eves ine ® Soil Meyerho and Adams CL9GS) sug valeulate the ultimate Uplitt e to be used for shallow depths value, referred to as the used for greater de Kest that either fy ‘Apacity of a pile when the limiting hy pths, that is, wh et Ea. 16.51 on py inay embedded lon CiRNE Of failure hen L > H, a. 164 i Possessing boa Mth Of the pile 7 8 Surface above the 4 For shallow depths (Ls i): Qu =e D, La ; 81D, Le =RCD,H+syp For lary Ky tang, w rr depths (L > I: @,, ; ty 0b 1) tang gy where = shape factor = 14 mde . . , D, With « maximum value of 1 4 2H " D, m= coeflicient depending on Y'= effective unit weight of soil K,, = earth pressure coefficient, varying than 0.9 to 0.95 25° to 40°, for Values. of 9 from Values of H, m and s can be taken from Table 16.8 Table 16.8 Values H, mand s for use in Eqs. 16.51 and 16.52 | ao 20 25 30 35 40 { | Hv, 5 3 4 5 1 9 | m 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 050 | Ss, 1,12 1.30 1.60 2.25 3.45, 5.50 ined through either By. 2 is taken as the smaller of the values obtained thr 16.51 oe ra 52 eae 16.53 which is based on the bearing capacity failure of the has 51 or Eq. 16. ; of the pile. - nel 16.53) Qu = FO} -D*)(cN, +3, Ny) +A, fy +W, 5 ion loads. E f, may for compression I med the same as defined N.,N,, 3, and f, may be assw For design purposes, 01 yr more. A larger it ii ly a factor of safety of 2 o1 f i it is common to appl; a of 2 is factor of safe y is used Slieeteoaeeisoemers soil conditions prevail or when the st factor of safe! 1 parameters are not accurately determined. EXAMPLES form dest The averast te the safe i ile is driven in a uni diameter pe is driven in aw .1:A 12 m long, 300 mm cee m= Example 1 ce water table is at a great depth and isnt ihly ore eae a sand is 18 N/m? Using N,, values of. eae Me 2.5. peg erie pile with a factor of safety of ‘Scanned with CamScanneroes 3 r «concrete piles, adopt, 5= = 9 3, 49, or concrete Pl pt a? = 7°40" = 39° and K = 2.0, for dense sand, 5, the critical length of the pile = 15 x 0.3 = wi 5m siting vertical effective stress, 5 at 4.5 m = 18 x 4 -5 = 81 KN/m?. From 4.5 ‘rom jp, anit point bearing resistance and skin friction resistance remain constant at “in? “pe ultimate pile load capacity Q, is given by Qu = Iu Ay + fA, Gu = GNy and fig = Gyy K tan 5 sun friction resistance over length 4.5 m: " prerage & = 40.5 kN/m? Frgas) = Fay * 2 x tan 30° = 46.8 kN/m? Sin friction resistance = 46.8 x 0x 0.3% 4.5 = 198 kN Stn friction resistance over the remaining length 7.5 m: jay = 81 KN/m? = 81x 2x tan30° = 93.5 kN/m? Skin friction resistance = 98.5 xx 0.3 x75 = 661 kN Q,= 198 + 661 = 859kN ho 12.0 . L Yon Fig. 16.5, for 9 = 40° and = pg = 40: N, = 187 = 81 x 187 = 11097 kN/m? Qpy = 11097 x AT = 784 KN Q, = %u + % = 784 + 859 = 1643 kN Q, _ 1643 Qu. OS _ 651 KN 25° 25 7° ‘Scanned with CamScannerBASIC AND APPLIED soy, Mec m Example 16.2: Determine the allowable pile load eapacity of the 40 em dig, 4. an hig concrete pile shown in Fig. 16.16. Loose Sand 16 kNim’, 6 Soft clay a ean = 18 KNIm’, = 15kN/m Dense sand 3 ‘You = 20 KN, m i = 40" Fig. 16.16 Example 16.2 Solution: Skin friction capacity (®) Loose sand stratum: 3 ° From Table 16.3, 5 = 3/4, 9 = a” 30° = 22.5° and K=1 L/D in this stratum = 7.5 < 15; therefore & increases linearly with depth. 0.4 6x3 Bou = a 24 kN/m? Fucas) = Tay K tan 8 = 24 x 1 x tan 22.5° = 9.9 kN/m? < 100 kN/m?, the limit of maximum value of skin friction resistance in sands. Skin friction resistance = f, A, = 9.9 x nx 0.4 x 3 = 37 KN. (ii) Soft clay stratum: From Fig. 16.9, fore, = 15 kN/m?, «= 1.0 Skin friction resistance = a.¢,A,= 1x 15 x 1x 0.4 x 6 = 13 KN ii) Dense sand stratum: It is necessary to understand that sand stratum and hence the dey considered in determining the the arching effects would be present only ite th of penetration in the overlying clay stratum is no! critical length of the pile. L 5 D ~ 04 = 125<15 and hence & increases linearly with depth. 5 at the top of sand stratum = 16 x 3 4 (18 - 9.2) x 6 = 100.8 kN/m? 5 at tip of pile = 100.8 + (20 — 9.2) x 4 = 144 kN/m? ‘Scanned with CamScanner2 = 122.4 kN/m? = 8/4 x 40 = 30° a able 16:3, and K =2 vt pos 128 y fav) = 122.4 x 2 x tan 39° | = 141.3 kN/m? 2 | yee Faq) = 100 N/m? will be used, he Nine | i ration vosistanee fA, = 100 x 0.4 «5 = 698 kN wr ggin friction capacily, a |r Q = 37 + 113 + 628 = 778 kN oad capacity @ at the tip of piles = 144 kN/m? ok jan Fig 165, for = 40° and [> = 12.5 in the bearing stratum, N, = 160 N, = 144 x 160 = 23040 kN/m? > 11000 ki/m?, the limit of maximum value pint resistance in sands. Hence py = 11000 kN/m? will be used. print load capacity, Qpu = Iu Ay 04 = 11000 x nx = 1382 kN Ultimate pile load capacity, 4, = Gu + Q = 1882 + 778 = 2160 kN Alecable pile load capacity, = Qu - 2160 _ sean “25° 25 ‘ple 1638:4 450 mm wide, square in section concrete pile, 15 m long, is driven in a \éeuit of uniform clay. Laboratory unconfined compression tests on undisturbed “sindcate an average q, value of 75 kNim® . Calculate the ultimate loud capacity of “For an unconfined compressive strength = 75 kN/m?, the undrained cohesion ¢,= & kN/m? = 87.5 kN/m?. ky : ¢, = 37.5 kNim?, a = 0.8 (Fig. 16.9). ‘situting the data in the equation Qu = Sur NeAr + % As Q, = 37.5 x 9 x 0.45 x 0.4 = 68 + 810 = 878 kN oho ied out on a 300 le oe Singh The following data refers to a eyelie Pile load test corr” ng pile 5 + 0.8 x 37.5 x 4x 0.45 x 15 ‘Scanned with CamScanner_ _ 100.8 +144 y= = 122.4 kN/m? 5 = 3/4 x 40 = 30° and K =2 gable 165 " Fugp) = 1224 x 2 x tan 30° = 141.3 kN/n? > 100 kN/m? Ficqu) = 100 KN/m? will be used. ae cat ction resistance = fA, = 100 x nx 0d x 5 = 628 KN in friction capacity, Q,= 87 + 113 + 628 = 778 kN id capacity ptt q at the tip of piles = 144 kN/m? L ig. 16.5, for 0 = 40° and p= 12.5 in the bearing stratum, N= 160 om Figs 4 Ny= 44 160 = 28040 N/m? > 11000 kN/m?, the limit of maximum value resistance in sands. Hence pu = 11000 kN/m? will be used. eat load capacity, Qpu = Iu Ai 2 = 11000 x xx 2 = 1382 kN (timate pile load capacity, = Qyy + Q,= 1982 + 778 = 2160 kN Aowable pile load capacity, 1 = Ou 718 _ sean 25 25 ‘ple 163: 450 mm wide, square in section concrete pile, 15 m long, is driven ina “psit of uniform clay. Laboratory unconfined compression tests on undisturbed indicate an average q, value of 75 kim? . Calculate the ultimate load capacity of ‘te For an unconfined compressive strength = 75 kN/m?, the undrained cohesion B avin? = = 37.5 kN/m”. (Fig. 16.9). Ye Cy = 375 kNIn?, a=08 “sitting the data in the equation Q, = CypNeAy + &GVAs , Q, = 87.5 x 9 x 045 x 0- } = 68 + 810 = 878 KN 16.4; ; SnttTe following data refers to a cyclic pile load test carrie 45 + 0.8 x 37.5 x 4 x 0.45 x 15 d out on a 300 ‘Scanned with CamScannerLoad on pile top (kN) Total settlement of pile top (mi Net settlement of pile top (mm Indian Standard Code of Pra m) ) ict 150 | 200 145 | 2.26 0.40 | 0.66 Plot the load-settlement curve and estimate the allowable Solution: From the data given, total settlement, net various loads are computed and shown in the Table settlement and clagti below: CABtIC settle, Load on pile top (RN) 150 200 50 Total settlement (mm) 145 | 225 | 2.75 | 360 Net settlement. (mm) 040 | 065 | 080 | 1.00 Elastic settlement (mm) | 1.05 160 | 1.95 | 260 The load-settlement curve is plotted in Fig. 16.17 Load on pile top, kN 200 400 600 10 Settlement, mm ee | Fig. 16.17 AS per IS: 2911 (Part he I a) Two-thirds the load a —tL__] Load vs. total settlement plot—Example 16.4 1V~1979, the allowable load on pile is given by causing 12 mm settlement, that is, 2 =3 *500= 333.33 kN. ‘Scanned with CamScanner ty,ad causing total settl t of the Joad causing lement equal to 10 per c of of 30 mm in the present ease, Thus, rare or com AvP) sett uk a= x 600 = 300 KN values is 300 KN. Hence, it is the allowable load on the pile. er of the tw! eal ” ° & pile, 9 m long, was driven by a single acting Vulcan Hammer 16. concrete gilt Mey 35.26 Bd. The total settlement as recorded for the last 10 blows was 2.5 ering News formula, calculate the pile capacity. ing Engin jes F xB 16.16 ©, E = 35.26 kJ, S = 2.5 mm/low the values in Eq. 16.16 (c), 166.64 x 35.26 y= era gy = 165.82 EN stuting m diameter concrete pile, 10 m long, was driven by a McKiernan sable acting hammer (rated energy 16.62 kJ, total mass 2200 kg). The driving “ha short dolly and cushion. 2.50 m. The average penetration recorded in the ‘sas 3.0 mm/blow. Calculate the safe pile load. sople 16.6: 300 mu ion: Teweight of pile = A x 0.32 x 10 x 26.5 . 18.73 kN Teight of hammer 2 x 9.81 = 21.6 kN fradouble acting hammer striking steel anvil and Pe = 18.73 x 0.5 = 9.4KN < 21.6 KN Hence, W > Pe Ssituting appropriate values in Eq. 16.18, allan W+Pot _ 21,58+18.794025 _ 965 driving a concrete pile, e = 0.5. N= Wap > 2158+18.73 R - RL o 23.55% ©, = 1.17 ©, Cy = 0.0887 Cy = 3.555 C=C,+C,+C3 R_. Ri) = (1.77 + 0.0657 L + 3.55) 5.977 Tom?) 5.977 xR) _ 9.0085 RU) 706.5 " = 0.00425 Rit) NIQ 9 ‘Scanned with CamScannerAs per the Indian Standard Code, in case of McKie; M nan and Terry 4, acting hammers, only 90 per cent of the rated energy is to be taken, ‘Ye ay Hence driving energy is 0.9Wh = 0.9 x 16.62 kJ = 0.9 x 16 .62 x 195, 1 149.58 t em Ney ‘The ultimate driving resistance R is given by Eq. 16.17, Why RO= CR R= 120 t= 1200 kN 1200 Hence safe load on pile = 25 = 480kN @ Example 16.7: A nine pile group arranged in a square Pattern is used @8 a four | for a column in sand (= 32°). Piles 300 mm in diameter and 10 m +6 length arepawia @ spacing of 900 mm in each direction. Calculate the ultimate lout capacity of group. Assume the unit weight of soil as 18 kNim?. Use Berezanteeo Tecommendaton jy bearing capacity factor, N, What will be the settlement of the pile group, per data of Ex. 16.4? Solution: if the settlement of the single pile sey | From Table 16.3, for a concrete Pile, and 1.0 (loose sand) Critical length of the pile L,, = 15 D = 15 x 0.3=4.5 m Limiting & at 4.5 m depth = 18 x 4.5 = 81 kN/m?, From 4.5 m to 10.0 m depth, unit point bearing resistance, g, | 1 | | | | n . ic resistance remain constant at 5 = 81 kN/m2. and unit skin fit | Y= GN, and f= 3, Ktan& ; L _ 10x100 From Fig. 16.5, for § = 32° ang . _ 10100 5 =27 ig. or @ = 32° and 30 = 33:3,.N, pu = 81 x 27 = 2187 kN/m? Over the length 4.5 m: | = 81 Sav = Q = 40.5 kN/m? | fav = 40.5 x 1.0 x tan 24° = 18 kN/m? ‘Scanned with CamScanner76kN A, = 18x mx 0.3 «4.5 = a the Gav = 81 kN/m* fige = 81 * 1x tan 24° = 36 kN/m? “in 5 ance = fA = 36 x mx 0.3 x 5.5 in = 187kN Qe 76 + 187 = 263 kN Qu = Tou Ao 2 ais cnx SF = 154 kN Qu = ut Q= 154 + 263 = 417kN a capacity of the 9 pile group (assuming |= 1) = 9 x 417 = 3753 KN imate 100 seload capacity per pile = 3.5 = 167 kN jm the load-settlement plot of the test pile (Fig. 16.17—Ex. 16.4), settlement of aload of 167 KN is 2 mm. 2 x 0.9 + 0.8), that is, 2.1 m, & fom Fig. 16.13 for a width of pile group equal to ( e238. sine settlement of the pile group, S, = 3.8 2= 7.6mm Ateratively, using Eq. 16.29, S_ _ (4B42.0) _ (4%21+27 | S, _(4B+27) _(Do- | = 3.66 S, (B+36 2.1436 S, = 8.66 x 2= 7.82 mm re used as foundations for a column >), The spacing between the piles is ttern. Calculate the ultimate expe 168:200 mm diameter, 8 m long piles @ aun of medium clay (q,, = 100 kN/m” hateares piles in the ground arranged ina square pa! spacity of the group. Assume adhesion factor = 0.9. U ‘nconfined aaa strength, g, = 100 kNim? Gs = 50 KN/m? C= Ung ue fe earcy capacity ms a = pile is given by =oNA, + OCA, =50x9x 7 B (0.2% + 0.9 x 50 4 = 240.333 KN xx 0.2 x8 = 14.137 + eae ‘Scanned with CamScannerBASIC AND APPLiEy Soi uy Ultimate load capacity of the pile group of nine piles on thy basis op S'S OF in, iy action = 9 x 240.333 = 2163 kN Width of the pile group = 2 x 0.5 + 0.2 = 1.2m Ultimate load capacity of the pile group by block failure is given by wN Ay + PL c, : Ox 9xX12x 1.244% 12%8x50 }48 + 1920 = 2568 kN Taking the lower of the two values in individual action and block failure, th load capacity of the pile group = 2163 kN » the tig mMExample 16.9: Compare the reduction in the average unit pressure on q h plane immediately below the tips of 9m long, 450 mm dia. friction pile embedde that will be caused by the shearing resistance c,, along the perimeter of | Ab @ 9pile footing as shown in Fig. 16.18, with that of a 36 pile footin, spacing of piles s equal to 1.2 m on centres. ty int Fa single pile ang 1g A times larger wit Solution: Fig. 16.18 Example 16.9 Single pile: Skin friction resistance mobilised =x 045 x 9x0, = 12726, Corresponding base area of the pile nx 245) 904m? 4 Pressure reduction per sq. m, of base area. < Ete = a18¢, 0.04 9 pile footing: Skin friction regi kin friction resistance for the pile group = (1.2 + 1,2 +045) 9 ‘Scanned with CamScanner102.6 ¢,/9 = HL, per pile cea per pile will be 2.85%/9 = 0.9 m2 as ong » base a” Mid ge 11.4 ¢y ease reuetion per sa. m. of base are P pile fotins= xin friction resistance for the entire group si = 4 (6 x 1240.45) 9¢, — 932.2 c,/36 = 6.45 c, per pile Fe. theulking, [rage base area per pile 6.452 /36 = 1.156 m? su F SUE ON @ horisonyll pessure reduction per sq. m. of base area = es embeded ing | : fa single pile angy | can be See” that the influence of skin friction resistance along the outer side ps on the reduction of pressure below the pile base decreases rapidly the number of piles in a group, especially if the piles are closely hy groups of piles will settle more than a single pile under the srease in total base area of the pile group at the pile base has the .n the size of any footing, but in addition, the unit pressure at .r with an increase in the number of piles. funple 16.10: A group of nine piles, 12 m long and 250 mm in diameter, is to be eed n a square form in a clay soil with an average unconfined compressive strength ‘Nin’. Work out the centre to centre spacing of the piles for a group efficiency factor Neglect bearing at the tip of the piles. Nation: Unconfined compressive strength, 9, = 60 kN/m? times larger with ig [sof pile OUI ie increase 1D Loa This explains w ad per ple. The inc eet as the increase i depts becomes large Heace undrained cohesion, ¢, = ot = 30 kN/m? bed ¢, = 30 KN/m? , o = 0.9 (Fig. 16.9) / Utimate load capacity of the group of piles on the basis of individual action =nxQ, =9 ac, A, (neglecting bearins) 4 12. = 2290 KN 29 x 0.9 x 30 x it x 0.25 x 12 Uimate load capacity of the piles in grouP action, : = 04 eee 4 (25 + 0.25) x12 * 50 = (2880 5 + 360) KN By eee ; "up efficiency factor (n) of 1, Qy = Ou 230284 2880 5 + 360 = 2290 woes 5 = 0.67 m or 670 mm ‘Scanned with CamScannerBG BASIC AND APPLIED sou It may, however, be mentioned that a minimum spacing of at} sabe one least, three diameter of the piles is recommended for friction piles in clay, Nine! Example 16.11: Calculate the settlement of a pile group for Conditions in, icy Fig. 16.19. Solutio: 500, 500 [seme Ee [ene om TAT TR TR Normally loaded clay Middle of the consolidating layer Hard stratum, Fig. 16.19 Example 16.11 Thickness of the compressible stratum = 7— 2 x 5 = 3,67m. The middle of the c = 517m ompressible stratum is at a depth 7 - 3.67/2 = 5 ground level, ‘Scanned with CamScanner0 initial effective overburden pressure apt oat — « Gy = 1" D = (20-10) x 5.17 = 51.7 kN/m? uote = 0.5% 2+0.2=12m, wi -neration of load at gle of F Hh jo aisperation of Toad a an angle of 30° oo ; si dita dopth of 5.17 m is with the vertical, inereased width ya 1.32 m 2 = 12+ (6.17 - 3 x5) tan 30° x 2= casein pressure due to load on pile, ie 500 Ao = = 43. 2 sagt 7 13:98KNi she day layer" being normally consolidated, the settlement is computed from the i * Bo + Ao fora normally consolidated clay, CC, = 0.009(w, - 10) 009 (40 — 10) = 0.027 667 m or 3667 mm 1.05, H= a 0,027 x3667 jog, SLT* 43.36 =Ty105 0° (817 = 13.2 mm €.C pile is install ed in a deposit of uniform sand. The tal force of 30 RN. Assuming the coe ficient of subgrade ‘the deflection of pile head. What will be EI of pile as 3.7 * 107 Nm® sample 16.12: A 15 m long R. liked is subjected to a horizon’ is of 10 « 108 N/m? (1.0 hg /em?), caleulate ange in deflection, if the pile head is fixed? Assume 10 be em?) ‘ion: The non-dimensional relative st 7 pe fStete = 1.299m 10 x10° Si ; Oe L>57, the pile is classified a5 @ Jong pile. ketion ofa free-head pile is given by Ba- 16.43 51.299? eT! g _ SOxIM AZT «235 m jffness factor is given by Ba. 16.34 “Hl 3.7x10 _ 3x1,299"*2435 opm 3.7 =43mm ‘Scanned with CamScannerBASIC AND APPLIED SON. ig Cy For fixed head condition, moment at the pile head is given by M, =~ 0.98 Q, x T = 0.98 x 80 « 10° x 1.269 Np “36.242 x 109 Nm and hence from Eq, 16.43, 3 x 12998 o49e apa y= [S0520281.299") 9 95 4 86.242 x10 21.209"), “ ( 3.7x107 3.7x10' 623 1.6 mm, = y=43-2. Thus, when the head of the pile is fixed, the horizontal deflects on of pile hy reduced. The decrease in the deflection is 4.3 — 1.6 = 2.7 mm, ead ig m Example 16.18: A pile 45 cm in dia., 20 m long, is driven into a clay seit 6, = 40 kNIm?, 0, = 0 and Yi = 19 kNin®. Ground water is almost at the leve ith ‘ ; Of the groung surface. If the pile has an enlarged base of diameter 1.25 m, determine the ulti ‘mate wy capacity ofthe pile under undrained conditions. The submerged weight ofthe ile is oe Solution: The ultimate uplift capacity of the pile is the smaller of the two Values caleulatd by using Eqs. 16.49 and 16.50. From Eq. 16.49. Qu =% A K+ Wi + W, A, =" D,L and K can be taken as 0.7 for the medium clay Que = 40 % mx 1.25 x 20 x 0.7 + (19 ~ 9.8) x x (1-25 0.45") 99 4 49 4 = 2457 kN From Eq. 16.50, Qy, = 2.25 1 (D?,- D2) 0, + W P 2.25 x m x (1,252 — 0.45?) x 40 + 40 124.5 kN Que = 424.5 40.8 x 40x 0x 0.45 x 20 = 1329 KN, which is smaller than 2457 kN obtained by using Eq. 16.49, Hence, the ultimate uplift capaci ile i ided the pile # g ity of ided the P structurally safe in resisting tl din tongier’ PHS 18 1829 KN, provi his load in tension, 1, it t A400 ft clay ane Peinforced concrete pile is driven through a deposit of fine 00 “nye Water table vee 2 thitk, to a depth of 1.0 mints underlying stratum of dense ng eam] ‘lose to the ground surface, In submerged state, the angle Of tant ‘I and unit weicht 10 tara m = oF the nie ‘Scanned wth CamScanner