MOTOR INDUKSI

( BAGIAN 3)

Disampaikan oleh :

ATMAM, ST., MT

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING
P E K A N B A RU
2018
 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Principle of Operation
When the stator winding of a three-phase induction motor is connected to a
threephase power source, it produces a magnetic field that (a) is constant in
magnitude and (b) revolves around the periphery of the rotor at the synchronous
speed.

If f is the frequency of the current in the stator winding and P is the number of
poles, the synchronous speed of the revolving field is

in revolutions per minute (rpm), or

in radians per second.

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Nm (or ωm) be the rotor speed at a certain load. With respect to the motor, the
revolving field is moving ahead at a relative speed of

The relative speed is also called the slip speed. This is the speed with which the
rotor is slipping behind a point on a fictitious revolving pole in order to produce
torque. However, it is a common practice to express slip speed in terms of the
slip (s), which is a ratio of the slip speed to the synchronous speed. That is,

Although the above equation yields the slip on a per-unit basis, it is customary to
express it as a percentage of synchronous speed (percent slip).
In terms of the synchronous speed and the per-unit slip, we can express the rotor
speed as

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When the rotor is stationary, the per-unit slip is 1 and the rotor appears
exactly like a short-circuited secondary winding of a transformer. The
frequency of the induced emf in the rotor winding is the same as that of the
revolving field. However, when the rotor rotates, it is the relative speed of the
rotor Nr (or ωr) that is responsible for the induced emf in its windings. Thus,
the frequency of the induced emf in the rotor is

The above equation highlights the fact that the rotor frequency depends upon
the slip of the motor. At standstill, the slip is 1 and the rotor frequency is the
same as that of the revolving field.

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EXAMPLE
A 208-V, 60-Hz, 4-pole, three-phase induction motor has a full-load
speed of 1755 rpm. Calculate (a) its synchronous speed, (b) the slip,
and (c) the rotor frequency.

SOLUTION
(a) The synchronous speed of the induction motor is

(b) At full load, the slip is

(c) The rotor frequency at full load is

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Example
A 208-V, 10-hp, four-pole, 60-Hz, V-connected induction motor has a full-
load slip of 5 percent.
(a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
(b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at the rated load?
(c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the rated load?
(d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load?
Solution
(a) The synchronous speed of this motor is

(b) The rotor speed of the motor is given by

(c) The rotor frequency of this motor is given by

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(d) The shaft load torque is given by

The shaft load torque in English units

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Example
A slip-ring induction motor runs at 290 rpm at full load, when connected to
50 Hz supply. Determine the number of poles and slip.
Solution
Since N is 290 rpm; Ns has to be somewher near it, say 300 rpm.
If Ns is assumsed as 300 rpm
then 300 = 120 x 50/P
Hence, P = 20
S = (300-290)/300 = 3.33%

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TUGAS
1. The rotor speed of a 440-V, 50-Hz, 8-pole, three-phase induction motor is
720 rpm. Determine (a) the synchronous speed, (b) the slip, and (c) the rotor
frequency.
2. If the rotor frequency of a 6-pole, 50-Hz, three-phase induction motor is 3
Hz, determine (a) the slip and (b) the rotor speed.
3. The magnetic field produced by a three-phase induction motor revolves at a
speed of 900 rpm. If the frequency of the applied voltage is 60 Hz, determine
the number of poles in the motor. When the rotor turns at a speed of 800 rpm,
what is the percent slip of the motor?
4. A 220-V, three-phase, two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor is running at a slip of
5 percent. Find:
(a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute
(b) The speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute
(c) The slip speed of the rotor
(d) The rotor frequency in hertz

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5. A 480-V. three-phase. four-pole. 60-Hz induction motor running at a slip of
0.035. Find:
(a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute
(b) The speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute
(c) The slip speed of the rotor
(d) The rotor frequency in hertz

6. A three-phase. 60-Hz induction motor runs at 890 r/min at no load and at 840
r/min at full load.
(a) How many poles does this motor have?
(b) What is the slip at rated load?
(c) What is the speed at one-quarter of the rated load?
(d) What is the rotor's electrical frequency at one-quarter of the rated load?

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

 When a balanced three-phase induction motor is excited by a balanced three-

phase source, the currents in the phase windings must be equal in magnitude
and 1200 electrical apart in phase. The same must be true for the currents in
the rotor windings as the energy is transferred across the air-gap from the
stator to the rotor by induction.
 Since the stator and the rotor windings are coupled inductively, an induction
motor resembles a three-phase transformer with a rotating secondary
winding.
 Three-phase induction motor can be represented on a per-phase basis by an
equivalent circuit at any slip s

Per-phase equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase induction motor.

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Disusun Oleh : Atmam, S.T., M.T.
From the per-phase equivalent circuit, it is evident that the current in the rotor
circuit is :

Based upon the above equation, we can develop another circuit of an

induction motor as given in

Modified equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase motor on a per-phase basis.

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In this circuit, the hypothetical resistance Rr/s in the rotor circuit is called the
effective resistance. The effective resistance is the same as the actual rotor
resistance when the rotor is at rest (standstill or blockedrotor condition). On the
other hand, when the slip approaches zero under no-load
condition, the effective resistance is very high (Rr/s∝ )
ratio of transformation, the a-ratio, as

we can represent the induction motor by its per-phase equivalent circuit as

referred to the stator.

Per-phase equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase induction

motor as referred to the stator side.
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For this equivalent circuit The equivalent circuit of the rotor in
Figure 9.3 is in terms of the hypothetical
resistance R/s. In this circuit, 𝐼𝐼22 R2/s
represents the per-phase power delivered to
the rotor. However, the per-phase copper
loss in the rotor must be 1:R2. Thus, the
where per-phase power developed by the motor is

The per-phase stator winding

current and the applied voltage
are
The above equation establishes the fact that
the hypothetical resistance R2/s can be
divided into two components: the actual
resistance of the rotor R2 and an additional
resistance R2[(l-s)/s]. The additional
resistance is called the load resistance or the
dynamic resistance.
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An equivalent circuit of an induction motor in terms of the load resistance is

The equivalent circuit modified to show the rotor and the load resistances.

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The transformer model or an induction motor. with rotor and stator
connected by an ideal transformer of turns ratio aeff

The rotor circuit model of an

induction motor.

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The rotor current flow can be found as

The equivalent rotor impedance from

this point of view is

Rotor curent as a function of rotor speed.

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The per-phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor.

The power-flow diagram of an induction motor.

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POWER RELATIONS
For a balanced three-phase induction motor The air-gap power must also
equal the power delivered to the
hypothetical resistance R2/s. That
is,
The total stator copper loss is

If the core loss is modeled by an equivalent The electrical power loss in the
core-loss resistance, as shown in the figure, rotor circuit is
we must also take into account the total core
loss (magnetic loss) as
Hence, the power developed by
the motor is
The net power that is crossing the air-gap
and is transported to the rotor by
electromagnetic induction is called the air-
gap power. In this case, the air-gap power is

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is the per-unit (normalized) speed of the motor.

Power-flow diagram when the core loss is (a) simulated by Rc and

(b) treated as a part of the rotational loss.
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The electromagnetic torque developed by the motor is

By subtracting the rotational loss from the power developed, we obtain the power
output of the motor as

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EXAMPLE
A 6-pole, 230 V, 60 Hz, Y-Connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters on a per-phase basis: R1 = 0.5 Ω, R2 = 0.25 Ω, X1 = 0.75 Ω, X2 = 0.5 Ω,
Xm = 100 Ω, and Rc = 500 Ω. The friction and windage loss is 150 W.
Determine the efficiency of the motor at its rated slip of 2.5%.

SOLUTION
The synchronous speed of the motor is

The per-phase applied voltage is

The effective rotor impedance as referred to the stator is

The stator winding impedance is

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Hence, the total input impedance is

The stator current:

The power factor

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