| W 0) RED | sieatzction CONTEMPORARY | ,., accion c°Of these changes is globalization. *The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the “global age”. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION ].. Thomas Larsson (2001), Swedish journalist — “the rocess of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer” 2. Martin Khor, the former president of Third World Network (TWN) in Malaysia (mid-1990s) — globalization is colonization 3. Ohmae, 1992 — onset of the borderless world 4. Robert Cox (cited in RAWOO...2000, p.14) — the characteristics of globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new internal division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerate these processes and the internationalizing of the state... making states into agencies of the globalizing world.TASK OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION he literature on the definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either: 1.Broad and Inclusive 2.Narrow and Exclusive ... TASK OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION blobalization is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses a multitude of processes which involves the economy, _ political systems, culture, environment and social dimensions.METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION i Solid and Liquid; Solid — social relationship ind objects remained where they were created. Solidity refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Liquid — liquids are not fixed. Liquidity refers to increasing movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary world. 2. Flows — movement of people, things, places, information brought by growing porosity of global limitations. GLOBALIZATION THEORIES Theories see globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity. 1. Homogeneity — increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practice, same economies and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in; a. Culture — often linked to cultural imperialism (a given culture influences the other) b. Economy ~- recognition of the spread of oliberalism, capitalism and the market economy in a world.... GLOBALIZATION THEORIES Political realm — suffers homogenization if one takes into account the emerging similar models of governance in the world. d. Media — the global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism(over- concentration of mass media from larger nations as a significant variable in negatively affecting smaller nations.) ..- GLOBALIZATION THEORIES In general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of Mcdonaldization. Goerge Ritzer (2008) — the process by which societies are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants... GLOBALIZATION THEORIES timary components of Mcdonaldization 1. Efficiency — optimum method from getting from one point to another 2. Calculability -— emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold and services offered. 3. Predictability — assurance that products and services will be the same over time and in all locales. 4. Control — nonhuman technology comes to exert control over human workers and customers. ..- GLOBALIZATION THEORIES \ Heterogeneity — pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. Cultural hybridization Roland Robertson (1992) — Glocalization (as global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area, the “glocal” is being produced.)DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL Pree hree perspectives on global culture flows: 1. Differentiation 2. Hybridization 3. Convergence ... DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL Soe . Cultural Differentialism ° Emphasizes that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows. ° The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential pay otasirophic collisions.GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Religions have crossed many boundaries, having been spread by immigrants, refugees, and aggressors. Ultimately, cultural differences have changed religious beliefs and traditions within religious practices. ..-Globalization of religion pplying to religion, one of the most important identities of human society, globalization may have implied on faith in the following three possible impacts: 1. First, religion is being eroded because of secularization process. 2. Second, religion is being strengthened because of resistance to globalization. 3. Third, religion is declining but it has developed new identities of hybridity...-Globalization of religion Secularization theory — as society advances in modernity, religion retreats and becomes increasingly hollow. -|.Globalization of religion ccs state of Religion in the Globalizing World 1. Resurgence of Religion in the Global Society - Modernization has secularizing forces, even more so in some places than in others. But, on the other hand, it also has generated counter secularization movements. Modernization has caused the loss of power among religious institutions. Yet, in the level of individual lives, religious beliefs and practices have continued to persist...-Globalization of religion durrent state of Religion in the Globalizing World 2. The Explosion of New Religion - The explosion of new religions and New Religious Movements (NRM) are another prominent religious phenomenon in the globalized world. ..-Globalization of religion current state of Religion in the Globalizing World 3. The Rise of Religious Environmentalism - New roles of religion in the global society can be seen particularly in the involvement of religious individuals, institutions and groups in environmental problems and ecological issues... DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL = - Cultural Hybridization ° Emphasizes the integration of local and global culture. ¢ Globalization is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the global or me local. .. DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL cain . Cultural Convergence ° Stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. ° Culture are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture. iurrent state of Religion in the Globalizing orld 4. Formal Religion is in Decline - The increasing modernization has resulted in the increasing indicators of secularization both in the level of personal religiosity and, more dramatically, in the level of religious institutions such as church attendance, church- directed behavior and church personnel na ..-Globalization of religion urrent state of Religion in the Globalizing World 5. The Emergence of Religious Fundamentalism - it is worth noting that current global secular world witnesses the resurgence of conservative-tradionalist religious movements. These movements have been ¥ffen labeled as “fundamentalism”.