Fuerzas en 3D (proyecciones)

y y

x
x

y 𝐹𝑦
cos 𝛼 =
𝐹

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 cos 𝛼

𝐹ℎ
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼 =
𝐹
x
𝐹ℎ = 𝐹 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼 auxiliar

𝐹𝑍 𝐹𝑋
𝑠𝑒𝑛∅ = , 𝐹𝑍 = 𝐹ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ cos ∅ = , 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝐹ℎ 𝐹ℎ

𝐹̅ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑗 + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘 → 𝐹̅ = 𝐹ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑖 + 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑗 + 𝐹ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑛∅𝑘

𝐹̅ = 𝐹𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑖 + 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑗 + 𝐹𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑛∅𝑘

𝐹̅ = 𝐹(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑖 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑗 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑛∅𝑘)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEIM9n6cS

(Mecánica vectorial para ingenieros autor: Beer and Jonhston)

Solución Prob. 2.76 Beer and Jonhston

𝐹𝑦
a) cos 200 = → 𝐹𝑦 = 1900𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠 200 → 𝐹𝑌 = 1785.42𝑁
𝐹

𝐹ℎ
𝑆𝑒𝑛 200 = → 𝐹ℎ = 1900𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑛 200 → 𝐹ℎ = 649.84𝑁
𝐹

𝐹𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛 700 = → 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 700 → 𝐹𝑥 = −649.84(0.9397)
𝐹ℎ

𝐹𝑥 = −610.65𝑁

𝐹𝑧
cos 700 = → 𝐹𝑍 = 649.84 cos 700 → 𝐹𝑍 = 222.26𝑁
𝐹ℎ

𝐹̿ = (−610.65𝑖 + 1785.42𝑗 + 222.26𝑘)𝑁

b)
𝐹̅ = 𝐹̅

1900N(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥 𝑖 + cos 𝜃𝑦 𝑗 + cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑘) = −610.65𝑖 + 1785.42𝑗 + 222.26𝑘

−610.65𝑁 1785.42 222.26

𝜃𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ), 𝜃𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ), 𝜃𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
1900𝑁 1900 1900

𝜃𝑥 = 108.730 , 𝜃𝑦 = 200 𝜃𝑧 = 83.30

Resultante de fuerzas en 3D

̅ = ∑ 𝑭𝒙 + ∑ 𝑭𝒚 𝒋 + ∑ 𝑭𝒛 𝒌
𝑹 𝒊

Diagrama de cuerpo (DCL)

𝑅̅ = ∑ 𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + ∑ 𝐹𝑦 𝑗 + ∑ 𝐹𝑧 𝑘 𝐹̅ = |𝐹 |𝜆

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = |𝐹𝐴𝐵 |𝜆𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = |𝐹 |𝜆𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐷 = |𝐹 |𝜆𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷
𝜆𝐴𝐵 = |𝐴𝐵| 𝜆𝐴𝐶 = |𝐴𝐶|
𝜆𝐴𝐷 = |𝐴𝐷|

Coordenadas

̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 = 20𝑗 ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 = −4𝑖 + 5𝑘 ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐶 = 12𝑖 + 3.6𝑘

̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐷 = −4𝑖 − 14.8𝑘

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = (𝐵̅ − 𝐴̅) = (−4𝑖 + 5𝑘) − (20𝑗) ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = −4𝑖 − 20𝑗 + 5𝑘 |𝐴𝐵| = √(−4)2 + (−20)2 + (5)2

|𝐴𝐵| = 21𝑚

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = (𝐶̅ − 𝐴̅) = ( 12𝑖 + 3.6𝑘) − (20𝑗 ) ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = 12𝑖 − 20𝑗 + 3.6𝑘 |𝐴𝐶 | = √(12)2 + (−20)2 + (3.6)2

|𝐴𝐶 | = 23.36𝑚

̅̅̅̅ = (𝐷
𝐴𝐷 ̅ − 𝐴̅) = (−4𝑖 − 14.8𝑘) − (20𝑗) 𝐴𝐷 = −4𝑖 − 20𝑗 − 14.8𝑘 |𝐴𝐷 | = √(−4)2 + (−20)2 + (−14.8)2
|𝐴𝐷 | = 25.2𝑚

−4𝑖−20𝑗+5𝑘
𝜆𝐴𝐵 = = −0.19𝑖 − 0.95𝑗 + 0.238𝑘 𝐹̅ = 𝐹𝜆
21

12𝑖−20𝑗+3.6𝑘
𝜆𝐴𝐶 = = 0.514𝑖 − 0.856𝑗 + 0.154𝑘
23.36

−4𝑖−20𝑗−14.8𝑘
𝜆𝐴𝐷 = = −0.159𝑖 − 0.794𝑗 − 0.587𝑘
25.2

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 (−0.19𝑖 − 0.95𝑗 + 0.238𝑘) = −0.19𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑖 − 0.95𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑗 + 0.238𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑘

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴𝐶 (0.514𝑖 − 0.856𝑗 + 0.154𝑘) = 0.514(1770)𝑖 − 0.856(1770)𝑗 + 0.154(1770)𝑘

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 909.78𝑖 − 1515.12𝑗 + 272.58𝑘

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐷 (−0.159𝑖 − 0.794𝑗 − 0.587𝑘) = −0.159𝐹𝐴𝐷 𝑖 − 0.794𝐹𝐴𝐷 𝑗 − 0.587𝐹𝐴𝐷 𝑘

Solución ecuaciones

Condición 𝑅̅ = 𝑅𝑗 estableciendo ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = ̅𝑅̅̅𝑥̅ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = ̅̅̅̅

𝑅𝑦 ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = ̅̅
𝑅̅̅𝑍

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = ̅𝑅̅̅𝑥̅ = 0 −0.19𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 909.78 − 0.159𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑦 −0.95𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 1515.12 − 0.794𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 𝑅

∑ 𝐹𝑧 = ̅̅
𝑅̅̅𝑍 0.238𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 272.58 − 0.587𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0

Método por eliminación

(−0.19𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 909.78 − 0.159𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0)(0.238) = −0.045𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 216.52 − 0.038𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0

(0.238𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 272.58 − 0.587𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0)(0.19) = 0.045𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 51.79 − 0.112𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 0

268.31 − 0.15 𝐹 𝐴𝐷 = 0
−268.31𝑁
Despejando 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 1788.73𝑁
−0.15

Sustituyendo en ∑ 𝐹𝑥 o ∑ 𝐹𝑧

Para ∑ 𝐹𝑥

−909.78+0.159(1788.73) −625.37
−0.19𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 909.78 − 0.159(1788.73) = 0 → 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = ( ) → 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 3291.43𝑁
−0.19 −0.19

Sustituyendo 𝐹𝐴𝐷 y 𝐹𝐴𝐵 en ∑ 𝐹𝑦

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑦 −0.95(3291.43𝑁) − 1515.12 − 0.794(1788.73𝑁) = 𝑅

𝑅 = (−3126.85 − 1515.12 − 1420.25)N 𝑅 = −6062.22𝑁 𝑅 = 6062.22𝑁 ↓