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Designed for effective ‘concept development and reinforcement, this Textbook presents Physics in an engaging manner ‘through the use of infographis, graphic organisers and reaife examples. The Textbook also aims to equip students with the necessary knowledge and 21st century competencies for thelr journey (of Ifeiong learning. Chater Opener feces atm an active ah. esos Leaming Outcomes } Sree rege Espcistoarng > ~ Macs, wate oe : eras Owner = Tengen ure to ke kk ‘eons un bo oun. 8 tees exlre resto bo ns Stine see npr Tet Intogrape ane stpwie presentation eae = Signe ncaa tee Roser Link Unk teen ° Sree ah ‘Shep suse icone Imeesonetesnss distri sa port owes ‘mts coy reatsre ayo ee Somes krone ip orstnse i Sie weninesee e en gna crt al cists he non Sha sovom on srcheatyone ne i Sia hve ey eas ‘She acne sot Tt Yousett "eo nd enforce hey areas see rerun {7 Leming Room dn sett sor tert ‘oper suas rs haste owaes Sct Charon we nace,Co THEME | Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 chapter 4 Chapter 5 chapter 6 Chapter 7 THEME It Chapter & Chapter 9 chapter 10 CChopter 11 ‘THEME til Chapter 12 ‘Chapter 13 Chapter 14 (chapter 15 ‘THEME IV Chapter 16 Chaster 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 2 Chapter 22 Data-based Questions Quick Revision Guide Index GENERAL PHYSICS Measurement Kinematies Forces Mass, Weight ond Density Turing Effect of Forces Energy, Work and Power Pressure ‘THERMAL PHYSICS. Temperature Kinetic Model of Matter ‘Transfer of Thermal Energy Thermal Properties of Matter LIGHT, WAVES AND SOUND ent waves Electromagnetic Waves Sound ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISI ‘Static Electricity Current Electricity De. Circuits Practical Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetic Induction 19 49 6 83 103 123 143 153 167 185 aan 285. 273 285 305 324 341 363, 385 405 425 449 457 462aa i Measurement In September £999, ater nine months and 650 millon klemetes, the Mars Climate ‘tbe sudcenly isappeareat The spacecran was onan important misaion to std the weather and tera of Mars, What coud have happened? Pethaps Martians hijacked Ihe spacecraft? Investigations ino the dsappoarance led ta something Surprsing. What cous ibe? oeinterme ote Cd o--: 4.4 What is Physics? Physics is the study of our natural world — trom the very large (e. the solar system) to the very smal (eg. the ator ‘The study of Physics can be clvted Into major topes such as General Physics; Termal Physics: Light, Waves ang Sound; and Electcty and Magnetism. All these topics are related to two main ideas: matter and energy. The concept map in Figure 1.1 summarises this. ‘sine su0y of °@ Crd crs ee nt 1 Figure 44. Oven ofthe sty of Pies The knowlaoge we have gained in the field of Physics is the result of the work of many scientsts, These scientists conducted many experiments to ‘en theie ideas on matier and enorgy. When wo carry out experiments, we reed to make accurate measurements inorder to obtain reliable resuls1.2. Physical Quantities and SI Units Learning Outcomes — You shouldbe abe to: + Show inaerstanang na al pyseal euaries consi of @ name apie the prefs and symbols onde wry age very smal Si quantities. ‘men travelling within Singapore, you may have noticed that most ‘overhead brides have sig with “4.5 printed on In Physics, height iS a physical quantty — 2.5" the numerical magntude and ‘i the unit (igure 1.2), eS ne There are altogether seven basic ptysical quantities, or base quantities Table 4.1 shows the seven base quantities and their corresponding SI units. Si units are the units of measurement in the wicely used International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Systome International 'Untes), eee cage grote a oe a vn « fee eee e ‘Amount of substance | mole mol Of the seven base quantities listed in the table, you wil lean five inthis course. They are longth, mass, time, electric current and temperature (Other common physical quantities such a8 rea, volume and speed fare derived from these seven quantives. They aro called derived ‘quantities. For example, speed Is derked trom length (i.e. olsiance traveled) and time. 4 Figure 2.2 Ts aun found on Srvemeaa se wane arrs ‘oT yeneles abe he heest @ science wits Refining everday thinking Gisro"i955 sone ofseopbcism. When Ensen’ maginaion and Dersovorance mn bulding feiene is ratung more ‘veraay ting” Many tee kom toy cali ‘wordy rane to defend ‘eseted “rts me wong?found he answers to aes expe (a ogee? °° rf For cine wey of ‘eoresrtng vey snl ‘rim age canes. Table 1.2 ges examples of how some common physical quantities are erived from the base quantives. rite 2.2 Some common derived quis ond the Sunt apriaen Seca wens te rae a Why do we need SI units? In the past, people used parts of their bodies and things around them as tit of measurement. That was how measuring terms such as the foot, yord ‘ang nerseponer came about, Unfortunately such methods of measurement rested much confusion because the measurement varied from indiiduel {fo indhidual. was not uml 1968 that sciertists agreed to adopt one Unvvreal set of units — the SI units. Prefixes for SI units Usne decimal rotation, the distance between ait molecules can be fempressed 2s 0.000 000 O1 m. If we needed to mention this quantity 2 ‘numberof times, It would be cumbersome to use his type of notation. instead of sing decimal reat, mere convene to use pees 10 Instat ote cfr oxi, wren renurng shor dstares such as -cgghggg of 8 Nee Wo smpyexress fas ore miro, Us 0.000 000 01 mean o expressed 98 01 yn nim. whee 000 oe ne suvmule 16 pete ite In Table 1.3 ae ut sare yscal uattes et wo omer ery EOF ve sal 1 Tate 3.3 Some common prefies andthe symbols 10° es Es meee) MStandard form [Another conveniant and acceptable way of expressing physical quantties is to se the standard form. A standard form is a way of wring numbers, in which one Integer (1.10 8) is muttisied by an appropriate power of 10. For example, 0.00567 ‘and 16 800 exprossed in standard form willbe 5.87 x 10° and 1.68 x 10% Inthe ‘ase of 0.01 um, it can also be expressed as 1 x 10% m, Some other common {quantities expressed in standard for: ‘One Kiometre (km) Is 1 10° m_« One millampere (mA) is 1 x 104 “Three megajoules (MA) is 3x 10° 3 + Sixmicrocoulombs (uC) is 6 x 10°C + Eight nanoseconds (ns) is 8 x 10° 6 Worked €xample I! Usain Bot of Jamaica broke the 200 m sprint wold recor atthe 2009 Works ‘Athletic Championships, with @ me of 9.58 s. With this record, he became the word's fastest man, In contrast, a dog runs at a speed of 30 km f'.Ha (og chases Usain Bot wil it D2 able to eaten up wit him? Solution Note: Fist, we alate the average speed of Usain Bt erage speed = St80E8 - 200-404 mg ‘The average speed of Usain Bolt iS 10.4 ms Note: In order to make @ meaningful comparison, the units of the values, Compared must be the seme, ie leche Converting Usain Bot's speed to kim Ourime Since 37.6 km b> 30 kmh, Usain Bolt wil outrun the dog over a distance 91 100m, 2.78 pysical quantity consists ofa numerical he wots ematos playable guar 13 ym ‘magne and 3 une rong’ Expose the guitar's ler in standard form, 2. Tre sre seven base quanti: length, mass, tune, elec catent temperate. hinge Intensity and amo of substance Tho respective SI unts of ese seven bose ‘wuanttes are the mtr, Kilogram, second Sper hehin, cael, an mola Untederved fom me Si base unts are caled 5 ceed units Frethes such 2 B68 (6, mega M, to Laas eas ec), cont (ef. mer and. Gant Unites researc Wess fa ese ‘ano can be used representantes huntechoog (tert Pes Toyo eer thot re very large or very sma OFthe ator moe on rartecholg |argue 23 mete 1 Rewe 2.4 ve rece ‘ommacure wae rge leas: ae objets ‘ross ange fem re Sen bgte Bevery sna ‘ads of 3 heragonmuleus 1.3 Measurement of Length Learning Outeomes — You should be able to: —————__—— «Show an enerstondng of hom he ees of beets, such eb an atom andne | orn con range in ders of magnate: | «este now to mesere a arey of lng using te aopromiatenstuments | "(Ge tae moseure mev tue, vorne capers, merrier seem ue In Physics lengths an important quantty that soften used. For example, we ‘easure length to find out how eran object has moved. how much space an ‘object occunies (i. the object's volume) and how far apart two objects are. ‘The S! unit fr length is the metre (m). There Is @ wide range of lengths in this word (Figure 1.4). i is necessary to use the appropriate instruments fand methods 1 measure different types of length The metre rule and tape measure “The metre rule and tape measure (Figure 1.3) are instruments that are commonly sed to measure length. [Ametre rule can measure lengths of up to one mete Astee! tape measure {s suitable for measuring sUaight distances longer than a metre, while @ cloth tape measure is sultable for measuring the length along a curved surface, such as a porson’s waist = 1.000 000 0003 aces | sae ot atypea om erage with of human hae 0.002 m ‘ater f= we 02m lene ot ‘er ofa foto FeldeB What is the precision of an instrument? ‘The smallest unt an instrument can measure 's known as its precision What isthe smallest unt on a metre rue? itis O.1 em ort mm. Therefore. the precision of a metre rule is £ mm. ‘The thichness of a piece of gape is ess than the precision of a mete rule (ic. 1 mm). Theretore, you cannot directly measure the paper's thickness Using # metre rule, Yoo Wl hve to estimate its thickness. How do we avoid errors of measurement? \Wnen you use a metre rule, your eyes should be positioned such that your line of sight is peraencicuar tothe rule (Figure 1. 5a). Measurement erors introduced when this Is nat done are called paralan erors (Figure 1.5(0) socraetegh cone =78-10%19em —_acantelegh tet = 30-0 fact a me Sear ere ial woes 1 oon . a Toesinate ne httnese of sheet ot {heiress tenant ot os ee ee (2) secrete measurement (@ raccuate measinemert 1 Figure 1.5 How othe accurate readings by aviing pari e1s Note that some mette rules have their zero marks at tne vory ond of the rule, Wear and tear of the metre rule may make this mark unsuitable for ‘measuring purposes. This worn end may introduce errors to the readings. Hence, itis better to measure from anather paint and subtract it from the final reading (Figue 1.5(a), Taking Several readings and calculating the average also minimises errors. eight of Mount Everest never 13500 000090 000 000 itarce trove by ht "Searc he Interne to re cut ore aout he relive Chere, Use keyed 0.000 000600 o00 200 200 000 m ‘stance tom te Earth the ‘aroma gly ‘6378 000 m Seared | dso te Carty‘The vernier calipers ‘pair of vernier calipers [Figure 2.6) nas a main seale and a sliding verier scale, Its @ useful tool fr measuring bath the Incornal ang external diameters of abject, Vernier calipers ‘ate able to measure to a precision of 0.01 om, iA tai— used to measure coor an act sting vornor scale asia sing Seale clonsie he man sone tat ows Ueto read aston ot {he sales mera cutie jas — use to measure 2 & ‘tara hater or win ofan eect «Figure 1.6 Parts ofa par of emer capers and thar usesStep 2 How do we use the verier calipers? Read ine main seale tothe Figure 1.7 shows how a pair o verier calibers is used. immediate left ofthe zero mark fn the werner seaie. In tis ‘case, the reading onthe main Step 3 ‘The ath vrnir mark coneides witha marking on the man See This gives a reading of 0.4 mm or (0.04 em on the vere seal Stop 4 The diameter is found by adding the venir scale reading tothe main scale easing: Bi mm + 0.4 mm = 31.4 mor Bate + 0.04 em = 3.28 om ‘Step a Grip the bal bearing gently using the outside jaws ofthe caliper. 1 Figue 3.7 Stopty step nstntons on howto us aero emer espe How do we avoid errors when using the vernier calipers? Before using the verner calipers, we reed to examine the instrument for 2or0 error. That is, we check the ze10 mark on the main scale coincides with the zero mark on the sing verre scale when the Jaws touch each Other. Table 1.4 shows how to correct for zero errors on the vernir calipers. 17 Tlie 1.8 Checking snd sonecing em erate whan ug he wn enone The zero marks ofthe > Septet ‘eaang = 314 on Ponte sere oor ® + manson mecereee, ~ Lier laa Shanty to thergntor 8 10 ° 2 autem Zoro orar~ 10.03 om Wegitve ero ener ¥en oie the vermin ceae is vomier aie sighiytotheletor 8 p int man sca. als Zero enor = -0.03 em Reading = 3:11 emThe micrometer screw gauge The micrometer screw gauge (Figure 1.6) has @ main seale and a thimble seale, iis usvally used . * to measure objects that are too small to be measured with vernier calipers; * when measurements to precision of 0.0% mim (i.e. 10 wm) are required. 4 Fgwe 4.8 Amicmetar few suse How do wo use the micrometer screw gauge? Fgure 1.9 shows how a micrometer screw gouge Is used. Stop 2 Read the main scale reading to the immeckate left ofthe edge ofthe step imble. In ths cose, itis 8.5 mm. ‘Turn the thimble unt the srw andthe spindle are most hmble, nis case, 188.5) touching the object. Then, tum the ratchet unt it ccks. The ‘lk ngieates thatthe grip ofthe merometer screw gauge a ‘on the object is ust right for the reading tobe taken ore? ss eae ‘that sin tne wth the stam line ofthe main scale ach olusion on the thimble scale ie 0.04 mm, ‘+ Teretore, nis case, he 40+ "readings 440 x 0.01 mm = 0.40 mm step 4 ‘The diameter of the wie ‘i found by ading the ‘thimble reading to the How do we avoid erors when using the micrometer screw gouge? mah se reused. m ‘As with vernier calipers, we need to examine the micrometer screw gauges ca 0.40 mm ‘or zero error betore using f. That, we check ifthe smallest reading is 2's Soy 0.00 mm wien the spindle toucnes the anvil Table 4.5 shows how zero fertors on a micrometer serew gauge can be corected 4 Fgue 18 Stepty ste insutons on howto vse a mirometr Stem gauge 1 Table 4.5 Croc nd coectng seo errs wan sing a mero sre gauge Pe mecirnere camel red ne cot No 210 rer a 290mm = ‘he smallest reading fe 150.00 mm (ne corection atime requres) 0 en Reading «8:90 mm Positive sre erat < re Sane “| (0.09) = the se0 acing on ee 1893-14005) eet] nenmon seas «| 890mm Ze erer= 1009 an feeding = 8.93 nm Neeaive tro enor — 1 4 a ae te vineie se iz = S87 -fo0m, pee ar eadg= 8.87 nr(er a Conmony used measungnsvunents we er rrge The space ongiroere made Instrument | Measuring | Precision | Example of Tape measure | Upto several O.i.om person's Us (eg yrs eho) ut Metre rue | Several ‘tem | Height onan reatod toes of emimetresto or imm table 556125 mon sparen — | From one t2 450.03 em | Diameter of cemtmeties or Ok mm | atest tbe Micrometer | Less an 2.5 [0.008 om | ameter of serew geuge | centimeves —o/.01mm| a wo Ero to note when using measuring Instruments: Mate ra Para err emir eatipers| 2ar0 ero ond pacallan ere ‘NASA engneers waning on Micrometer screw gouge | Zero evor end praia error tho hrs ciate otter ‘Th cameter of wre s measured using 2 mete ren gauge, The student akos an Init zoroveacing igure 1103) ara hen 9 ‘easing ofthe damoter Figure 10). What» {ste clameter ofthe wie? ee | (a) Zeoresarg 0) Dieter adie 1 Fewe 1.10 a Rewea2 A pir of emir calipers i used to measure the ‘laeter ofa ball bearng. Wrat sth racing fof he vere calipers shown in Figure 1.13? Experiment 1 Now doe use measuring lenge acutely?1.4 Measurement of Time Learning Outcome — You should beable to: + sescibe now te measure 9 short eros of tie nth appropiate accra) sire How do we measure time? Imagine that you are stranded an an island. You do not have a watch or a mobile ‘phone. How would you be able to tol the time? We can tell time by observing events that repeat a regular intervals or periods. © Seasons Spring, summer, autumn and winter come once a year, (ofthe Moon changes tr a full moon toa nd back o a ful moon again, showing that & time ofthe day. The position of the shadow cast bythe Sun differs according to the time ‘ofthe day. Atnoan, the Sun is high inthe shy Inthe evening, is low in the western shy. 1 igre 3.33 Messunne tr ung ratiral vers tit ocr at elt imerae ‘The S| unit for time isthe second(s), The year, month, day, hour end minute are other units for measuring time For scientiic work, the observation of netural events (Fgure 1.13) ‘6 not accurate enough. For example, the time interval between @ sunrise and a sunset is different m winter and summer. The time intervals for scientific work have to be fixed: they cannot change. Can you think of recurrent motions thst can be used to measure time for scientific work?Using a pendulum to measure time [A simple pendulum can be used to measure time. It consists of a heavy objec, called a bob (e.g, @ meta ball), thats attached to one end ofa sting ‘Tho ather end of the string fs faed. When a pendulum swings treey 1 wl smave back an forth at regular intervals, eee 4 Fewe 1.18 vnen me p00 moves fom Ro $ ar sack to R the penouum conaletes ne that, lw he ways can the Bo sng to produce one compete actetoN? ery The period of @ pendulum depends on its length. Pendulum clocks can be eibrated to measure time accurately by adjusting the length of the pendulum, For scientific wor, time intervals have to be precisely measured. The period fof the oscillations must not change, Most madern timepieces are callrated using precise timekeeping devices called atomic clocks (Figure 1.15) Instruments used to measure time Pendulum clock {timepieces use some kind of periodic motion to measure time. Pendulum clocks Keep time using a pendulum’s periodic swing, Clocks and stopwatches The oscllations of springs and the natural vbratons of crystals are other periodic motions that can be used to keep time. Most clocks and watches today use quartz crystals. Quart erystals are small, accurate and require very Iie slectial energy Depending on the accuracy and precision needed, the instruments used wil vary. For example, we would not use an analogue watch to measure the time taken for @ runner to run @ 100 m race, but we will use @ digital Stopwatch instead. Human reaction time Most stopwatchos can moasure time oa precision of 0.01. Digtalstopwatches Usually show readings up to two decimal laces. However, we usually tae Featings tothe nearest one decimal place. This because, unlike the electronic Sensors used in data loggers, stopwatches nocd tobe started and stopped by hand. This manual operation induces a random errer called human reaction time. Human reaction time is about 0.3-0.5 s for most people. omer tan its eng, nine grtatona! old Song of te oeaton oor pavtaonal tela ‘Bren in hagter Yo ong sone second? then fora eesti som umber of tines, There aotom elo (on atoms soe, 1 Fee 2.38 atomic atten oan nada“e investigation. 63 ——<$§$§$£@— $$ rrr To calibrate a simple pendulum to measure time in seconds Aopacstas Pendulum, stopwatch, metre ule, retort stand and clamp Procedure “ie the pendulum to the clamp, and measure the length of the string in metres (Figure 1.26), ‘Measure the te taken forthe pentulum to make 20 oscilations. Very the length / ofthe string between 50 and 90 em and repeat step 2 Complete tne following table: | | oa) | 900 | aie Ng, Pelee ee ace ena a Cateatation t ‘Te period ofthe pendulum Tis found by dividing t, by 20, Thats, T= S38, Ne: A conmon mistake made dung prota wos to ak he everest fo 20 ossttons = 22) a te ped To te pend Precaution ‘Why do wo need to take the time for 20 oscillations? \Wnen we divide the measured time by 20, the inaccuracy associated with period Tdue to human 2 reaction wil be only 2 of the human reaction time "20 peace = o i [a REE enim emine, How does this experiment allow us to use a pendulum to measure time in seconds? The length of the pendulum witha period of ane second can be read off the graph, By using @ ‘pendulum with this longth, we can measure time by counting the numberof osciltions (eg, 4 oscillation takes 1 second, then 60 oscilations take 60 seconds or 4 minute) ovaWhat can we observe about the graph of Tagainst 2 ‘he period increases with length, But rot linearly What does the plot of 7? against / toll us? Ietels us thatthe square ofthe period is crecty proportional to the length. Tis eves se to & “traghtiine grapn when we plat T? against. By extending the straight ine graph, we can easily predict the period of the pendulum for lengths that are not included in the graph we have potted, 2. Time itera canbe measured by observing events that repeat themselves poreceay. 2. Tomessure time intervals n minutes and nour, we can use analogue watches and clocks. Te measure tne interval toa pension of 0.61 5 we usualy use stopwatches. ‘3, The period af 2 gendulum fs he te token forthe pendulum bot to rave one complete osiation. From ahat ou hve es exer Fgue 1.18 shows an oscilating pendulum. the “ime taken forthe pendulum te swig fom A 9 © {ta is 33, whats to pei of tho pendulum? 2. How would you measure he average me token ‘by bus to ive rom your nome to sehoo!? 3. How would you cetermine the pend of Swing i ‘Be playground? —O™! Tape measure mm Severs metros a Metre rule mm Several em to tm Pevode motors erie eatpers| [Oamm —— Semto18em ‘ole oaphatons = om Merometerserow gauge 001mm Less an 2.5 0m‘Stote whether enh of he following statrents ie tive or fo. Then, core the ase statement). Rew ‘eleva secon #900 got tha answer wron oa net confdet of your enswe. iy | DSgeh na py quebec arate matin = Ti Sots raon igh na peas, are aan oy Mea tin ea ce spes xen angte ae mol 12 rsseaten.” auieeieiee) EEE SES «| wen rae GOD us af wh ah cover by we is 3.6 em. Tre (2) oage dear oft nee 2 008 2 vo | Tesabs of an un oft rr of 0 mae, wee eromuscEwth | | aa Deteeserar meen - | coy mea ens es hr ow amine westousuzeameenetr | | yg Sm eae ip | Wen massing ys ans, hate warp vue oepsed 3 marerenet tt mae scan fe ey ui cq Me ord fa edn acu eine we out sets a is less oreurate than measuring the te taken for one oscilaton Ansnere oe avaiabie the back of he took EES Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions 2, Twa verir scales are shown belo, The veri le athe top shows te reading when the ‘emir calipers ae closed andthe verre scale at tha betom shows the reading when the ameter oa see bal Being Is Deing measure. Lina parca experiment, you ae required measure the dstnce Between two fom that te between 0.7 mand 0.8m apart Which of {he flowing instruments shoud you use in tert cota 8 reading hat has 3 precision 9 © » ss ‘0.001 m? 4 A Anattmote rule 8 Amette rule 5 0 © Atenmetre measuring tape a to a ue 1D Amette rule and veri eapers ‘he camater ofthe see al bearing is A 149em 8 Ls00m © L89em D L6tem3. The tnble scale atthe top hows the sero reasing ot 2 ‘micrometer sew gouge ‘na the sete at te Batom Shows te reaing when the ‘damete of aba beeing vas ensued using the fame mictometrserow sauge. wnat she clameter saad ofthe bal bear? —e_ A 142mm UE 8 192mm 4 © 198mm — 208mm = Section B: Structured Questions 41 Iontty the pysial quanti, numer ‘magnitude on unit in the flowing statement: (@). The long of bles fount be five metres, (©) The time the pendtum takes to complete 2 sng ool ie wo sends. (6) Avptal car has a mass of ene ‘howard wlogams Flin the blanks withthe corect sybils. The frat nae seen done foro @ 1k g=10% (@) 1__s=10%s ( 1s A (@ 1 —_mai02m (@) 1et=__m ) 1__weiow Complete Table 1.6. Table 16 44. Figue 3.19 snows the reading on a merometer ‘stron guge. The uper cele i in mand tho Tomer seal shows the itermedate hat ‘sions. Te sorew has a ch of 0.50 ron (ie. one tun wl move the trimble 0.50 mm ‘ong the main sea). 1 Pewe 3.39 (2) What isthe teasing shown? ()Deseibe bien the measurements you w ‘ake to determin the ameter ofa place ‘ot copper wie 5A stutert measures the with a a lass ste ‘sing agar of venir capers. Figure 1.20 oss sie (2) 19 Fev 1.20, whats the measurement ff he with ofthe ass sce? ()Listthe precision of be folowrg ‘eating stamens: vere cers, Imete rule and merorterseron saute (6) Explain wy the menos shone = Frgur 120 wil not ys an acute measurement How would ou tan & Ofte goss sie? ‘Section C: Free Response Question "A. Astudent conductes an expedient 1 measure {he arcoleration due to gravty go ase bendulum The dot oar were ebulted ‘Tabi 17 Table 47 ‘Gen that the rlation betwoon tho pert 7 the ‘eran Fo the pendulum andthe acceeaton ‘due to gravity gis T= 2 tind the value of sing the graotical approach Ow[A nanomeve i one bition of a mete. itis about th length of ten atoms pied sice by sie. Nenolechnology S the sclence of making machines at an atomic seal ‘Advances in nanotechnoogy have allowed us. 10 bull compute contiles tots mach smaller than a human eel The machines that ae constructed Using ranotechnology have very useful oppiaton. Some uses of nanotechnology inci: * Nanomedicine for hagnosic purposes and aug deliver. Nonomachines hove seen used to remove obstuction in the ecultory system ar 0 kl cancor cells + Nanosensors for monitoring and conveying information anout nanepartiies. For example, a chemical fed Body tissue can be anahsed at the molecular eve! to ve an ‘xtemely detailed ‘snapshot ofthe celular, subcelae ‘ard molecular activites nthe bod tissue + Creation of special materas that ae ier and stronger for defence, aerospace, and automotive applications, 4. im nanomedicine, octers may inject _nanorobote into a patient's bloodstream. These nanorobots ate programmed to rave tothe affect aea nthe body ta Baminstor medcation. What risks does this procedure 2. Suggest why rots used to kil cancer cells need to Be atte nanoscale,Kinematics In 1987, Gregor Roberson, a skysving inetrutor, cared out the most daring rescue t In his fete. Upon seeing his felow siydier, Detie Willams, fairg post him Unconscious in mir, Robertson istinetvoly increased his speed to go ater he He ‘aught up with her and released both the parachutes barely seconds fom crashing \ to te ground. How dé ne manage to ater his speed in mide? eesti)For any cbeet moving asttegi ine he. near mation, we en basen ts avecton froma reforene pint, be peatve er nga. For examen gure Bite assign to Sacto one rete oF Aa pate, the Ssplcoment of he ‘movne eet 5 km 2.1 Distance and Displacement Loaming Outcome — You shouldbe able to: Unstone ona sisigash etme Scalars and vectors en nnn 1 Table 2.4 cormon sonar ane veto quantios Scalar Distance Displacement Speed eoety Mass: ccoeration neta) Force Time Difference between distance and displacement Figure 2.1 shows the motion of an object between two points, A and . We wil use it to illustrate te meaning of vstance and displacement. ‘Figure 24 Distance and dlplscement between Aan B © Displacement © Distance * The sistance measured ina straight 2 Te total length covered by @ moving obect line In a species direction tngardless of the direction of motion ‘= Avwetor quanti (.8. nas oth + A sear quantity (i has magnitide ony) magnitude and direction) St onit metre “+ Stunt metre {the distance travelled bythe moving object +The displacement ofthe object from & from Ato Bis ltr 7 km (be pat) or 08 16 5 km cue east ofA, regardiess 410 km (geen pat). ofthe actual path it takes. ‘what if the object moves back to A along the same path (Le. A-» B-» Ay? The distance t travels i ether 14 km (olue path) or 20 km green path: 1 ts displacement is zero, Because itis back at A.Worked Example 21 Figure 2.2 shows a car that travels § km due east and makes a U.turn to travel another 3 kn. Calculate {a) the distance covered; (8) its displacement Solution ee ieee 3 EET pecan ae ; sonore. ee ee an mig oacsecnyscae mmo aiane: Flees 2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Leamina Outcomes — You soul be ale to 1 Satingian between eps ana velety ‘dstarce woveles state what unio acceeation Is; in average spe usin 2 nveccty + lteoretensmaie of renuorm acalraten, Speed How would you fd out who the faster 400 m sprinter is — Usain Bolt (the ourent fastest. man) oF a cheetan (the fastest land ‘mamma (Figure 2.3)? Caleulate the value of seceteration using To make a fair comparison, we ‘eed to tnd the speed of Usain Bolt and a cheetah aver 100 m, 4 Fe 2:3 How come use knemstes ten the faster 100 m sinter? ake We istonce traveled on cant eeeaee [ees ‘Speed is a scalar quant, ts SI unit isthe metre per second (mms)“ronal beng the sing ne rere, ve te above scapes 1 Average sp6068 often bic or animals Based on Usain Bos 100 m wore record time of 9.58 s set in 2009, distance traveled time taken The overage speed of a cheetah is between 20 m s* and 30 m s%. So, a cheetan nas the edge over Bot, unless Bolt can tish the 200 m sprint below 5 sinthe tuure. Average speed Table 2.2 shows the resuits for men's running events at the 2008 Being Oympics. 1 Table 22 Resutsforman's raring events a the 2008 Boing Obmpice| teen | clon ope fone a sensor | seman | 200 | 4930 | 104 “anno le viet ee ‘The spe0d ofeach athlete in Table 2.2 actuallyhis average speed. Average ‘speed assumes that each athlete travels atthe same speed throughout the entice distance, = total distance travelled ‘verage speed = "oral time taken In realty, the athietes oid not run at the same speed throughout their races. The speed at one instant is different from the speed at another instant. The speed of an object at @ particular instant is known as its Instantaneous speedVelocity ‘ven we ae asked forthe veloity of an object, we have to state the speed of the object and the aection in which i is traveling. This fs because Velocity is @ vector quanti, It is speed in a speciied direction displacement velocity = ‘ts SI units the metre per second (m s* ‘An object moves ata constant velocity when it moves ata constant speed in ‘one direction. The object is no longer ata constant velocity when It changes Gdrecton without changing its speed, or when it changes Its speed without changing ite direction, Simiaty, as in the case of average speed, total displacement ‘erage veloey = “rota time taken Worked Example 22 [~~ gure 2.4 shows a cor that travels § km due east and ‘makes @ Uturn to travel another 7 km. If the time taken for the whole journey is 0.2 h, calculate the (2) average speed: (b) average velocity ofthe car. Solution ona sone stage = Bes ewe 24 total distance covered Total time taken 15+ Then Ozh = 60 km fet (2) Average speod (8) Taking the droction ave east of point O as postive, | {ota dspiacement Average Wey =Total time taken = S=Tim a2 anton 17, <2 ‘ogra thos 25 tocompete 3 200" Set ever, her Sees na wos 200. ‘he tangle’ method can ep you to recall the felsonan bawoon veacty Sideslacement ad tne sTofindtime tg over tt obtain t= (ae shown above) Tota ie oreo otton v= 2 Tota Siratoesan a= ‘ee matocan ae be Toate na ‘Singer ane ‘sey ponorons! ‘Chante yet rey ogee var here k= constantAcceleration ‘an object 1s accelerating when its velocity changes. In other words, the object undergoes aeceleration when its speed end/or direction changets) (Figure 25) zoms?_30mst some" (0) change n spec (1) Changs in srction (6) charge not sped ane secon 14 Fee 26 Tren scanats in which aceeeraton occurs change in velocity Acceleration eration = “ume taken Acceleration isa vector quantity. ts SI unit s the metre per second per ‘second (m 5) ‘There is acceleration when velocity increases or decreases over time. “LA swingistiedtoastne. For an object whose velocity decreases overtime, we can soy that tis Spt sane reer undegsirg deceleration or etarcaton. stiecin creas? Uniform acceleration @ An object undergoes uniform acceleration when the change (increase OF decrease) in its velocty for every unit of time is the same (Table 2.3). + Toble 2:3 obit ving wn unfor secelration . oye es ; stm | tn 3 oe wes ‘Win 2 sone : as =e anise nore . oo oF {6) Acar coming ta hat O—:‘The following equation can be used to determine the uniform ace of an object: ‘qulek Cheek 2 unter maton the seme” Exiin our inital velocity (in m $2); v= final velocity in m s*); {time at which an object is at initial velocity insis {=the time at which an objects at final velocity “lin s): v= change in velocity (in m £* time interval Between t, and fn 3), Worked Example 23 | a —) Acar at rest starts to travel ina straight path It reaches a velocity of 22 m sin 4 s (Figure 26), What ists acceleration, assuming tnt it accelerates uniformly? Solution We assign the arection tothe right as posite. {Givens intial velocity u= 0 m s*(since the car starts from rest) final velocty v= 12 m s+ time taken at= (= 4s Sos tesco eet vent, es ey . B2-0)m 8) am gs qe0e iets at The acceleration is 3m = } Worked Example 2.4 [~ ‘The velocity of a got bal rling in straint line changes from 8 m sto 2 mS" in 10 s (Figure 27). What is its deceleration, assuming that its decelerating uniformly? Solution | We assign the cirection to the right as positive. same: va2mes Given: intial velocity u= & ms" oe final velocity v= 2m s* Singe its aoceleration is assumed to be uniform, (2-8)m atni0s =06ms? a Feo 27tes exloe (a ) oraier? ‘Non-unitorm acceleration [an object undergoes nomaniform acceleration if tne change in its velocity for every unit of time isnot the same (Table 2.4). ‘Table 2:4 bet ming wn nono aeration ° 40-0=10 40-10-30 0-40-20 70-60=10 Seslar quanttes are physical quantities that hve mage ony. Examples include stance, speed and ime, Yoctor qlanates are physical quantities that have Both Magnitude and arecton. Examoies include eeplacement, velocty and srceeraton| Speed he distance moved per unit ime, IRs Slants the mete per sesond im 5") toll stan travellea Average speed = etal ime taken ely is ne rate of enange of placement Is Sunt the mate par second (ms). isplacement ‘ine ten Aoweeration isthe rte of change of veloc. ‘he Si nits the mote pet second er second im 5), oot From point A, aboy was & to the east, 2m tothe eau amt the mest. ata aly 2m to the not. Fina (a) the distance ne travelled (6) nis eepiacement What i he aiorence between speed end weet? “tr ediect moving ata constant veloc is rmonng in stg a."Is the statement tue ‘rats? Explain your answer Do g 3 /8/8\s/° 50-70=-20 Note that the change in velocity Is not the same for every second. The ‘moving object is undergoing nonuniform acceleration ‘Aan object undergoes accaleaton when ts ‘Speed and/or arection changets). “change in velty Tim taken ‘hn obect undergoes unr acceleration aif fhe change init elf very un of time fs the same, Lethe rte of enarge of velocity pocorn -9Y, waco Av=the enange of the veloc sae the time interval ver snhen the ehange In eocty curs ‘An obect undergoes nonnorm acceleration the change iat oct for every unit of time snot the same ‘the star of autre, the odometer (ie. 8 fret that tacks the total stance aca has {raved showed an inal roading ot 50780 ton. at the end ofthe jourmey. Me fcometorfoading was $0 924 kr. The journey {bor two Nous, What was the average speed ‘tthe Journey in (a) km (8) m 3° Wot accelerator? {hen that the velocy of a objet moving fight ine cnangesunormly om uo in time tare an expression forthe aceleration ofte ect2.3 Graphs of Motion Leamming Outcomes — You shouldbe able to: — * plat ana wert epaceren ime rh {plot and ier ves tim pans {duce ivormatin abot maten trom the shape ofa dslacernent-time eraoh; + doce infomation abut matan tn the shape af a vette ph {determine dapacemer by ealclsting thea under a vee ne Gah, Displacement-time graphs Fare 28 shone car nang donde svalg nein cnadreton, srg toy rom be staring pont Onfts areclon tothe ng iesetos 2 posite, thon the postive gracint of rahe in (B)-{e) mean that =— "ni th cori tvlingtvaros eng. The dapocanen a eerie ‘measured for every second. The displacement and time are recorded steht Ketateer ‘and a graoh is plotted using the data. The results for four possible Journeys ate shown below. (2) Car atrost Sito decane EE : : : : : oe mle » See 2») = so | 2 ‘rtm Sige lay = a ‘The graph has zero gradient. Fae 28. ‘The displacement ie a constant “ for every second. af The magnitude ofthe saint gives the speed ‘tthe cat Tne sgn of ee ‘ne gradient ges te ee ‘resto fhe ea. (8) Cor traveling at uniform velooty of 10 m 5 Bed ope ao beraialets 0 | 10 | 20 | 0 | 4 | 60 pr ‘The graph has a constant gradient. The displacement increases 10 m 4 every second. 19| |5 | 2% | «5 | ao | 205 ‘The graph has an increasing gradient. ‘The velocity increases. ‘Toe nstartaneous vlc of te car a 1= 3 8s deny the dint fe argent ae pot (4) Car traveling with decreasing velocity (non-uniform velocity) sien oo ia dale i o | o | 4 | ao | 105 | 20 | 125 ‘Te graph has a decreasing gradient. ‘Te velocity decreases. Velocity-time graphs ‘A boy playing ina video arcade controls his ea by stepping an a pedal. Velocity time graphs can be used to illustrate uniform and neruniform acceleration in his ‘motion in one diction in @ straight ins. (8) Car traveling at uniform velocity of 10 m s* a[2falals eee ojo ololo 40 | 10/30 10 10/10 ‘The velocity remains ati0ms", £0 the car has 2er0 aeceleration (2) Car at rest ‘The velooty remains dms:,s0 the car has zero acceleration(6) Cor traveling with uniform acceleration fete. oh +e 50 ‘Te velocity ofthe car increases by 10 ms" every second, Hence, the graph has a positive | and constant gradlent, and the acceleration is constant, 4.8) steppe one pos ahha Byrnes cor ‘nortan season (4) Car vaveling with uniform deceleration ep pa zs | 5 |: s. a[ola|a|aolo. vey ‘The velocity ofthe car decreases by 10 m+ every second, Hence, the graph nas a negative ‘and constant gradient, and the deceleration is constant. Sirens, a Seles (6) Car traveling wth increasing acceleration (non-uniform el a BBM ttesists The increase in velocity is increasing With time. Hence, the graph has a posite ang increasing gradlent, and ‘the acceleration increases. ‘re irsantaneous sosraton of the oar a = 35 ‘Shen y the pagent fe target atthe pot Leger Ineeuing secontraveling with decreasing acceleration (noruniform acceleration) Pelee eee ee o | as | a2 | 42 | a8 | 50 ts The increase in veocty is fecreasing with ime. Hence, ‘ the grenh has a positive and * focreasing gratint and the ‘eceleration decreases 1b leasing te oes sow the oe {ayinoves ns cor wiv a aerecang eee SSleerton ;placement-time ‘Comparisons between ‘Compare deceleration and velocity-time graphs Sra aeesing| \elociy-time graphs and aisplacement-time gras look very similar, but they Scccestin nate ge ferent nfoxmaton. We can etferentate tem by ooking tte labels eam onthe y-axes, Assume that the car in igure 2.8 stats from rest and accelerates uniformly in one diection to 8 constant velocity. The car then comes to stop at a red light. Pure 2.9 shows the displacement-time and velociy-time graphs of the 27 and how they ar related Car accolerates Ccarmoves constant unoiy rom rest. veoety 3st Diplcementtine wach ‘he yas neato dpseement Thus, tis ea apacomert-be pooh Deaconont/m Depacoment raved neoases Docane mre neat | ude oe conin_— Stanmeoaungrate. Hence, | Gepecenadoya Zeoerivcems orenerid | Senge). Dioiacement nove easse5 Spa conewe oe ieee ‘ta decreasing re Hence, | = | gcontscreses (represented Spa coner cr eae reel | ecto are ae Hoeeotedbye ener rege vvommes Socnane eecsamaceg i Nees \ a / a | v anes x ° é B O-- aWorked Example 25 Figure 2.10 shows the displacement-time graph of a car Assume thatthe direction of the car moving away fram origin O's postive. ( Ror 0 Fgue 2.20, isthe car moving at 8 unter ‘elocy forthe strech of he leurey dserbed by cuve CF? + Compare od comment onthe elon a an at 2 Fem2a0 4 Ts the velo erasing Describe the motion ofthe car at each stage: ecraaing tom E107? (a) A 8 @) ¢ (@) Owe (@) Etor Solution The motion ofthe car Is deserlbes in Table 2.5. 1 Tele 2.8 Notion of he car * Displacement i 40 m trom . to] 8 | Noockyinaores Cee + Displacement 90 m rom 0 + Voloety is 200 Car travels inthe oppose craton back towards . (@) DtoE + Displacement decreases at a decreasing rate, ‘ete is nornform ara decreasing, - * Displacement remains at 28 m fom 0. (| Eto |S Natoty is za See 1987, the Vert! Marthon Nae teen taking place anual atthe 226 mtal Swissdlal The Stamforan Sugapor. I 2008, Tomas Dad reached the 73a storey ofthe hotel ina recor te of 6 mites and 92 seconde, Dung te process, Tomas coed ta! of 1336 steps! ‘alee his sped in mats per second and i steps per secon. Whih Sp ‘nei you ue opts yourself ypu are aiming to eat his eco?Worked Example 2.6 {—— ‘Te velocity-time graph of @caris shown in Figure 2.1. Describe the motion ofthe car. ‘wloty/m s* When iteeeting themeton ofthe car Inavecey-tine ‘Banh, estan what hppening wer by imerva Solution ‘The motion ofthe car is described in Table 2.6. 1 Tahle 26 Woton of te cot ‘eloty inceases uniformly from 0 m 510.15 ms nse + Aeseleratione untorm st {18 —0}ms* Be 5-105 | + Vell woteases from 15 ms to 200m 5% ata decreasing ate 108 | 2 Aecsleraton le nerumnform and decree ams? elt is union and is at a maxim. 1 Aeceieation e200. * Velocty decreases uniformly rom 20 m 519.0 5 1 Aeceieaion is untorm at 5-208]. 0-200 ings ‘Theraor, deceleration (or retardation is 4 ms + Veto is zero. 20-258 | 9 acceleration sz. 40-458 ‘= \elcityinceases uniform rom O ms t0 40 m s* 5-208 |» Meslestione uniform at (20-o}ms* + Veloty decreases from 10 m $10.0 m sate decreasing rae. 50-355 | 2 deceleration is nor-untom and eocreasng‘Area under velocity-time graph Figure 2.12 shows the velocty-time grep for an object moving with Uniform velocity. HH ga a rr ‘Figure 242 Volory-time tap oan eect moving wh uniform ley ‘The velocity is 6 m s* from time = 0 to ¢= 14 s, Whatis the total displacement from t= 0510 t= 108? Wo can calculate it as follows: veemsi,tai0s qe t d= vx t=6ms4x108=60m ‘Te product of velocity and time gives the displacement. From Figure 2.13, you can see thatthe product of 6 m 5 and 10 5 is. ‘the area ofthe shaded rectangle eam ‘4 Fewe 2.43 Dislaserort ofthe abet iste area ote estar uner ‘hector weectytme gaph ves the aisplocerent The rea Under a dsplacoment tine gph does Pot gre epicemore ‘Seplcement-tae gach Dy reading the va Great att as| + hooeleration "Now, consider the following velocty-time graph (Figure 2.14) for an object ‘hat accelerates, moves with uniform velocty and then deceleates. Wooctyim 2 soKBSERBES Bprernan ners a0 eae” «igure 2:4 Volos ah of oct at ecb neves Wh ey an aes Calculation of total displacement “Total sispiacement ofthe objects the total area under the voloiy-time graph = avea ofthe trapezium x sum of paral sides x height 2 J $xi9s+245)x36ms =594m Calculation of average speed ‘Average speed of object tal distance travelled _ 584m Total time taken 24s Description of motion Fromtime t= 0 stot=6s, * Veloety increases uniformly trom 01m s* to 36 ms ‘ n= 85-O1Ms* 6, Accoteration = SOOT = 6 ms Fromtime t= 6 sto t=15, \elooty remains constant at 36 m s* * Acceleration = Om $2 Fiomtime t» 15 sto t= 24 s, + Velocity decreases uniform from 36m sto 0m s*.Worked Example 27 An MRT train moves off from Aljunied station and travels along a straight track towards Paya Lebar station, Figure 2.18 shows how the velocity of the train varies with time over the whole journey. Wecitym 5! ia wo 8 wo 4 Figure 2.48 Volocy-tino graph ofan NAT Lain (a) Determine the average speed ofthe train between (0) Describe the motion ofthe tain between () t=Osandt= 105; () t= 30 sand #= 705; (ii) (= 70.8 and ¢= 90 5 Solution {a} Displacement between t= 0s and t= 70 = eostw/m s* rea under velcity-time graph between t=0sandt= 705 ‘2109 of shaded trapezium (onthe right) $x (605+ 705)x15mst =375m Average , total distance travelled 20 730 speed Time taken 115m 708 =139ms¢ (©) (0) The velocty-time graph ofthe train has a graent that is posite and constant. This means that the] Wo can also tnd ie same {rains undergoing uniform acceleration. Shaded ares under he veloc (i) The velocty-time graph of the tain is @ horizontal | timo enh by edaing te ares line. That Is, te gradient is zero, Ths means that | the smal spade ange sna the acceleration ofthe tein ie zero, Son of te shoded rectangle. The velocity-time graph ofthe train has a negative and decreasing gradent. This means that tne | T¥comoutne me raat velocity ofthe tran decreases ata decreasing rate. | “pnacement wane ne ratios The train is undergoing decreasing deceleration, Sanawer aun thesoktan to Word Example 27 Trycompuring the tat |Worked Example 2.8 J ‘A motorist approaches watfic ight Junction at 54 km ht. The ‘waffi light urns red when he is 30 m irom the junction. ithe takes (0.48 before appiving the brakes, and his car slows down ata rate of 3.75 ms", determine whether the motorist is able to stop his car “The assumptions are: += The ear travels at @ uniform velocity of 54 km fr until the brakes are appied. 41S deceleration of 3.75 m sis uniform Solution Not: Fst, conver 54 km h into @ speed in ms. Stikm _ 54.000 7 SAkmii= "Th "36008 = 15S \looy-time graph of vit: vps og Ho ea Find: time interval at between the point at which the motorist applies the brakes and the point at which the car stops ‘Given: uniform deceleration = 3.75 m s? (We, aceleration a= -3.75 ms") ‘change in velocity Av= final veloc ~ inital velocky 15ms* rg 36m Since the displacement of his car is more than 30 m, the motorist is. Unable to stop his ear in time, oO Vast n:/ we Sonpireatarces uk thaw the stoping (Sstane changes Grr varus hing | ante ca top inti? | (Does the car stop within 30 mm? | To answer that, we need to tnd its ‘displacement. | Its cisplacement is the area under its velocitytime graph. | To find the area, we need to find atSpeed-time graph against velocity-time graph ‘Consider a volleyball that is tossed vertically upwards Figure 2.16) and allowed ‘to fall freely with negligible a resistance. We assign the upward arection from the ground as positive, veloc, 1 Figure 2:36 The upwars one own joumey of evoteyoal Figures 2.17 and 2.18 show the speed-time graph and the velocity-time graph ofthe volleyball respectively. What do you notice about the areas under the to graphs? Total sistance travel Total istacement Oistance taveled | Ditonto h Deotcemert i spiacement Prauingits upward aus dwar postive (ce P)auing —nagawe ie 3trg fourney tthe ‘purey fom te Tsupwarejoumey to “Rs dowrard journey highest pont righest pin Thetighest po. | tem te nghest port. | weaetym 5+ ‘Speedy g Tes EE timers ‘a Figure 247 Sees tive tothe vst 4 Pig 2.18 Velcty-tine pas a aohot tte ley For the speed-time graph, For the veloiy-time graph, ‘otal cstance traveled bythe volleyball total displacement of the volleyball = total area under the speec-time graph ‘= total area under the velocity-time graph Asa, Fata, nen sheen 2h =o ‘Gulek Cheek Wye the placement ofthe volleyball ding ts dower umey negate? Sterom whet ou ire te? ‘The gractent of s csplacement-tine graph ges the volcty of an oboe. ‘The aent ofa tangent ona splacement-tme graph for nonuniform ‘loi gues the iatantaneausweoay ofan abject at that stat. Foran object st rest the csplocement-tmegroph i © Norzortal tbe Foran abject vavetng a norm voloty the dsplacomert-te graph is ‘soit ne with constant rodent Foran abject tavelng at naveasng veloc, tho dsplacement-tme graph fe a curve wth nereasing rasent (6) Foran object uaeling at Secroasing vlc, the csplacement-ie graph fe a cuve wth decreasing grasient 3 (a) The gradient of te velocty-tme gragh ges the aeeleration of a object, {8} Thegrdiet ofthe targent one veloety-tme graph fr nonuniform veloc ges tne nstartaneaus acceleration of an object at tat Instant. 4. The ssplocement can be determined by calculating the area uncsrs volaty-tme grap t-te graph shown in Fgue 2.19. eres 1 Figwe 249 Deplacoment tine ph fo abject For each ime interval, spey whether he objets moving tuner veoot ‘moving ot non-nfrm veoety ora rest. Calculate te average veloc forthe on time terval. 2, How do wo tall ether an objects stationary rm ts aplacoment-tine aon? 3, How do we detomine the velocity of an object using its displacement-me goon? 44. Figures 2.20 and 221 show the spocoment-tine and velocty-timo graph of ‘car For both grag, describe th maton ofthe car om (2) pain Oto pom A (8) point Ato port {e) Bom Sto pomtC: ——(@)_pointC to point Dppiacemonvn Moin s+ Te/s “2 Feu 2.23 Voosiy-tme dametacetWorked €xampl A sandal fl off a bamboo pole from the thie floor while it was being put out to dry. ‘The time taken forthe sandal to reach the ground was 1.24 s, If air resistance was, negligible, (2) find tne velocity ofthe sandal just before tit the ground: (®) fing the height ofthe tite lor fram the ground {©} do,you exoect any change in tne velocty-time graph If @ sock fl off instead? Solution Since the air resistance Is negligible, the sandals in tee fl 10 (i. accelerating t 10 m 5", Given time taken fo reach the ground ist, = 1.34 ‘To visualise the prolom, we sketch the path and the velocity-time graph ofthe freefaling sandal (2) Gradient of v~t graph = constant acceleration de to gravity (y.-0)ms* Gs-os We134mst ‘The velocity ofthe sandal just before it hit the ground was 13.4 ms o Displacement = area under v-t graph Height of thre flor from we ground = =10ms? fs ’ a | peed erento ae ’ th valocty-time graph, since acceleration is constant at 10 ms. the fee‘aing sce } Objects falling with air resistance Ee ee nrommace air renetance. Air resistance is fratonal force Wes the flowing t pees fakin cumeeeaties a Inreases withthe speed of the objects. + Itinereases with the surface area (or size) ofthe objects. * Wtinereases withthe density of a.‘mall dense objects (este! bals fl through aia the same acceleration and hit the ground at the same time. This is Because they experience low Si resistance. In comparison, a piece of paper Is light and has a lage Surface ares. tt experiences greater ai resistance. The paper falls at @ lower acceleration Figures 2.24 and 2.25 show the veloly-time graph and the motion of a piece of paper fling through ar respectively. siesacenent 3 5) | ae 5 isocenent 5, 5) teas 4 tow ‘Sspacenent 5/5) teas op We wea! paer wnch sonst + Fiewe 2:24 ran ot Thou) a Fewe 2:28 ow ne vor of ing pce ot +e oe ate rou edad acing on feng on tne Table 2.7 below summarises the forces involved. the changes in velocity “ndacceleration, and the dsplacement ofthe piece of paper at clfferent ime intervals ges nly a UMeemier top) 1 Atuwaration liner inan thet between ¢= 08 and t 2.8, Re eA fSventlirestyemeta ta _E Rsditaon'sveritan at Semen t= 1s a 2a, ‘eocy stays constant. ro) he ve, = terminal vlocty (5,5 2 ontysterey) aOpjects experience higher air resistance when their speed increases. When the air resistance against an object equals its weigh, the object starts to travel at a constant speed known as terminal velocity, This means thatthe ‘object has zero acceleration ttn object fas through a short cstance, I may not reac terminal vtec, before hitting the ground Worked Example 2.10 ( ‘A window cleaner drops a sponge from a window at time ¢ = 0 s, Figure 2.26 ‘Shows the velociy-time graph fr the motion of the sponge. \eloiy wms* i time ve a Fewe 2.26, | (2) Descrive the motion of the sponge between A and D. (®) Find the displacement ofthe sponge between t= O's and t= 0.6 s. Solution (a) From Ato B, the velocity ofthe sponge increases uniformly andthe acceleration 's 8 constant 10 m 5. From B to D, the velocity Is stl increasing but at 3 decreasing rate. The acceleration decreases. After D, the acceleration soon ‘becomes zero and terminal velocity of 12 m sis reached (8) Displacement = area under velocty-time graph 4x (0.65)x(6.0ms $x(6s)x6.0ms9 8m oyWhat s the physics of shying? Uitibe a pce of pape fling Yweugh ar, when 3 ‘Sertuolyequle he woe tthe pe fale a ‘Ser eos of ean. two forces act on aay {onal veloty ange erleraton 260 Sine Ears erty (2 dowate force) and a ‘estance ean uma fore), The amour ta Surace area ofa saver Speed ota shaver reas depends on om iver ostons hs boy ing is fis rsstaue,Aaupdver fais ns apreeeaage poston Arrosttanesineases with he sksive's seed Suveveolaver ternal velo and tay th a ung te tl prt of is decent: he sky's Cea Too fst pe spy reduees ms suroce voit gester tan te a resistance ence, De bret arg head fet es. fate wth ateertin tomas tha our co Osi tipeer drys of ssn | feces O~: Forte ese ater mentions atthe bering fn ess, Cagayan Sted oy vith the urcanscaus bebbe Wars. Upan near fer ne wort to © spengele postion slow Sova gti et on cone oe ‘ir esstace (ein vacuin, lobes fll under aceleration gels apprumately 10 m 5° near the Eines surtace Inthe presence of ar resistance, the velocity of fling object, Incrasese ata Stover rate. docreasingscclertin). ‘an ebect fling trough at achieves terminal veocy whens weigh feequal to the at esstance against ‘An object is released from an unknown height and falls trely for S's Sefoe thts the grou. {a Skaten he velosty-tie graph fra tine interval o 5s fssuming tere is nogigie a resistance. (0) Whats the vlooty of he aboct ust before tits the ground? {e), Whatis the uninown hout? ity does feather each taminal elocty faster than a hammer. eve0| ‘hough both are released from the sane Meh?‘The Moving Man Visit nt: //ohet.colorado.edu/en/simuation/movingman to watch a simulation of @ moving man. Click on Run Now! to start the mulation program. Part 3 Getting familar with the program 4. Select the Introduction tab onthe top left corer of the program window, 2 (@) Dreg the Position, Velocity and Acceleration sliders to change the values of these vanabies, ‘Position sider from 3.20 m to 1.20 m ‘Velocity sider from 1.20 m &* to -1.20 ms + Acceleration sider from 1.20 m sto -1.20 ms (8) Check te Velocity Vector and/or Acceleration Vector boxes to visualise the man's ‘movement, {©} Click the Playbutton atthe bottom ofthe window to start the motion ofthe man according to the variables specified 3. At the end ofthe simulation for one setting, click on the Pause button followed by the Clear button before entering the values of te next setting. 4. Observe and describe how the motion ofthe man changes with time for individual settings Part 2 Predicting and sketching isplacemont-time (#-) and velocity-time (v-t) graphs 41. Select the Charts tab on the top lft commer ofthe program window. 2. Explore the diferent tabs and buttons a8 was done in Prt 4 3. Witnout running the simulation, predict and sketoh the &-t and v-t graphs forthe following ‘wo soonaros Scenario: At 8.0 m from his mother, @ toddler started to walk towards his father at 2 constant velocity of 2.2 m . He bumped ito his father, who was 410 m away. ‘tom his mother. Scenario 2: A departing tourist stood -5.0 m from the departure hal atthe airport. looking for her passport. It was 4 s before she startee walking towards tne hall at 8 constant velocity of 0.50 m s-. After 4 s, she decided to walk faster at an ‘acceleration of 1.0m $ before stopping at a souvenir shop. 4. Enter the relevant values into the program, and run the simulation to check if your graphs match the ones generated by the program. Part 3 Collaborative leaning 1. Hany of your predicted graphs diter from those generated by the program, discuss and clarify Your doubts on the chapter with your classmates ond teacher. 2 In groups of four, aiscuss how a velocity-time graph can be orawn if you are gen a Aispacement-time graph,—(@m ‘State wether each ofthe floning statements etre of fae. Ten coret tho fae statements. Revie the {eltot sett) f you Botte anes wren ae not cordon 0 you answer (a) loti 9 sat, and hoe nas magnitude and cecton. (oy Anebiet vaveling at unr vey has a pocemert-tine graph tathas 9 | instant postive gad, | (6) Wen the sseed of an obect changes, ts acceleration changes. (8) The area unde avelociy-tme yap of an object ests velocity {)Thevelocty-me graph ofa reeting objects horizontal ne | ‘twig is he ony ore acting on ating object. ho obec wt not achieve (eins east. Aoawers oe ovale ate back ofthe bok o-ee Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions Lhe average speed of aris 35 km 8, How farcan eval n 45 minutes? A O18km B26.25km © 120% =D a8 km 2. Acar acceorte untermly tom Sms 2 D 200ms? 8. Aballtnatis thrown verte upwards at 1.2m" decmarateswtoriy at 30 m 5 ow lng il take to reach zero wont? A’ ous) Blas e bas D 120s 44 Which one ofthe fotonng wlociy-tine gras Teqresents the mono an jet sowing down eeccaiearseey in © my ay ) LX NM 5. Whch of te following weocty-tme grace represents tre motion ofan ajc ang to the found inte prosence of me reistance? 1 yoaty B yobaty © yerety D yoosty Section B: Structured Questions 4. (a), Detne erage sees. (0) eure 2.27 shows a cesar route. He ‘rtd rom pont X at 6am and went past thee other points B,C and D, bere ‘etening to point 8st 9 1 Fgue 2.27 Calculate te average speed of te oes (tom ates: i) tomatoe (ay forte wrote journey. 2. Atrain raves along straight rack lm one ‘Staton to another Fagre 228 snows now the loot ofthe tain vanes wth time over the woe journey. Swletym s* 1 Pre 228 (2) state he tine interval over which he an Is decelerating. () Oetemane the acceleration othe ain Shrine frst tw second ofthe uy. (6) Detemane the (0) dsplscement Bemeen the wo (i average speed of te wan3, Faro 2.25 shows how the vloity of moving body vars wt te ‘Wlerym s* 2 Fgue 2.28 12) Determine the acceleration ofthe body cung the frst 10. (Between t= 30 sand t= 45 , the body ‘ecolerates untoemiy to rest (0 Compote te Bap for is time tev (8) From the rach drawn in (i, obi the velocity ofthe body when ¢= 37.8 5, (6) Determine the displacement of he body 4. Fgure 2.20 shows te vlocy-tine graph ofa Wietyim s* ITSO SB Go Sines a Fgue 2.30 Deserbe the mation ofthe car betwen (a) (= 0sand (= 105; () (= 10s an fe) (= 15sana (@) t= 20sane¢= 308% (@) to a0eang t= 358, O- Section C: Free Response Questions 1 gue 2.3 stows a smooth rack ABCD. Te ‘race hae a horontl secon Beaten ‘motos. A smooth soo bal bearing of mass (13 hwo roles rr 2 pint on he tape AB. a steel balbeang 12 itm 20m 30m 40m 50m a Rowe 2.34 ‘stopwatch was used to time how longi 00k {he ball boanng ogo past the varus caloraion ‘nate Te Umes ware recraea nthe Tae 2.8. ‘The ting on the stopeatch started sore tine ‘ater the bal bearing went past ‘eTable 28 (2) Using graph paper, lta eapacement-time ‘gopher he sta! ball bearg (Ceuta te average sped a te ball bearing Between te 3.0m ana 4.0 m (e) Assuring there was negate ection between the ball bearrg andthe wack, Calcite the dspacement ofthe bal boar om 8 ust before the timing started cn‘he stopwatch, (6) nat was the acelration ofthe bearing as itl along 8¢? Explan your answer. {e) Th ball boarng sowod dono ts way Up slope CO ana stopped morsertariy 3 ofr roling back down the slope. Gen that aT the reading onthe stopwatch was 135, cleulte the deceleration of te ball beating a8 rolled upslope CD. ‘hen in in bth stuatons, the father was. reeased fram asgnean neg (2) Compare and carmen on te motion of the featner in vaciam an (8) Skater the velocty—tie waphs of no roton of the feather n vacuum ani aieas) a Jumping off an aerate at an attude of 4000 mets is efit not forthe faint heated. So ie # possible for someone to expenence the tl of shying without jumping om such a rest height? In May 2011, Singapore apenes the wort largest having simulotor, fy Singapore. an indoor skyiung wind tunnel wih a height of 17-2 metes and a caretor of 5:03 rates. Whats the pais behind a skydiving simulator? eset Cie is Lefirisiedy sae SRY emeiereeeenhorinrtercnes3.1 Forces What is a force? ‘To move our luggage from one pont to another, we can ether push itor pul. {force is either @ push or a pul that one object exerts on another object. Ikan produce, slow down, speed up or stop motion. can also change the ‘sour hands exe eitnr fection of motion. push ora pon au =n What are the types of forces? Forces are produced by the int Classified into two types: ‘contact forces, which exist between objects that are in contacts ction between objects. Forces can be ‘sExplorel From what you nave [Comtotarnmeyoy + Non-ontat forces, which do not require abjects to bein contact to exit. found tbe anenare to ees extere (al? Table 3.1 lists some contact and non-contact forces. 1 Tale 34 Tes of oc ans thei rature “he push exerted by a surface on |The force thet apooses or tends to Tha pull exerted by a stretched bhobet pressingon tins.” epoose moton between surfaces | spin, sing rope onan object push is svaye perpendcuar to montect tached to the sutece ‘The normal action by hee a The fevon betwen We yes and Te tension the rope pus he Eatace onthe cups perpendcusr | he slope prevents the vehicle omm | hahebosder forward ‘oie sue. Slane dom: “he pull oxerted bythe Earth's aout on abject he weg) The attstive (pl) repulsive |The atractive (i.e pull or repulsive (push) forces between slectic (Ve, pus ores between Sete ages ~@ e- ‘Tegavitonal cepts the | Repl lc ons btwn | a Rede magnet ores batwnen dsorcbon te we the Sages ibethiee o—3.2. Vector Diagrams Learning Outcomes — You shouldbe abe to: 0 two vectors using a graphite menos + sove problems tha ve ee ores actg ona state boa using apical | reo How are vector quantities represented? A force is a vector — It has both magnitude and direction its Sunt isthe Tin newton (hi). At any ime, two or more forces may be acting on an obect. The | esa he detains, forees may have diferent magnitudes and directions. In such cases, wecan | aurea Use vector diagrams to acd up these forces, In a vector diagram, a vector quanti i reoresented by an arrow. The length Of the atow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector. The direction of ‘the arrow indicates the direction af the vector. Figure 3.1 shows tne vector diagram ofa force of 20 N in the drection 45° north of east ‘step a. (Choose an appropriate seal to represent the fore, Stae ton:50 & steps Draw an arrow at the angle measured. The length of this Brow should be proportional 4om// ~~ __- tothe magnitude of te fore, iss defined by te scale ae in Step. Draw @ baseline (orzontl in his ease) and measure the required angle with @ protractor. __—* 1 Powe 3:2. ocr gran How do we add vectors? Scalar quantities (or sealars} such as distance and speed have only ‘magnitude. When we ada scalars, we add their magnitudes only nike scalars, vector quantities (or vectors) have magnitude and direction. When we add two or more vectors, we cannot add ther magnitudes only. We eed to find a single vector that produces the same effect as the vectors combined. The single vector, called the resultant vector, must be equivalent to the individual vectors combined in terms of magnitude and direction.‘Addition of paralel vectors Letus assign the direction towards the right as positive. Figure 3.2 shows, ‘wa parallel forces of magnitudes 31 and 5 N acting on a black. Both forces ‘act in the same direction (i.e. towards the righ). The resultant force is BN (ve. 3N+5N=BN) and is directed towards the right. A resultant vector is usually Indicate by a double-headed arrow. EE ron 1 Fee 22 Asin f veto ating inte same aecton Owen cro In Figure 2.3, the two forces are stil parallel but actin opposite rections. The aaa resultant force is 2N (ve. 5 N+ (-3N)=2 Nand is directed towards the rh the 3 force negate? wat “gue 3.3 Action of vectors ath in oppo rections In Fgure 2.4, two parle forces of N act onthe Bock in opposite arections, This produces zero resultant force 1 Figure 3.4 Ain of vcr that ae equal n magne bt atin opps deetons ZN Addition of non-parallel vectors ‘Tare ‘aretwo methods of adding non parallel vectors: the paralelgram method BG SNE Soc eam ao es Consider wo forces, 5 N and 3 N, acting ona block (Figure 3.6). The forces ‘pfewe ss ror actre go not act along the same line i. they are not paral), Figures 3.6 and 3.7 je teach eter” Geseribe haw we can obtain the resutant force. © complete the parlerogram by ing © choose an appropiate scale. | Seale tem=1N dotted tines AC and 86, which are Draw arrows to represent the } parallel o OB and OA respectively. forces, as © ‘he resutant orc is represented by the dlagonal ofthe parallelogram, 0C. To ootan ts * magnitude, measure the length of 0; + sirecton, measure the angle between O° and the horaontal baseline © 1 Fee 2.6 Astin of eto using te paaelzam matted O~|@ croose an appropriate scale. ale tem Draw an arrow to represent cone ofthe forces. Here, we a {raw OA to represent the SN force frst. eon 4 Fewe 3.7 Aston of vectors us te uptotal method @ From A, craw arow AC to ropresent the 3N free. The ‘ip ofthe arrow OA is pines to the tal of arow AC. © ein 0.0. the tal ofthe 5 force) to Cie. tip ofthe 3 force). This forms the tangle OAC. The resultant fore Is represented by the aan OC. To obtain te "magnitude, measute the length of 0 * direction, measure the angle between (0C and the hosgontal baseline By either the parallelogram method or the tipto-tal method, we arive atthe Same answer: the resultant force has a magnitude of 7 N, and acts at an angle of 1" tothe horizontal Worked Example 31 ‘An object © weighing 6.0 N hangs from the end of a sting OC that is pulled sideways by afrce F. The sting OC makes an angle of 30° withthe vertical, as shown in Figure 3.8. The tension Thas @ maghitude of 7.0 N. Given that the resultant force is zero, determine the magnitude ofthe force Fusing the (a) parallelogram methecs (b) tptotall method Solution {a) The pacalielogram method © Draw a force Darallogtam witha Seale of em :2 oe or Frans @ since the resultant force is Ww # @ tnordertobalnce 1270, force Fmust | me Fa this resutant, Fmust aso be 1.75em long. ‘This means force Fis 350. be Balanced by the resultant of went Wand tension T. © The resutant of Tand Wis represented by the agonal of te paralletogram. By measurement. ‘he length of he agonal s 1.75 em, rawo Fn 38 | w-bon | (8) The tiptozali methoo © Using 2 scale of gem Lem: 2N, draw force Z ‘eetor W, followed by force Vector T, witha 30" angle between the vectors. @ Since the forces are Ineuilirum, that is tre resultant force s "0, the arrows representing the forces Wi, Fand Tresutin 8 ose ingle. © 8) measurement, the onath OF Fis 1.75 em, 20 force Fhas 8 magnitude of 35 N ‘The force Fhas @ magritude of 3.5 N, and acts towards the lft‘ren using ne iptral method te rons representing ie trees resut na Sosa ware, wey the fore = Ireculnm ete enue fore fe = we a thar there 2 eaten fe sting on tro eect i opeserted byte arow ante ta of te st row te 9 of the act arom Fores acting an aja Foros acing onan abet co not fom coast tierde they fom acces thong thy arene Semearm ” Weaaitrim, ooo. ana {ton th the Pep ‘fa simulation Use yuo sue as |. When wo add to of mae vetrssetng on a body, we nee to find 3 resultant vector that equvalnt to the individual veters combines in terms of magnitude and arection, 2. Aadian of fres (10. vectors) (a) For para forces, ake ne dracon at positive andthe opposite {2 negate Then, add up the forces to nd to resultant free a (0) Formanprae co, ate vers vara parsing Fanalorine total ethos i te reson ore peg ead te ee ere 77 Fame wae story tna testis emo wigs C rudy ground being pulled by two jes. ach jeep exerts a force of 3000 N at an tng of 20 tothe hotaortal. Using a vector ‘agar, tnd the estan ore one ey. pulled by eo "0008 5 ped by je S008 sree 39 ‘wo stings, a8 shown in gare 3.10. The tenslon m each sting 40 N- Using a ‘vector sagram, tnd the vale of W. Aon a Fewe 2303.3. Forces and Motion Learning Outcomes — You shouldbe able to: +295 Noon laws of mation este now afore may shange te motion of baa = eer the eects of blonensfrces and urbane forces on 3 Body ently ecton-reaton forces acting onto inerating bodes «+ annie form resitan free = mass acolaraton © seve protien What effects does a force have on the motion of a body? We can observe haw forces affect the motion of objects in sports ror er ri Abvody at rest moves. | increases in speed. | decreases in speed. | changes direction “Astaionay foabal—wAmourg nockey bal Aesconag paracnutst« Armoig tenn als fdcswentisnced. fnowatasierwent. Slows down guetoarftunedunen t's nt Tove TowWectoge evs, Routes thawican ‘ees tawsna ‘Wn chnge inden a gue 244 he ates of forces in spots In eachof the four spots in Figure 3.11, when a forces applied onan object, there is change in speed and/or direction — a change n velocity — over 2 period of time, This means that there is acceleration (or deceleration) ‘Tus, a force can cause an object to accelerate (or decelerate). Does this ‘mean there is no foree acting on an object whan its acceleration Is zer0? Zero acceleration implies thatthe object can be stationary or moving with constant velocity (Figure 3.12). However, ven though acceleration is zer0, ‘tapes not mean there are no frees acting on it; It means thatthe resultant ofthese forces Is 2270 > Even nen wa ra maton on a wei eae, {iemeuacues foros at nts on vt" Ou MeNBalanced forces and Newton's First Law ‘tthe resutant force acting on an object is zero, we say the forces acting on the object are balanced. The table mart an vor tore Fle, Ao Fs apd on took na roves ina tora reaton ta pen onthe Sai ne exes e rough ae The so ofthe Boot lo sole foe Fis eu tbe rona foe? Deteon te boo an he eos Soong cob ren a oar sty ‘naar force These o foes we aaa tt esata Imoppoete secs Renn, he Bice neo ec ar pul st tin restate od Book oom arecton, reso tae eng remar stasonar hte Boks sete ook remota oat Sst Ores ia acetone ESntmues mung sts crate ec (a)Abotatet (Ass moet cin sty 4 igure 2.42 Forcos onan obect aes ot meng constant ‘oot be Baance. To resuort ocean each ect a The two examples in Figure 3.12 illustrate Newton's First Law of Motion| (i. the Law oferta. ous arts errr Chapter We now know how an object behaves ifthe resultant force acting an its z0r0. What if he resultant force is nat zer0? Tosrcniee [una OO OO say ‘The shying simulator. Fy ae ioe Seater eee Mewes Now ot fstmomng at fw Testing ar 1 Schematic agra of» sting silatorUnbalanced forces and Newton's Second Law If the resuitant force acting on an object Is not 2er0, we say the forces ‘acting on the object are unbalanced, In Figure 3.12(0), the forces on the book are balanced and it moves at Constant velocity. Ifthe applied force Fis now inereased, the forces that ‘act on the book are no longer balanced and the book accelerates (Figure 3.131) Ifthe applied force F is now removed while the beok is stil in motion (Figure 3.1310), tetion is the resultant force that causes the book to ‘decelerate and eventual stop, aad ‘octan abe (2) time push stare than the reten, _(b) When the pushing foros vomove, ‘he banc soso isc fe acing on tebe Siclerato to sp. 1 Few 3:13 Fn casos book to decorate When there is @ resultant force acting on an object. the object wi accelerate inthe direction af the resultant frce. The relationship between resultant force, mass and acceleration 's deseribes by Newton's Second {law of Motion, een nn nents [Newton's Second Law of Motion in symbols ‘ma where F resultant force (in Ni ‘m= mass of object (in ‘a= acceleration of object (in m 5) "Newton's Second Law of Motion tes us that 4. a resultant force Fon an object produces an acceleration 2. doubling the resultant force Fon an object doubles its acceleration 2: 3. with the same resultant force F, doubling the mass m haves the acceleration 2. (One newton is defined as the force that produces an acceleration of Lm ston amass of hg. I m= hg and a= 1m 5%, by F= ma, Fetigxims? Sikgms aN “hare are two oer foros tht at en he boon the wot ofthe ook and he real tote table (gue 3.219). These wo foros aie equa rmagraido but stn “pposte avec. so ‘iy balance eae eter. In Fue 3.13) 5 0 Experiment 3 lec force?