Matter- Defined as anything that has mass and takes up space

All matter is composed of elements which is made of atoms

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically

A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements

Molecules made of 2 or more atoms

Can be the same or different elements

Ex- O2 and CH4

COMPOUNd
Substances made of 2 or more different elements
Ex: CH4 and H2O
Organic compounds contain carbon

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other
substances

Atomic number is the number at the bottom of the element on the periodic table

An atom is the smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element

Protons- positive/atomic number/ In nucleus

Neutrons/ Neutral/in nucleus

Electron/ located around the nucleus/ no mass

A.P.E M.A.N

Isotope are different forms of the same element that has the same # of protons, but a different #
of neutrons

Atomic mass: is the average of all the isotope

Atoms are neutral

Protons=electrons in neutral atoms

Valence electrons- electrons in the outest shell

1st shell can only hold 2 elections

2nd and 3rd can hold up to 8

Electrons are arranged in pairs

Electrons start on the inner shell and work there way out

Inert atom- Stable atom/ has an outer electron shell/valence shell that is full

Reactive atoms: have vacancies in the valence shell

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons

Strongest and most common from of bond

Will not be broken because you put them in water

Electrons can be shared equally and in equally

Electronegative have stronger they have a greater reason to pull electrons towards them

Electronegativity increases as you move left to right on the periodic table

Also increases from the bottom to the top of the periodic table

When electrons are shared equally it is called a nonpolar covalent bond

Polar covalent bonds are when the electrons are shared unequally

Water is the universal solvent

Hydrogen bond

The bond between the oxydrogen in a single water molecule that is a polar covalent bond

Cohesion is a property of water because of hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds are formed between molecules

Ionic bonds are where electrons are not shared equally. Both valence electrons are not filled.
Creates a positive/negative charge.

Water is polar

Water regulates temperature

Water is an excellent solvent

Water is cohesive

Hydrogen and oxygen are shared within water molecules form polar covalent bonds
Water molecules attract other molecules because of the positive and negative charges in the
different parts of the molecule

Like dissolves like polar dissolves polar

Hydrophilic means water loving, substances that a hydrophilic are more likely to dissolve in
water because they have full or partial charge areas.

Non polar are referred to as hydrophobic

Hydrophobic water fearing

Lipids are hydrophobic

Solvent: a chemical in which others substances dissolve

solute - a dissolved substance

Solution_ one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

Water is an excellent solute because it is polar

The slight negative charge on oxH is gonna attract the slight negative charge of CL

Water regulates temperature

Hydrogen bonds makes water resist changes in temperature

When kinetic energy increases, temperature increases.

Water absorbs emergy and the molecules move faster

This increased energy disrupts the hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Individual water molecules are released at the surface

Kinetic energy decreases and temperature drops less energy is available to break the hydrogen
bonds

Water is cohesive

Cohesion: is the tendency for water molecules to stick to each other. This is due to hydrogen
bonds formed between water molecules

Surface tension

cohesion - is water sticking to water

Adhesion is the ability of water to stick to other things

Below 7 on the ph scale acid

Above 7 on the ph scale base

PH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Higher H concentration the lower ph/acid

Lower H concentration the higher ph/base

Buffer systems help maintain a constant PH by consuming or releasing H+

Organic compounds contains both carbon and hydrogen