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Proforma For Registration of Subjects For Dissertation
Proforma For Registration of Subjects For Dissertation
DISSERTATION
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6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 INTRODUCTION
A child after one year of age walk, run, and climb up & down on his or her
own. They are interested in the surrounding to explore things. As they are not
aware of the danger related to their activities. Toddlers are egocentric. Their
activities should be under the supervision. The stairs, gates, window should be
closed or protected. The harmful objects such as medications, kerosene, chemicals,
sharp instruments, hot things, stove, heater etc should be out of their reach. 1
“Home accidents” is meant as accident with takes place in the home or in its
immediate surroundings. Some of the common accidents are drowning, burns,
poisoning, falls, injuries from sharp instruments etc. About 60% of home accidents
are attributed to is carelessness of parents and 20% of accidents due to poor
maintenance in the home environment.2
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The slogan “safety first” does not mean that safety is the most important
thing in life. Some times we take risks in our life to prevent home accidents. On
the other hand we must stay alive to have a successful and happy life. 3
Home accidents are the largest single cause of mortality and disability in
toddlers. In approximate order of incidence accidents include (i) motor vehicle
accidents (ii) drowning (iii) burns (iv) suffocation (v) falls (vi) poison. When
parents understand their child’s level of growth & development, they can predict the
hazardous situation and judge how much freedom their child can be permitted.4
Accidental burns, falls are very common when mother does the cooking or
boiling or cleaning the floor with an infant crawling or walking around the place.
Most accidents occurs when the family lives just in one room for all purposes. Hot
objects on the floor, tub with full of water may cause injury. Electric heaters, room
heaters within the reach of child may cause electric shock or burn. Sometimes the
toddlers fall into boiling water, oil etc. or catch the hot objects.5
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esophageal stricture from lye ingestion. Mouthing activity continues to be
prevalent after one year of age, and exploring objects by tasting. 6
The toddlers who are developing normally are at risk for accidents e.g. falls,
motor vehicle accidents and coming in contact with sharp objects as well as toddlers
who delayed in walking may have poorer balance and coordination, leading to
higher risk for falls. Child- proofing the environment and awareness of outdoors and
playground safety can help prevent accidents.7
Cuts, scratches and scrapes are very common at home. 50% of cuts due to
fall. The children play with knives, scissors and agricultural tools. Drowning is one
of the most common causes of death for under fine children. Every year 2000-4500
casualty visits only because of drowning related accidents due to poor safety
precaution or lack of proper supervision.8
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6.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
The living condition in the rural areas such as cooking over open fires leads
to burns and scars badly build poor houses and poor maintenance such as their
without railing might cause falls. Accidental drinking of kerosene stored in soft
drink bottle leading to poisoning of children this and all happened in the house for
lack of supervision of the mothers.
The unintentional injuries in the home result from falls, burns, poisoning,
drowning, suffocation & sharp knifes in the kitchen makes the room more
dangerous in the house. High accidents rates among children under two years of age
is burn caused by various items e.g. cooking stove, coppers, boilers, hot foods &
irons etc. This is mainly being attributed to lack of supervision.
Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation for 1991-1992
(National Center for Health Statistics 1993) indicates that of the estimated 48.9
million people who have disability. The children who are younger than three years
of age the prevalence of disability is 2.2%, 3-5 years of age group of children the
prevalence of disability is 5.2%. The males are more disabled than the females.
About 85% of burn injuries in house due to scalds from hot tap water or liquid
spilled from cooking pots. SCI (Spinal Cord Injury) in the United States nearly 10%
is estimated in children aged 1-15 years annually.
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suffocation from plastic bags and strangulation from strings on children’s item are
common cause of mechanical obstruction.9
The Researcher discussed with some of rural mothers and observed that they
have inadequate knowledge than the urban mothers regarding prevention of
domestic accidents e.g. poison, burns, drowning, falls etc. The rural mothers show
the negligence in prevention of domestic accidents. Thus the investigator was
fascinated to assess the mother’s knowledge on practices regarding prevention of
domestic accident among mothers of toddlers.
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6.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
6.4 OBJECTIVES
1. Knowledge:
Knowledge refers to the awareness and understanding of mothers of toddlers
regarding types, causes and prevention of home accidents.
2. Practices:
Practices refers to the activities that women undertake in relation to the prevention
of home accidents as measured by their oral expression.
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3. Mothers of toddlers
Mothers who are having children between one to three years of age, residing in rural
community.
4. Home accidents
Accidents, which take place in the home or in its immediate surroundings e.g.
kitchen, bathroom and garden etc
6.6 ASSUMPTIONS
1. The rural mothers may have inadequate knowledge regarding the types of home
accidents among toddlers at home.
2. The rural mothers may have inadequate knowledge regarding the prevention of
home accidents.
3. The toddlers are more potential for home accidents due to carelessness
of parents.
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6.8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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A study was conducted by Department Community Medicine and General
Practice, Monash University, Melbourne on domestic childhood accidental injuries
by using a protected questionnaire on 171 children, reveals that children below four
years the accidents occur mainly in the kitchen15.
A study conducted on nonfatal injury in the United States. The study focused
on adolescent mothers to know their beliefs and practices regarding injury
prevention. The result reveals that no mother spontaneously identifies the
importance of injury prevention as a part of mothering. So the potential benefits of
home visits, to stress well baby care and programs to prevent injury among children
with young mother is essential17.
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A study was conducted on examining parental strategies, their efficacy for
managing child injury risk in Ontario by multi methods strategies. Parents used the
main three types of prevention strategies- environmental (e.g. hazard removal,
safety devices to prevent access), parental (e.g. increased supervision, parent
modification of their own behaviors) and child based (e.g. teaching rules or
prohibitions to promote safety). The study concludes that emphasis made on child
based strategies never decrease the risk of injury to toddlers by the parental but the
environmental strategies protect an decrease the children’s risk of home injury. 19
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A study was done on home injure hazard risk prevention methods for young
children by using modified Delphi technique for children age one to five years in
USA. Result reveals that most of the significant hazards as firearms and pools and
its prevention as smoke alarms and safe water temperature.22
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7) MATERIAL AND METHODS
I. Research design
Non-experimental descriptive approach
III. Setting
The study will be conducted in selected rural community at
Bangalore
IV. Population
Mothers of toddlers who are living in selected rural community at
Bangalore
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V. Sample Size
Mothers of toddlers who fulfill inclusion criteria, the sample size are
60.
Exclusion criteria
i) Mothers who are disabled.
ii) Mothers who are not available at the time of data collection.
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IX. Methods of Data Collection
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7.3 Does the study require any investigation or interventions to be
conducted on patients or other humans or animals?
No
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8. LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Tambulwadkar RS. Paediatric Nursing. 2nd ed. Mumbai: Ratilal K Vora; 2003; 46.
2. Park. K. Park’s Text Book of Prevention and social medicine. 18th ed. Jabalpur :
M/s Banarsidas Bhanot; 2005 Jan; 325.
3. Kasthuri Sundar Rao . Community Health Nursing. 4th ed. Chennai: BI Publication
Pvt Ltd; 2004; 569.
4. Marlow Dorothy R, Barbara A Redding. Text Book of Pediatric Nursing. 6th ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2002; 747.
8. Galal S. Working with families to reduce the risk of home accidents in children.
Estern Mediterranean Health Journal. 1999 Mar 3; 52(3): 44-48.
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10. Ribas Rde C Jr, Tymchuk AJ, Ribas AF.Brazilian mothers knowledge
about home dangers and safety precautions: an initial evaluation. Soc
Sci Med. 2006 Oct; 63(7): 1879-88.
13. Glik DC, Greave PE, Kronenfeld JJ, Jackson KL. Safety hazards in
households with young children. J. Pediatr Psychol. 1993 Feb; 18(1):
115-31.
17. Bennett Murphy LM. Adolescent mothers beliefs about parenting and
injury prevention. J Pediatr Health care. 2001 Jul-Aug; 15(4): 194-9.
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18. Broides A, Assaf M. Home accidents in Arab Bedouin children in
Southern Israel. J child Health care. 2003 Sep; 7(3): 20-14.
22. Katcher ML, Meister AN, Sorkness CA, Staresinic AG, Pierce SE, Goodman BM,
et al. Use of the modified Delphi technique to identify and rate home injury hazard
risks & prevention methods for young children. Inj Prev. 2006 Jan; 12(3): 189-94.
23. Lee LK, Thompson KM. Parental survey of beliefs and practices about
bathing and water safety and their children guidance for drowning prevention.
Accid Anal Prev. 2007 Jan; 39(1): 58 – 62.
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9. Signature of Candidate
11.1 Guide:
11.2 Signature
11.4 Signature
11.6 Signature
12.2 Signature
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