Wer & independence = 1¢57 Lb wos the first and. lost ‘ovmed vebellion b ile indies ‘desis __ british pute «Lt Was given severe] names suchos Indicnmebing Indien vevol&t and. Sepoy muting . Ibhed long termasid-shovt al tevm veesovs. pebents Legweift aot PP Questions Yamer O) Wes sa+s. the most imporbent reason thet led to the wert independence & 1e572[1u)_ a a Gi) The werd indepenlone & 1657 ashined waiting’ Give reesors thy You might agree and disagree With This statement (4) &) Wes... the bteas main resson For He war Gindeperderce ¢{I4] ®) Theintvoduchion st social veforms by the byibish ,suchasedusbion, coed te wor bindepodece 1257. Doyousgvee? [I ) G) Briefly ewlein 2 mist ta Forte wed, independ erce ¢ 2) Uy did the Ward indepardence of 12 57 furl? Suh dd He indians nok achieve indeperdincein | 57 Scanned with CamScannerWe dindenad = IBSRT alot scl, wodtarld, > Ee Veesors ACC, uarhudahini Guger = lets: heen | —> Resor CakSing fo: Velesse ongay= Short berm il soos 5 —> WOT was} firstond last theat & byitich Yuleinthe subcontinent. é > WOT wos -storted by sition, Foot: ~All ores stem: —> pte battle Splessey forjoo years, indians tore SS british yulesand Tegula tions. wit > th ee IS57 battle satan bts Yeneng e. Lony termressors De. Poli ‘bicel Yearors 9. reiety spiny Li68. a *hinong.' the. indian: devote Se thes, didnt letatonadiadl, | Would adopt QSon. British said that this would not bea. Lesa) heir. J ir- They banned iE and olaw —— The britishhed | boon _| | — all al their Y Previous treaties. et esl i | = Cle — = Cleon teste, : Thee were some” rales who decided, to sexe bhe:brbish’s Pe ruling and tle byibish Used to pay tem pargions.= 1855. ———ohwerds tle bvibigh stopped giving pensions fo Hepeople they hed ~~ plomised. ; { Pasion: british Usal Jopay tothose who relived and fulfil theirexp enses] = Scanned with CamScannerSS — Merathen_ yulor: None Sabi‘ bee Sena deh idty a Ly The ynosk tnectnatsee & Lest indy ~ __-his s father used t to OF eh . british: td weber baile : = Hoy Mnsbend had died and.theslned a: inhitsons = British used dot bine § lapse foteehe lads - Neypey > Shes’ » Oudh vecomered. This pordracyed britishas greedy led gvabbe. sce) Henne 11831, he mughel Pamily wesvelocsted From the ved:Poihin ____dahiYojte neacley, obsebbre: fo in “Bidets be] Sesion 1.00 sscuthdidped near ie a ee in 1, a Pasian ond. vas irks _ _Neligiosnd cultura | gel. Dd religions cndestnl Bo x pie Siguitie axce Formesling paged hse Jafnahinde Scanned with CamScannerYeligiovs yeasons ? __-> Indions.. had be. sand theiveliidven: to co-ed schools _ D Sabtee ond Hhaggee wee bened in.lg2 eb lord wi _hoatni ck. => 194 jMushinwo med. wae fod to shed vps oh a Leudbeites ua —>_1n 1833 , the batish. “allowed He clvishien. jan Missionavies baopevate sony wheve “in singles, ‘This wesconsidead as tlirea) to, islemand ~ __hinduisin. the hindus Hhowslid-thet- te byibish were drying 21 to veplace their Yeligion. On cases, we have U,Tond lume kguestions | ON consey wences, We shaw.e,.TmedK. 9 weston ON eyeats:, we shave: 4 smaikqneshine ' Scanned with CamScannersetts soins rep , whens Jabal Ha Fae this will make Prem forget their one cal here ___ economic vessors * "from Patharko son» pho jmuelicl, af fherees — as ist L > bitish inbrodwed only agricaltes | vo no doumantedprod hommershipsh laud jHon Hse: Jadyroudbecort Wy bwibish gov — ene => Thisbecased this Salaesledoaen, ‘pte Hxds ee 2 Tbe wepverg high baxrate which lePF i adieu Ute fone PE fil te > Many indians became poor ant ond unemp ployed | becase ge I be'tish J Se indion maketd withchesp br bri’shgoods: aus angry becatse 2 they wore wore beingsaid las Se Scanned with CamScanner ike > The sepoys were cso ang,ol Haskins neang ty fightiag Tlacronetine t Hinds -vesarted leaving their woh homeland 25 theszorsideed india & mothey jndis..ov neha lharg be. Scanned with CamScannerSS tts— is Short berm reasons => inhodkée} lion \ thew enfield ciBles wheaeyse Spesihc ie ae _ Gorbridygs ee Soin th ees tee => Ibwas costed. in pig and cowfat tb iast LE > Soldiers hac to use: their teeth to rip the carts Adare ‘open : __~> Wiscaused great anger becaise pigis haraa stmin islem Jem and cow 154 Sacred animal: Forkindia. _ tahini ss $: “asin _daldivesne sabato ‘Fouts ct es _ _ Ve ssech and! Fated. court eee ‘ They were pum shie Tis engeled’ fe sePO3s andtnove edn ree heme stvidges: — wee clso arvested midi Lilien todesth bai keS before th He £Coulel be cavviedl out, their Fellow ws Soldievs mebinied_ Thea AY Qwopean Tico. —__* Ihey sib & rampage, Vale shot F the vebellion. freed. fle ses sepoys & ond this pe _. The brilish_ oo aks ee A bribish soon Pe —— Mri b sey and meer: crit cob ck delhi, apt, jhaasi,) Juelno lhe Sepous ere » H@ jpinelba jan cee ease sy local ve rales 5 opi_ond ron laKshni bas suche Nana sehib, bats ——___*- ee or _— — Scanned with CamScannera Bchadie Sheh ji shecame, Ye saSging, sambal bw de 7 MP Using oh fas 5 iedy se The wer : spied, auickls! aah butt ‘sh Saabs + Mathes, Kenper, Shansi,cllahsbed.esivell es dell 7 lnclthow wes also taken by rebel forces.cnd british ~Misle cecsed. fo east Jhioushost the vegionoh upper province eet r% a Beet ish weve. ass ‘powef u bbe defecled bye a crash | “uprisiho” atcross many, | one. 7. In september 1857,delhi-wes | regained... pind | ae > Beheduw shah surrendered bak 3 Shissons patcbvlialtapiatel —_n British forcesvegained controld lackno = The main carters opposition nowwes jhensi- te sememonth. = Spoys were led by venish Thansiend bass topee | ani DS Jhersi wesKilled ins butte = Tey opi escaped bak laberon, he wes Bos avasted ard peseshl. Scanned with CamScanner__ Ressons Jor Failorest wardbindepedénte |i SS ——§ 1) Lacko f units => ims Grebels were wate tld siege uve hokcorordinaked 9. { —S - Some Sov Keshmire 1 8 2 lets % Ths tead b helping ‘vebelli on: peal ab3 coil eal skeshir tejad — bwitish: Snood sited deaare _ __ =the volo & “Kealinivsent 1000 wep jolt phelps __leLote) pulerssand princes: didnt Join bcoz - thetit rale Wied no er — 2) Leck A lecdeship =rnolecder brik sphiaing 1 + Badnedur shed ii! meat aaa Vedas’ inteestin pe ‘ Scanned with CamScanner3 ‘Lawk resources => Things such &% worequipment and food... \. _-rebels. Fought withprimibive, weepons suches swords: ~ They could only use cqpwed uregpors. fee ne CO _amno Would ran ott, Hi i = Te locsl merchonts # hid Soa calatoens giv: agit bo. sickle = Wis creeted, Lack 8 equipment and food sbif} ) British sheagth + STRONG ARMY wow Gpapé _7 bigger ,Areined_and disciplined army - Theghed modem weapors seh as enSield_nfles __7 Seg hed vedlweys and telegraphs 10 commieade quickly Sead Yoo) and veinforeements - Te biitish Knew the sepoxs wecknesses Gi they weve the ones _ us hened Hasepags: Scanned with CamScanner5) Betrayal ‘bylocabsi ac eee nn yall on lle british succeeded. in ta Jindig eit Sindvedpbirs inthe rested ieee 7 Freedom, Sights, se le 1 2tg. Maulvi Rejeb Ali cud # Halteem etiveditawey Meer be Etna foyslommnition depobet delhi: 2... : ~ This wes, grect set back. folle yebels. Ss Scanned with CamScannerConsequences Ward independene 1857 1) in 1958 , cic was compeletely abolished and-nowsall:the administrative and fvading affairs weve tobe handled by Hie british govE. AlAs ei indi. aif l85e » ~ ) he 2 mug hs) Cmpire wos a Mutly. Solids sete Wht ~Bohedor sheh wes exile y engpo"n: Ciiodemn ding boyms _- Hig sons were executed... yh { 3) Wibesthe.: indian: proclatistion-actid. 185¢ g Lstih indin with indin ait -- \@58 | Thdien civil sewice was to be eveated and jhis wweabo he onder he contol secretory & stale in! ? Scanned with CamScannera a ae ue pa E =e - Berea was us Nake” se ae fe + Avap zi = wogone Helecders. a vworSindepedence | 57 e her yule wasinot accepted. by british and hey’ lands wee .\ : rere british indew dochrined:lapse:: lz see = She wos supported by tatys topee, Gnother lecder dh ward 7 “indeptdene. __= She tues Killed - 7 - = Mntwindian pry ir great. ability 7 He was alewder & woi 1957 sh Killed Yoni eKhni bet j in Th be sn Hebatiled gan 1858. He managed boescape but hewers, artested. end parseested lake Scanned with CamScannerane @) Who was nana sebib _ ein? —_ Morathen Quistoorat 5 “none 4, fle readers Avebelion sd GUT oy 5 Ge yo fused te Pay Win pension, Perlis is Nthardied, a He headed. th. vebels..in the city d.kenpor + He wapalso responsible forte’ Kanpwmarsque. cn ys > He was Voreed. fo escape. Karipur when the baits attacked ne 1é5¢ = This soick. that:: hescen de: iehdl lifein the cosind oi Scanned with CamScannerS) Deine bale enpue “Took place in oe ~ Tt wose british attenph’ to evenflo sedi Sioa pi wes. caplet by Sop s, ‘Sepoat | ibe Sahil m Hegene! befire = ~ Br tishievon: dnd Tieadnelue na __ -Tatya_topi and.nana sabib escaped _ _= Sepoys’ wove given: brubal-punishments 05.0 vevénge Fei Kanpur masencre» 2 att @) Who | was inaagil ponies 7 — Meagel pandas pais inde bengel nist _ | dhe comyd cic Sloot “fied oud 209t8e _- Mangal panday wasangrss: abhis bribish aS Ficers:becatse Fhe Gihewes dag Gorced fo use cyeese Covbvidges W whichorese- was against hisreligior— — - He adbecked his bribiel. a ficews an ned Hem 0 : ‘ a ee a Scanned with CamScanner@) Describe the battle & Qwelior . Took place in jue lese = British attempt to veesphive quielioy fromvebels ~ vebelswere ledby batyatopee, Vani Ajhensi end nephew inte, Sahib, Rao sebib- = British won Gnd recgptwed gualicy - Rao sshib end eo oni iB jhensi weve Killedin bstt in boii —_ a jhasi wes dwessed (703 m 4762); Vai = Qutub -Ud-din _ Bor dming evauen Guaweigzeb.! ve J gien title dr shshWalliallch because he ws pros. - Beliok a: He was the Firet muslim vefbrmas bavestise thed song Nesdership- ¥eq ited Ond fais: :W3 08 to arice: froratle: comminiky itself Work 4 2 For thet pevpose, hewwle letters bs veriows muslin leaders cnctralevs Gndinvited themto come endlesd the -- _ on Jihad. by organizing cppisifisn J Luis upon biscinyitahionElat _ Ahmed sheh Abdeli_defested fle Maratea inthe 34 beple a Pomipsin- ITC | ale Ln t He believed that muslims faced many problems because hey were ignorart: chont 'isliau ondte teachings ely guren Oak they uae nat implementing .islomin Hheiv decly feo. 2! He wrok ‘51. beolts..Most notably. uj jatil-Batighs — i2bebel ahs which wove designed to spre only hed-one: b me Inbeoo2- Greely = fue weve = sacha ene = He believed _ _Ahet muslims proper milt ad. hess and were & ho match dregs it Singhs trained avin Unhe end xe } neo o, tle bebragal pst esau confi 08 meee ithe vient ended : ina balue withthe defeat re by the sikls inthe historic battle of balaltoE- Scanned with CamScanner- Heit ShebbWlar iin ois) u in_benge| He. “peliewed thet rn st Ye. “donsindiet Bihindu lenclo rds) bindu cptoms and traditions had cxeeped iutato. the, jven zt mulivs, and-corrspled. their faith: Ubis becased Hucdunt muslims Faced economic, Socie) and political decline. He wos Beth alsothe ‘ove that. Beyeotd.. delved sib continent aizi Movement Was inibiated among the | most. rere - - Setiond Ynuslim saciely:s. oxmers and. on bisang... — He called upon: the people to: discord and to act tupon the foveie [duties tn_islem.— = Yequested. thom bo stvictly gbsevve tle. seule 8 Sheri. /islemic law . os popslecits he: novemen f leche hindu lenflonds i }. eg heeressedh Hsu eat Atove him outs} betel and hed. him: yan a . - else tym 1840 ws MOR Ment was carvied out byhisson mohsinuddin. Scanned with CamScanner- jrowbinenie L no Cined plplach byt Qeridpur dishricks 2 cog bet sree ATT OS. Ete - th worked to improve post lion mes limg in satlgd _ = Hedivided east lengslinto « circles | under controls Veh Khali Fess _ Who aA wore tonensiscle sol oaits jpug) wel Fave dhpp) —_ infneavecea. } : 1 - tle helped weashth ‘to oppose ive beX = Hlesthivestened dedlwe: = ‘agers brtisigoe 3h _ en mir nisey: ali: : ! — Bengali freedom Fish usho resisted oppression fron loca! — He wesemder He Hieinfldcnces#: SASB Yo _Aby- His movement Ver Tatgah=i- mulalimadigs Inbenge! = He igeined popularity “¢ and 5000 followers. becanepissd bedi. _n He presehed Tihad ond likduc landlords Here: Huvegheneal - Samoxsfor balding bamboo Sort ‘ = lelerondicd ihe bathe w british Yorcese: + Scanned with CamScanner7 ~ Witish consdeed “lemuntnstworly eadhostile ~ Msi shoals Feaing enced “=Inislins flongat 4. ihieh osinvaders = Eettsheme constdend os tniead boise flocts ts seas _imprave ve) 4tiors? its he “bettish ond muslims = — - PAGHE pamphlet“ Loysl. muhenmedans india” » which Showed muslims that had been loya! to by: tish inorde to improve the image & muslims — ——— He wrote a penpllet called “ carseséh the indien rovelt Which showed why the indiens vewolted omd why it wes nob 2Dly medins baller groups tho rebel este L Vispamphie Scanned with CamScannerwas distributed. amongst gmembers& ver h Pork ment voy r Family , and, members & the british govt inboth indeed arden - - Me ‘ghowed thet clistiens and muslims wereyory alike _ Yorghis comentarg & He bible “Tebjiiul- Kalen which 3 ound the similarities bebwicen (slam ands chilies sabes all - These w wes O wrong nom t writbenon the biog raphy hp - ond SSK wrote a Yebults) fit fo correct the wrong imsge _portreyed Apvophet ami renpyi idl geoelt ear - Br bish cssumed 4 thet. ested? neds” asi meslin to abusethom lout $5416 Atty clorified sisby telling british Dhak nddarcth <}5-achually: écomplimeng »desived Srory te —_prabic word “agi” timeaning friewd io: - “Ve « clso explained to Ne rus ims the} fe) iaacoare wat des frei _ betes axe conquerors «Hence if the muslims wanted to msite We hhestbéc., thea dheg- shoaldei co-operate - ssipteb bibs Scanned with CamScannerReasons. for developing » weston edvéstion in’ india i woes we needed. bo adept: fo tuetern educstiona- Hindus seve: Fewouie di:=by she: sbribish. because they adept”. - Lo wesevn educction -arid lifestyle LE nauslims -wented:bo:cows fer, the growing: inSlueincd hindus, tle, ind Lo odes da: iets ic eduestion system — yi in aes be! -eahighp jobs i sei civ] Seuvite sit wes impos tes t Jor: the muslims to lewn westerneducation because competitive go) _were bo be held for the jobs + These: cempebibive exams belkin london, endeng)sad -. tem. 4 Usebeen eeabinsyabens tape tiegitl Schtind schivwement masee Movement which was an eowestions| vente... la ! Heedbaishel guishan scoot in i ninncabed in 1858 esis blished ve school ct ghazi pw in 1863 = 5A Founded 4 wnded jhe scientific society tghseipove in W854 Scanned with CamScanner—— = SS : a SS -This gocieby, branglshed seienbSie Findings Seer into pesian or wdee ee - Wis society Slourished dnd ost hedit’s oun Nien __ fiers. eee - ‘Taga ed journals werepablished. med More Samors Magazines Woe AMge tahdhib-wl'Altleg _- Wis Society’ late brevelled with. Sirsyedto “Migs oes ~_When sir syed wespostedin Aligieh -hestevbed the Gbihabalasoe -Grgp oriental schoo) (mao sehoal) in IG6R7 in gligeehs = After his tip Lo englad in 499 18eq-i870 he-studied the! _\prikish | schoo] sSyxjem. Andeppréciated it. " On his velurn ‘home. he decided to matte. MALO Ahechi — Would be similar be byibish bosrding schools. ~ We gehool Later became @ ————— i College in 1875 _al =ls salle Wes oven the shatvgd Universi <_ Shh in In Dood id vt Senamiely — = wes 25 Kou. os alle Univesity. Seid Sard ty sae Neerselab vole ing Oo nr Muslims in'south Oba _ _imporkaace + = 7 Wine Scanned with CamScannerCrecting political aneve ness - SAK, belied: thet mustims -endbindus were sodisierend > ond lived such Seperste-lives. thst: thy werelie .bwo natie | iw, watt same land» SSAK wes the first person boro _ express this point Avie Wis pomt _& view inthe _modemners.jsKhoun 05 two -nstion theory. ond sua Sie ii = ine wes saad audition tthe = ine became a. bil daminsted party osit see. bn iw Se meatiiduon mus lim ore t Jegendon ine for pret feehion _ 4 thei —- i deidind 831 si win ian eratic elec ton. * bane sil cnctd srt alive = Tiss ih heats rest atin m nae lins Gard. sepevate st coats. Sor muslims .. = By, eotsblishing meheriia ashen educa bons! tesbedine he Provided ynuplims- a cinta on which they coxtd digausstheir Political problems. Abwesintlis confevane in 1906 thet ATUL wos Sormed.. Scanned with CamScannerOlde! indi ' controversy es: ‘Tn. eer, 5 all chelated that: we should lade sled: aie Kindi_ 04 fhe seca aficia\s lengivses: bic and ptsien script 3, id veligions | signi ficane Por. Panding, > > SSA i ‘pein is 20nd Lig grav’ Cased: baie! ie enrerge “After ur urdu is hand conhvoversy ob Ig6t 1 Sed Jeltthas i: wsnok -possit cichiiaaninatns ‘te egiessass ___ Single nebion- He said ' religion aud ae i em way gedit rors” Scanned with CamScanneroi mocks questions...) ) Describe the urd kind rides assibou 2 mm) What wes th aligeh movement ) —> in 1867, hindvs opposed wadwes the second Lngulae ad Wor demanded: For st tobe chonged tohindi :Thisig because hind! wes written in sauski ed cultural and ve ligiows sig ni _ _-ppased Fis. widu was witb LE sevipt omdthvs. eto Windus. Musiins arabic sept and, __ significance te amalis: Sir syed ined Khan wes ane — &Menobable mushin Figuees. who opposed this ond this Savlis Vise Osa political leader for mestiins: Thisakoledto ___'th.two nation-theory as sir syed vesbised hat muslims And Windus were so dGFfeent and hedsuel Aiffwent lives that ibweses if tuo nations wore living inte same-land- a = > movement ledbs, SSAK “after 185% 51. ahaisucet a 2 its aims woe bo »@duielap' goon relakians w. british « @i improve, Social ondeconomy'c. posi bron irl “tivpatioia aves ® boi mevecse pi litical « swine ness onongst = ynuslims, - ~ PEs most significant achione menos vhlabli get gh Scanned with CamScanner—> This university produced: Sutove muslim leaders: Stehas . a nites “ Waiveast in 1420 eS ee Ayebkhan and Liaguat ali khane et G). Waste dialogs ments inwislenn sey Seale tle. —®_Biigae movement Weber [uinistorn hick fondant 2 Gil shen sehool. at Muradabad (1984) 0 TD logal- nasheed ans oi creat -cebiove mort Sy S5AK region porteaiee [I Le) ws vellinp. Cabos che indlianvenelh oo oct 7 Yebuttsl: bogeoue&prapct : Convineingss Musi wo) Tawvedies. vee das yay eat hyieg bash bn DR ermoving,: iniideshending: ‘Aedes re a DNidotin Schdolak Ghai (1803) — at > SrbiSie sotiohy A glace! pur Cs) > Printing a Femos megiaive. suchas tehdlib uf deh 199 ee _. > hee Mho osetotnalgaph j in 1867 2 yecame college in 875s Seg Ly became: aligsep\: Muni vesiby jn 20, Scanned with CamScannerYwonstion theory ‘ Z asco, Scanned with CamScannerLANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN Urdu: Q) Why was Urdu chosen at the national language? [7m] Urdu has long been considered the language of the Muslims of the subcontinent and it has been in use even before the arrival of the Mughals for more than 300 years. Urdu carries rich literary background mainly because of poets such as Amir Khusrao, Ghalib and Allama Iqbal. Urdu was the language which has been associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle with the British. For example, the Urdu- Hindi controversy was one of the reasons leading to Pakistan movement. Urdu had so much important that one of the aims of the Muslim League was to protect Urdu. Attack on Urdu was considered as an attack on Muslim rights. In order to remind the Muslims of their cultural and political significance, Urdu was chosen as the national language. Another reason for Urdu being appointed as the official language was to use it as a uniting force behind the nation and use it at all levels in the society as Pakistan consisted of five different cultures with five different languages. Hence, Urdu will also act to reduce the language barrier and help these different cultures to interact with each other. In the light of the above reasons, Urdu was chosen as the national language. Scanned with CamScannerHow was Urdu promoted after 1947? 8 2: AW Urdu has been declared as the medium of instruction in many educational institutions in Pakistan. A dictionary of office terms in Urdu has been published and steps have been taken to move away from English as the language of administration. . Urdu is the medium for radio and television programs. - Urdu plays and films are very popular. . Urdu novels, poetry, magazines and newspapers are widely read. For example, Daily Jang . Present day poets such as Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Parveen Shakir and Manto have also worked for the promotion of Urdu. SINDHI: How was Sindhi promoted after 1947? 1 In 1948, the Sindhi literary board was setup and they had printed many books and magazines in Sindhi. . Important Sindhi authors are Ghulam Allama, Fakir Nabi Bux and Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi. These authors have written several important books on Sindhi Folk literature. . In 1954, Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maulak was set up to promote Sindhi literature. . Sarmast Academy has been establisted in the memory of Sachal Sarmast. . A Sindhiology Department has been established at Sindh University Jamshoro. Scanned with CamScannerPUNJABI: How was Punjabi promoted after 1947? 1. Punjabi was the most spoken language in Pakistan. . Punjab has been the language of Sufi poets such as Bulleh Shah and Baba Farid Ganjshakar. » Novels, short stories and dramas are published in Punjabi. Many books on subjects such as law, medicine, history and philosophy have been published in the language. The Holy Quran has also been translated into Punjabi language. . Films and stage dramas are also produced in Punjabi. + Punjabi literature is now taught up to master level (post-graduation) at the University of Punjab. BALOCHI: low lor ji prom 19472? 1. Radio Pakistan in Karachi began broadcast in Balochi. 2. Modern Balochi literature has shown Tapid progress. There are many Poets such as Atta Shah, 3. There are many other writers such as Gul Khan Nazir, are working to Promote Balochi language. Scanned with CamScanner4, 5: iS The Balochi literary Association was set-up and they are now responsible for publishing weekly and monthly magazines and journals. The Quetta television station broadcast in Balochi. TO: How was Pushto promoted since 1947? 1, Pushto language played a major role in opposing British and for organizing the struggle for independence. . In order for the promotion of Pushto, Islamiyah College was established in Peshawar and this college became the center of the independence movement. . After independence, Peshawar University was established where the mode of teaching was Pushto. In 1954, an academy for promotion of Pushto literature was set up and under this academy, first Pushto dictionary was established. . In various universities in KPK, classes in Puhsto literature at post- graduate level have been introduced. Scanned with CamScanner