4nsnAjipws!/776622Z0€/49SN/WoOd pquos*MMM//:5d334 https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf — HALL INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS wy (olla DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND EXPERT SYSTEMS FOURTH EDITION EFRAIM : TURBAN &nsnAjtpwsi/7Z7662220€/4J8SN/Wos' pqs: MMM//:sdq 4 https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Chapter 17 : Building Expert Systems: Process and Tools This chapter provides an overview ofthe process of building export sys tems. The process, which consists of sixmajor phases end several dazen bbeing constructed, the development strategy. end the supporting took. ‘The folowing topics form the framework for anal\zing the bulding process: 417-1 Development ie Ofte ATAB Bulking Ee Seams 417.2 Phacolt: Project lialzation we Toots 417.3 Protiem Osfintion and Neds ‘Shots end Enirenmeres ‘asesomere Soferare Slecuan 17.4 Gialuson of Aerie Horaware Supper. Sausons Feesiity Susy 17.5 Verfoaton of en Expert Conk tenets reo Ce Phase Rapid Propping 417.8 Consideration of Managerial Cposercs 77 Phase System Analysis 17.8 Concopsul Doson 47.20 Bulking the Knowesye Bace 17.8 Dovsopment Srempy end 47.24. Teating, Vldting wn Mathosclogy Vers. and enproeng 17.10. Saocing on pore 117.22 Pha V: implamaration ATA1 Sofware Casstcation 417.23 Phase Wi Postinglemertation Tecteaiogy Levels 47.26 Oryaeng te Docentsdqay snsnAltywisi/7766227Z0€/42SN/WOd" pqiios"mMmm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf sehereas 2 {Gee Appendix 7-C) Append V7 that ave encountered in building exper ystems OT explanations of ined in Sh phases, 8 shown in Figure 17-1 0n page 636 deat 2 Pd acme ofthe sks involve are provided Inthe remaining tions ofthis chapter. 1 ver, that he proces snot Kina rather, cme ae a6 SE fora tio args witb shown return previous tas or ven hese Inappens Gequently (i and Neder ctprtaly bene. he ye gue phase are shown in Table 17-1 on page 687, The tks ce ea eel my pet nonce. Te dal he or (asks ave discasied next. tan gist ema ts ery nt ‘pe oe a ing at ae ee aaa aa4NsnAlipwsi/77662270€/48SN/WOS" pqios‘mMmm//:sc334 https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf 636 Pare 4: Fundarankale of fica wesigence and Expert Sytams FIOURE 17:1. Schematic View of the ES Oaveopmant Lie Cesdyay snsnAitywisi/7766227Z0€/42SN/WOd" pqiios‘mMmm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Type busines problems could be lw producti, lack of slices expat [awed ogo srund, infomation owed ie poco peple Fo lems Whteve he poem or ned; wie aerate ita proves ay pel eens ete ed nro en wpa of poor pr ny expe eyes reg edt prove en mpc of por mance For ample an employee tay not be achieving» desired quant oF Stay of work itn tine or Cost saints Probie te th ca often Be Gace oalncko knowledge The employee mont ther pons the Lowe or five aces tot whether nthe orm a expr pers or an exper sya The ‘bet way to unrstand the prem or need to conducts tnd foal sty Stele awerment ‘fascng the no io sre the problem seated to severe ves sche cot Se rly and (Secon 737 ondtoding the ye tem reparoments cr Jone ea (1933), Before you start a major ES development program, consider altematve solutions tothe problem. Lack of knowledge fa problem that could be solved in ways other than with expert systems. Les consider some examples. ‘Availability of Experts. If the problem is knowledge related, then someone ‘musthave the desired knowledge. One approsch may smply be to make an exist Ing or new expert accessible to those needing the expertise. Education and Training. Another slution iso provide education and taining Inthe desied subject matter for those who ried it Courses, seminar, and elated ‘materials are frequently much less expensive to develop than an expert system.sdyay JNSNAIIyUIS!/Z7766LLZ0E/49SN/WO>' pqiios*MMm// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf eae Part 4: Fundeartale of Arica! iualiganco nd Expert Systems Packaged Knowledge. An sltemative to additional eduestion and traning ito pcp the knowledge and related isformatin into printed (r electronic) dc [ronfation, Ofcourse i takes ime to generate mantals and job aids. However, they ae often fairy inexpensive and a great deal easier to create than an expert syne Conventional Software. 4 computer solution may sil be best fora problem, ‘bat an expert system may not be completely appropiate. Once you've defined a problem examine the ponsbiity of using standard software packages. For exam- ple, popular spreadshect or database management system may work 47.5 Verification of an Expert System Approach “The fact that other alternative are not appropriate for solving a problem does not mean that an expert system is neceaaty. A framework for determining aft with Sn ES approach was proposed by Waterman [185], According fo this framework (rich has been modified inthis text) athee-part study should be conducted re- {uirements,jstiscation, and appropeatences Requirements for ES Development. The following twelve requiements are llmecessry to make ES development successful 1. The task doesnot require common sense 2. The task requis only cognitive, not physical, sills 3. Atleast one genuine expert, who i wing to cooperate, exists {Experts involved ean articulate thelr methods of problem saving ‘5 Experts involved can agre on the knowledge andthe solution approach tothe problem, 6, The atk not to dificult 2. The askin well understood and is defined cesry. 18 The ask definition fail table 9, Conventional algorithmic) computer sation techniques are not satisfac: tery. 10, Incorrect or nonoptimal results can be tolerated. 11, Data and test cases are available 12. The ask’s wocabulary has no more than a couple of unded concepts Justification for ES Development. Like any other information sytem, an ex per system needs tobe justified. OF thefllowing eight factors, stone must be present to justify 20 ES- 1. Thesolutionto the problem has high pays 2. The EScan preserve saree human expertise 0 i will not be lost 1. Expertise 5 needed in many locationssdyay JNSNAIIyUIS!/Z7766LLZ0E/49SN/WO9 pqs“ mMm// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf (Chapa 17: Bulldog Expare Systame: Process and Tools 639 4. Experts is needed in hostile or hazardous environments 5. The expertise improves performance and/or qual 6 Thesytemean be used for training, 27. The BS solution can be derived faster than that which a human can pro- wide, {8 The ES is more consistent andor acurate than a human. “The derived benefits in one or more of these areas must be compared against the costs of developing the system. A preliminary justification i conducted in this Phase whereas detsled analysis ix performed in Phase Il ‘Appropriaceness of the ES. Thrce factors shouldbe considered in determin- ing when tis appropriate to develop an ES: 1 Netue ofthe problem: The problem should have a symbolic atrucure, and hheuristes shouldbe available forits solution. In addition, itis desirable that the tak be 2. Gamplesity of the task ‘The task shouldbe neither too easy noe ton difclt fora human exper. 13 Scope ofthe robom: The problem should be of a manageable size it also should have some practi! value ‘An elaborate method with four separate checlits has buen suggested by : Slagle and Wick 1988] who use a weighing point system “+A checkt approach tht attempt tases the atategc vale of an ES has been by Samuel and Jones (199) ‘= Detaled checiiet have been proposed by Pre [1950 ‘The choice of problem should also take into consideration the generic areas dis- ‘cused in Chapter 13 where ES have proved tobe swans Problem Selection. Finding appropriate problems for an ES solution isa critical factor in implementing ES. We have presented here only the major issues For de- tailed discussion and proposed methodologies sce Mevdsker and Licbowit 1994) Expert systems projets do not start by themsclves. Sometimes thy'start because there an acute need. But in many cases, they start because someone in the orga- nlaation believes in AI technologies and is willing to support an ES project. A pro- ject may start ax soon asa decision is made to look for an appropsate project. A Project may start because the company has decided to fllow's competitor's leadsdy3y 4nsnAjtpwsi/7Z766LL20€/18SN/ wos" Pqios: MMM/ /: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf oxo Part 4: Funerals o Artic! eaigonce and Expert Scams ‘ox because one of the company’s employees did an 25 project asa student. Who starts project is obviously an important issue but there are severel ether manage, fal isues that need to be considered when an ES (or any other Al project Ionched: ‘Availablity of ‘Availablity of other resources ‘Legal and other potential constraints ‘Salling the project: All intersted parties and especially top management ‘must be convinced ofthe projects value (ace McCillough [2057) ‘ldentitying = champion: Someone in top management necds to sponsor the ‘Once the concept ofthe project has been blessed, a detailed system analysis must ‘be conducted to obtain some idea of how the system is going to look. Many tacks ‘ae performed in this phase, which may be supported by an inital prototype, ‘These tacks are listed in Table 172and are brely dacussad next 17.8 “Conceptual Design ‘A conceptual design ofan ES is simile to an architectural sketch of « house tt ‘ives you a general idea of what the system will ook like and how iis going salve the problem. The design shows the general capabilities ofthe system the i teriaces with other computer-based information systems, the ares of ask the fee ‘quired resources, anticipated cash Dow, the compoalion ofthe teem, and any ‘other information that necessary for detailed design later. Vendors and cones tants may play major role in this phase because oftheir experience. The develop. ‘ment tesm is being ntiated and he partcpants start to sasume thei roles Ono fasts Teteinfoceee SS Conception nd Seer Teshsdyay snsnAjipwisi/ZZ766L2Z0€/12SN/WOD' pqios‘MMM// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf |Chaptar 17: Bulking Expert Sytem: Process and Toots oat the conceptual design is completed, its necessary to determine the development sirtegy 47.3 Development Strategy and Methodology ‘According to Vedder and Turban [192], there ae several general classes of Al de- ‘Velopment strategies: do it yoursll, ie an outside develope, enter into a joint ‘Venture: merge, andatackon all fronts. Although some organizations use a single ‘teategy others use several Thus, whenever new application edeveloped itcan bbematched with any ofthe strategies, Do te Yourself. This course of ection is attractive for organizations that already [possess the skills and resources needed for developing AI projects. It also a [Strong candidate for compantes that want fo develop Al applications containing ‘Significant amounts of proprietary or sensitive knowledge. Various options are available in this general ass, Fist Al development can be part of ends computing. Te principal attrac: tion of this strategy that provides alow cost, low-rsk entry into Al technology. Its an attractive option for organizations that aw highly decentralized. A typical ‘advocate ofthis approach i Du Port, Inc. Feigenbaum etal [1986). By 1995, over TROD ES were scheduled tobe in use at Du Pont, foran annual savings of about $9) milion ‘Second, A projects can be completely centmlized According to this strategy all © ‘Al project are centralized in a special unit or department. His typical strategy 0 large organizations that are heavily involved with Ai ‘Thid, Aldevelopmentcan be dresralized but control can be centralized. Sys. tems are developed using the Du Pont strategy but they ae registered in acetal ‘unit This unit sesures appropriate maintenance, security, documentation, stan- ‘andization of technologies, and interfaces with other computer-based informa- tion systems. High tchrolgy islands are the fourth option. Some companies ae using sev- cent specialized unit for Al thie the concept ofthe technology island” ‘The fh option involves ullizng infomation centers. According to this ap- proach, an organization uses the exiting information (or help) centers asthe vebi- ‘es tor disseminating ES. Hire an Outside Developer. The fst variation ofthis strategy iso hite & con- Suing frm. This isan attractive option forthe many firms that do not have (or Cannot afford) knowledge engineers n-houe. A second vation ito belong toa ‘Snmortium of companies. An exampleof thls stratgy isthe development of an ES Salled Underwnting Advisor by several insurance companics (Harmon, etal [a9ssp.sdyay snsnAjipwisi/ZZ766ZLZ0E/12SN/WOD' pquas‘MMM// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf a0 Par 4 Fundamentals of Aticil beatigence and Expert Syste Enter into 2 Joint Venture. ‘The fist variation of ths srateuy isoform ajoint venture wit a sotware vendor In such a strategy, the vendor develops system forthe chent whe testing ts own products and services A second variation Is (9 =poncor university resarch and learn from the revuls Digital Equipment Corp. ‘bed tis strategy to bulld the XCON system joining forces with Carnegie Mellon Univer ‘Merge, Require, or Become « Major Stockholder in an Al Company. Ax ‘old adage applies to dis suatesy,acrordng te DeSalvo and Liebowitz [1980 tf you cart beat ther, jin them. A company might develop an expert systems co- tty by merging with or acquiring an A company o by boning « mje Development Methodology Inaddition to deciding who ting tobuild the system, its abso necessary 19 ‘Donen of an ES on a rudimentary basis. For example, ina rule-based system thesdaqy 4nsnAjtpwsi/7Z766LLZ0€/48SN/ wos" Pqios: MMm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Pare 4: Fundemertals of Artificial Ialigence and Expert Syste TABLE 17.8 Comoniy Used Mattos of Baking 6S Proposal eee == = Se Se ‘Nowstaned dicount rate — ‘le cee Macias wae for sgt nero =e Sea. = = Sm a Se, Sete seen =a See 2 = — = 2— saiek 2 —~sas Se ee ‘Sere A. Seth wd Dag “An Aras of Wont Sees | ae “ ¥ = a (== —_—sdqay dnsnAjipwisi/Z766L2Z0E/12SN/WOD' pquos:MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf 17; Bling part Systems: Proceas end Toots os7 prototype may include only 50 rules and it may be but witha shell This smal Pinte of rules sufficient to produce consultations of aiid nature, "Tne prototype helps the builder to dacide onthe structure ofthe knowledge base bole spening a great amount of time on building more rules, Developing Reo protrppe has other advantages, as shown in Table 179. Rapid prototyping Cea tangy systems because the cost of a poorly structured, and then Hot on he penal APP son niga 174. Westar withthe de Stank rttyping shown n Figure 174, Westar signee etap ter Tne degre detains what spec or sei 1 PAS ‘chow many rules to usein the fst cut, and so on. Then the knowledge 8c. (Ele for tne facut and represented inthe ES. Next a testis conducted. The test Sear de using Mistrial or hypothetical cass. The expert is asked to judge the 417.8 Asrareages ofthe Roni Protnype. ay dndone portant gap or nortan pbc in the prope al se. pela tang proc othe pect atan eat age em opporary tines ys fede with adh sytem demonstration, ie Weiermaea tappanat te prope Srcran den of what hel syse wil oad willock ks to outside pets and potent Tae aquenteaeh yon htt arate errant ee SUS el eo otesenin parca mimeo Seat tame Cer cmper thant atin ‘iatecairtrayt scene camr remem ei Teictteacgeesern er Naccanacagerree See rnin ote neon tet rida ninaes agrees i option an te tea ue ‘demontaes the cpa of the ES, Trac pon poo ps Og nem et Se 6 yA ney Patino Sg atteeenetheeea tr pasnsnA\ipwsi/Z7766Z2Z0E/48SN/Wos' pquios* MMM //:sd})4 https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusufsdyay dnsnAjipwis!/ZZ766Z2Z0€/42SN/WOD' pquas‘MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Chapter 17: Bulting Esper Sytams: Process and Tools 659 results. The knowledge representation methods and the software and hardware ‘Htectiveness are alo checked, A potential ser may be invited to test the system. ‘The resuls are then analyzed by the knowledge engineer and if improvement is ‘nowded the system i redesigned. Usually the system goes through several itera- tons with appropeate refinements The proces continues until the system i ready fora formal demonetration. Once the system is demonstrated, i tested Spain and improved. This process continses unt the final (complete) prototype fs ready. For detallson the prototyping process sce Walters and Nielsen (1985) ‘Gre advantage of rulebesed systems ie that they are modular. Thus, you can ‘construct small subdividons of larger systems and test them one step af a time. ‘You cm add to the syotern in a piecemeal fashion and build t the final system rf cach subsection is tested and approved separately the fina system Should work the frst ine. “The prototyping phase can be short and simple or it can ake several months and be fly comple Figure 175 shows the possible tacks and partipans inthe “The lesons lear during apid prototyping are incorporated into the fi [alaesign Also thins the time when another gomo-go decision is made. lithe de- sion i607 system development begins. ‘Once the inital prototype is ready and management ic satisfied, system develop- ‘ment begins. Obviously a plan must be made about how to conte. At this stage, the development strategy may be changed (eg, 2 consultant may be hired). The : ‘detailed dcign's also Eke to be changed and so are other elements ofthe plan. ‘Depending on the nate of the systems sie the amount of interface with ‘other syoems the dynamics of the knowledge, and the development strategy— ‘ne ofthe following approaches for system development will be utlized: ‘Continue with (evolutionary model) Use stractured approach *Doboth. System can bea lengthy and complex process. In this phase the senowlodge bac is bull and continuous testing, reviews, and improvements are ‘Garin out Other ecivities include creation of interfaces, 0 databases), creat Sg and testing the user's interface, and so on. For alist of tasks and participants, see Figure 176. 17.20 Building the Base Building the knowledge base means acquiring knowledge from experts and/ ‘Of documented rources (as described in Chapter 14) and representing this4NsnAlipwsi/77662270€/18SN/WOs" pqios‘mmm//:scy94 https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf ili] | c= Hi qsdqay NSNAlipWs!/7766Z27Z0€/48SN/WOD" pqisos:Mmm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf 17. Baiting Exoere Sytem: Process ad Tools 651 Anowledge in an appropriate form inthe computer (Chapter 15). The following ‘Gtcunion supplements the material in the previous chapter rai ecg hasbeen acquired rom the expert, thas tobe formatted into reewtledge base Here we want to describe the process of organizing tht ra ea caach a way that t can be understood and then translate Sno rules ‘Sr another form of knowledge representation. Define the Patantial Solutions. The fst step in organizing your domain ee dor i to lat all of the pombe solutions, outcomes, answer, choirs, of now ee ae you're using a rulebssed system, each potential soltion will Fear THIEN portion of «rle- At this point, you can begin creating the rues for Ee te Te. ome simple expert systems have aset of rules that defines each ‘atcome and that iit, Dotine the input Facts. The next sep i to itentify alist alo the d Pitts veqaned by the spptem. These ae the facts eg, symptoms) that the bul wider ne user may enter ino the system. The expert system wil actually ask aletons to obtain ach inputs. For example the stem may ask you how a Yu Faerie tea rae that says that f you are 18 or older you can vote nthe federal ‘ieclon and this rue is being checked bythe system, = Develop an Oueine. Even though you may know the potential soktions and cerieaTiaput data, you may have diiculy waiting the rules Large complex ni sate Deuallyreqlre some adaliional organization. One technique that may be useful sto develop an outine raw a Decision Tres. The elements of knowledge (or potions of) may be er tnat thay organize themselves quchy into a tree format. I 30, you may be ‘Hie proce dretly to the construction ofa decision or search tee Map « Matrix, Some nowledge organizes self naty into « mates showing MeP sec atibutes that produce a particular conclusion. Induction shells se tee Tavledge formating technique. I you have selected sucha shell, you ca tracted immediatly to organizing your knowledge as examples Develop the Sofeware. Once your rules are writen. you can enter them pevtay ino a hell. Your fist objective should be to build « small protnys: FESR, Gall subset of the knowledge base and enter its res into the shell aoe eeeieck your ideas and very thei implementation qucly. I your prot Sire works, you com proceed with confidence to ener the remainder of the rulessdaqy dnsnAjipwisi/ZZ766LLZ0E/12SN/WOD' pquas‘MMM// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf ose Pore 4: Fundamental of Artic Ialigence end Export Sets 47.21 Testing, Validating and Verifying, and Improving “The prototype, and Inter improved versions ofthe system, are tested and evala- ated for performance both inthe nb and in the Bel. Iitaly, evaluation is done in ‘SSimuloted environment. The system is exposed to test problems (eg, historical i ‘cases or sample caes provided by user). A close link exists between the evalua- tion and the refinement of the ES, The evaluation may reveal cases not handled by the systems rules. As a rel, new rules are added or old ones are modified, i ‘Sach changes may have unexpected negative effects on pat ofthe sytem. Forex- i lamp, confi could aie besause of neanstency in rules A good development i tool provides a rapid consistency check forthe rules in the knowledge base. ‘The proces: of evaluating the knowledge and the knowledge base was is- caused in Chapter 14 However, in addon to testing the knowledge it is neces ‘ty to test the entre system both before and afer ithas been fielded. (See Adel- {nan [1992] and Touehton and Rausch (1993)) Evaluating 8 is an excemely pquios: mmm// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Pore 4: Fundamentse of Arctica! aigenoe and Expert Systeme ‘An export system's advice about frequencies of maintenance could be ‘mented in some ofthe machines while the ret are scheduled according to the vendor's recommendations. The relative bresldow rates and repair and nai "ance costs unde the two methods can then be compared to fad which one is. perior. ‘An Iterative Process of Evaluation. Each time an ESis exposed toanew cise, ‘or whenever there ae changes in the environment, the system needs «feine- ‘ent. In rulecbised system, such a refinement f key to price more rules, XCON, foresample, grew from couple of hundred to about 20/00 rules in abst ten year. Each tinea substantial refinement s made, an evaluation should follow. Evaluation occurs during and ater each tration. Performance i recorded 98 the system improves its use in either a simulated or ea-he envisonment, Devel, ‘opment and evaluation continve as long as improvements are schicved. For fat= ‘her deals see Berry and Har (1990), and Preee 1950) | ‘The evaluation assures thatthe sytem is good (ee Box 172) Itinvolves both | validation and verification. Validation eefers to the determination of whether the ‘ight stem was but thats, whether the eystam does what it wes meant to do land at an aseptable level of accuracy. Veiieation confims thatthe ES has been bull corey (according to the specications. 2. The processing speed of the eyscam should be very high, 3. The ES should be able to increase to exparti ofthe user ‘4. Eror correction should be enay to perform: ‘5. The program should be able to respond to simple questions. 5 The system should be capable of eating questions to gar ‘tonal information 7, Program knowledge should be easiy modified (ie.. add, delet ‘and modify rules), 8. The user S the ‘Should foe! that he or she isin contol degree of effort (both physical end mental) used by owe should be reasonable.sdyay dnsnAjipwis!/Z766L2LZ0E/42SN/WOD' pquos:MMM// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf ‘The process of implementing an ES can belong and complex—similar to the i= plementation of any software project. Here we wil briefly touch on several issues InvChapter 21 implementation probleme and strategie ate revisited. ‘Recopcane by the User. Acceptance depend on havior and pychalg- Cclconsiderstons rs important thatthe development of spect ES comme ‘ict as widely as pout otra climate escapee among the poopie ‘tho wil se the system. Behavioral saps ply aor on ening wh he ser Gee Soh and uh 95), Installation Approaches. The expert system ready tobe fed tested when it ‘reaches a minimal level of stablity and quality In rule-based systems, ths may oc ‘cur when the sytem ean handle 75 percent of the cases and exhibit ews than 2 5 _Peroent error rate I canbe installed im parallel witha human expert fora short est period. Demonstration. Demonsrating the fully operational system to the wer com- munity is important, Viewers can become bellevert Mode of Deployment. Several deployment modes for ES may be considered ‘The final system could be delivered fo users asa turnkey, stand-alone system: it could be operated a a separate entity but integrated into the wer environment, Itcould be embedded into another system; rit could be run asa service, with the user’ request and data accessed remotely and results delivered to the users Orientation and Training. Dependingon the mode of deployment, thebullders ‘must plan appropriate orientation and training Ii the users are assigned mainte- ‘nance responstilites, the trsning maybe aay extensive. Security. Security sa heightened concer in ES that may contain the scum lated proprietary Knowledge ofa firm. Communicating and distributing the end product, protecting the software, and at the same time providing an earonment that does not constrain authorize users in its application form 4 substantial proc- tical problem. Therefore organizational and hardware and/or wftware contro == ‘sume increased importance in the design and distribution of expert systems. Documentation. Implementation of ES must include appropriate documenta- tion. Prerau [1950 p. 280} has sid ‘Tere to skimp on documertation during system development nd then to completa & quoy and somaumes haphanardy & Be end Of rope any par sya profes ede ld byt mad oe asdaqy dnsnAjipwisi/ZZ766L2Z0E/42SN/WOS' pquas‘MMM// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Incogration and Field Testing. Ifthe expert system stands alone, ican now be {eld teste. A system that needs tobe integrated & physically added tthe ousting, ccomputersbased information syste before testing in the fed is conducted. Field {eating i extremely important because conditions in the Rld may difer from those that exist atthe developer's Is. 47.23 Phase VI: Postimplementation Several activites are performed once the system is distributed to users (ce Zahedi [1985). The most important ofthe activities are system operation, syst mainte : ‘nance system upgrading and expansion nd eystem evaluation. Operations, According to Prera 1990) ft epart jstam ic w be davored 26 a sonics, sper operacins (r0up (or several groups Mf there are several sas) should be formed nd Pomed. ¥ die eye i to be » product ran by uses, ot operator bata (oun may ted tae formed, end eansideraeon shoud 26 ger to prods (tg Felp for useroperators with probs. the jst fs eribodiod ‘tn anatar gysiam, the operate othe over opm should be trained ‘ny now operating procesres Feared ‘Maineanance. Prera(1990} has also sid:dy snsnAjipwis!/7266LLZ0E/18Sn/Wo>" pquios: MMm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Chester 17; Bulking Expat Systeme: Process and Took 657 the expert system is embedded in another sytem, some thought should be given to whether one maintenance group willserve the overall sytem or whether {he expert systema will be maintained separately. I separate maintenance is cho- Sen, procedures for coordinating the tw maintenance groups shovld be formed. For hther discusion of maintenance and upgrading see Agarwal tal. [1991] and Mecatrey [192], [Expension (Upgrading). Expert systems are continuously expanded. All new Knowlatge needs to be added, and new features and capabilities need to be [sdded a they become availble. Also, the ES may be integrated with other sys tems, Expansion can be carried on by the maintainer, the orignal builder, or a vendor. Evalustion. Expert systems need evaluation periodically (eg, every six oF twelve months) In such an evaluation, questions such as these should be an- awed ‘Whats the actual cost of maintaining the system as compared tothe acta onesie? r 1s] the maintenance provided sufficient to keep the knowledge up to date so Many expert systems are developed by a team—a team that needs to be orga- ‘isc. Somme members ofthe team (the core) participate inthe initial steps (Phases Ev), others are added only after the development strategy has been finalized (Phase V0. ‘A ypical development team consists ofan expert knowledge engineer, and ‘programmer, However, «vendor, a user or information system specialist may [ED be inched. The knowledge engineer extracts the expert's knowledge and ‘puts it nto suitable for The programmer writes the codes for putting the Rnowiedge into memory and creates the inference engine and other components ss eequired, “Although the team approach is probably the best development arrangement, it dows require a est deal of cooperation and communication among the team tmembers Table 1710 lists many of the possible functions and roles that may be found in an BS team, "Many teams include two additional important players: the project champion and the project leader. The project champion ta person with power and influence hd a major interes in felitating the projects succesfal completion. The projectday dnsnAjipwisi/Z766Z2Z0€/12SN/WOD'pquas‘MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Port: Fundamereats of frtoalhealigence and Esper Sytams TABLE 47.10. Potential Functone and Roles nan spar Sytem Team a a Teche ier eer none epoventoe system engiest ‘Syrcm anit Knowledge implement Integration spesalst Programe Tool developer Technical damorotrtor Vendor ‘System tester (eat) secunty spect Endaser Trainer Documentation water Projet champion | System developer System operator jet manager Hardware Gottwar) penalst Conant Network expe Soke anagem om oA Na Porcher te anireriann rs , Describe the ditfculis in finding a good exper. Wht are the myjor guidelines for sctcting experts? 19 How do shells rate to expert system development? 10, What isa feasbity stady? Whhy iit done?sdaqy snsnAlipwis!/2Z66LLZ0E/18sn/Wo>'pquios:mmm// https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf 670 Prt 4: Fundomental of Afi! ntaligence and Expert Systeme 1. Whats the purpose of rapid prototyping? 12 Whatis meant by a champion? 1B. Define postimplementatn, 14. List al the activities condcted in implementation, 15, Describe the cassifcation of BS development ols used in this chapter. 16, Whats the difference between a shell and «programming envronencet? 2, List five issues related to sotware selection 18, What ae the major components ofa shel? 18. Describe the major advantages ofa shel alo Ba the major lnitations. 20. What are the diferences between domain-specii tok an general purpose tool? 21. Define environment (hybrid tos) and discs ther use. ‘2. Explain the difficulties in selecting &S software packages Questions for Discussion oe for Disoreso ‘Compare a conceptual design with final design, 2 Diocuss the general dase Of BS development strategies. ‘3. The selection of an appropriate BS project is considered most important. Why? ‘Why ise dtl to do ie? ‘Review the lem=ms that go into a fasbity study. Why st dificult con dactone? 5. Deserbe some intangible benefits of expert systems, {6 Why i i necessry to conduct cost benet analyses several imes during the development proces? 7. Why isit hard to evaluate expert systems? & Distinguish between acceptance by a wer and aceptance bya designer. 1H. Twomajordevelopment strategies are to-do i yoursel orto subcontract Com- pe and contest the two 12 Review the atbutes of experts sted in Table 173. Which of them, in your ‘pinion, are the five most important ones and wihy? 18 A shell versus a language isan ongoing debate. Find some mateial on the topic and prepare a table showing the advantages and disadvantages of eset, 14 There are many benefits to prototyping. Can you think of some disadvan- ? tage 1S, Review the elements that go into an ES, you are using hell ela these sor pent eres ‘ements to the component ofthe sells Report. terminology 16 Moat ES shels are geaced to deal with diagnins and presrption of veak- iment Why this 0? 17. Comment on the following statement: “Constraints in software development tools may be very help”sdiay 4nsnAjipwsi/7Z766LLZ0€/485N/WOs' pqisos: MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf (Chester 17: Bulbing Expert Systems: Process and Tools ot 18, Review the proces of building a specific ES with knowledge engineering tools Compare it with building ny information system with fools (for exam- plea speeadchoet) 19, Compares shel witha fourth-generation tool such as Lotus 12-3 or ABASE. 20, Some sy itis much easier to program witha simple ES shell(eg., EXSYS or VP Expect) than to program with Lotus 12-3. Why? 21, Explain the diference between a domain-specific shell and a general shell Why i the former more expensive? 22. Why isitdificlt to match problem and ES development tools? 23. Whack should be selected Set software or hardware? Why? Bworoiees 1. Fest study for exert stems Assume that the president ofa company or the commande ofa ltary base asks you to prepares feasibility study forthe introduction ofan expert system in the orgarzation Prepare a report that ‘ads the folowing oration «a. entification of problem area—go through the process inthis chapter . Description of the expert(s) to be invelved~thet capabilities and wiling- pastcpale Software and hardware tobe used inthis project and why you chose them ‘4. Development team and why each member i necessary Timetable for development and implementation £ Ustot the potential difficulties during the construction period {List of managerial problems (rated tothe ue of the system) that could ap- pear if the expert system isintroduced . 1h Construction and operating budgets 1 Lastof the interfaces (i needed) with other computer-based information sys tems. 2. Starting en ES project: ‘4 Think of speci problem that could be aided by (or even replaced with) an ‘Expert system Preferably, the problem should be one about which you cn ‘Gilain he requced Knowledge from an expert: however, if this s not posi ‘ies you may choose @ problem in which the knowledge is obtained fom ‘mata: Problems in which you are the expert should be se- ited only asa lat resort Describe the problem askin general tems. 1. How i thes tsk normally performed without the ad ofan expert system? ‘Who is responsible for the Binal judgment? Wha sot of training and/or ex Pataca eeorbernsey See <¢ Tdentify the gener category that best describes your problem task and © plain wysdyay dnsnAjipwisi/Z766L2Z0E/12SN/WOD' pqs: MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf wre ar d: Funders of Arla sigence and Exper Syms |3. What types of hardware would you suggest for each o the following situation» and why? ‘Advising on admissions fora medium-sized college i Scheduling maintenance fora major sine Diagnosing complex problems ina lage machine ‘paving students on what dasses to take, 4 Many software and computer magazines conduct frequent evaluations of BS a oSmene tots. Find recent evaluation and identify all the criteria against ‘etch the software is being judged. 5. Obtain a demonstration copy of an ES development to0l (x get one fom your Obi a erynat typeof eocvare st What sits evel of clasicaton? What {40 you like and dike about i? en i CASE APPLICATION 1; State of Washington's Department of Labor “Cordon Campbelean snide now when he els eine he was ako change Cordon anf eputer application he ad ust ried developing Campbel Freer ning anager forth Ste of Washington's Department of Labor seca eng iy Redo rev the appa, but had t compete the hangesin oo day Hee request for such masive changes into day was ube a . Pee asc dye duryi tring expert eens technology a ney hanging gil eomples boss pation Sen epment sytem (ADS), we made al of thee changes ee ne cehvronmentendbadit dove entane Camptell sid. | Ta ale wont overtime. hwo esytochange tines” BE eco tne aon) devcopmant environment.” sad Carpal veh a sf exrrencn conventional roaming rane Ferra al pero, 0 COBOL snd Bnatame Progamnes, 1 pick up.” TE one ofthe most excting advantages of ES technology i the ability 12 qui rac tog ste and ten evaluate Wn dorn"tmest he Se sey ee oie ten Cpa td “incenveional sme ve Beer ah you dont ees gett the pst where you ty, well weve ‘en et ran thc apc, Ife hot someting we shoul bull ysem Saeco os hever ask yours whether an iwetnent should ave TRESS in te sytem You jot iploment rane ea al pegramers to ea make canges without pel Pe eit by proeburl scr, beat Ne rales Be CREE changed and tested athe apieaton developed. we rang sa develope stnd-slone slay progam (ee eee da cet systems and haw fo bul Shem. AnotherJnsnAltpwusi/7Z66L220€/185N/Wos"pquos:mmm//:scy iy https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf (hapten 17: Buting Expert Systeme: Process and Tooke 67a Pert system avin computer operators how to diagnose and correcta pro fam’ problems about 90 percent of the tne. The expert spate eatin ‘esther bring the ayater Back fase, and aa cians cot of nn anepert Case Questions Sere Gesetione 2. Why is it quicker to make massive change in an application when ES ie wed? Wifi lengthy prowess othervise? 2 Whatistheadvantage fap potting? 3 How one can ren dina comptes Sograminer fo work wth 5 che References and Bibliography ‘Adelman, (1950, Exlutng Deion Support end Expert Stems. New York: Wi. ‘Agawal e- (991, Summer. “KnowledgeBase Maintenance” Esper Sy ‘ons: Plating plementation Integration, ‘Anderson, E E. (990, Spring). “Choice Model forthe Evaluation and Selection of Software Packages” furnalof MIS. Aric inteligence Reserch, (1989, July 3). New Science Associates. Beckman TJ (1951 Ftrun)"Slecng apt Sens Appietons” Al Er ey D.C. and aE Ha 0 November! "Earn pe Syme Ee _ Boshi. W. O98. Stare Engnaring Eamon. Englewood Cif, NI Pen ote S993) Proms and Alo Artic Iteigence London: Bat 2, ee Praing Arpt Atif alien a Acta 90 Ral Kul So: New Yk Mee hci, W-F. and CS Mallh (987), Prgming in PROLOG, So ee Sec vetae DeSalvo D- Ac and J Licbowit (eds). (1950, Moning Aland Ege Satos E- ‘Beood Chis, Youn seo Felpenaum, Ea (99). The Rise the Esper Conroy. New Yor: Random Gevattet, W.B (97, May) “The Nature an Evaluation of Comme Expert Sjtes Bling Tok: Contes ropona, Petal: {91, Novem) “Exper Sytem Evaluation Techniques ASe- tested Biography” Ere Spo Hasmoe.P. (98) Eyer Spt Tes end Apliatons Neve Yor: Wey. Harmon. P-andB Sayer (980) Crating Eset Sates, New Yorks Wey arson, P-R (990) Common Lape Ail Ichigo Eggo ak NE ‘renteedadiy JnsnAliywisi/7766L2Z0€/42SN/WOd" pqiios"mMmm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf 74 are Funomentals of Aric rligance eed Expert Systane ‘Hartman, PJ. (2993, March). Finding, Conteffectve Applications for Expert 595- tema” Tramactions of the ASME. Hayer Roth, F, et al (1983). Bung Expert Sitoms. Reading, MA: Addison We ese. Jones, R’M. etal, 0993). “Knowledge-based System Requirement.” Knowledge ‘Syens, Vol 6, No. McCafrey, M.} 1952). “Maintenance of Expert System>—The Upcoming Chal Tenge in Managing Expert Syston, Turban and J. Liebowitz (eds). Hares burg PA Ides Group, 7.1967, December) “Sx Steps to Seng AL” AT Expert Medker, and Liebowitz (1958). Design and Development of Expr Sytem and Newral Computing. New York: Macrilan Metrey, W" 987, Winter). "An Assesment of Tools for Bulling Large Know age Based Systms” A Magne. (Odette, L_ (1987) “Expert Systems: When to Make Them, When to Buy Them.” kn 1. Feinstein, J Licbowits,H. Look. and B.Salvan (ed). Prcredings ofthe 1987 Expert Syste in Business Cofeenee Medford, NJ: Learned Information. Preece, AD. (199, November. “Towards a Methodology for Evaluating Expert ‘Systems Expert Sytem Pit. C90 Dect mpg et Ste. eight: Pec, C.J. (990), Krowlge Engineering Tol Kits Englewood Clits, NI Prentie- all. Samuel. I, and W. T- Jones. (1950, Fall). “A Method forthe Strategic Asses- ‘Yor yet sharma, Rand D. W. Conrath (195) “Evaluating Expert Systems: A Review of ‘Appliable Appeosches” Al Review, Vol 6 Shahar, ¥. (198) Al Tecniqes in PROLOG. Mountain View, CA: Morgan Kau Smith A. and C. Dag (199) “An Analysis of Worth: Justifying Funding for De ‘lopment and Implementation.” In E Turban and J Licbowite (eds). Managing EspertSyotome, Harisburg, PA“ Idea Group. Suh, CK, and EU. Suh, (1985, August) “Using Human Factor Guidelines for De ‘veloping Expert Systems” Expert Systems. Tet, (1990). Programming in Turko PROLOG with an Production to Knowledge ‘sal Syston. Englewood Clif, NJ: Prentice Hall ‘Touchton, RA, and S.D. Rausch, (1953, July/August), “Putting Expert Systems to the Tes” PCA ‘Turban, E, and Liebowitz, |. (192). Managing Expert Systems, Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group. ede a4 Tuhn Cm Stee Managing ar rane ew TinE Turban ana J Licbowite (eds). Managing Expert Sots. Hars- rg PA Wea Group. Neessdqay snsnAjipwisi/ZZ7662Z0€/42SN/WOD' pquas:MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Chopens 17: Bling Pxpert Syste: Process and Tooke ors Walters, J. and N. R. Nielsen. (1989) Crafting Kroledge asd Syetems, New York: Wy. Waterman, D.A.(198).A Guide o Exe Syston. Reading, MA: Adon- Wesley. Winston, Hand 8. K Horn (1985) LISP, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wes- Yoo ¥andT. Guimaraes. (1953, Api. “Selecting Eapet Systm Development “Fechnigus Iya nd Margene. Yours Fund Came (953 Summer. “Developing Knowledge tne Sy Sr Ae once Oriented Organisational Appr hymn Reus joa Zaha F G00) nie’ Sstens for Bens Belmont Ch: Wadeworth APPENDIX 17-A:_ Al Languages The AT, or symblic manipulation, languages provide an effective way to present [Altype sbjects The fwo major languages are LISP and PROLOG With these lan- fuga the programming and debugging procedures can frequently be done fuch faster. Fora resource guide see} Show, “Al Language Resource Guide,” A Expert April 1993) The major characteristics of the two languages are described ere {USP (or list processor; see Winston and Horn [1985] and Harrison (1990) is ‘one ofthe oldest general-purpose languages. Developed at MIT by McCarthy in 1958 esl in active use’ LISP” applications include expert ystems, natural lan [Bunge processing, robotics, and educational and peychologial programming: Its god cates give the programmer the power to develop software that goes far beyond the limitntions of other general-purpose languages such as COBOL and Posen. Specialy, US i rented toward symbole oman the programmer can Shiga trek sand iy Alhoph evalus have no RET Eiaea is eis program can conser manip sch ab and tae ache USE programs aso Rave he bly Yo mos them Seer hme sent ths mane that computer cn be propane 1 “tu fom tnputerprince= Ti alo propane o repost bjt ke uc and net ea — scqumnees of es arse rng oor its proves them Wah oP SESE ty inapurt and or ng neve has by ing od nes Con- y, USP oe ‘write lists as bracketed sequences of elements, $iopone ana ulemts tocando diagrams The accompanying stato Nokes at repent the senten "PC computer” — | — &) — Conroe)sdyay dnsnAjipwisi/ZZ7662Z0€/42SN/WOd' pquos: MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf 678 Prt 4: Fundomortals of Ati tligence end Expert Stars In most programming situations, lists contain other lists or sublists as ele- ments. Here i a simple eample of lit code, a recursive defution ofa funcon, that sums two integers (tan sum (A {cond ten 8.015) (eoum tinue A) (tus 1 6) “This definition says“ you have two numbers and the Erst{Alis 0, then the other [B} ether ota he ft tO then ey for the sum (A — 1-8-4 Ie In this ample, sum is newly defined function, whereas the remaining funetions e de= fan, cond, minus 1, are predefined, LISP programe consist of many such anc ons. LSP code i usually executed directly by » LISP interpreter. In some versions the source program is compiled to increase efciency. “There are numerous variations of LISP. Some include bull n features for epe- al applications. Mest notable are COMMON USP, IQUSP, INTERLISP, MACLISP, ZETALISP, GOLDEN COMMON LISP, and PRANZLISP (UNIX: ‘based. Each ofthese may have several subvariants Although LISP is the most popular Al language in the United States, PRO- LOG (for programming in loge) s the most popalar Al language in Japan and probably m Europe (ae Clocksin and Melish [1987], Shoharn [1993 snd Teft {1990}. ts basic idea i to express statements of logic as stternent in progran- ‘ning language. The proof ofa theorem ing these statements could be thought of asa way of executing those satemente, Thus lic eel could be weed directly a2 [Programming language. For example the statements “ll dogs are animal” and “Lassie isa dog” and the theorem “Lasse isan animal” could be expressed for smally in PROLOG a follows: PROLOG can then be run to try to prove the theorem, given the two statements ‘Cleary, will ome to the concusion that the theaem ta “There are thee basi types of statements in PROLOG: al (or predicate) tobe proven, P means Pis am assertion ora fact PLORS means, Rand imply P To define a goal, several clauses may be required. One ofthe techniques of know ‘edge representation is frstonder logs: Decause PROLOG & based na subnet of “P meanssday snsnAjtpwsi/7Z76622720€/48SN/Wod' pquos:MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf (Chapt 17: Bung Expert Syston: Process and Toots eo first-order logic (predicate calculus) ican use this format of knowledge represen (ation, PROLOG has the additonal advantage of having a very powerful inference ‘engine in place. Therefore the algorithm used in PROLOG is more powerful than the sip pttern matching algorithms commonly used with LISP in protuction- representations of knowledge. PROLOG, and Turbo PROLOG. TUISP has been and sls the favorite Al language in the United States. To a large extent this is due tothe existence of sophisticated programming, environ- imanis and specialized AI workstations. The situation is changing, however, as [oce sophisteated implementations of PROLOG supported by improved envi ‘onments are appeating in the market. PROLOG stows program tobe formulated in smaller units, each with a nat tural declarative reading by contrast, the size and multiple nesting of function de- fiitions in LISP ace barers fo readsbiity. In addition, PROLOG's builtin pat- termvmatching capably is an extremely usefl devi. PROLOG does, however, Irave certain defences, For example, the use of builtin iputfoutput predicates ‘renter symbols that have no meaning in logic. "The argument fr {and agaist) LISP and PROLOG are likely to go on for some time In the meantime, ome attempts are being made to combine the two. ‘One such caumple & a product called POPLOG programming environment {har combines PROLOG, LISP, and POP-11 (POP-11 isan extension of PROLOG) inwo a single package. The package is tender than its components and when ample i rune faster than PROLOG, LISP, or POP-11. References and for ATA (Cocksin, W.R, and C-S. Mellich,(1987). Programming in PROLOG. Sed ed. New ‘York: Springer-Verlag array PR (1990). Common Lisp anid Artal Inteligenc Englewood Clits NI Prentice-Hall ‘Shoham, ¥. (193) A Tesniqus in PROLOG. Mountain View, CA: Morgan Kau ‘Tale L (1990). Programing in Turbo PROLOG wth an Introduction to Krowtedge- ‘sed Syston Cliffs, Nf: Prentice Hal Winston, PHL, and BK Horn. (1985) LISP, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.sdaqy dnsnAjipwisi/ZZ766L2Z0€/12SN/WOD' pquos:MMM//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf ove Pore 4: Fundomertals of Aric keaigence and Expert Systems APPENDIX 17-B: Software Sampler Several hundred software products are available, and they change rapidly. The pe- ‘odical PC AL. for example, hasan anal prod guide (nts July/August issue). [1995 the lit included about 300 Rem. This appendix sa representative lst ofsnsnAlipwisi/77662270€/48SN/Wos'pqlios: Mmam//:sdyaY https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Cchaptor 17: Building Caper Systeme: Process and Took 679 Logs Programming eux MS. Iteration Comsat Mico DataBase Systems (Gar, Gar Solver, GURU Fst Sep Neuron Data Newpert Object NEXT Nomad Netlink Oxko Corp. Tnvtacpel Maingen tem PRL, Database Toto Park Rove Softwar. Ine Easy pert Peep Ie Knowledge Shapes Production Systems Tecnology | OPS, RAL Roh ntligent Systems Knowledge CAS, Bae CAS HyperCAIS Softy, ne SUPEREXPERT Software ME nowledge Engleering Stern (KES) Software Arty Esper Advisor, Knowledge Engine, PCEspert Software Pus Li. cater ‘Symbologi Corp. ‘Adept Trantor Logs “Tranaorm Expert ‘Tine Corp. ‘ADS, KBMS, Isc, Fusion HT, Alon DS Wang Laboratories Common Keowledge World Tec Ste, nc. VPEspert eT ________ APPENDIX 17-C: How to Build a Knowledge Base (Ruletbased) System 0 . ‘Balding «small knowledge base with shel sally simple. Here is an example: Topic: Using Expert Systems for Wine and Food Pairing* “Trying to decide on an appropriate wine match ta certain fod is nota sim ple task Deegating the decston to a waiter can bea risky proposition in some Restaurants partie waiter, who happens to be an undergraduate student, may know very litle about wines). However, this BS can help. Let's build such system. Step. Specify the problem, Paring wine and food ata restaurant, Sep 2. Name the eystem (Sommelier in our cas) Stop. Welt starting text Sige. Decide on an appropriate coding for uncertainty situation ©1010 10,00 100, “10019100, et) We will se Oto 10 in our case. ‘Sty. Deside on any other parameters as required bythe shell (eg, use all pales oc only some rules, threshold levels, ete) = 32 £5 Ba Fe Ss she Th stadt pce enti “oor Soret” ws one hy Li Sandoval rate swoon st it Sat Une Long Bachesdaay 4NsNAlipws!/7766Z270€/48SN/WOd" pqiios:Mmm//: https://www.scribd.com/user/302779922/ism4ilyusuf Pore 4: Fundamentals of Aric! esignnce and Export Sytem Step 6, Make ast of the choices or alternatives. In our cas, twelve possible wines are considered. They inckide aged cabernet sauvignon blanc, ‘Giep chardonnay, eewurztaminer, merlot, Pinot noir, and zinan- aa ‘Stop 7. Boil dhe “what iF rules ‘Wt the rules in the standard format requized by the shell every shell does it lfferenty). EXSYS EL uses the concept of qualifer. For example, iis known that the wine depends on the menu seleion: You may have meat, fish, poultry, oF | psta, You may Rave an appetizer as well ‘Each of theve is called» qualifier. For example, Qualifier No. 1 i the meat menu selection. can assume the flowing values: (1) prime rib, 2) grilled steak, tind @) filet mignon. These ae labeled the Values ofthe quai Nov let's ny that your rules: TF the meat men selection is prime ib ‘THEN Pinot not, confidence = 910 [AND merlot, confidence = #10 [AND aged cabemet sauvignon, confidence = 610, To build this rle, you inert the number ofthe qualifier (No.1); then you! set the appropriate value (for prime nb). This wil form, automaticaly, the ‘Side ofthe rule Then you call the choices (Step 6 and invert the appropriate In the THEN side with the appropriate confidence evel In this case four di wines ar appropriate, but Pinot noiris the best match. ‘Note The acon why the system may not recommend Pinot noirs that o rules need tobe consulted. For example, whats the appetizer and whats the ‘ftv wine? In our fest prototype we included fourten rules. Each rule may ‘de notes and reerences regarding the specific rule. They constitute « ‘edge base that is avallable om disk fom your instructor. Try Wt itis not perfect itworks ‘Sep 8. Prepare any concluding note that you want the user to see atthe ofa consultation.