Variables in java

In Java, there are different types of variables, for example:

 String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by double quotes
 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
 float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes
 boolean - stores values with two states: true or false.

Object-oriented programming
is a programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object.

An object is an entity that has states and behaviors.

State tells us how the object looks or what properties it has.
Behavior tells us what the object does.
A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created.
A subclass is a class that extends another class. Encapsulation
is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit. We can
make a class read-only or write-only: for a read-only class, we should provide only a getter method. For a write-
only class, we should provide only a setter method. Control over the data: we can control the data by providing
logic to setter methods, just like we restricted the stock keeper from assigning negative values in the above
example. Data hiding: other classes can’t access private members of a class directly.
Inheritance is a mechanism in which one object acquires gets all the states and behaviors of a parent object.
Code reuse: the child class inherits all instance members of the parent class.
You have more flexibility to change code: changing code in place is enough.
You can use polymorphism: method overriding requires IS-A relationship.
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.
In Java, we can achieve abstraction in two ways: abstract class (0 to 100%) and interface (100%). An interface is
a blueprint of a class.
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

 Access modifiers in Java

Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It cannot be accessed from outside the
class.
Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It cannot be accessed from outside the
package. If you do not specify any access level, it will be the default.
Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and outside the package through child
class. If you do not make the child class, it cannot be accessed from outside the package.
Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from within the class, outside the
class, within the package and outside the package.
A Sorting Algorithm is used to rearrange a given array or list elements according to a comparison operator on the
elements.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used by the software industry to design, develop and test
high quality softwares. The SDLC aims to produce a high-quality software that meets or exceeds customer
expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates.
SQL structured query language is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
The acronym CRUD stands for create (insert), read(select) , update and delete. These are the four basic
functions of persistent storage. Also, each letter in the acronym can refer to all functions executed in relational
database applications and mapped to a standard HTTP method, SQL statement or DDS operation. SQL can
execute queries against a database; SQL can retrieve data from a database; SQL can insert records in a
database; SQL can update records in a database; SQL can delete records from a database; SQL can create new
databases; SQL can create new tables in a database; SQL can create stored procedures in a database; SQL can
create views in a database; SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.
We have following types of keys in SQL which are used to fetch records from tables and to make relationship
among tables or views.
Super key is a set of one or more than one keys that can be used to identify a record uniquely in a table.
Example: Primary key, Unique key, Alternate key are a subset of Super Keys.
A Candidate Key is a set of one or more fields/columns that can identify a record uniquely in a table. There can
be multiple Candidate Keys in one table. Each Candidate Key can work as Primary Key.
Primary key is a set of one or more fields/columns of a table that uniquely identify a record in a database table. It
 can not accept null, duplicate values. Only one Candidate Key can be Primary Key.
An Alternate key is a key that can be work as a primary key. Basically, it is a candidate key that currently is not a
primary key.
Composite Key is a combination of more than one fields/columns of a table. It can be a Candidate key, Primary
key.
A unique key is a set of one or more fields/columns of a table that uniquely identify a record in a database table.
It is like Primary key but it can accept only one null value and it can not have duplicate values.
Foreign Key is a field in a database table that is Primary key in another table. It can accept multiple null,
duplicatevalues. 
A JOIN is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between them.
(INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table
FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the
specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors,
or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirement.
Functional testing is a type of testing which verifies that each function of the software application operates in
conformance with the requirement specification.
Non-functional testing is a type of testing to check non-functional aspects (performance, usability, reliability,
etc.) of a software application. It is explicitly designed to test the readiness of a system as per nonfunctional
parameters which are never addressed by functional testing.
 Functional testing types:  Regression testing
 Unit testing  Localization
 Smoke testing  Globalization
 User Acceptance  Interoperability
 Integration Testing

 Non-functional testing:

 Performance Testing  Stress Testing

 Volume Testing  Compliance Testing
 Scalability  Portability Testing
 Usability Testing  Disaster Recover Testing
 Load Testing

Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the
item being tested is not known to the tester
White Box Testing is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the
item being tested is known to the tester.
Black box testing: A. Functional Testing ;B. Non-functional testing ;C. Regression Testing
White box testing: A. Path Testing ;B. Loop Testing ;C. Condition testing
Automation Testing or Test Automation is a software testing technique that performs using special automated testing
software tools to execute a test case suite. On the contrary, Manual Testing is performed by a human sitting in front of a
computer carefully executing the test steps. An automated testing tool is able to playback pre-recorded and predefined
actions, compare the results to the expected behavior and report the success or failure of these manual tests to a test
engineer. Once automated tests are created they can easily be repeated and they can be extended to perform tasks
impossible with manual testing. Dynamic Testing is a software testing method used to test the dynamic behaviour of
software code. The main purpose of dynamic testing is to test software behaviour with dynamic variables or variables
which are not constant and finding weak areas in software runtime environment. Static Testing is a software testing
technique which is used to check defects in software application without executing the code. Static testing is done to avoid
errors at an early stage of development as it is easier to identify the errors and solve the errors. It also helps finding errors
that may not be found by Dynamic Testing. REGRESSION TESTING is defined as a type of software testing to confirm
that a recent program or code change has not adversely affected existing features. Retesting is a process to check
specific test cases that are found with bug/s in the final execution. Generally, testers find these bugs while testing the
software application and assign it to the developers to fix it. Then the developers fix the bug/s and assign it back to the
testers for verification. This continuous process is called Retesting. To understand the fundamental test process better,
we can categorize them in the following ways

 Planning and Control

 Analysis and Design
 Implementation and Execution
 Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting
 Test Closure Activities

There are mainly four Levels of Testing in software testing :

1. Unit Testing : checks if software components are fulfilling functionalities or not.

2. Integration Testing : checks the data flow from one module to other modules.
 3. System Testing : evaluates both functional and non-functional needs for the testing.
4. Acceptance Testing : checks the requirements of a specification are met as per its delivery.

EXPLORATORY TESTING is a type of software testing where Test cases are not created in advance but testers check
system on the fly. They may note down ideas about what to test before test execution. The focus of exploratory testing is
more on testing as a "thinking" activity. A TEST CASE is a set of actions executed to verify a particular feature or
functionality of your software application. A Test Case contains test steps, test data, precondition, postcondition
developed for specific test scenario to verify any requirement. The test case includes specific variables or conditions,
using which a testing engineer can compare expected and actual results to determine whether a software product is
functioning as per the requirements of the customer. Test suite is a container that has a set of tests which helps testers
in executing and reporting the test execution status. It can take any of the three states namely Active, In progress and
completed. A Test case can be added to multiple test suites and test plans. After creating a test plan, test suites are
created which in turn can have any number of tests. The Bug is the informal name of defects, which means that software
or application is not working as per the requirement. In software testing, a software bug can also be issue, error, fault, or
failure. The bug occurred when developers made any mistake or error while developing the product.
A Bug Report in Software Testing is a detailed document about bugs found in the software application. Bug
report contains each detail about bugs like description, date when bug was found, name of tester who found it, name of
developer who fixed it, etc.
The Responsive design test means testing the website or URL from different devices. Other browsers like Chrome
provide software or program called “Emulator” which will help change the screen features and environment as per the
desired device needed for testing.

Bug Severity or Defect Severity in testing is impact of a bug or a Defect has on the software application under
test. A higher effect of bug/defect on system functionality will lead to a higher severity level. A Quality Assurance engineer
usually determines the severity level of a bug/defect. Priority is defined as the order in which a defect should be fixed.
Higher the priority the sooner the defect should be resolved. Defects that leave the software system unusable are given
higher priority over defects that cause a small functionality of the software to fail.

A mistake in coding is called Error, error found by tester is called Defect, defect accepted by
development team then it is called Bug, build does not meet the requirements then it Is Failure.”