilaterl wih ies a,b,
eA where sa Hea 6+ e+ a) 6 the semi
perimeter ofthe quarter! (Fi. $6). After al.
{ene sided stinks wo ero, then the guadeateral
comes tangle and formula I) solloses to
Hero's fomulas which we Know i comet Un
Fortunately thie compectre le false (ean YOu see
once why Reunnot be ue?) However mode
fed erin s tue the gud is imenibod
iva Gicle (Pig. 57). then formula (*) ali
Under these circumstances () 5 called Bra
Incas formula, after te 70 century Taian
Iathematcian who discovered it
“the prof we ive makes use of rigoaomey
We bein by inseting the nga en the ata
GosN=—co8 Mand. a N
By the law of cosines,
2 Dab cos =
Yab+edjeos M= at Aa.)
Since the aea-4 of the guar! is given by
4 +edhsia
A= hab sin M+ fed sin N = 4(0b-+ed)sin M,
we also have
Hab + cd}sin M = 44 is
‘By squaring and adsing equations (**) and(**"),
coowerny
aed ann the identity sin
ante
+ oom = 1, we
Mabel Ce4 teat 4 14h,
Neth ab acs tear
{heel coring diterencrofewo unas
fs aSortce wiht Wemyss)
Moa (bab Ded 4 eta
XToab 420d 2= oe cr a]
mtarbmtecany
x Ue +e — Geo)
lat bre dar bmeray
Xe4dvandes anes b)
= Br adias aes 20) bas— 20)
(= ae- Heh ah,
hich Proves Brahmagupt’ formula ALGEBRA
1 ing he rn of al nec or,
SeNinced proses, and in ect increases the
tena power ofthe race. By the aldo sybol
Emon mata: oe mecha
trite eye, which ater woul ell ny
the he faults ofthe brain is profoundly
‘Groves trum, fat we should cleats the
fabio ihn of what we are doing. There
SBE oppose ihe case. Civization advances
‘tending the number of porta eats
heh we tan perform thou thinking aD,
hom
~Alfred Noh Whitehead
“The more | work and practice the ki seem
- Gary Player
(proessional ifr
aucene
INTRODUCTION
Most American school are now in fll partiat
retreat frm the ated edacaonal expenment
Known as "the New Math"The purpose ofthe
"New Math ‘as fo revitalize Amerian mathe:
Sesto capa frm over wsanceoe e
inthe ield tals to more an or sndens
fame along vito hed hear of me commute
{aw bat di not know ‘he outncaton tale
The result was two decades of steal deine fa
the teaching (and Teaming) o alsa, But hing
EE,so~ Changing sa sttnee fone ny
‘Algebra, ike grammar, bas very litle pizzazz.
‘Te hatdy soul nd parma itresting bet
frmort people Kf dll and cannot be made
ctherwie. And ois wih algebra. Eventhough
{here are sme teachers and studeni who do nd
‘ramus intersting and ican be expected that
Into aeving that sizer useful or exciting or
everyone in every ie tis Ts importance
lis nthe studen’sfture~and even then only
for sme ste event para
{he serous ud) of science, engineering e00-
‘omic or some more advanced type of mathe:
‘atc Since the aim of is book tobe expe
lal elpal to these groups of students, 1 have
‘made a parca effort to tim othe fat o mak
it you must be dull,
tote bet” 1. BASICS
1. THE REAL LINE
“The asic numbers used in algebra are the eal
sunberss ‘The system of ll ral umber Is
‘gute ical to define ina satsfactory Tosca
Slay, We co not stempt his task From he pat
‘fri’ ofthe student a desertion leading 102
Sold inutuve grasp beter than a definton,
find we buld tis descpion a flows.
"The real aumber system contains several types
of numbers of particular importance:
he rsh gers onal members)
(by the integers. .—3,-2,—1,0,1,2,3,
(Gh rronalnahber, whieh are thoes rel
‘ines tht on be wrens isons or
tents fies eh 8 3.—$. 5.0,
3,264, 72
‘Areal number tha is nt rational sald 10 be
‘rational For example. the numbers
VEVI,V5. and
are ron: huh hens et ar ot easy 0
prove (We remind the student that for any post
the'mumber the yb Ve nays meat ts
postive square root Accordingly." i equal 16
find not 2, even though (-2}"— 4).
“The mimbers described in) (6) and (€)above
form ineesningy inclusive subrstem of the
fystem of al feal numbers as suggested om the
Jenin Fig. We can ls Separate the Fal Aum
svcenes
ers imo the rts and the inatonly as
Sfownon he gh nthe Rue
Example. Give specie cescton ofeach
tthe owing nara faa
$e, andra stats sales ofthe ah
‘inate to wich ih none ong VS,
aaray eee
ff nc.§. 1,
Solution. The numbers V3 and Tae i=
tonal: Yand—"E ar ronal -$=2and—17
ar ines: abd (-2)6-4)~ Bea postive
ions
However, he most wef pcre of tera
somber yum ted pening st
humbers‘raphically by poins en © hoon
Staite flows
“This representation (Fig 2) begins with the
2 4 ee
‘choice of an arbitrary point a he origin or 280
point, and another array pola othe right of
ias the point The distance betwen these two
‘Poin (he unit distance) then serves a3 mea.
Suring Scale by means of which we ean sign 8
point‘ the ine to every poniive and negative
Integer and also te every rational number nd
ted in the figure. We have opted the tres
roa manor Vi Vand whose deck
"al expansions are ified nonrepestng:
Vim Liss, VESETR,
a3.
We an now describe the real numbers sal hose
sumers that correspood to all points On the
line, as shown in Fig 2 This ie el calle
the real ie sometines the number ine
in essence, the real numbers ae he numbers,
used fn counting and messurng, which ar the
basic quantitative activites ofthe human ind.
“The system of rea! umber Is evidently an nek
lectal oo of very pest mporance and sch,
fs the language we tse In working With is tol EXERCISE
It Oe a och dafeaion of ech fhe
{elowne noobs V8.4...
MY -vind
ne
1.2 NOTATION AND THE
SIMPLEST RULES
(OF PROCEDURE
fre beginning ur brief survey of sgeba
wwe touch hy 088 few mascellancous pci:
"Gh Anthmetic deals wit aleuatiosivelvng
partial umber algebra with calulatons
fnvoing general nmbers. Ths
GrDSe N= 1-3~21~35— 4a 8
fea particular fc fo speci interes, bat
enener ers
isauniveralfactofconsideabie value Oneotthe
Adsinctve features of algebra thai achieves
the penerltysreocatd wih universal facts By
the notational device of wing letes to represent
Unspeciied sumer. Further, its customary
represent constants by Teter a the begining of
the siphabet ay b,c et) and to represent
“ihsown or varie ganies by letere athe
dof the alphabet vy. ee). However this
{Sota ard and fast rl, and he statements
(et Den bym a and (r+ 9)(2—9)
“¥
ave exactly the same meaning
12) Division by zero isnot permited, because
no definite meaning ean be atached this oper
tion. To wnerstand this, aaic that f= b must
{Gf meanssnyhing) mean the same aso = 0b
However ita Othen #0: ls pot tre for
any bvand ifa=0 then o> bisteue for every
This tellsus that cannot be asigned a definite
value—and therefore has no meaning
(3) Parentheses () and brackets {] and braces
()'ate symbols of erouping that mean the quar
Acemea
iy bewoen them i o be rete a «sage
Ba~ (e+ 6)) =a Ba ~22~ 6)
= a-3a420+b=d,
‘This claaton stows that sch ys can be
Femoved fom ihe iside out, chaning ans
roughout when the roaping symbol Is pre:
ceded by a minus sign. Grouping symbols are
tbo used to prevent ambiguity and msunde
Standing fellows
1A (a+b) isnot the mime as 1 a+b:
Yas) bento nmen fork
eb means
(4) The commutative and associative laws for
sditon are
Shon bte and at (b4e)m(etbhte:
fd for muipication re
ab= be and o(b)= (abe.
“These ar snot automat for mot people tom
intreapenene wth thet and we sy m0
Inore shou them Its diferent with oe vous
{Sims ofthe dite ta
ab+e=ab+ac, (a bem ae be
ab e)mabnoc, (adem ae be
“These ate uel for erin types of ck eae
ior
P= BOs) =9-we-1
0+ B20,
'9=BG0~1) =20—2=aM,
‘Also, the frst form ofthe dvi aw is
‘tren reverse onder at ah-tce abc),
then ihe two tenn onthe et haya So
Ion acon which ctrl ut onthe ih
‘The same comment apis to the other forms.
‘This an important techni for simp
Sigebnie exponen
ae [PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS ALceDRA
abe + fae ~ ad = at 2he +e~384); (Ret ~ ney — ates
s2(0~b)a—12a=b=210—b) (Pubes sabe
x [iea=71¢e~ 8) 5. Combine and spi
=212~))
x (i6e— Ta +705)
=20—0)
x [b— S80},
(5) Fraction are added nd subtracted bythe
following rule.
ogee
trek Baie ite eees ane Ofte
‘The neo map nd hn
ie
1.3 INTEGRAL EXPONENTS
‘We have alteady used the exponent notation
for quires andcubesand fourth powers. =a
foe ag.andeine.o-4a;andmihe me
“This vision rule soften expressed in words 8 way i 7 le aa ee
foloms: to ve iver the denoenstor and fram posting meer The er oerponen
"uate "Ree Atusrain and explanation
fe_90— bee o EO“ (a a)e-e-e)e-a-ararand
pear 2 Stators
ia -b+ (a+b)
fat bian oy FB @
©) (anymore
8) (aby = abe
© Gy
EXERCISES xoe one mentee
2 enve ate sily oie ah eae
Grater
3 lies an) altos
Rett
eo
(a~(2e- [b~ Ga~2)p. therefore dee by =, Smy we wan
3, Mulliply by using suitable form ofthe th eatin wat tobetve,so
bu vs) 19-195 () SID“) 302 ST GODT Be he reir and we dine
i a by 2 =, With these defitions, the ales
4. Simpy by removing common factors: Geen a aoe
(a) De y+ 30; ‘ents postive, negative and Ze, PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS Avera
sample: Write each of he following with os ber aha wo square roots, numerically equ but
sive sxponents: ‘ign andthe pontive one ofthese
‘Similars posive thas
1 Single postive th root denoted by aan i
‘is negatve and nso thas
f
:
3
oh
‘As this example nies any fir ot aa ci m3 nn VT
sett ante cantemered feniae sss = SUE dees ok ex Tak amp
orto the denominstororce vera we change ies the following bane fas: fP0 postive
ignite sponene nd ever niu psis Palace
EXERCISES cial ce va tae crea
©. Simlly by removing mative ed na Mee)
Sepone See) ay Ie aL I aT gmail ules fr the maniulsion fails
wale Mutation
() (arma (ane
2 Hb) th) @ ve YB vFes
Bey) BE: aa + ©) ap Vii = VE ~ VE-VE= sv
fw ateteyn Me.
ey (ay) 8-4-4
ce) \Bet) Nat) ) °Ve=Va a= Wa ee
A ROO AND OES a computational work kis fen coment
Ae cad ae a ee Seog see es eae
of ga mento sch namers an V2 Emons wo ways Ong
SIV sete st ene are! po
i'm is x postive integer and s* ~ o, then xis Vivir oom
call n nh ore Ye parca calcd 2 2
mete berets Vari" Wat vs
Enample 2"~ and (-2)4=4,,02and~2are =2YFD v5
both square roots of 4:28, 50 21s cube rot
OF (2)! =, $0 -2 is acube root of 8: “These procedures ae called rationalizing the
‘3 = BI and (—3)' = 81, so_3 and ~3 are both: mnie:
Soa SE, Bb etuce ne
‘number is positive, negative numbers have no & Simplify: () VB: (0) VI: (@) VFI,
‘real square roots, However, each positive num- (@) VI6F64: (@) YH: (Cf) VHT; (@) VE; PREcALeCUs MATHEMATICS
9 Vc vB Hse Ve
0 eo Re 0 VO
oVEBeea PO 9 VELVE
Pino et ots Vik
co tak wo vam eae
1.5 FRACTIONAL EXPONENTS
Fracinal exponents are agreat convenience —
simoat yneceniy in many pan of mathe:
‘mais. Our purpose heres
eset eg
riots fo sod th tes
daeste ponerse Sat cots
Sete Pasta Sh Etre poue
ample t= V5 = 3. ts = YE =
nS et See
We net sme hay tin wad a
apn tes nis soeced owe
nih on ne whee nin pve oe
amine enh wale o ah
‘Soo Kte Scone ce pane
in nto ac at ots
thee bani ioe o's We eos ne
Pied
Tape eV = VEE 8,9 YF
VO a
(a
ann OP (ay
Aceon
‘This is ot diicuh vo prove, bat we omit the
sea
Enample 8 is easy to evalte both ways,
for ve noted shove) 8° = SH BEL
sedihe = (y= 4 Howerer,
S°YA i nar to evanmie bat $e = CDE
ay,
irae
0 (Se) Ys (aes)
\6roLysomuats
fs a er
ites Lees ts
cet eame cen
eee
iors caravan
aL eee sere
See eS
2on oes
Suhre
ee ee
a hicieron
Sere aereraeea
Sho sse eels
Salaries
LS ee
Ee
Sc nee
Ever a errmsg
er :
erase PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS
degre, Cenainpotynomials hae special names
Sccordig tothe depres
constant polromil (degre 0: @ (a 0).
inca oil ape 2)
eta pohmanl ewe 3 a's Be
‘an
cubic pobmomial degree 3): a + beter td
(aro)
‘The Constant polynomial 0 is ot assiened &
degre
Polynomials are added and ebtracte by the
simple device of using inspection to combine
{ers involving the same powers af:
(GPa Te + 1e=2) + at + e+ 1)
n3e4204 e+
(Se 428-3) = 622+ 4+ 6)
wet 6+ ae 4r—9,
Polynomials are muted ike any other sums
Ie there are two plynomal factors, we multiply
the Second factor by each term ofthe ist, tne
lily by using the exponent re sca" =
land collet ters invalving the same power of
Qe 43) G8 ae ar~3)
= 6h 2+ 168 — 10
et ae e420
+98 ~ de Beis
et — et 298 — 450+ He 5,
tis clear thatthe degre of the product of two
nonzero pelynomils equa the sum of thelr
Inglvidval degrees.
EXERCISES
12. Add or subract:
@ (38+ 48-9)
f= S82 eat e+;
(0) G8 46204 Set — Ihe +2)
eet se 42)
1. Mut
(@) (2 + 3084) 3584-9)
0) (82043) 28 ar 8
@@—narexen;
@G—neseeee ys
@U-DweeteteeD,
1.7 FACTORING
“To factor a polynomial isto express i a a
product of pelynomal of lower depress We wil
en the next section tha facionng ta use
Inethod for solving certain Kinds of eatin
“The simplest (ype of factoring i removing
common polynemal actor and ths shoulda
‘e'done rat
sample
Hartt,
Be 390+ 15e8= 38 e+ 5);
229) —6(2 9)" =262— Spe 3) —3)
=20-31G—8).
Most factoring depends om recognising the
‘expanded forms of certain speci product
) G+ e)e~a) =a
Get eye a) = (et alma + dart at
@) = a)(e~a) = ea) =28— dar tet
) GH e)(e+ 8) =H Coe dire
() (art b)(er+d) = ace (od bebe bd
but when they are read from Bh 1 let they
ae Jacioring formulas, and ths 1s thelr teal
importance
ames Te following iste (2) and
oF
= (2+ 5)r= 8);
48-92 (nF Ge +3) 2-3);
BH 6+9= (43)
Pole +25= 75)
Jn using (4) to factor a polynomial of he form
4 pray the ik st think of various pars of
‘umbers cand 6 whose products and hope (0
find one such pair whose sum isp. PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS
Baap
one 6 (e432);
B bioet atm (e43)(e+ 7
Poort B= Gro),
“The uses of (8) are sim but more dict,
because in most care several posts must
‘evened before the ight sombsatio found
‘Examples
pase 3 = Qr— DE + 3)
bes x—2- G+ Ge 2),
ng + 2x= = Ox-2)(4 +5);
Rey Or 12 er —3)Qe 44),
‘The succesful application of his fatoring
meted i clearly a mater of tral and vor an
000 spply of palace is necess)
EXERCISES
14 Factor) x= 26 (0) 28+ 94420; (0 8
Beh. Bae hae) Be I,
(8+ Rein @) x ik 2 Be
Sho, at r— 38 dates as)
Me kes Gh ae Be Bem) et
ine
15. Verity the formula bx~ a) ae a) =
PP and ure two factor 327.0) 8°
1 Yesity the formula (x #0) (2a +a)
Pe alnd une h to fete (+ 64
nets
1.8 LINEAR AND QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
Linear equation are easton like
be-ReO and. 24 =O,
and the general frm i
artb=0.ar0,
‘The method of slain i very e257: move the
constant tam to he eh
ara,
fad then move the soeficient ato the denomi-
‘ator onthe ht,
auoeaRa
In effect, we islate the unknown x (soe for)
by fst saractngb fom bah sides and then
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