Design of Cold-Formed Sections [J LE LCold Formed Sections Oe oe gad SUL 9 lig pute tle SI Sled ge le us (26mm) 4 Tals Cae Mae pabrall LoXend GIy laa Bb gal) Sle lai! WY 9 GLeLadl ode Le glie (0 Geia, Leo Buckling S| US Gaal ss + Byadio Yleal Jao Gil members J) gi 59S Laeladin! Glef goed Hot-Rolled J\ 40 tavaly 8) ya GUS Yolissy Lbs g¥l gO y + BG geegl Glld ple Laslasand SY glaul 4 SLI Ge AT! Methods of Forming gavel! Gob Cold Formed Sections J\ gave) Rigs 50 ASV s255 1—Cold roll forming Zea) gbeall fee Udall 2-Press brake operation aul 3-Bending brake operation Advantages of Cold formed sections 1-Lightness 2-High strength-to—weight ratio and high stiffness—to —-weight ratio. 3—Ease of prefabrication and mass production. 4-Fast and easy erection and installation. 5-Economy in transportation and handling Local Buckling Sye2 9 USmember J yay member II je sje) Buckling d 51> oo . Plate BucklingJl Las G98 Bole! Susy Gy Local Buckling J) tas pSle sles! Say 5 24g Abad M52) Lab gle sya! Me gle Ugenall Yon Uclesl BI gi) Sled! puud (5 slic Yl 4s Local Buckling JI ak » 1 Ady eal 1-Compact Section Fy ba JS Jao gf (Sadll Ge el ge 5 Saou of gg yield stress JI 4s 35> 54) Adeglie 555 WU 4 Local Buckling J + We Fi, =0.64 Fy 2-Non-compact Section Fy Boge gel Lola! us gf Sadll Go glad ga 5 Say of Gov yield stress J) gil lbh WS acy Say G0 y Local Buckling J + fal aiegls 555 UU y Fi, =0.58 Fy 3-Slender Section F< Fy Local Buckling 4) Sis, led ye 5 yield stressJ\ Jl ail,bi Ys of 3 + deal 55% Uy yCompact Sections J\ Ux 4s Jw 5 0.64F) NIUS Fre J) Lad 9S Fee = the min of | ” # , a Os Fu GW Fre J) X35 495 Non compact Sections J\ UL. 45 5 0.58 Fy Fee = the min of { Fs of SlelLbH) ode Gea) yosiddl 5 Slender Sections J) Ux 45 5 lp Sad lll gre sll Ge Jat Foe J) Xa5 49S Of Sabla! gue gl Ws , Non compact J\ Sis Fre J) 43 345 US ge 9 BT by pb s ShbetI ae ¢lbUl dole Go lb 0.58 Fy Fre = the min of | Ith + Sled jab quel Local Buckling J Sam gill bed) of ysies LF LS y G39 Gale! Say OW, Local Buckling J) Mas ySlee yl! Susy YF 5 24g Algae 529) Lb gle ojo! Min gle Ugenal Jon of UY-1) Section Section Compressive stresses J\ es Compressive stresses J\ es Local Buckling J) S sa» 3 Local Buckling J) &ga> Jad Stresses J) (2593 dulel se, Bffective width I) slusy psi Ui, UN) ¥b\2 ¥b\ 2+ Effective widthL Usls Cold Formed Sections J\ 36 jsial) Slee! Clas Tass GW Foe JI 595 UL , Slender Sections 34% 0.58 F; Fre = the min of { ” Ith Le Soto payed Sle Lh! Ge gal GU jade) Gelb! Cho aus 4 vad 9 ULE Ge 8d py2J gles! Sue go Local Buckling Jy ga Local Buckling 4) Ss2y gil ed) G13 Glued! ac Ua y aS ela) Ua! ales Go SLL! gi dajbs of view of ULM! Go aby Of le ue » Effective Areatly Gabo lus Wl glins WH 5 . Local Buckling QJ S23 pe Al cll dL la) Susy Le ge Compression Stresses | 42 c0)\ Straight Parts j\ 33 4 la) Say Y Tension Stresses J X2,04)\ 322) GU 5 Local Buckling . Local Buckling Lede Uyal oly-9! Bending Moment J Ua,c0)) Selb GU JW » Slee) LF , 433 Compression Stresses lay gl Ga) Yo o9S UF g Gall Go Uyall lye! 49 Compression Force J %20.)\ + tes lave ob Y Tension Force J UoycJ\) ole lei! b+ The whole section be Comp. ++t be Is effective he/2 4 he/2 Tens. Sections Subjected to Sections Subjected to Sections Subjected to Bending Moment Compression Force Tension Forceeu yoy au zey Tru e are zeq aS zea [UO O10] [VULION 0} payoalqns suoTs9g (Z wut zoy wu way E | 13q, mE Toy Fy 7 ae ++ 44 ct Tou as zaq, zag Hq oq we He 4 pq XW q+ 7/4 +q+ +at q +-a—+ XI 0} payoolgns suoysa¢ (] :SOSBO SUIMOT[OF OU} UI UOIJO9S POULIOJ-p]Oo v JO syed DATIAJJO OY} 99S ]],OM MONLalas 5 y0Local Buckling J Soy Gye Gill lye 3) of LS 3S yeh yg CULE 55 Led pl All olga Al ll Goad WWE 4 Llano Effective Parts J\. Calculation of effective parts ° For flange For web For lip be= 2b he= ph de= ad Where: b&h&d = ----- Elements J Ao) sel be & he & de ------- Alana sly) Uj) acs Elements J Ae) oles Yl BD ----- GIN ead Go led! sel) Aus FAW Usted! Go DI) Gly ps » Ap- 0.15 - 0.05 p= Se 01 005 dp Where : v= fi stress in tension side ~ fo stress in compression side bit Fy . . p= Where b = b for flange , = h for web and = d for lip . 44 Ko pd) Gland glins Lyles 5 pLLtl syal Oe 52 JD Ad) ole ey Kodi ola ¥yf cties Api Glad y tgle ace, Buckling Coefficient : Kg J\ Glue Gas clash B95 Lyal GySp Cue LLU! Ye yosraall edl gg -) Stiffened & Unstiffened and Partially Stiffened Where : Stiffened =p rhyw Goro) Ge Syer Gog ddll ded Og Lee Web 2 3f Flanges Unstiffened =p Lois b> \y Mo ye Syusae yo gyda jad G9 ric Web 3 9§ FlangesPartially Stiffened —p a Ye yee Gog ydall edd G9 Leste Lips p> 3) Lol Ge g Web » 91 Flange. 1a3 ba>\y partially stiff. flange stiff flange Unstiff. flange C] [ L woof All webs are stiffened by the two flanges . All lips are unstiffened . stress in tension side be Ble ya gW SI dad 7 stress in compression side Small Stress 5.6 Sse yy Compression J IS yayeall pULill Ue i 4 Big Stress om! fon’ PoP Foal fi fi f he By, fi fi fi Sections subjected to N Sections subjected to Mx fi Kg = ——__ —__/8 —__, — [(1+w)*+ 0.112 (1-w)?]™+(1+w) poll Jaded Ge dpdle Ko J) olan Seal Yo 5So briefly we can calculate Ko _as follow :- Stiff or Unstiff | yw | Straining Keg action Stiff: 1 Comp 4 Unstiff. 1 Comp 0.43 Stiff: -1| Moment 23.9 Partially stiff: 1 Comp 222? Ko = 4.0 Ko_= 0.43 Ko= 772??? Lh Kg for the web = 23.9 Sections subjected to__Mx Ko= ??7?7? Ko =4.0 Ko_= 0.43 cl cou Kg for the web = 4.0 Sections subjected to _NUW 4 AE Aad 93 Kg I) 9% Y Partially stiffened J\ +\5>%\ 50 5 GUIS Lyle wil clins In case of partially stiffened we have 3 cases: E I Calculate S=1.28 | where Fy = 2.4 em and E= 2100 vem? 3 t.d 12 Is = stiffener moment of inertia = partially stiff. flange partially stiff flang: Stiffener for flange (Lip) 2- Calculate + Where: Bb > Yo gp dal 52 Straight JV joyc)\ yn tpt pel cles ge +bt For Flange 3S & + J Gud RU) SYLea! Ge oles bsNo edge stiff required. p=l b=b ole lA wlan sly IA ° S g x a Il » a x + Ss z & IA & S wlan A als _ D Kg=[4.82-5(2)] o2s1 —© Fully Effective yogj3a)\ p25) of olice lia 5 be=b Or he=h P< 1 —® Partially Effective joys) e325) 5S olsee Iie 5 b= Pb Or he=Ph aS gULtl! Of lies lind M > J lbUl jal US gl UL ui, Jolie) go J A&Sx&SyEIx&ly J) Sd YS WWL 4 Fully Effective + By ble plas gi gtas A < J LIS of clbtl aloof ofue Qi uf Neutral Axis J\ j\S+ aaos gJl glias Lasland » Effective JN eat) jol ys US hed! gle cuuns y BpLSII oda Yass Gye LU y sacl Ix eff = Ix table - Ix of the reduced part Ty eff = Iy table - Iy of the reduced part A eff =A table - A of the reduced partNotes: O98 9 cULU! oe bal of gobs Ya Yared! plat) UL Gs -1 F, = 14t\cm? J\ lar gl elias Uylttl oye ge ab pLLS GLa! yi Ube! UL yi -1 Corner Ii yoly> gil Gliniw lalan sre y a) Properties of area J\ US jab 953 13! Yl Unner radius J\ yg» glresJs| radius J\ 49S. Ldls 5 * R=r+$ Radius to the C.L. of corner =1.57R * corner Length of the curve ~ + Aco er = 1-57Ret Area of the curve * (=0.637R Location of the C.G from the center of curve 33 + LD corner = 0-149 Rt Inertia of the curve about its local axis OSed! Ge WU Locals! oygloe Jam lie tivo Curve Inertia JI 5%» + LJLasl1| Steps for design roof purlins Cold formed 1— Calculations of loads & Straining actions a) Dead Load Truss WoL hore potion Wor= Wes Tose + O.W | kg\m i=Spacing We, = Woz Cosx Wi, = Wor Sine 5 Straining actions #M, = We += 4Q, = We o & DL "DL 8 DL "DL 2 = L? = L My, = My te FA My > b) Live Load a—Due to uniform load Wit=LLea |kg\m # C111 x We, = Wit Cosx ie Wit Sinx L=Spacing Straining actions 1M, =H, +E #Q, = We + LE "LL 8 1 "Lb 2 = L? = L +My, = Mee #Qy = My se b-Due to Concentrated load P # P= 100kg Truss __. foe Pe = 100+ Cosx L=Spacing Py = 100+ SineStraining actions - L - Ps # Me, = Por Qn 3 = L _ Py = ZL # = 4 - My, Py* 4 Qu, 2 a & b gland ye Sl Straining actions JI ib C) Wind load ——————_ ff wind load is pressure keg \mé 3. — Wri = Cxk« qs Wey = Ww Straining actions Truss Wwb 2 Mao Wage Eo tOn etek we WL B "yt WL 2 L=Spacing # M,, = Zero # Qu = Zero Combination of Loads (Design Values) 1-Case (I) # Me, = Me, , + Me, , #Q2,= Qs, , t Qe, # My, = My, 7M, #Qy,= Qy,, t Qu, ‘LAL 2-Case (II) Wey = +V¥e Lis pressure wind load sory Ue oi + M,,= Mz, + Mz, + Mz, + M,,= M,,, + M, it Zero#Q2,= Qs, +Qs + Qn, "DL # Qy,= ay, + a, zero Case 8 #If z >1.20 = Design on case (B) #L Case B => . If Casea <1.20 Design on case (A) 2- Choice of section =Me ,§ My. = Spa Her geav < F. =058F, oy. For St.37 > 1.4t/em?| /~ My +For all cold—formed channels sections => assume Sx =6=>7 Sy va / 1.4 = Me , My = Mat 6 My te we 482 Se * + For cold—formed square box section => assume Sx = Sy X, Met M, at = st 14= =$r+3t Se a)If the design case is case (A) S:= Matti. v Coe | From tables. choose Eno ~ Se= Het Cm? | Temes choose Inob)If the design case is case (B) Fi tabli Sea Met My © cm? | Feet tes choose Eno 1,401.20 S:= te = v Cr? From tables. oy cose Onow 3— Checks a- Check slenderness Code limits for slender sections. ECP page 183-189 For web subjected to moment __ Axe + < 200 For flanges subjected to compression 4 stig. t¢< 300 . b unstiff. re 40 Parti . b artially stiff. F-< 60 b-— Determine the effective parts of the section. Calculate for each part, and getb, and h,C— Check bending stresses Fully effective «JS ¢Ubill gS Isl Lb UL yi -Mz , My _ = Saget =v Reduced Part s25 13l 5 yo 4S plLill Lele +l eUbal, Jaits Lalo Check JI lia 3 af of 1.4-6.5 10° N maz, St37 Naz, < 100 39) oe 7500 _ maz, > 100 maz. 4 9S max. — Nin & Aout C—Determine the effective parts of the section. Calculate # for each part , and get b, and h, d— Check normal stresses *f¢ = actual stress ~ free v 100 e X maz.C-Determine the effective parts of the section. Calculate @ for each part, and get b, and h, d-Calculate the capacity force (Capacity) = Fr + Aegy. Where Ag, = bile LE Fully effective glbill gl IL UL ys WS Les reduced part rey |3) Ue oi 4 Jyliel A eff =A table - A of the reduced part 3-—For sections subjected to tension force 9S 9 CULM Ge gel Gf cybs Yad Goyed! pLL UL yi Ja pol gb US at) Layee) GlelLl ie pam 9 F, = 1.4 them? Jt Cold Formed Section J\ (yo ¢Uai) ols asf ge Lbs Local Buckling 4, Ssoy Y GUL GY We gl cyls I Le 5EXAMPLE (1) 1- Design an intermediate roof purlin using : a - Unstiffened C section . b - Stiffened C section . c¢ - Box section . - Spacing between frames = 6.00 m - Spacing between purlins = 1.75 m - Slope of the roof = ° Solution: 1 - Calculate the loads and straining actions . I- dead load : 2 Assume W =6Kg/m_, o.w. = 10 Kg/m' 6x1. Wa, = SAP + ow, = FEE 10 =20.6 Keim! Wxat = Wa xX cosa = 20.6 x cos 8 = 20.4 Kg/m' Wyal =Wa x sina = 20.6 x sin 8=2.87 Kg/m' 2 2 Myat -WaxS = 204%8 91.8 mkg S _ 287x6" x x x Myat = Wass = [= 12.92 mKg xS _ 204x6 Q nat = BAAS = ERS 619 Ke II- Liveload: a- uniform load : L.L. = 60 - 66.67 tan &@ = 60 - 66.67 tan 8 = 50.63 Kg/m 2 Wi =L.L.xa = 50.63 x 1.75 = 88.6 Kg/m' Wa =, hy, X COS @ = 88.6 x cos 8 = 87.74 Kg/m'Wyn =W Xsin a = 88.6 x sin 8 = 12.33 Kg/m' Wai X s 87.74 x 6 a x 6 Muu a = 394 mKg 2 S _ 12.33x6 Myi =MUs . = At = 555 mkg xS_ sexe Qa = Sh a = 263.22 Kg b- concentrated load : P=100Kg P= p X cos @= 100 x cos 8 = 99 kg Py PX sin a= 100 x sin 8 = 13.91 kg Mx = PaixS _ 99x6 _ ae 4 = 148.5 mKg Myu ~fuxS _ B96 50.86 mKg Uniform load is more critical TII- Wind load : Asa =8° sotan @ =tan8=0.14 <0.4 wind load is suction "neglected" Final straining actions: Mx =Mxa+M x =91.8 + 394 = 485.8 m Kg = 48.85 cmt My =Myai+M yy = 12.91 + 55.5 = 68.42 m Kg= 6.84 cmt Qx =Q xa Q xn= 61.2 + 263.22 = 324.4 Kg = 0.325Design as unstifened C section : 2- Choice of section _ Mx, My_ - 2 fhe = Get Sy TF ve Assume no Fiy, $0 F ye = 14 vem Andassume S, = 6 §, Mx+6My 48.58 + 6 x 6.84 3 S= TT rT 64.0 cm HB itr 3- Checks :- from tables choose C 180 x 75x 4x6 a- Code limits for slender sections. thst For web subjected to moment h=H- 2r- 2t=180 - 2(6) - 2(4) = 160 mm T bh. 160 49 <200 Ok Ne t 4 [ For Unstiff. flange | b=B-r-t=75-6-4=65 mm b 65 . oe a 16.25 <40 Ok Section satisfies code limits. b- Determine the effective parts of the section. 1. Flange Unstiffened flange subjected to compression yw =1, Kg =0.43 b=65 mm _ bit Fy _ 65/4 [24 _ arr Ke 44 0.43087 hy -0.15-0.05 w _ 0.87 - 0.15 - 0.05 x 1 ORD P 0.87 P= =0.885 <1be= b=0.885 x 65 = 57.53 mm fr fa 2-__ Web Stiff. Web subjected to moment YW =-1, Ke =23.9 h=160 mm = tt Fy Po aq Ke ho. - - - - p= ots 0.05 w _ 0.29 0.15 -0.05 x Vy 95 >1 *P 0.29 75, siz straight part I 747 The web is fully effective. o75e As the flange is not fully effective so we must .| | 5 Reduced part calculate the new properties of the section. ~ | os a 1194 e from tables 2 Ty ett = x table ~! x of the reduced part — 606.25 - 0.747 x 0.4 (9 - 0.2) = 583.11 cm4 ly eral y table 7 I y of the reduced part ~ 3 679-440-747 +0.4x 0.747 x (7.5 - 19-0747 y) =59 ontc- Check bending stress. Mx My 48.58 6.84 2 = + + - = be re Ty X= e311 9 59 (7.5-1.9)=1.39 tiem < 1.4t/em? d- Check shear. 0.325 = = 0.054 35 F 4 F6x04 0.054 <0.35 Fy e- Check deflection. 4 4 5 Wi_xL 5 87.84 x 600 3 6 =, Wa xb 5, 8784x600 0 at 384 * Exly 3e4* 2100x583 10 =12lem <5 - 500, al 2900-9" Design as stifened C section : 2- Choice of section 5 = Mx, My 2 be = “SxS “Sy =F ,, Assume no Fj, so F,,= 1.4 t/em Andassume S, = 6 §, g - MxtOMy 4858+ 6x684 649 3 “Ta 14 “oem H B t r D from tables choose C 160 x 80x 4x 4x 30 3- Checks :- a- Code limits for slender sections. For web subjected to moment h=H.- 2r- 2t= 160 - 2(6) - 2(4) = 140 mm h _ 140 t 4 =35 <200 OkFor partially stiff. flange b=B - 2r- 2t= 80 - 2(6) - 2(4) = 60 mm > _ 60 =—— =15 <60 Ok t 4 1-_ Flange Partially stiff. flange subjected to compression Kg =?9? b= 60 mm = PEL a S=1.28 Fy 1.28 Fy 37.86 S =102< 2 = B15 <3=37.86 3 t 4 _—80_, 60) ae g'! | 3 4 Ja=399[, et - 0.33] > xt =399[ wae 0 wel, fof, fi 3 4 4 33] x 0.4 = 0.00296 cmIs = stiffener moment of inertia = i = oan = 0.266 cm o2s<-2= 2 feos < 0.8 « =(482-5(2 )] + 0.43 =[4.82-5(0.5)] Z 0.43 = 22.44 > 5.25-5( 2 ) = 5.25 -5 (0.5) =2.75 so take Kg =2.75 = ot te [2.4 HS 2.75 = 0.318 Ap -0.15-0.05 W_ _0.318-0.15-0.05x1_ 1 47 p= 2 2 dp 0.318 Flange is fully effective 2-__Web Stiff. Web subjected to moment y =-1, Ke =23.9 h= 140mm bit F 140/4 | 2.4_ n= A = 140/4 p44 Ko 44 23.9 = 0.25 -0.15- 0.05 0.25 - 0.15 - 0.05 x -1 —E—eeeeees te ooreeeeeeee ea aa 4 a2 2 P 0.25 The web is fully effective. 3-_ Lip Unstiff. lip subjected to compression W=1, Ko =0.43 d=20 mm >13-_Lip Lip J) ULe gi AI Glan Wl gliss ¥ d=D-r-t=30-6-4=20mm Non Compact 55 Ge ¥) 43 Lad Fully effective LulS 59 QJWL » d _ 20 16.9 = =5 <« 3 =109 t 4 V Fy The lip is satisfies the[compact|section limits = > The lip is fully effective. As all parts are fully effective so we can use Sx and Sy from tables. c- Check bending stress. f= Mx. 4 My_ 48.58 6.84 be Sx Sy 68.23 24.35 =0.99 < 14t/om ? d- Check shear. 0.325 14x 0.4 q= = 0.058 <0.35 Fy e- Check deflection. 4 4 ° 5 Wit_xL 5 87.84 x 600 36 6 = 5, Wi xb_ _5_ , 87.84x600_ 19° _ 1 96, at 384 * Exly 384. * 2100x5549 19 =126cm <5 = 00 3cemDesign as Box section : 1- Choice of section Mx, My 2 fhe = x’ yy =F 4, Assume no Fy, so F,,=1.4 tiem And assume S, ~ Sy Mxt+M 48.58 + 6.84 S= —Ta SS 9.6 em? : : H Biter 2- Checks :- from tables choose box 100 x 100x 4x8 a- Code limits for slender sections. For web subjected to moment h=H- 2r- 2t=100 - 2(8) - 2(4)=76 mm bh. L139 <200 oK t 4 For stiff. flange b=B- 2r- 2t= 100 - 2(8) - 2(4) = 76 mm b= <19 <300 ok t 4 Section satisfies code limits. b- Determine the effective parts of the section. 1- Flange stiff. flange subjected to compression W=1, Kg =4 b=76 mm bit F 76/4 2.4 4,= 22 HY = 4 = p44 Ke 44 Ya 0330.15-0.05 W _ 0.33 -0.15-0.05 x1 _ SU 0.33 Flange is fully effective. 2- Web Stiff. Web subjected to moment yw =-1, Ke =23.9 h=76 mm bit F 76/4 2.4 apo bt = 16/4 [ea . P 44 Ko 44 23.9 0.14 -0.15-0.05 W_ _ 0.14-0.15 - 0.05 x-1 SBE 0.14 The web is fully effective. As all parts are fully effective so we can use Zx and Zy from tables. c- Check bending stress. Mx My_ _48.58 6.84 2 = M , My + 0:84 _ < f=, Ze a6 ee 2 14 tom +——100—+ fi fi +16 food- Check shear. _ 0.325 4 957.6x0.4 = 0.054 <0.35 Fy e- Check deflection. 4 4 . 5. Wi xk 5 __ 87.84x600 5 . 6 =, Wi xb_ _5__, 8784x600 19° _ ~ 38 at 384 * Exl, 384 * 2100x234 10 =30lem * 9, < = £00 | 3cm all 200EXAMPLE Determine the Max. compression force that the square tubular column shown can support , the length of column is 4m assume K=1, = 2 F,= 2.4 t/em y Xx Solution: — AAX—116—_HWHxe Checks :- y a- Code limits for slender sections. 2 - a8 =44 < 300 Ok Section satisfies code limits. Properties of section : t R'=R+0/2=842=10 mm q 5.63 Area of the curve = L x t= 1.57 R' x t= 1.57x10x4 =62.8 mm’ 1? A C= 0.673 R'= 6.37 mm [e=NI |° Age 4x(176x4+62.8) = 3067.2 mm? 3 =j= 2x4x176 tale A Web + 2 2x176x4x(100-2) Flange + 4x62.8x(100-5.63) corners = 19394060.39 mm*b- Determine = Jv. = =lA = 79.5 mm =7.95 cm a, = 1x _ KxL _ 1x400 x T*E Tx 7.95 =50.31 < 100 _ Ly _ KxL _ 1x400 Ty Ty 7.95 =50.31 < 100 512 2 Fou 1.4-6.5x 10 denax = 1,235 t/em c- Determine the effective parts of the section. Flange or web Kg =4 b=176 mm bit Fy _ _176/4 [24 _ 947 44 Ko 44 4 : -0.15-0.05 YW _0.77- 0.15 - 0.05 x 1 R2 a 2 P 0.77 be = 2 b=0.96 x 176 = 168.96 mm A ge= 4Xx(168.96x4+-62.8) = 2954.56 mni=29.54 cm” Pou can® Ayge= 1-235x29.54 = 36.5 ton =0.96 <1 2 dole Abyal we GU yGross section U Ir&ly Jl, Jules Check Buckling Jac sic Jules Capacity of section(Pc) J) lux gi Check stress Jac - Effective Area JbEXAMPLE Determine the Max. compression force that the Rectangular tubular column shown can support , the length of column is 4m assume kKL= 6m, kKL>= 4m y Fy = 2.4 them? »——200—_» x Solution: Checks :- a . y a- Code limits for slender sections. 4 = aa = 60 < 300 Ok Section satisfies code limits. 2 = 28 =933 < 300 ox Section satisfies code limits. Properties of section : R'=R+t/2=7+1,5 =8.5 mm Area of the curve = L x t= 1.57 R'x t= 1.57x8.5x3 =36 mm” C= 0.673 R'=6 mm ' Age 4x36+180x3x2+280x3x2 = 2904 mm? tb | ; LX . = 233x280 Web [EN |¢ + 2x180x3x(150-1.5) Flange + 4x36x(150-4)” corners = 37861934 mm*3 = 2x3x180° ly 2 Web 2x280x3x(100-1.5) Flange + 4x36x(100-4)° corners = 20542884 mm‘ = FE =114 mm =11.4 em b- Determine dg= Ex = Kxk _ 600 Tot T4753 < 100 dy= Ay. Kh _ 400 4g < 100 Ty Ty 8.4 5.2 2 Foye 4-65 100 4,,,.= 1.217 vem c- Determine the effective parts of the section. Flang Kg =4 b= 180 mm bit Fy _ 1803 [24 _ 44 Ko 44 4 1056 pp 2220.15 -0.05 YW _ 1,05 - 0.15 - 0.05 x1 a? 2 P 1.05 =0.77 <1 be = 2 b=0.77 x 180 = 138.6 mm Web Kg =4 b= 280 mm p= bit Fy _ 2803 [24 _ 44 Ko 44 4 164dp -0.15-0.05 v _ 1.64 - 0.15 - 0.05 x1 b= ae 7 =0.54 <1 1.64 be = & b=0.54 x 280 = 151.2 mm App = 4x36+2x15 1.2x3+2x138.6x3 = 1882.8 mmi'=18.82 cm? Po a Fe a Avge 1-217x18.82 = 24.3 tonExample Check the safety of the 2Ls back to back shown in Figure to support a compression force equal to (4 ton). The buckling member are KLx= 200 cm and KLy = 200 cm. steel used is is steel 52. Gusset plate thickness is 10 mm. — 80mm ——4 4+ — 80mm —a4 Properties of area: For the corner | Sapp tasp 2a -\ i Ro=R+y=5+Z=6mmM \ =1.57R= 1.5746 =9.42mm =0.149RSt =0.149+6°+2=64.368mm* | L corner X * +O* mm ! C'=0.637R =0.637%6 =3.822mm Flat width = 80- 5-2=73mm A. = (73 +73 +£9.42) 42 = 310.84 mm g} Aj. = 2« 310.84 = 621.68 mm? $i X= (227341 +2473443.5 +249.4243.82) |S t 310.84 = 21.13 mm [ L corneriy = 2070" +(2« +70) (80-23 21, 13)°] Vertical Leg 70028 a oer +(2%70)(21.13-1)° ] Horizontal Leg + [64.368 +(249.42 )(21.13-3.178)° ]*#2 Corner = 380276 mm‘ = d = /380276 _ Nea =v ao = Veereg ©2478 7042° 2 . Fy = [Ge + (2270) (6) J Vertical Leg 2470° + [~B +(2470)( Br5+2+5)°] Horizontal Leg + [64.368 +( 249.42 )(3.178+5)° ]*#2 Corner = 785785 mm = f, = /785785 _ = [ty = [785785 ~ 35.55 A 621.68 ™m Check Buckling kL, _ _200 _ —aae N= T: ~ 2473 80.87 < 200 O.K. = kly _ _200 _ —---- Ay ty 3.555 56.26 < 200 O.K. X c= 80.87= 2 Fo=2.1- 13.5410 X cy = 2.1- 13.5410 + 80.87 = 1.22 t\Cm? Effective Part Unstiffened 3 For flat part (73mm) Compression zr wet Kg = 0.43 b=73 t =2 4 ~5\t /R _ 73\2 [36 _ Nem 44 ‘Ky 44 04g ~ 7-90 oC Pp =(2p -0.15-0.05y*) = (2.30 —0.15-0.05) = 0.397 be = P+ b = 0.397% 73 = 28.98 mm = (28.98+28.98 +9.42)*2 = 134.76 mm AL crrective = 2 134.76 = 269.52 mm? AL effective Check stress _ Force _ 3t _ 2 - 2 Sca= foo = Shoat 1.15t\Cm? < Fo=1.22 t\Cm © As ppeatioe SafeEXAMPLE Determine whether the lip stiffener is adequate to support the comp. flange and determine the all. bending moment for bending about the major axis F = 2.4 tem 2 Solution: Checks :- a- Code limits for slender sections. For web subjected to moment hb _ 180 =90 <200 Ok t 2 For partially stiff. flange 2-2 =20 <60 Ok For lip d_ 10 = . a ae Pt 5 <40 Ok Section satisfies code limits. b- Determine the effective parts of the section. 1- Flange Partially stiff. flange subjected to compression WW =1 , Ky =???b=40 mm = JEL u S=1.28 ja = 1.28 ae = 37.86 S -1262< 2 - 40-29 40 =0.5 <0.8 = D = . 6, = o =[4.82-5( b 1 Ta + 0.43 =[ 4.82 - 5 (0.5) ] 5 + 0.43 = 3.7 so take K g =2.75 > 5.25-5( 2 ) = 5.25 -5 (0.5) =2.75 = oe ee [2.4 hp He 2.75 = 0.42 d v 4: = =P -0.15-0.05 W _0.42-0.15-0.05x1 155 6) we 2 P 0.42 p= Flange is fully effective Stiff. is adequate2- Web Stiff. Web subjected to moment YW =-1,ke =23.9 h=180 mm bit Fy _ 180/2 [24 ho = 1802 [24 _9, p44 fe 44 Bs a dy 0.15 - : 2015-005 = 204-015 4005x139 4 P 0.64 The web is fully effective. p= 3. Lip Unstiff. lip subjected to compression W=1,Ko = 0.43 d= 10mm bit Fy 10/2 2.4 h,= = [2a =0. Pp 44 Ko 44 0.43 0.27 Ap -015-005 w__ 027-015-005%1 p95 21 x2 ; p 0.27 As all parts are fully effective so we can use A from tables. The lip is fully effective. Properties of section : Area of the curve = L x t= 1.57 R' x t= 1.57x9x2 =28.26 mm t C= 0.673 R' = 5.73 mm I +t 427 A= 40x2x2+180x2+4x28.26+1 0x2x2 = 673.04 mm” ? ce ° Flange Web comers lips3 I= 2xi80 Web + 2 2x40x2x(100-1) Flange * 4x62.8x(100-4.277, corners + ox10x2x(100-15F lips = 3833727 mm* = 383.3727 cm4 Y =100mm = 10 cm See = 38.337 cm? M=§XF,= 38.337x1.4 =53.6 ton.cm maxEXAMPLE It is required to design the marked member using box cold formed section. $_§m——_~! 10 ton 2,5 | zam| SO Solution: 1- Calculate the loads =N . From the equilibrium of the shown bracing system : 2F3 cos 45 = 10 ton 10 ton ——»~—— F1 Fy, = 10 = 7 ton \ 2 cos 45 F2 Equilibrium of joint 1 EX=0=10-F,cos45-F,=10-5-F =0 F, =Ston 2- Choice of section . f, +. ¢ Assume F, =0.4 tiem? N 5 = = = om? fi : A 04 04 12.5cm’ from tables choose Box 100 x 100x 43- Checks :- a- Code limits for slender sections. For web subjected to comprerssion h=H- 2r- 2t= 100 - 2(8) - 2(4) = 76 mm h 76 — = — =19 <300 Ok t 4 For stiff. flange b=B-2r-2t=100-2 (6)-2 (4)=76 mm 2 = 4 =19 < 300 Ok Section satisfies code limits. b- Determine Dig= Kein — Loin 500 497.87 < 180 Tin Tx 3.91 Roy= Lvowt — Evout_ 500 _j787 < 180 Tot Ty 391 Imax = bigger of Ain and Agy = 127.87 > 100 g, = 2500 _ 7500 . Qenax 127.877 = 0.458 tiem” c- Determine the effective parts of the section. +——100-—+ fi fi +—76—+ fi 100 76 = fi1-_ Flange Stiff. Flange subjected to compression W=1 , Kg =4 b=76mm _ bit Fy _ 764 [24 _ hee a Ko 44 Pe 0.33 p = 12 -0.15-0.05 W_ _0,33-0.15 -0.05 x1 =1.19 >1 a Flange is fully effective 2- Web Stiff. Web subjected to moment y =1,Kg =4.0 h=76 mm b/t F 76/4 2.4 n=O py = 2S [KH =, p44 Ke 44 4 0:33 a pu? ~0.15-005 wo 0:33 - 0.15 -0.05 x 1_ 119 >1 P 0.33 The web is fully effective. As all parts are fully effective so we can use A from tables. d- Check normal stress. p = N= 3 2 f- QS 7 gy 70526 < F, 0.458 vem Use box 100 x 100x 4Example [Tecture Page 8 Compute the effective width for the web of the shown beam’s Cross section, consider the yield stress = 3.6 t\cm* a , Lh Web flat width = 150 — 248— 241.5 = 131mm Effective width for the web Web — > Bending Unstiffened w=-7 + Kg = ——___6 _____ [C14 w)? + 0.112 (1—w)?]*+(1+ w) 16 = TT TT ETE) 8D [(1-1)#+0.112 (14 1)?]™+(1-1) Ko = 23.9 bycrlse BSUS Lodat {Saal Gay RZ _B\t /R _ 131\1.5 (36 _ * Aep= 44 \Kg 44 0.43 7 977 * P =( Np -0.15-0.05y*) = (0.77 -0.15-0.05+ —1) = 1.13 > 1==> Fully effective be = Peb=1.0+ 181 = 131mm