WASTE TO ENERGY > CARBON NEUTRAL WASTE DISPOSAL WITH ENERGY RECOVERY Capacity 1-5 uDay For Small Applications e.g. Vacation Resorts, Hotels, Cruise Ships, Small Islands etc.INTRODUCTION With increasing governmental regulations and rising landfill restrictions disposal of waste nas become a key issue. Finding an energy and cost-efficient system that will abate soil and water pollution issues as well as odor problems has ‘tured into an urgent topic. Liter disposal is becoming cost- prohibitive. Converting waste into a usable energy source by Utiizing the waste-to-eneray , environmentally- responsible technology provides the optimum solution and significant opportunity The patented waste-to-energy technology consists of an ultre-high temperature gasification process. At temperatures above 1'200T it converts all the organic content of the waste stream to a high-eneray synthetic gas ‘syngas’, while the inorganic content is converted to a clean, inert, non-leachable basal-ike material Using energy-efficient induction heating, the process generates heat in an oxygenree environment causing 2 series of chemical reactions to occur through gasification This process converts all components of the waste stream, including toxic, non-toxic, and hazardous materials to usable ‘forms of energy and an inert, clean residue. In additon, the system exceeds all current environmental and emission standards. Because of the over-abundant and consistent supply of garbage being produced, it becomes a very valuable fuel material for the generation of "syngas" and subsequent electricity, The process represents the next generation of technology in the Waste Management Industry. Through the installation of a plant, an organization, or community, can not only measure profits by what they save in transpor, tipping and disposal fees, but they can now offset operational costs while generating a revenue stream based fon the sale of energy (either gas or electricity) from the ‘material that previously cost them disposal fees. ‘The worldwide growing demand for an ecological, efficient and economical treatment of waste, and simultaneous utilization of renewable resources offers great chances — the mission has taken on!AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF GARBAGE, TRASH, HOTEL AND RESORT WASTE For hotels, vacation resorts and small islands, the disposal of ‘garbage, trash and litter has become a key environmental issue and producers are forced to seek an acceptable solution in terms of ecological, efficiency and economical considerations, offers the ultimate ecological, efficient and economical solution! ‘Sample of an average garbage composition breakdown: TYPE UNIT OF MEASURE: AMOUNT Average calorific value Keal / dried material 3200 - 3500 Plastics approx. % of cried material 15 Paper approx. % of died material 233 Tissues approx. % of died material 6 Compost / fermentable material | approx. % of dried material 3 Inerts approx. % of cried material 4 Combustibies approx. % of died material 48 Humidity approx. % of dried material 20-60ENERGY CONTENT OF GARBAGE, HOTEL AND RESORT WASTE Garbage has an energy content of approximately, 3500 keal Using the patented PYROMEX ultra-high temperature gasification technology, this will provide a gas volume of approximately 1000 Nit Employing a standard gas engine with an efficiency of 35%, this will produce approximately 1300 kWhit* ‘After deduction of own consumption (pretreatment incl.) remaining for sale are approximately 1000 kWhvt “NOTE: The above calculation doss not include ulization ofthe of-heat which can up to dauble the power output.WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY In a 12 year's R&D program, We has developed the ultimate solution to treat waste ‘without waste residues and without harmful emissions to the environment and at the same time recover all valuable constituents of the waste (and biomass) at highest economic conditions. looks at waste as a source of energy! ‘The ease of operation, high efficiency and productivity of the thermal converter makes it the most exiting and versatile waste-to-energy unit on the market today, approach is today's most efficient, high-tech waste-to-energy technology! Waste or biomass is treated in the ultra- high temperature gasification system in an oxygen-free ‘environ-ment at temperatures in excess of 1250, consequently the material converts to: 4. The organic part to a valuable syngas which is used in turn to produce electricity; and 2. The inorganic part to @ non-leachable, basalt- like, harmless residue that can also be reused. ‘This state-of-the-art technology is a thermal conversion at ultra-high temperatures without oxygen. The key element of this space age technology is the ability to create intense heat at low cost through a specially developed heating system. To achieve this, advanced materials had to be developed which can withstand such elevated temperatures over a long period of ‘time without corrosion or oxidation. Contrary to incineration, there is no fire burning in the gasification reactor and therefore no smoke stack is required. On top of that, hhas been able to solve all disadvantages of standard pyrolysis by operating at elevated temperatures without oxygen, which insures the creation of a clean gas and a clean residue. Even the most stringent environmental laws and regulations are met (German BimSchG and California Clean Air Act)PRETREATMENT ‘The main purpose of the waste pretreatment is to reduce the size, volume and total weight of the feed stock in order to prepare the material for a quick, efficient gasification process. Certain waste types need to be shredded, some dried or even sterilized as for example hospital waste, which is required by law in most Westem countries. Furthermore, in some cases pelletizing is the most sensible way to obtain a dry, storable, space-saving eneroy carrier Out of a wide variety of available equipment which can be utilized for the pre-treatment step the following description is merely an example of a shredder/pulverizer and pelletizer: Pretreatment Example: PULVERIZER Besides grinding the material to a fine powder the pulverizer generates sufficient heat to simultaneously dry and sterilize the material, instantly producing a dry, stable and almost odor-free product which Is easy to store and transport. On the average the process achieves: reduction in volume of approx. 70% and in weight of approx. 30%. ‘The ayatem consists of the following elements: Automatic material loader Grinding unit, complete incl. electric motor Fitter unit, including condensator and dust filters Cooling fans. Control unit ‘The feed device of the pulverizer unit is semi-automatic and consists of a special lift device which picks up, hoists and tips over the waste containers. The pulverizer is equipped with robust grinding blades rotating in opposite directions, as well as stationary blades which are fixed to the walls. The powerful cutters grind the feed down to a flake size material generating enough heat in the process to simultaneously evaporate the humidity and sterilize the waste, The entire process is carried out in a closed, low pressure chamber that insures highest security for the operator and the surrounding environment. Compared to similar systems the pulverizer shows low energy consumption at highest efficiency. The end product is a dry, inert and almost odorless material suitable for storage until further treatment in the ultra-high temperature gasification system. The evaporated water passes a filter system and consequently is a clean distillation,Pretreatment Exampl PELLETZIER In general a standard module processes feed with a humidity content of up to 25%, in a size of up to approx. 2 em, however, in some cases pelletizing proves sensible and more economic. Especially when waste needs to be trucked from afar, or material needs to be stored for later treatment, a higher density means big volume reduction, which consequently. results in Substantial savings of transport and storage costs. Simultaneously, the calorific value of the material increases due to the humidity reduction, Step 4: Step 2: Step 3: Shredding of the waste Fine shredding of the Pelietizing of the fine material increases the material increases the shredded material density to density to increases the density to 66 kat 432 kglm3 660 kg/m ‘The pellets produced are now a product that is ‘saturated’ ‘with energy and is easy to transpert and store!UHT GASIFICATION GENERAL PROCESS DESCPRIPTOIN Some waste materials require pretreatment such as for example shredding, drying or pulverizing (see above). In general the lant processes feed with a humidity content of up to 25%, in a size of up to approx. 1 cm’, whereas a smaller feed material size insures a higher throughput due 10 the bigger surface exposure. Alternatively. liquid waste can be sprayed into the reactor chamber. The entire gasification ‘operation is fully automated and permanently monitored, The material, whether toxic, non-toxic or hazardous is thereafter fed directly into the gasification infeed silo where the ‘oxygen Is flushed out. Continuous feed hoppers supply the gasification reactor which employs ultra-high temperatures in an oxygen free environment. The high temperatures in excess of 1'200T are achieved by using the patented heating technology. At such high temperatures, the system converts all organic ‘material to a valuable syngas. ‘The inorganic part is left as a clean, non-leachable, sand-like residue which is collected in a bin at the rear end of the process. These solids can be disposed of or used as raw ‘material e.g. for road construction. ‘The syngas is fed via the gas catch, the subsequent gas train and a particle absorber to the gas scrubbers. As the ultra-high temperature gasification process generates a very clean gas only a simple acid and a basic scrubber are required. The CO, CO2, Hz and CH, components are permanently surveyed in real time mode. The data is registered and saved on computer chip, all charts can be printed out if necessary. The gas volume is measured after the syngas leaves the scrubbers. An immediate utilization of the produced syngas is aimed at, however, the gas can be stored in tanks or be bottled or can be liquefied,BASIC LAYOUT (SUGGESTION) Seale Receiving station Shredder Buffer silo Feed silos Gasifier Gas grain Solid residue bin e 4 9 Wet scrubber i‘ 10 Cooling water tank 11 Cooler 12 Compressor 13 Gas tank “ 1 14 Gasengine he modular setup with a small footprint offers many advantages as it can easily be adjusted to the client's requirements and can be erected on site right where the waste Is created ‘eliminating expensive and often dangerous transport efforts, However, the modular concept insures flexibility, therefore a detailed planning and description of the entire facility layout can only be issued upon site Inspection and final machinery selection. Ideally, the main equipment of the ultra-high temperature gasification unit is tightly fit into two space-saving 40 ft-containers,SCHEMATICSOLID RESIDUE Through the PYROMEX gasification process a clean granulate is produced from the inert component of the feed material. PYROMEX guarantees less than 5% organics in the solid residue, though complying with the new European regulations which restrict waste that is, disposed off to less than 5% organic content. oa institut bachema ‘Chemische Untersuchung von Klarschlamim ¢ Analyses have shown, that the ‘organic part has been reduced from 75% to 0.05%! : me =SYNGAS The table below shows the approximate average composition of the syngas produced by the patented ultra-high temperature gasification technology. However, the gas composition can be adjusted according to client requirements by altering the operation temperature, applying the steam-shift or the methination process. Average syngas composition: Element ‘Abbreviation Approximate Vol % Hydrogen Hz 40-45 ‘Carton monenide: 0) 40-45 Carbon dioxide coz 24 ‘Methane CHA 15-50 Ethane C2HE 2 Ethylene ‘c2Ha S10 Nitrogen NZ S10 Weotfers various means and methods to utlize the produced syngas, generate electricity respectively. The following pages outline some of the solutions available on the market today. > ene aWe offers the following energy recovery possibilities: » Utilization of the syngas with an afterburner, subsequent steam turbine and electricity generator respectively Utilization of the syngas with a gas motor, combined with an electricity generator Utilization of the off-heat with a conventional heat-exchanger for heating or cooling » Utilization of the off-heat with the electre-mechanical cell for electricity production ~ Utilization of the syngas for industrial applications to substitute oll and gas ~ Liquefying the syngas to synthetic petroleum » Conversion of the syngas to hydrogen and subsequent production of electricity with a fuel cell bp mentees osDirect Syngas Utilization > Drier Brick or cement manufacture ‘Steam boller with steam turbine and generator Indirect Syngas Utilization ~~ Gas motor » Gas liquefaction (see below) The method to liquefy gas is an advanced Fischer-Tropsch technology, whereby the high pressure chamber is replaced by the Wave-Generator Liquid gas is easy to store and transport » No electricity distribution grid required Zi as need “ Liquid cas 8Off-Heat Utilization ‘Steam Heating / cooling > electro-mechanical cell (see below) y The unique electro-mechanical cell converts heat directly to electricity by thermo-electromechanical reactions: - Extra value ~ Environmentally compatible » Noemissions. = Closed cireuit = Economical © Efficient Industrial Utilization Utilization of the gas to substitute oll and natural gas » Utilization of the syngas and off-heat for waste pre- ‘treatment (drying, steriization etc.) > Operation of the sea water desalination Production of hydrogen > — Recovery of industrial valuables from the produced syngas 4ADVANTAGES Ecological Treatment of all kinds of waste including hazardous and toxic waste materials » All valuable contents of waste are recovered, » No harmful emissions to the atmosphere (no smoke stack) No dangerous residues - no expensive final disposals Meeting the highest and most severe environmental rules and regulations » The most advanced carbon negative platform when including sustainable agro-forestry » Mobile systems can be deployed to clean-up toxic waste spills and illegal dumpsites. Efficient ~ Total conversion of the organic waste content to syngas Rapid waste treatment process = Highest eneray output per processed ton > A fraction of the size of a common waste treatment plant » Customer oriented, modular, adjustable, compact system with small footprint » Simple operation » Widest range of energy utilization options due to high-quality syngas production Amodular, adaptable and scalable system, starting at 1 ton per day » Rapid construction and delivery in 6 to 8 months - 1/2 to 1/3 of the time for large EPC engineered plants Economical » Production and recovery of multiple co-products, Very low energy requirement » Far lower investment cost compared to incineration, or other waste treatment systems » Extremely low operating and maintenance costs » No smoke stack or expensive gas scrubbers required » Profitable business, not ust a break-even operation = ‘eTHE ULTIMATE SOLUTION The patented ultra-high temperature gasification system developed by represents a evolutionary solution for the conversion of waste or biomass to energy. Because optimum use is made of the energy contained in the organic part, the process is commercially highly attractive and more important still, produces no harmful emissions or residues. 16