° O Chit Or LESSON ONE TYPES OF LEVERS > Machines have a lot of work, #2 Jue» 991 ® The levers ave considered the most important simple machine that man uuses in his daily life. Connecting in series: ® Each bulb is connected one after another ® There is only one route (one way) for electric current to pass. © When one lamp burn, all lamps turn of f © Current intensity decreases by increase lamp numbers e Gilles) aybbie ghee: sje e dros e ploy) Bass Yall) ae By adem lal ghd pte) Sh ad pos pte > Connecting in parallel: * Electric bulbs are connected in branching routes. * There is more than one route for electric current to pass. + When one lamp burn, all lamps keep light (not affected) * Current intensity remains constant by increase lamp numbers pula Baty fin lo Mine al) ha a pl & ag al gb al + Lamps at home are connected in a parallel way. Bec. When one lamp turn off all lamps keep light. 16LESSON TWO Dangers of electricity and how to deal with it aa dat ity oped tas cea SIN Ja J al bt) — AE lay Gad: oly pl plaid - uses of el ici 1, Cook food and preserve it in cald, 2. Lighting houses. 3. Operate machines (T.V - radio ) & factories. electricity: Lie apm oy pst days sys coe yi aya Conductors of electricity Insulators of electricity Materials that allow the flow of Materials that don’t allow the electricity through. flow of electricity through. NES sy aly oly ell cant alae AED ay pls oleae cand 9 le Metals (iron - gold - copper ~ Non- metals (plastic, rubber, aluminum) wood, glass - clothes) pseeDily cotally peal) — capt plas glk th — lee tyTh fis Ria f ep AR AY Ge Ag) yl — oly yh lk) RA Rie gO) ay yp ete) — Shall — oy gl ym Soe: Be cal ppp Ran ey pl Saga ae Ath he: pte cll Indirect Injuries 4 he onjures caused ay falling from lop of ladder dueto ectric shock. OPN 8 pa ye BP AN ae a) ges Ag pt 1-Electric Fires: They are fires result from increase temperature of electric machines. SABI) BS) a gta le a A hp ny alah Lyall ey Leg al te AaaScal ony Toga Co oly gD) Saad pa — ay pe pS Cie g B enl Bae ay pS) aad 3) The reasons of electric fires:— + Placing an electric machine that generates heat cloze to some flammable materials like furniture, curtains, rugs and clothes. + Increasing the electric load by operating more than one machine using one socket. + Not disconnecting the electric current from the electric machines after use ells — ad 2158 elgg Say Nay ARG op) ym — oy Ua i Regular fires Fines by electricity Put off by water Can't put off by water Bec. Water is good electric conductor, So it will increase the fire - It put off by using sand 18PD I Aa ln On eat Aap a 2-The electric shock: «It is result of electric current passing through the human body. A syn cling 55 5 he Bp Aye) Gane ye «The el ik dey ‘The strength ond the time token of electric current to pass through the human body SE ot HE le al ely py Se al gg RON A dl Ay gl Rea i The reasons of the electric shock 1-A body touch wire with electric current on ground 2- You touch two wires conducting electricity. 3- A body touches wire with electric current on iron chair 3-Electric burns + They are burns that resulting from electricity and causes the damage of body tissues NN eh Ny pt icy cot Al AAI 4 AGN Ay ll gh Sy pl By n RA ype) cat 6 ttl a a) at = A gt et — gt yt The reasons of electric burns: 1- Electric shock 2- Touch electric fires or spark 3- Touch machine that generate heat ( iron - heater ) 19oo elapgtt ge Data od Bg gy cl cti v Precautions in dealing with electricity: * Do not place several connections in the same set. © Do not play with the electric connections. * Do not leave the wires naked and wot insulated. © Do not insert metal objet in the socket as nail + Place pice of plastic in the socket to avoid elects shack * Do not touch the electric source with a wet hand. ® Do not leave an electric machine ar heater connected with the electrical after use. ® Do not try to fix or lean electric machine while connected with the electric current. * Do not place the flammable materials (curtains furniture clothes, covers, rags, paper) near the electric machines that emit heat (the iron, the electric heater, the lamp, the heater). * Do not place the electric wires extending on the ground o no one tipson them while walking. . gle oly yp laa Sa AT ay ll Sa gee gs YT hill) Coad © Bl dae Je YY fo Rie iy CON aN AA ee A dali wo A pt hee © PM ET eens phy Fp! a) al Y= Antal aay oY pO nap Spl SY AG Ban N+ yl ad ee aka Ga A aya QaChit Tee” LESSON ONE THE SOLAR ECLIPSE 2 pail iat all * The moon rotates around the Earth in oval orbit. The Earth revolves with the moon in oval orbit around the Sun. eahlay ae gd one Ue 59S Gy pd * GR The size of moon differ from time to time on Earth . B, it revolves in oval orbit © gah aah ogy ON aM dye haya ce ATE On URE, pall pa ep ty alll Cb — say Se eel GN Cay tal ba ayy Ya el — ell ped PS BS ten oe gg Fb fan gb he — 0 FN Ell JB igh U0 9) Go 8 jad pe Oe net) a el pty SBD yt la od Gael on oe Bp ey day a Mia Bis a ag Gea gy = BANGLA Eig) Se ad ek gh es + The shadow is a dark area that light doesn't reach it. eine ayy al at a a + Shadow is formed when a dark body is put in front of a source of light. (ml) oll ae lal (pall) as pen pny Se Ul) GyTypes of shadow The shadow = umbra The dark inner shadow in which total solar eclipse appears. He pa ad any lth Tate a J The semi-shadow = penumbra The faint outer shadow in which partial solar eclipse appears. ED Ti pd i pa a op A ya GE * The cone-shadow = antumbra The dark area formed when dark object become nearer to light source in which annular solar eclipse appears. i eh amy a na (al) al pl ag ate gt aa Aaa ga dy + The moon casts its shadow on the Earth hiding the sunlight from a port of the Earth, Ae ee eo ple wR alll SB ayy Je etl ptThe Solar eclipse Tt is astronomical phenomena occurs when the Earth, Moon& the Sunare nearly on one straight line with the moon in the middle. Re ally saly pe EG aetly pally GB, pny oe ST EE ALE ail Spt Ale Solar eclipse last for 7 minutes and 40 seconds Oh eg Aa V Baad ps et es 5A G.R The type of solar eclipse differs due to the movement of the Moon in front of the Sun B. it depends on the part of sun that the moon hide. eel salem pall nike Salle can pel) 6 OY — pall) AS ya acing Carll Sid 6g annular eclipse partial eetipse ad = ball GAN pd — Gath ipa om gg FO Gentle Solar eclipse occurs in the new moon phase at the beginning of lunar month when the moon lies between the earth and the sun. PAD HRT ate i gh 5 pa etl hag ok lle pall Gy Late ae pall ty 23Y Types of solar eclipse | Total eclipse | It is f in the shadow-umbra- area of the moon We can't see the sun completely late ltl Ul Gy YS gael ps3 — pall Partial solar eclipse | It is formed in the semi shaded (penumbra) of the moon We can see a part of eed Oe ee a alll Annular solar eclipse Tt is formed in the cone shadow - antumbra lof the moon The sun appears as a lighting ring It is formed when the moon in higher orbit from the Earth ‘The cone shadow doesn't reach the Earth By Aa A ABD Gyo Gps Rie Mita Geni gl pl JB SOA A ll yay ae BS Te Ny nell = Gia Jaa Sith day ha(peel diye fil) ale ile cain! Safety precautions on observing the solar eclipse: 1-Doctors warn of direct observation of the sun as its rays harm the eyes and can leads to blindness. As these rays can harm the retina of the eyes. Ny ys gtd — Saal pal Rad Ha le ay gett ow ay 5 sh 2-You have to wear special glasses used to observe the solar eclipse. ee Sp con Ua peak aan JS abl ay pl The outer solar corona emits harmful rays as: Ultraviolet rays and infra-red pal any Ley Bll Se 8 at any pl bet GR.F: Although the glow of the sun in the solar eclipse is weak, the doctors warn not to focus looking directly at the sun. Bec. It emits harmful rays (ultraviolet and infra-red rays) make blindness and harm eye retina, G.R The phenomena of solar and lunar eclipse can be predicted. Bec. the Earth and the moon rotate in fixed orbits. pp hy ana ae ok yh aly GNI OY — appa lly Gs hy py) ya al Ancient people from the Babylon age managed to predict eclipses two years before occurrence th A pk yh i ig ya iy ae Solar eclipse: occurs every 21 years and 5 months. Dod pA JOB a cay aa ds Lesson Two: The lunar eclipse 25We have known that solar eclipse occurs when the sun, earth & moon are on one straight line whereas the moon is in the middle. In this lesson we will study another type of eclipses that known as Lunar Eclipse. aes er cr Rem feat ASN BM lle all) 4p BA All pe oe cone ln lh ally Ctl Oy GY Ss gs pall geek silted Lunar Eclipse: It is a phenomenon oceurs in the middle of lunar month when the sun, earth & moon are all on one straight line whereas the earth is in the hail lM = ly My cael n= 2 lm nag ee as Spa Lunar eclipse can be seen in the middle of lunar month The moon phase is full moon 2 cx ni aly pace Ally Gay Gall yh I J gael el ade J G.R_ Lunar eclipse can be seen only in the middle of lunar month 8. at this time moon Earth and sun in one straight line with Earth in middle PS pl op ashy tele ele a tye ll ped ag 26Lunar eclipse last for an hour or two The moon color is red Aly Get paill Gal Upon! C1) GY | pan) eee) asl GV — jan! pall Cyl Grey a G.R The color of the moon tends to be red. Due to the red rays of sun cannot absorbed by Earth and refracted on moon BS Os st) ged any Lunar eclipse occurs two eclipses per year PD Fl all pl pay ah SS) Id AD ap — all pea Sige GR: Occurrence of lunar eclipse. Because the moon enters the Earth's shadow which hides the sunlight from the moon. Mi gh Gan opt py SSD GM BA ld appl pl ed ain ¥ How does lunar eclipse occur? When the Earth comes between the moon and the sun, while they are all on one straight line, the shadow of the Earth falls on the moon and hls the sunlight from itOD ag gh gy BR Gh 7 Gg gent Gp Ah RN ey aR ae gy A Ce MI pm pd alll i pl gb SM BU apy sk Gp: el AN BGR Dd oe ane end oS ih ps Male OF att yay ae: UA ‘> Types of lunar eclipse 1. Total lunar eclipse: - + It occurs when the whole moon enters shadow -umbra- area of Earth. * The color of the moon tends to be red. 2. Partial lunar eclipse: + It occurs when a part of the moon enters the shadow ~_umbra area of the Earth. . 3. Semi-shaded (penumbral)lunar eclipse: + It occurs when the moon enters the semi-shaded - penumbra area of the earth * The moonlight turns to be faint without being eclipsed. a a shy ck in she pl op 28GR There is no annular lunar eclipse. Because the earth has a great size relative to that of the moon. A al RS a a a YU YE — a ok AOI Lt ol ky VI ag CY A pe Occurs when the moon comes between the Earth and the sun on one straight line Occurs when the Earth comes between the moon and the sun on one straight line Itcan be seen only at certain places on Earth in the morning It can be seen from any place on Earth at night Causes serious harms to the eyes Doesn't cause any harms to the eyes. Requires precautions, warnings or special devices to look atit Doesn't require precautions, warnings or special devices to look atit Is duration not exceed 7 minutes and few minutes It's duration may last for 2 hours or moreLesson Three: Observing the space +0 i=) > Space monitor i t Tapas ped J otal nc carne Babylonians: discovered that the moon returns back to the same: point where the lunar or solar eclipses occurred after 18 years and 11 days. PNY SEA Ib ply bak) AS alll ayaa y jy pal [phat ily olde 1- Arab scientists: established astronomical observatories on high places like mountains and minarets G.R To monitor the movement of planets and stars. sy sg AS Raga lly hl pad ly salah They made equipment Why to monitor sun, moon and planets soi say pally att Asa A pa (cy 5p a The invention of telescope = e\-4\ 2- Al-Hassan Ibn El-Haitham: proved that vision occurs due to the amount of light reflected or emitted from objects on the eye. feet eet ch — tel Ge at phan yy wa: ab ce onl SHA Ay eal ey Se LI Sill Op en A ce Based on this theory:— Inventing a device that collect light is called telescope The telescope: is a device that is used to see distant stars - space, A ole — Sa psn Ag pkg Bee ttltelescope wt piven tom oandys astronomical telescope 420 yyisti psi isa) Gnatt es dats astronomical telescope £54 phe dy! a yicly at ‘~ Moons, stars and planets called celestial bodies si Idea of working telescope: - Is a device that collects light from stars or planets. call ap) ea gad Ray Te sl de © 3-The scientist Galileo Is the first one who made an astronomical telescope in 1609 that depend on wmagpitied ot photos 8 by using lenses. 26s gh GD AT 3 yy (Da Galileo The first one othe ae to see the mountains of the moon through a telescope. eA DIE oo ag Bea iyo 9B yy gt pad Galileo used lenses to collect light in his telescope. There are two types of telescopes 1- Telescopes: used to see far objects on Earth surface 1- Astronomical telescopes: Used to see celestial bodies in space as stars, planets and moons Relescope pat) patie tang 37) ay yt astronomical telescope ail wyatt) pabiny ing Qubiald play! yyy GR In the past man concerned with observing stars and planets To find reasons for astronomical phenomena (Dy alge ) AD alg any A LAD A NN pa pal GR In the past man put telescopes on top of mountains - minarets To observe outer space through clear vision any ela SAS coe ad Deal J — Sy pd pal pg cpl CLT aay 31Galileo's telescope use lenses to collect light The Modern Telescope: Scientists use mirrors instead of lenses to collect light and waves ED oe AN ln ga pl Geng sta a ph a Gu Hy Ua pat pal Types of telescope differ according to type of rays receive as Visual oie rays, infra-red eye or ultra violet rays. Rahm oh pan Can ph ad pit Ma Sa wD a pls 9 Aa ith Ah gt pp) * The observatories:- 4tssil! nal yl) Places where astronomers work and where telescopes are kept. Spy ay = HR A ae 2 pd * The observatories have dome shape ceilings to be opened at night So IA Jes taal NT Ah tad ila 9) Retin alt pg gf Qld) al ad py) Faget Calayl & pba Al sald aay = In order to obtain a clear vision for space man put space observatories on satellites and space station 32> Observing space outside the earth:- Man has recently placed telescopes revolving around the Earth in space ela ae aN cl on A any — ll atl gg th: tk ht Yad psy p19 alge 1. Hubble telescope: the most famous space telescope © Revolves around the Earth in orbit of 600 km higher than the surface of the sea. © This telescope was launched in a space shuttle in 1990 © Ils length veaches 16 meters. * Hubble telesco Using mirrors to collect light and electromagnetic waves James web telescope will replace Hubble telescope J Jas Jam ws one st Satellites are fixed windows at space suai Jibs p dete) un) Satellites are flying astronomical observatories provided with cameras and telescopes that study stars and galaxies outside the earth. aly pn el ay sty als a a al Re aby ela Sill gone sab sh gh 2 Sigg ge tinal yal) 2. Sputnik satellite: «It is the first satellite that lunched in an orbit around the Earth. + It had been lunched in 1957. 5 eet AMD pally Gah ce ype hey) etal panty Function of satellite: It sends photos about the earth and the outer space. NAAR REN Ugh Lt ay gh Riga nS he pga uN Gu clas lpn Galaxies 1. They are groups of millions of stars forming beams of light in the middle of the space. 2. Galaxies have different shapes. AN aa pe a Ty ne yal a 5 al FH) Amat He pal © a 05 — oa Cagle Too Loy ie ES Milky Wa: = * Ithasa spiral shape and four arms. + Itcontains more than two hundred billion stars + Itincludes our solar system galaxy to which we live > Solar system:~- The solar system on one of the Milky Way's galaxy arms. © ol Sk Fes Go el) gk ahs ell Ae papal + gb Sees 5 ke ae yuo sys + Types of planets:- a= Small rock planets: This group includes (Mercury - Venus ~ Earth - Mars). b- Huge gaseous planets: This group includes (Jupiter - Saturn — Uranus -Neptune). 34