Dear Bcom (Regular) Students & CA Students,

These notes are a summarized version of questions prepared from

the past papers. These notes are mainly for revision purposes.
Do not wholly and solely depend on them.
It has a coverage from 2009 to 2013 (Regular).
Good luck for your exams.

Regards,
Sanam Alam

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 1

 PAKISTAN STUDIES
Attempt 2/5 questions

Q1. DESCRIBE THE SERVICES OF SHAIKH AHMED SIRHINDI

1. Born in Sarhind 1564

2. Had a famous father
3. Received basic education at home
4. Devoted his time to the study of Hadith and Philosophy
5. Champion at Islamic values
6. At that times Muslims in India had belief in the miracles of saints rather than on Islam
7. King Akbar made his own religion (din-i-ilahi) which was the amalgamation of Hindu and
Muslim beliefs. Due to which SAS made his task of purifying Muslims. He stressed on the
importance of Namaz and Fasting by preaching and discussions addressed to all the Muslims
in India
8. Because of his work, he was noticed by Jahangir who was an orthodox Muslim but he still
believed in prostration of his subjects towards him. When SAS denied to prostrate him, he
was imprisoned by Jahangir only to be released later on and was asked for help in removal of
unislamic law created by Akbar
9. He wrote many books
10. Till the end of his days, he preached Islam

Q2. DESCRIBE THE SERVICES OF SHAH WALI ULLAH

1. Famous saint of 18th century

2. Real name: Qutbud-din-ahmed
3. Father was a famous scholar
4. Completed learning Holy Quran and Hadith
5. Started delivering lectures at a madrasah after the death of his father
6. Wrote many books and rendered political, social and national services
7. At that time Muslims were in a very bad condition. So much so that in Bengal they weren’t
allowed to pray
8. Religious Services:
1. Translation of holy Quran in Persian. His sons translated it in Urdu
2. Termed the Hadith collection as most authentic
3. Arranged Hadith in respect of their topics
4. Worked for the renaissance of Islam
5. Propagated that Islam was a universal power
6. Trained students with Islamic knowledge

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 9. Political Services:
1. Tried to trace the causes of decline in Mughal empire
2. He wrote letters to King of Afghanistan to help protect the Muslims from Marathas
3. Launched Muslim Renaissance Movement
4. Wrote books to remove misunderstandings between Shias and Sunnis
5. Worked for the unity of Muslims and tried to remove misunderstandings between them
and worked hard to give them a separate identity
10. Social Services:
1. Tried to keep the relation between Muslims of India with the rest of the Muslims of the
world alive
2. He tried to remove social injustice and inequalities and tried to promote equal
distribution of wealth
3. He tried to lift up the burden of taxes from the peasants

Q3. DISCUSS THE FEATURES OF ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN AND GIVE CAUSES OF UNDER
DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES

1. Burden of international debt

2. Low per capita income
3. Agriculture as main occupation
4. Dualistic economy (Rural & Urban)
5. Underutilization of natural resources
6. High rate of population growth
7. Unemployment
8. Low level of productivity
9. Deficiency of capital
10. No technology
11. Dependence on exports of primary products
12. Influence of feudal lords

Q4. SALIENT FEATURES OF CONSTITUTION OF 1973

1. Z A Bhutto was the creator of this constitution

2. Written constitution (It’s a written document)
3. Parts of objective resolution (few parts were mentioned)
4. Islamic system (Ensures Islamic system in the country)
5. Rigid constitution (No changes allowed)
6. Federal system (Introduced Central and Provincial governments)
7. Parliamentary form of government (Prime minister is the head and enjoys wide powers)
8. Bi-cameral legislature (Introduced Senate and National Assembly)
9. Direct method of election
10. Fundamental rights (eg. Security of people, freedom of business, speech and religion,
equality)

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 11. Principles of policy (eg. Social justice, equality of women, strengthen bond with other
Muslims)
12. Independence of judiciary (judges will be chosen by the president and paid good salaries)
13. National language
14. Single citizenship (people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan)
15. Rule of law (no person can be deprived of his rights and everyone is equal in the eyes of law)
16. High treason (unconstitutional abrogation of the constitution is an act of high treason)
17. Referendum (president can hold referendum on any national issue)

Q. IMPORTANCE/SALIENT FEATURES OF THE OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION

1. It was passed by the first constituent assembly under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan. It
contained those objectives on which the future constitutions were to be based on.
2. Sovereignty belongs to Allah
3. Federal system
4. Golden principles of Islam
5. Supreme authority of the people
6. Life according to the teachings of Islam
7. Protection of rights if the minorities
8. Equal rights
9. Development of underdeveloped areas
10. Independent judiciary

Q. FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE

1. Religious uniformity
2. Literature and poetry
3. Different languages
4. Film and television
5. Music
6. Dressing
7. Food
8. Social customs
9. Mixed culture
10. Male oriented society
11. Arts and architecture
12. Handicrafts and craftsmanship
13. Sports
14. Islamic rituals and festivals

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Q. DISCUSS THE PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY

1. Maintenance of territorial integrity

2. Maintenance of political independence
3. Acceleration of social and economic development
4. Strengthening Pakistan’s place on the globe
5. Keeping friendly relations with all the countries
6. Protection of sovereignty and freedom (Will not allow any country to harm its freedom)
7. Cordial relations with Muslim countries
8. No interference in the internal affairs of other countries
9. Implement UN charter
10. Promotion of world peace
11. Non alignment (avoid taking side in cold war)
12. Condemn racial discrimination
13. Member of international organizations (eg. UN, SAARC, ECO, NAM etc.)

Q. PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH AMERICA

1. Interests of politics and bureaucracy have brought both the countries close together
2. Liaquat Ali Khan’s visit (during his visit he tried to identify Pakistan as more near to the west
and Islam more near to Christianity and begged for economic and military aid)
3. SEATO and CENTO (Pakistan’s geographical location was very important to the West.
Pakistan signed an agreement with USA and became member of SEATO and CENTO)
4. Pakistan as Washington’s closest ally (during cold war, Pakistan was the closest ally in Asia of
Washington’s and in return she was rewarded with economic and military assistance)
5. 1965 and 1971 wars with India (US suspended military assistance during the wars which
made Pakistan feel that US wasn’t a reliable ally)
6. Withdrawal from SEATO and CENTO (withdrew its membership from SEATO and CENTO and
joined the Nonaligned Movement)
7. Cease of Economic Assistance (US cut off the economic assistance because of which relation
between US and Pakistan were strained)
8. Invasion of Afghanistan (invasion of Afghanistan revived the close relationship between US
and Pakistan and US lifted the ban on aid to Pakistan
9. Benazir Bhutto’s visit
10. Nawaz Sharif’s visit (relations between US and Pakistan improved after the visit)
11. Musharraf’s visit
12. 9/11 attack (the relation was changed between Pakistan and US when Pakistan joined hands
with US against Osama Bin Laden)
13. Pakistan as major non-NATO ally (this improved relations between the two countries and it
allowed Pakistan to purchase modern military equipment and satellite technology)

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Q. IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF PAKISTAN

Introduction: Pakistan covers an area of 796,096 sq. km. its neighbors are Iran, Afghanistan, India
and China. It is joined with the Arabian Sea. Provinces are Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and KPK.

Importance:

1. Pakistan and Persian Gulf (along with Pakistan, many countries are along the Persian gulf
with fortunately have lots of oil reserves like: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman
and UAE)
2. Pakistan and US (Pakistan lets US easily enter into Asia through it)
3. Pakistan and China (China is Pakistan’s great friend and aids it when needed)
4. USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan (Pakistan helped its neighbor country in need)
5. 9/11 incident (Pakistan helped US get rid of talibans by letting it enter in Pakistan and plan)
6. Sea route directly connected to Pakistan (helps in trading)
7. Abundance of natural resources
8. Closer to the northern hemisphere (experiences all four seasons)
9. Natural defense through the mountains

Q. WHAT ARE THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS FACED BY PAKISTAN

*no notes available*

Q. DIFFICULTIES FACED BY PAKISTAN AT ITS BIRTH

1. Establishment of government
2. Unfair boundary distribution (Muslim majority areas were handed over to the Muslims)
3. Massacre of Muslim refugees in India (many migrants were killed and looted and their
houses were burnt down)
4. Unfair division of financial and military assets (550 million were not received and no military
assets were given)
5. Canal water dispute (India stopped the flow of canal water which killed the agriculture of
Pakistan. Indus Basin treaty was signed in 1960)
6. Kashmir dispute
7. Constitutional problem (there was no hope for a proper constitution even after 8 years of its
creation)
8. Electricity problem

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Q. IMPORTANCE OF URDU LANGUAGE

1. National language
2. Source of national identity
3. Mixture of beautiful languages (English Turkish and Persian)
4. Rich in poetry
5. Means of brotherhood and unity
6. Source of expression
7. Means of coordination and communication
8. Medium of instruction
9. Important part of our culture

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 Mathematics and Statistics
2 from each section. 10 marks each from section A and B&C 20 marks each.

SECTION A

Question 1

(a)

1. Straight line:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

(b)

1. Parabola: positive: upward, negative: downward

2. Vertex: 𝑏 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
[( ) , ( )]
2𝑎 4𝑎
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
3. Roots: 𝑥=
2𝑎
©

1. Distance formula:
2. Slope: Y=mx+c.. find m
3. X-intercept= put y=0
4. Y-intercept= put x=0
𝑦 −𝑦
5. Slope: m=𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1

Question 2

(a) Find normal derivative

(b) Find maxima minima:
1. Find derivative
2. Find values of x
3. Place each x in 2nd derivative
4. Minimum when positive and maximum when negative

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Question 3

Matrices:

1. transpose of 2x2 is 𝑑 −𝑏
[𝑎 𝑏] = [ ]
−𝑐 𝑎
𝑐 𝑑
2. In 3x3:

1. Find |A|
2. Find all new values by make 9 small boxes
3. Turn them upside down (transpose)
4. Divide them
Section B

Question 4

(a)
∑ 𝑓𝑥
1. Mean:
𝑛
2
2. Standard deviation: ∑ 𝑓𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
( )−( )
𝑛 𝑛

𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3. Co efficient of variation: x100
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝑛
4. Harmonic mean:
∑ 𝑓/𝑥

∑ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
5. Geometric mean: 𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐿𝑂𝐺 𝑜𝑓
𝑛
6. AM>GM>HM

7. Median: 𝑛 + 1 th item
( )
2
8. Median:

9. Mode:

∑ 𝑓𝑑𝑥
10. Mean absolute deviation from mean:
𝑛
1. Take out mean
2. Subtract mean by x
3. Multiply subtracted answer with f

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 9

Question 5

(a)

1. interquartile range: 𝑄3 −𝑄1

𝑄3 −𝑄1
2. Quartile deviation:
2
𝑁𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 3𝑁𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
4 4
Q1= Q3=
ℎ 𝑁 ℎ 3𝑁
l+ ( −𝑐 l+ ( −𝑐
𝑓 4 𝑓 4

3. Coefficient of skewness: 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 − 2𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

Comment: 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

𝑆𝐷

Positive number= positive skewness

SD
4. Co efficient of variation: 𝑥100
𝑈

(b&c) price index

1. Laspeyre’s: 𝑃1 𝑄𝑂
𝑃𝑂 𝑄𝑂
𝑃1 𝑄1
2. Paasche’s:
𝑃𝑂 𝑄1

√𝑃1 𝑄𝑂 𝑃𝑄
3. Fisher’s: 𝑋 1 1 X1OO
𝑃𝑂 𝑄𝑂 𝑃𝑂 𝑄1

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 10

Question 6

Regression and correlation:

1. Regression:
Y=a+bx

2. Correlation:

3. Coefficient of correlation:

√𝑏𝑑
where b is value sticking to "x"
and d is value sticking to "y"

4. Theory:
1. R=1 complete and 100% correlation
2. R=0 no correlation
3. R=.90 high positive correlation
4. R=-.23 low negative correlation

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 SECTION C

Question 7:
𝑛!
1. Arrange the letters:
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3

2. Given.. find:
1. P(A/B): 𝑃(𝐴𝑛𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵)

2. P(AuB): P(A) + P(B) - P(AnB)

3. 𝑃(𝐴′ ) = 1 – P(A)

Question 8

1. Binomial distribution:

2. Poisson distribution:

𝑥−𝑢
3. Z= 𝑆𝐷
⁄
√𝑁

x − 𝑥̅
4. Z= 𝑆𝐷

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 12

Question 9

1. Show that sample mean is an unbiased estimator of population mean:

1. Take out mean of numbers given
2. Find sampling size by 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
( )
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
3. Add all numbers with each other and divide each answer with the sample size given in
question
4. Add all those divided numbers and divide it by the sampling size take out in point #2
5. Prove that U=X
6. If it asks population variance: use numbers given in the question
7. If it asks sample variance: use numbers you took out in the answer

𝑆𝐷
2. Standard error of mean:
√𝑛
3. Mean weight = point estimate

𝑆
4. Construct a confidence interval for population mean: ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥+𝑡
√𝑛

Question 10

1. Two sample tests:

2. Chi square:

3. Two normal population:

1.

2.
4. two normal populations TEST:

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1. 2.

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 BUSINESS STUDIES
Attempt 5/10 questions

Q1. DESCRIBE THE QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS MAN

1. Accuracy (concrete communication)

2. Punctual
3. Alertness (alert about the market situation)
4. Honesty (with his customers)
5. Ability to co operate (compromise, adjust, adapt)
6. Dependability (make his employees depend and count on him)
7. Energy and Forcefulness
8. Good character
9. Good personality

Q2. DEFINE A JOINT STOCK COMPANY AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Definition: “company is an artificial person which is not visible but the law, accepting it a person,
allows the right to sue the possibility to be sued by others. The characteristics of the company
depends on the “articles of association” on the basis of which it is established”

Characteristics:

1. Perpetual Life
2. Creation By Law (It Enjoys All The Rights Available To A Person)
3. Separate Legal Entity
4. Seal In Place Of A Signature
5. Separation Between Ownership And Management
6. Limited Liability
7. Conditioned By Registration (It Cant Commence Its Business Legally If It Does Not Get Itself
Registered)
8. Benefits To The Employees
9. Transferable Ownership
10. Abundace Of Owners
11. Necessary Documents (Aoa, Moa, Prospectus)
12. Connection With Stock Exchange(Every Public Limited Company Is Required To Get Itself
Registered)
13. Unlimited Capital (Can Get Capital Anytime Through Issuance Of Shares, Debentures And
Securities)
14. Protection To The Share Capital (The Company Has To Get Itself Audited And Submits The
SOCI And SOFP)
15. Certificate Of Commencement Of Business
16. Business By Others’ Capital

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 15

Q3. NAME THE VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCING THE BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Introduction: business environment refers to the economic conditions under which a business runs.
Different business flourish and promote in different environments. It could be classified as :

1. Internal: refers to the conditions prevailing at the business place (working conditions,
administration etc) and
2. External: circumstances which are faced by the business man outisde the business place
(laws, tax policies, culture of the country, demand of goods)

Kinds Of Business Environments

1. Physical Environment (natural resources. Its shortage, abundance, availability)

2. Cultural Environment (it’s a mixture of area, climate, population, religious and political
behaviour)
3. Political Environment (circumstances which prevail in the country)
4. Legal Environment (triangle of people, government and court of law)
5. Competitive Environment (when the supplier or producer has to compete against his rivals
to sell)
6. Technological Environment (a special method of performance guaranteeing maximum
standard results with minimum cost)
7. Economic Environment (combination of economic factors which are related to human wants
and the means to satisfy them)
Factors Of Economic Environments

Introduction: it is defined as “combination of economic factors which are related to human wants
and the means to satisfy them.” Economic factors apart from demand and supply include inflations,
loan, investments, savings, prices, costs, national income and production, taxes, government
policies etc.

Factors:

1. Need for capital

2. Tax policy (changes in tax influence the business men and their business as it affects the
profits they earn. High tax=less profit=rise in price=fall in demand=downfall of
business=unemployment)
3. Level of general prices (stable economy leads to stable prices which helps the consumers)
4. Level of productivity (volume/amount of production. High productivity of labours=more
profit)
5. Monetary policy (it is concerned with money and credit policy. Easy credit policy=easy access
to loans=good business)
6. Fiscal policy (it is concerned with the income and expenditure of the government. Main
source of income is tax but if the tax rate is high, it will retard the business activities due to
less profits for the producers)
7. Managerial level (a good manager combines the factors of production in such a way that
business succeeds)

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 8. Size of the market (it is determined by the amount of goods and services, purchased and
sold in a certain amount of time. Large size of market=successful business)
9. Supply of labour (means number of labours available for work. 3 types of labours. Highly
skilled labour waste minimum possible raw materials. They also are the reason of minimum
cost of production)
10. Entrepreneurship (an entrepreneur flourishes his business due to which the countries with
high number of skilled and intelligent entrepeneurs are more successful)

Q4. WHAT IS A STOCK EXCHANGE? WHAT FUNCTIONS DOES IT PERFORM?

Introduction: “company is an artificial person which is not visible but the law, accepting it a person,
allows the right to sue the possibility to be sued by others. The characteristics of the company
depends on the “articles of association” on the basis of which it is established”

It plays a very important role in the modern economic system

Functions:

1. Economic barometer (it’s a reliable barometer to measure the economic conditions of the
country. The rise and fall in the prices of the shares indicate that)
2. Pricing of securities (it helps to value securties on the basis of demand and supply. Its useful
for government (to impose taxes), investors (to value the investments) and creditors (to see
creditworthiness)
3. Safety of transactions (only listed companies can sell their shares here and all transactions
happen securely)
4. Contributes to economic growth (it promotes purchasing of shares through which people
invest and that leads to captital formation and economic growth)
5. Encouraging investments (it encourages by news, better trading practices and by educating
people)
6. Providing scope and speculation (to ensure liquidity, SE permits healthy speculation of
securities)
7. Liquidity (its purpose is to provide shares readily available for sale and purchase)
8. Better allocation of capital (shares of profit making companies are actively sold and
purchased which helps them raise fresh captial from the stock market)
9. Promotes the habits of saving and investments

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Q5. EXPLAIN THE CLASSIFICATION OF CAPITAL MARKET

Type of markets can be classified in two categories

1. Capital market
2. Commodity market
CAPITAL MARKETS deal in capital goods. It involves lending and borrowing. It fulfills a country’s
saving and investment needs. It facilitates the flow of money.

Types:

1. Stock market (where shares are traded)

2. Money market (it provides short term finances to companies like notes and bills)
3. Foreign exchange market (it deals with foreign exchange)
Instruments of captial market of Pakistan:

1. Federal government investment bonds

2. Corporate bonds
3. Bearer natural fund bonds
4. Foreign exchange bearer certificates
5. Equities

Institutions in Capital Market of Pakistan

1. Stock exchange
2. NIT
3. ICP
4. ADBP
5. IDBP
6. HBFC
7. PICIC
8. BEL
9. Insurance companies

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Q6. SERVICES RENDERED BY THE WHOLESALERS TO THE MANUFACTURERS

Wholesaling: purchase of bulk quantities

Wholesalers: the bridge between manufacturers and consumers

Services provided:

1. Storage (because wholesaler purchases the bulk quantity and stores it with himself)
2. Bearing the credit burden (he purchases on cash from the producer)
3. Contacting retailers (manufacturer has no worries where and to whom to sell the products)
4. Supplying market information (info like: competition,demand of goods, position of prices
and status of income)
5. Financial assistance (wholesaler pays in advance to cater financial needs)

Q7. EXPLAIN IN DETAIL FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING

1. Exchange functions
(a) Buying
(b) Selling

2. Distributive functions
(a) Transport
(b) Warehousing

Basic objectives of warehousing

i. Stocking the goods abundant in supply
ii. Bridging the gap between demand and supply

Two kinds of goods are kept in warehouses

i. Goods produced throughout the year but used in a specific time of the
year
ii. Goods produced in a specific time of the year but used throughout the
year

3. Facilitating functions
(a) Standardization and grading
(b) Market research and information
(c) Finances
(d) Publicity
(e) Riskbearing
(f) Producing goods
(g) Packaging
(h) Salesmanship

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Q8. BUSINESS RISKS

Introduction: risk and businesses are complementary. Greater the risk, the higher the profit in the
business. Unforeseen risks are: changes in demand,customs, new competitors, rise in costs, poor
management, loss in sales etc. Business risk means danger of loss faced by a businessman while
handling the business activities. Risks cannot be eliminated but they can be reduced.

Characteristics/types/kinds of business risks:

Risks which can be insured are categorized as follows:

1. Expected loss should be computable (loss should be measureable in order for it to insured)
2. Risks shouldn’t be averted (loss shouldn’t be in the control of the insured otherwise its
invalid)
3. Risks should be spread over (risks that are geographically concentrated cannot be insured.
Eg. A house caught a fire and destroyed other houses of the neighbourhood)
4. Risks should be at chance (certain risks are uninsureable that’s why they should be
uncertain)
5. Risks shouldn’t be calamitous (risk of facing a calamity cannot be insured like floods, war,
earth quake)

How to reduce or avoid risks:

1. Low investment policy (not to invest extra and invest according to the nature of the
business. Example don’t invest too much in rapidly changing business like garments, fashion,
cosmetics)
2. Create a separate fund (general reserves. Put profits in it and it will gradually become big
enough to curtail any losses)
3. Insurance against risks
4. Substitute goods and services (produce substiute goods and boost them incase of main
goods being produced come to an end. Used in services like keep up a back up person incase
of retirement and death of an employee)
5. Forecasting (intelligent business capable of foreseeing may take precautionary measures)
6. Safety measures (eg. Maintain generators in case of power failure or alarms in case of theft,
fire etc)

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Q9. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

“An association of firms for a common purpose”

Objectives:

1. To obtain large scale production

2. To obtain huge finance
3. To widen sale territories
4. To assure continous supply
5. To lessen competition
Types:

1. Horizontal: enterprises producing or marketing same or similar services or products join

together
2. Vertical: enterprises engaged in the successive stages or production or process of business
join together
3. Circular or mixed: when different types of business units combine under one management
4. Lateral: enterprises engaged in the manufacturing of different products but allied in nature,
join together
5. Diagonal:when the principal producer combines with the unit supplying products or services
for extra advantage

Q10. DESCRIBE:

1. Pools:
pool is a form of business combination which aims at minimizing the severe competition. A pool
contract includes:minimum limit of price, areas of selling, minimum limit of profit margin, maximum
limit of production. Pool movement is not proved to be beneficial for the common consumers
because of which laws have been created to get rid of pool contracts

2. Cartel:
it’s a combination of firms to bring down prices at a reasonable level and also to avoid mutual
competition. It is commonly legally forbidden but some governments encourage it. Sometimes cartel
can freeze the price at such a high level that consumers are forced to shift to the substitutions

Kinds of cartel:
(a) Public cartel (government is involved to enforce cartel agreement)
(b) Private cartel (its purpose is to give benefits to only those individuals
who are involved)

3. Trusts/Business trusts/investment trusts:

Trusts which are established to earn profits through investments
Types:

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 1. Investment trust company (it issues the shares which are negotiable in the stock
exchange and the captital gained through these shares are used to purchase more
shares or securities of other companies)
2. Unit investment trust (manager of the companies issue units of trust to investors and
they may also repurchase it. The investors of this type are the owners of the units, the
price of which varies daily in the stock market)
3. Trusts reserved for special fields (some trusts make their investments in a particular field
like field of banking, insurance, mining, consumer goods or simply to earn profit)

Q11. TARIFFS

Tarrifs or import duty is levied by the government of a country on imported goods. It is

levied by the government to earn revenue or simply to make foreign goods expensive so that the
local market doesn’t suffer.

Aims and objectives:

1. Public revenues (to finance the country)

2. Protection to the local industry (to increase prices of foreign goods and promote buyers to
purchase local goods)
3. For breaking competition (to break foreign competition and not create a competition with
local goods)
4. Political pressure (sometimes country is under political pressure and needs revenues)
5. Trade benefits (to cultivate trade benefits)
Kinds of tariff:

1. Special duties (imposed on quantity of imports. Example: it may be imposed per kilogram,
per tone, per unit)
2. Ad velorem duty (its imposed on value of imports)
3. Compound duty (it’s the combination of special and ad velorem duties)

Q12. WAREHOUSES

Basic objectives of warehousing

i. Stocking the goods abundant in supply

ii. Bridging the gap between demand and supply

Two kinds of goods are kept in warehouses

i. Goods produced throughout the year but used in a specific time

of the year
ii. Goods produced in a specific time of the year but used
throughout the year

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Advantages

i. Protection and preservation of goods

ii. Regular flow of goods (for Goods produced in a specific time of the year but
used throughout the year like rice)
iii. Continuity in production
iv. Convenient location (warehouses are located in convenient locations
therefore it reduces cost of transportation)
v. Easy handling (they are generally fitted with machinary to handle the heavy
bulky goods)
vi. Useful for small business men (public warehouses)
vii. Creation of employment (to manage and care for the warehouses)
viii. Facilitates sale of goods (inspection, grading, packaging, labeling and
transfer of ownership)
ix. Availability of finance (can be used as security to get access to loan)
x. Reduce risk of loss (they are well guarded and preserved in warehouses)

Types:

1. Public (used by businessmen by paying rent)

2. Private (for personal use of the manufacturer)
3. Bonded (goods are kept in these warehouses by the government till the import duty is
paid on the goods.)
4. Wholesale (wholesalers maintain it and store the bulk quantities of products they
purchase)

Q13. VARIOUS PROBLEMS FACED BY MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

“multinational companies are those companies which produce 25% of its total production outside
their origin country”

Problems:

1. Culture and religion (they have to adjust according to the country)

2. Local laws and tariffs
3. Language (creates hurdle during publicity of products)
4. Shortage of trained staff (if working in developing countries)
5. Slavery of traditions (have to cope up with the traditions and compromise)
PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 23
 6. Problem of co ordination (due to HO and branches spread all around the world)
7. Difference of weather (business environment)
8. Commercial traditions (creates problem in price policy because some countries have a
tradition of bargaining)
9. Colour and creed (creates hurdles in trade relations due to racism)
10. Nationalism (local employees refuse to obey the foreigners)
11. Difference in taste (the same business cannot succeed in every country due to differences in
taste in fashion)

Q14. MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION

It’s a complete introduction of the company which provides information to the share holders so they
may decide before investing. While preparing this document, special attention is paid to aims and
objectives regarding investments to attract the investors. The document has signatures of
shareholders. In case of public limited, minimum 7 signatures are required and for private, 2.

Clauses:

1. Name clause (name of the company is written. Its not allowed to choose a registered name
or closely resembling name or use a name of a famous personality or a government
organization)
2. Liability clause (it tells the shareholders that their liability is limited and in case of dissolution
of the company, they will maximum lose their investments)
3. Location clause (address of the company is written. Its generally the address of the HO)
4. Capital clause (total capital is mentioned along with nominal captial and paid up capital)
5. Objective clause (the company writes its aims and objectives under this clause and this
prevents the company from exceeding the limits written in that clause)

Q15. MEDIA OF ADVERTISING

“advertising is paid announcement to aware the public regarding a product or a service in order for
them to get attracted and become their consumers”

Sources:

1. Print media
2. Cinema
3. Television
4. Show rooms
5. Sign boards
6. Posters and banners
7. Flyers
8. Mail service
9. Radio

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Q16. MIXED ECONOMY

“the system that is constituted by mixing Socialism and Capitalism is called Mixed Economy System”

In this system, absolute freedom in Capitalism has been controlled by the restrictions of Socialism
while the slavery system of Socialism has been made balanced with freedom of Capitalism.

Characteristics Of Mixed Economy:

1. National ownership (the government takes over industrial units and electricty, water, gas
providing organizations. Main motive is not to earn profits, instead its for the betterment of
common man)
2. Economic planning (preparation of long term plans for the over all and general economic
development and growth. Plans maybe short, medium and long term)
3. Combination of democracy and dictatorship (if government is democratic in nature, mixed
economy will work on the lines of democracy but if its dictatorial, mixed economy becomes
a centre of irregularities, bribe and other socio-political evils)
4. Increase in government resources (the government is assumed to raise its own revenue
instead of over-burdening its people with taxation)
5. Private and public investment ( in this system, private sector is not permitted to invest in
some sectors which are reserved for the public sector. Although they can join hands with the
private sector and go together)
6. Balanced system (both Capitalism and Socialism are extremes. Mixed economy balances
everything)
7. Condition of success (to make Mixed Economy a success, the government must forget and
ignore the evils of both the systems otherwise adoption of any one evil will mess up the
whole economy)
In The Eyes Of Pakistan:

In pakistan we have mixed economy. We find certain industries and sectors fully controlled by the
government and some are also owned by private sectors. In our country, private sectors are
encouraged to set up business but they are connected with the government one way or another
through income tax, sales tax, custom duties etc.

Q17. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

It is used to map the lifespan of the product such as the stages through which a product goes during
its lifespan. The demand for old products lessen as time passes and demand for new products is
extremely high as soon as it is introduced. Most companies who understand PLC make products with
a small span of life and heavily invest in new ones to keep the business cycle going.

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Stages/phases of Product life cycle:

1. Introduction stage (it’s the most expensive stage for the company because of the
development, research and marketing and also the sales are very low in the beginning
specially if it’s a competitive product)
2. Growth stage (in this stage it is assumed that the company is now making a lot of profits out
of this product and business men usually invest more in this product after the profits grow)
3. Maturity stage (the product is now established and now all the manufacturer has to do is to
maintain the market. They also need to consider the amount of investment now should be
done, modifications and improvements needed in the product)
4. Decline stage (when the market of the product starts to shrink because of saturation or
customers are shifting to another brand)

Q.18 “TRANSPORTATION RENDERS TIME AND PLACE UTILITY”

Trade & commerce and means of transportation are complementary. The introduction of transport
in rural areas have proved to be very beneficial for the companies

Functions/Advantages Of Means Of Transport:

1. It has increased time utility

2. Has made the transfer of goods easier
3. It assists in providing goods to the consumers (order/delivery)
4. It make the prices of the goods stable as scarcity of goods make the prices higher
5. It assists in importing to meet the deficiencies of a country
6. Beneficial for perishable items
7. Fills the gap between production and consumption areas
8. It widens the market because supply is readily available through means of transport

Means Of Transport:

1. Railways
2. Airways
3. Waterways
4. Road transport

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Q19. ORIENTATION AND TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES

Orientation:

Orientation means to provide the details and information regarding the nature of work.

Ways To Provide Orientation:

1. Giving the responsibility to an experienced senior to teach everything to the junior

2. Arranging lectures, films and demonstrations to the new employee
Affairs And Matters To Be Included In The Orientation Programme:

1. Introduction of all the senior important employees

2. Introduced the environment and culture of the company
3. Introduction of rules and regulations
4. Introduction of rules and requirements for promotions and transfers
5. Introduction of expected facilities like: bonus, wages, overtime, holidays etc
Training:

It starts after the orientation. The seniors/head of the organization decide the nature of training to
give to the newly inducted employees. They have to ensure suitable, effective and best training in
order to benefit the organization.

Kinds And Nature Of Training Programmes:

1. Induction training (it is done to introduce the company. Rules and regulations,
policies, activities and affairs of the company are explained)
2. Apprenticeship training (usually juniors are appointed with the seniors to explain
them the nature of work and how things are done)
3. On-job training (when a new employee is placed on a job immediately, he is
given this type of training to teach him how to handle errors and their
elimination. It only involves practice)
4. Foremanship training (a foreman is a person who looks after workers’ efficiency
and the machines in technical sector. The training provided to him is for the
purpose of teaching him how to motivate the workers, to lead, how to make
people follow his orders and instructions etc)
5. Training for a particular job (this is given to the person before he is assigned to
complex jobs)
6. Flying squadron method (squadron refers to a big group of people. This is
usually done in army forces where a number of people have to be trained at the
same time in the same manner)
7. Internship (this is the type of training which is collaborated with the studies.
Educational institutions send their students in different organizations for
training)
8. Supervision training (supervisor is the person under which people work.
Different supervisors sit together and learn from each other’s experiences)
9. Conference training (a conference meeting is held up and issues are discussed)

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 10. Under-study training (an assistant is handed over to a skilled worker with whom
the assistant acquires training from. Usually the same assistant is given the job
once the skilled worker leaves)

Q20. VARIOUS ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

“relationship between a government and people”

Economic Systems:

1. Capitalism:
I. Individuals are free to have natural resources under their ownership
II. Stronger person can exploit the weak freely
III. “capital earns capital”
IV. In this system, capital invested by:
a. Person in a partnership, its owned by partners
b. Shareholders become the owners of the company etc
V. Capitalist or investor gets returns of the capital in two ways
a. Profits
b. Interest
2. Socialism
I. This system is highly beneficial for the common man
II. State is considered the only culprit so this system was made to give power in
the hands of exploited people (common man)
III. Productive resources are owned by the state
IV. Equality is given importance
V. Source of power is common men
3. Mixed Economy
4. Islamic Economic System
I. It is the only system which is bestowed upon humans by Allah through
Quran & Sunnah
II. It revolves around justice and obligation
III. It makes economic and social forces balanced
IV. Justice is provided specially to the economically weak class
V. It ensures flow of resources from rich to the poor
VI. It creates balance among consumption, production and distribution of
wealth
VII. Economic policies are designed in favour and interest of poor people

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Q21. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF A BUSINESS

Businesses cannot be isolated from the society. As they are present among the social environment,
they have a huge effect on the society itself. Experts put their sarcastic opinion that social problems
are the gift of businesses like inflation, deflation, unemployment, pollution etc

Social Responsibilities:

1. Scope of business activities (rendering social welfare services. Give financial aid to education
institutions. Improve living standards of employees by giving high wages)
2. Business and social actions (help building hospitals, educational institutions, orphans houses
etc because these institutions in return will use the products these businesses make)
3. Sensitivity of business (to solve social, political and environmental issues as solving them will
keep the market healthy)
4. Legal responsibilities (businesses shouldnt do profiteering, blackmarketing, bribery,
adulteration. Businesses should ensure their employees arent involved in these things as
well)
5. Fulfillment of social expectations (eg. Appoint disabled people on high posts and treat them
like they treat any other employee, provide quality and quantity within good prices, take
care of ill or disabled employees, employees be provided with remuneration and facilities
they deserve, financially aid other institutions etc)
6. Synchronization with new trends (following the traditions and culture is important but
rapidly changing things should be kept in view in order to fulfill their consumers’ demands in
advance)

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 ISLAMIAT
Attempt 3/6 questions

Q1. IMPORTANCE/CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLY QURAN

It was revealed by Allah descended on the last prohet Hazrat Muhammad PBUH

Importance:

1. To be well protected (Allah has taken the responsibility of its protection

2. Alive language (the language still exists till today)
3. Universal book (meant for all nations for all times and eras)
4. Collective and comprehensive book (it deals with all sectors and provides guidance &
instructions to eveyone)
5. Book of wisdom (its content cannot be challenged and proved to be defective)
6. The challenge of Quran (challenge was given to everyone out there to create a surah just like
the one in Quran and the challenge stands till today for every Arab and Non-Arab out there)

Q2. ISLAMIC/QURANIC PROOF OF UNICITY OF ALLAH AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMANS

Quranic proof:

1. Creation of universe:
“you will not see any difference in the creations of the beneficient so cast a glance again.
Do you find any gap?”
In this verse Allah openly tells all the living and non living things to see once again and find a fault in
the perfection of everything he made. And the uniformity of the processes that happen naturally are
a proof that there is no God but one otherwise multiple Gods would have resulted in chaos

2. Perfection in everything:
“ if there wouldve been any other deity except Allah then it would have essentially caused
disorder in the universe”
As two kings cannot rule a kingdom, just like that its merely impossible for such a perfect universe to
exist with two or more Gods

3. Allah advises man to ponder over his own creation

“Are these people (mankind) have been created without any agency or they are their own
creators”
“And (it is) Allah (who) took you out of the wombs of your mothers (in this condition) you did not know
anything (then again) and made you for hearing/seeing and (hearts with beating). Probably you be
thankful”

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 4. Creation of heavenly bodies
“neither the Sun can dare to catch hold moon nor the night can precede the day and all of
them are sailing in sky (each in a circle)”
5. Allah gives relief from all troubles
“You say only Allah gives you relief from every trouble then again hold partner unto Him”

Effects of Unicity of Allah on humans

1. Self respect (he does not bow and beg to other people and trusts Allah to provide him)
2. Humbleness (he adopts a humble attitude with the fear of knowing how strong can Allah be
without anyone with him or beside him)
3. Steadfastness and bravery (he is only afraid of Allah and no one else)
4. Broad mindedness (forgives the mistakes of everyone else and does not take revenge like
narrow minded people)
5. Discard of pessimitic attitude (he does not become upset and disheartened when he has to
face troubles)
“don’t be disappointed on the mercy of Allah”
6. Peace of mind (he doesn’t worry and gets dependent on others and he has peace of mind that
Allah stands by him)
7. Piety (he stays loyal, righteous and pious)
8. Abiding with state laws
9. Trust on Allah
10. Self contenment and thankfulness (learns to lead a simple life and is thankful for even the
smallest things)

Q3. CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZRAT MUHAMMAD

1. Cancellation of earlier revealed laws

2. Protection of holy Quran
3. Completed Islam
4. Last prophet
5. Honesty and truthfulness
6. Humility
7. Forgiveness
8. Fullfilment of promises
9. Behaviour towards companions
10. Behaviour towards strangers
11. Behaviour towards children
12. Behaviour towards women
13. Behaviour towards poor and orhpans
14. Treatment of slaves
15. Behaviour towards enemies and unbelievers
16. Treatment of animals

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Q4. IMPORTANCE OF DOCTRINE OF PROPHETHOOD AND FINALITY OF PROPHETHOOD

Importance of doctorine of prophethood

1. It means we should believe in all prophets of Allah

2. “And whom (prophets) we have sent before you all of them were male humans”
3. “And no doubt we have sent the prophets unto every nation (ummat)”
4. 124,000 prophets were sent
5. None of them were involved in any kind of sin and they were very pious and innocent
Importance of Finality of Prophethood of Holy Prophet SAW

1. “Muhammad SAW is not the father of any man out of you but he is prophet of Allah and the
last of you prophets”
i. This verse says: Hazrat Muhammad is not the father of any man
ii. He is the prophet of Allah
iii. He was the last of all prophets
2. “Today I have completed your religion for you and I have completed my bounties on you and
I have liked religion of Islam for you”
i. This verse was revealed on the occasion of the Last pilgrimage of Holy Prophet
SAW
ii. No new religion will be introduced till the day of judgement
3. Holy prophet SAW himself said about finality of the prophet
i. “After me there would be no prophet”
ii. “the example of I and the prophets sent before me is like a beautiful building
constructed by somebody in which a space of one brick is left empty andi am
that brick”
iii. The series of Prophethood and Nabuat ended. After me there is no prophet
or nabi
iv. There is no prophet after me and there is no ummat after me
4. Other prophets were succeeded by other prophets but Holy Prophet had no brothers or sister
or any son.
5. Hadith along with Quran is maintained free from manipulations

Q4. ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HEREAFTER/DOOMSDAY/AAKHRAT IN CHARACTER BUILDING

1. He knows he has to be answerable to Allah in the end

2. Bravery and devotion
3. Patience and virtue
4. Pious and righteous
5. Leaves the sins
6. Constant reminder that life here on earth is temporary
7. Doesn’t misuse the freedom of thinking and doing
8. Justice and equity

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Q5. IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGE OF PRAYERS

1. Righteousness (he becomes free from evil and sins)

2. Nearness to Allah
3. Cleanliness
4. Punctuality
5. Obidience of leader (imam)
6. Equality
7. Self control
8. Mutual affection
9. Spirit of assembling (brings up sense of unity)

Q6. . IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGE OF FASTING

1. Righteousness
2. Sovereignty of Allah
3. Obedience and commandment
4. Sympathetic sentiment
5. Self contenment and sacrifice
6. Mutual singulartity (everyone is facing is the same things so they become closer)
7. Self control
8. Maintenance of Good health
9. Building of characteristics (control over everything brings a charm in personality)
10. Atmosphere of righteousness and piety
11. Collective feeling of virtue
12. Mutual help

Q7. . IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGE OF ZAKAT

1. Distribution of wealth
2. Eradication and exploitation of workers and labourers
3. Increase in economic and trade activities
4. Increase in government revenue
5. Advantageous method of zakat distribution
6. Love between rich and poor
7. Earning well wishes of relatives and friends
8. Increase in economic transactions
9. Eradication of poverty

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 33

Heads of expenditure of zakat

(1) The needy,

(2) The indigent,
(3) The collectors of Zakat,
(4) The travelers
(5) Ransoming of slaves,
(6) Helping the debtors,
(7) People on their Way of Allah,
(8) Hospitality to wayfarers.

Q8. IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGE OF HAJJ

1. Pardon of all sins

2. Freedom from communal prejiduce
3. Practice of self control
4. Universal muslim brotherhood
5. Exchange of information and views
6. Training of remembrance of Allah
7. Large scale of trade activities
8. Advertisement of products of Muslim countries
9. Training of discipline
10. International muslim unity
11. It is a collective worship (prayers fasting zakat unicity of Allah jehad

Q9. JEHAD

1. Jehad against one-self (to keep one self safe from temptations of the world)
2. Jehad using sword (to fight in the way of Allah to spread Islam)
3. Jehad using knowledge (educating illiterate and an ignorant person)
4. Jehad using wealth (to purchase weapons for holy warriors, spending money to make muslims
abide by Allah, spending in way of Allah)

Q10. LAWFUL EARNING (KASB HALAL)

1. It is obligatory on every muslim

2. “O you people eat out of and neat and clean things what is lawful and pure”
3. Example: eating growing selling grapes is lawful but making wine out of it is haram
4. Don’t bribe
5. Humans will be answerable to Allah about all his ways of earning
6. Zakat is void from haram earned money
7. Hajj will not be valid from such money
8. Beggary is also unlawful
9. “the earner if friend of Allah”

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 34

 10. Story: a man came begging to Hazoor SAW. Hazoor SAW made him sell everything he had in
his home and made him purchase an axe and a rope and told him to cut wood and sell. Within
a fortnight his financial status was better and he also had enough money to save. He reported
this to Hazoor SAW and He said “is it not better than to bear spot of beggary on your forehead
in hereafter”

Q11. LAST SERMON (KHUTBE HAJJATUL WIDA)

1. First hajj was performed in 9th hijri

2. In 10th hijri, Holy Prophet SAW performed his first and last hajj
3. On this occasion he delivered his last sermon which was about wellbeing and welfare of
mankind
4. Many of its articles/sections are mentioned in the Charter of UNO
5. He said he will not meet anyone at this place again and pre-islam time is now below his feet
6. He said that your wealth and your blood are sacred to each other
7. He said there shouldn’t be any racial and linguistic pride. “No arab is superior to a non arab
and no white is superior to black and viseversa. You all are the off springs of Adam and Adam
was made of clay(dust)”
8. About slaves he commanded that we should behave with slaves and feed them what we eat
and dress them in clothes we dress in.
9. For women he said “Be afraid of Allah; as you have rights on women the same way women
have rights on you”
10. He even mentioned that interest should be eradicated
11. He probihited blood shed and plunder
12. He preached about fraternity and brotherhood: “All Muslims are brothers to each other
13. He gave instructions and guidace for the people who are to come after him “O my people I
am leaving among you two things. One is the book and the other is my sunnat. Hold them
firmly”
14. In the end he said “had I conveyed unto uoi the message of Allah”
15. On this occasion Allah revealed: “Today I have completed your religion for you and I have
completed my bounties on you and I have liked religion of Islam for you”
16. Only after 3 months of the last sermon, Hazoor SAW departed from this world.

Q11. SIMPLICITY

1. Food
2. Clothing
3. Shelter
4. Simplicity in other matters (conversation, used to do things himself, no pride, never used
harsh words)
5. “no doubt for you in the life of Holy Prophet SAW is the best model of action”

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Q.12 NAMES OF BOOKS OF HADEES

1. Sahih al bukhari
2. Sahih muslim
3. Sunan abu dawud
4. Ibn maja
5. Sunan al nasai
6. Al tirmidhi

Q13. NAMES OF QURAN

1. Kalam
2. Nur
3. Huda
4. Furqan
5. Shifa
6. Ali
7. Hakim
8. Mubarak
9. Al-hadi
10. Bushra
11. Bashir
12. Majid
13. Zabur

Q14. TOLERANCE (RAWADARI)

1. It means that one should accept and approve others thoughts, ideologies and doctrines with
broad mindedness and wholeheartedly.
2. Before islam, tolerance did not exist
3. Hindus are divided in 4 classes and have no regard for each other while christians are divided
in 2 classes and one thinks that other is inferior to it and so on
4. There was a lot of racism between arabs and non arabs
5. Women were considered as animals
6. Islam promoted religious tolerance and taught equality and justice and curbed the
racial,lingual and social sense of superiority
7. Islam promotes tolerance so much so that even non muslims are to be respected by muslim
8. But tolerance draws a line at a point of any person humiliate Islam or Holy Prophet SAW and
Holy Quran

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Q15. RIGHTS OF PARENTS

1. parents are the pave way to paradise or hell

2. mother has precedence over father
3. service to parents has priority over optional jihad
4. disobedience of parents is a great sin
5. respect of foster mother
6. parent’s pleasure leads to Allah’s goodwill
7. paradise lies beneat the feet of mother
8. obedience of parents fetches obedient children
9. the consequences of disobedience to parents are faced in this world
10. children and their wealth belong to theur parents
11. service to parents is no less than optional pilgrimage

Q16. IMPORTANCE OF HIJRAT TO MADINA

1. arrival and construction of mosque (masjid e nabvi)

2. fraternity and brotherhood
3. the pact of madina (pact with jews that everyone will unite against outsiders)
4. change of qibla (muslims used to pray towards qibla of jews until Allah ordered them to pray
towards Holy Kaaba)
5. battles led by Holy Prophet SAW
6. treaty of hudaibia (a treaty was made with hudaiba that no bloodshed will take place as
Muslims were only going for umrah peacefully)
7. letters (Hazoor SAW sent letters to rules of other countries to embrace Islam)
8. the last hajj
9. passing away from this world

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 37

 ENGLISH
3/5 questions from section “A” & 2/3 questions from section “B”

Formats

1. Letter To The Editor

Examination Hall

15-07-2014

The Editor

Dawn Daily

Station Road

Karachi

Dear Sir

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Yours Faithfully

XYZ

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 38

 2. Covering Letter
To,

The personal manager,

“Daily dawn”,

Karachi.

Subject: Application for the post of administrator

Respected Sir,

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Yours obediently,

XYZ

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 39

 3. Curriculum Vitae (CV)
XYZ

Examination Hall, Karachi

Contact No.:0123-4567890

Email: XYZ@hotmail.com

Father’s name:

Address:

Sex:

Marital status:

CNIC No.:

Education:

 Masters/Bachelors
 College
 School
Job Objectives:

Working experience:

Computer literacy:

Special interests:

Enclosures:

Reference:

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 40

4. Letter To A Friend

Examination hall

Karachi.

15th march 2007

Dear Ashraf,

-----------------------------

Yours sincerely

XYZ

2. Summaries

1. The Age Of Probots

Computers have become a common thing today and so will become robots in only few
years’ time. They will change the life style of man living in the modern world of the 21st
century. A robot is a kind of machine which works like a man. It is constructed in a shape,
which gives a description of man, today computers are being used in every field of life and
therefore a computer with a body and moving parts with wheels is called Probot. Hence we
can say this is the age of Probot.
A personal computer can be changed to a probot doing all the household work like
sweeping, dusting and washing clothes. Besides these, they can also do more difficult jobs
like teaching children, making meal in the kitchen, guarding the house and playing with you
in the leisure time. Though robots are working in factories, their effects cannot be felt in the
society. Robots are beings used in many fields of life such as agriculture and industry.
Industrial robots can increase the gross national product of a country. One robot will be able
to do the work of at least ten men. However they can create the problem of unemployment.
Now people have a profound slumber as robots are there to guard their houses. The robots
sellers demonstrate their potential at their showrooms.
Hence we can say shortly that the probots are an example of the exciting advance
technology. People using robots do not need a strenuous lifestyle; they become rather easy
going and having a lot of spare time at their disposal. They will have more effect on society
than any other invention.

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 2. Gentle Giants
There are many misconceptions about the nature and life style of Gorillas. Gorillas are considered to
be ferocious and tenacious creatures, they are, in fact, gentle and tender.
It was due to some images of them in which they looked beastly that made people scared of them.
An American explorer published a book about hunting of gorillas in the African jungle. He produced a
photograph of an injured gorilla standing on the body of a hunter in a very aggressive style.
Hollywood made a film "King Kong" in 1930 which gave birth to misconceptions about gorillas.
Gorillas are not hostile to man. They are vegetarians; they do not attack other animals. They look
after their children with great care and are loving creatures. They only show their anger and fierce
whey they are attacked or treated badly. They also become hostile when they are kept separated in
the cages from their families; they even attack their keeper. The zoological gardens are now treating
animals scientifically. They try to provide them the natural environment. The tribute therefore, goes
to the zoos, which are taking cares of animals efficiently and affectionately. As a result the animals
are behaving themselves. They are inoffensive and non-aggressive.
It is pity that the number gorillas are decreasing alarmingly due to the activities of man. Man is
cutting forests where they live. Their number is now limited to a few thousand. Man exults in killing
them. The wilds life is on the verge of extinction as the natural abode of the animals is disappearing
from the globe of the World.
To sum up, gorillas, which and rightly called the "Gentle Giant", are also endangered species like
other wild life. We should do something for protecting wild life.

3. The Door Swings Open

There was a time when women were not allowed to become doctors. This profession was only
restricted to man. People thought that women were not too strong enough to bear the stress of
becoming a doctor.
Elizabeth Black was the first lady who got the admission in a medical college. An influential doctor
recommended her for admission. The administrator of the college did not refuse the doctor but they
also did not want a female student in their college. They decided to put the matter before students,
hoping that her admission will be refused.
The college authorities were surprised that the student body approved her admission. Some of the
students thought that women should have equal rights. Some of them thought it would be amusing
to be the only medical college in the country where a woman doctor had been trained. So the vote
in favor was carried and the college authorities gave permission to admit Elizabeth in the medical
college. Eventually, Elizabeth got the acceptance letter and proceeded in Geneva College. The dean
introduced her to all the students in her class. Initially when she came to college they behaved very
badly, but after joining the class, the whole situation started changing. The presence of a lady
proved that it is beneficial in the discipline of the medical college.
Now days women are working side by side with men, women are playing very crucial role in society
by joining all sorts of professions and careers.

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 4. The London Road
The main character of the novel is a rustic English youth who had three sisters and four brothers
(including him). Their mother was still alive. It was the year 1924 when the family of the youth still
residing in the home country consisted of mother and three sons in all four. The second son of the
family decided to leave home and to proceed to London leaving behind a small family of mother and
her two sons in all three persons.
One sunny Midsummer morning on June 1934 the adventurous rustic youth was provided a heavy
breakfast by his mother who was apparently a little bit aggrieved or worried about her separation
from her second son. She did not utter a single word but her motherly instincts unconsciously forced
to put her hand on chain sitting on which the youth relished his breakfast probably the last thing
cooked affectionately by his mother. The old lady made no fuss, no appeals, and no attempts to
weep and did not advise the youth.
The youth who was about 19 years old was not a fully matured man indeed a brave and self-
confident person who believed that if he tried he would surely make good fortune. He was bit
excited. He did not know as to how far he would be required to walk. At time he had strange feelings
of home-sickness and his sub-conscious heard the sound of hurrying footsteps coming after him and
the voices of his two brothers and mother call him back. The reality was that he was alone; he was
free to go where ever he wanted at his sweet will and pleasure. His inner self murmured, "You asked
for it. It’s up to you now. You are on your own and nobody's going to stop you".
It is a human instinct that one cannot overcome the feeling of the home sickness so when he
stepped forward to London Road he heard the echoes of home by tinkling sound of her kitchen,
shafts of sun from the windows falling across his household furniture's across his bedroom and the
very bed which he had left at his village home.

5. The Tripods
The Tripods had ruled over the earth for more than hundred years. They governed simply and
effectively by dominating the minds of men. They capped everyone at the age of fourteen. The caps
used by the tripods were meshes of silvery metal fitted over the skull and woven into the flesh of
their wares. The capping of child took place at the age of adulthood with a ceremony. There was a
boy, who was doubtful about the process of capping, when the capping ceremony was being held for
his cousin Jack, he became anxious about his own capping ceremony.
When Ozymandias came to his village, one old man told the boy a strange story about the tripods.
He said that tripods were not well-wishers of man in fact they were enemies. Very few people
survived on earth found in few places. He also told the boy that he knew such a free man who lived
in White Mountains. He asked the boy to join the group who dislike capped men and women. He
invited the boy to join him in the journey towards south. Boy's cousin also went with him. After the
long journey they reached the White Mountains.

PREPRAPED BY: SANAM ALAM 43