Energy and Exergy for Sustainable and Clean Environment

LATTICE BOLTZMANN EQUATION FOR AXISYMMETRIC SWIRLING

THERMAL FLOWS BETWEEN TWO CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS

1
Insaf MEHREZ, 1 Ramla GHEITH, 2 Fethi ALOUI
1
University of Monastir, National Engineering School of Monastir (ENIM), LESTE Laboratory
Avenue Ibn El Jazzar 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
2
Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), LAMIH, CNRS UMR 8201, INSA Hauts-
de-France, F-59313 Valenciennes, France

Abstract
The paper focuses on the flow and heat transfer of flow between two concentric cylinders. It
investigates the Taylor-Couette system with a rotating inner cylinder and an imposed radial
temperature gradient. Taylor number, aspect ratio and Grashof number were discussed to
determine the temperature gradient in Taylor-Couette flow. In the mixed-convection region, a
distorted form of the Taylor cells appeared. Hence, the choice of different aspect ratios and
Grashof to determine the maximum of heat transports mechanism at fixed Taylor number.
These results in a particularly compact and simple formulation to proposed t he axisymmetric
energy equation in the cylindrical coordinate system is proposed. It is rearranged in the
Cartesian coordinate system with extra terms. Simulations of several complex buoyancy-driven
thermal flows and including swilling effects in cylindrical geometries using the axisymmetric
cascaded LB schemes show good agreement with prior benchmark results for the structures of the
velocity and thermal fields as well as the heat transfer rates given in terms of the Nusselt numbers.
Furthermore, the governing equations were solved by the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM),
allowing to understand the mechanisms of heat transport.

Keyword: Heat transfer, Taylor-Couette flow, Taylor cells, heat transport mechanism, Lattice
Boltzmann Method

1. Introduction
Heat transfer in swirl systems is widely encountered in energy engineering, food
processing, oil drilling, polymer engineering, geophysical systems, electronic cooling systems,
and nuclear reactors [1-14].it has been investigated by many researches thanks to its major
significance .In this regard, we investigate mixed convection between two coaxial cylinders
arising due to inner wall rotation, which has numerous applications related to various heat
transfer systems and rotating machinery. Few studies have investigated the effect of a thermal
gradient in the Taylor-Couette Flow (TCF) since Snyder and Karlsson [4]. Ball and Farouk [5-8]
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presented many studies concerning the buoyancy effects on the flow patterns and heat
transfer characteristics developed in the annulus space with a heated rotating inner cylinder.
They determined the buoyancy effects on the bifurcation and stability of the Taylor-Couette
flow and demonstrated that the structure of the Taylor vortices were greatly distorted with
buoyant flows. Chen and Kuo [9] studied linear stability for axisymmetric perturbations. The
non-axisymmetric perturbations have been investigated by Ali and Weidman [10]. Kedia et al.,
[11] investigated the variation of heat transfer coefficient with three gap widths in Taylor-
Couette systems. They pointed out the sensitivity to the wave number of the heat transfer, and
its asymmetry with the sign of the temperature gradient. Recently, Yoshikawa, Nagata and
Mutabazi [12] revisited the energetic analysis and the effect of centrifugal buoyancy in Taylor-
Couette flow. This phenomenon has also been used in the model of geophysical and
astrophysical systems engaged by Lopez et al., [13]. To determine the effects induced by a
radial temperature gradient in Taylor-Couette flow, many aspect ratios have been proposed in
the literature. In their numerical simulations Kuo and Ball [14] used a small aspect ratio, which
explains the discrepancies with their experimental results. Recently, Chawangwoo et al., [15]
proved that the large aspect ratio annulus the influence of the endplates from the mechanisms
driving the flow instabilities. The present study aims to investigate the thermal effects induced
by a radial temperature gradient in Taylor-Couette flow with different aspect-ratios. The choice
of different aspect ratios allows determining the maximum of heat transport mechanism.
The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is a popular numerical method for many different
configurations. Its main benefit is its simple algebraic manipulation, its easy solution procedure
and implementation of boundary conditions, together with its ability of dealing with complex
fluids. However, this apparent simplicity still has some limitations. When trying to simulate
axisymmetric system, one has to take into account the extra terms in the Lattice Boltzmann
Equation (LBE). The formulation required for three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model is
considerably greater than that of the 2D model. Mathematically, 3D axisymmetric flows are
effectively problems in a cylindrical coordinate system. The additional terms in the cylindrical
coordinate system are considered as external forcing terms in the axisymmetric LB model [16].
The LBM is a very promising and competitive numerical tool in solving heat transfer process
[17-23], turbulent flows [24-25], micro-flows [26-27], porous media [28-29] and multiphase flow
[30-31].The problem becomes more complex when the system has a swirl effect [32-38]. Many
models to simulate the axisymmetric model with swilling effect are found in literature. Mehrez
et al., [39] compare those models in the Taylor-Couette flow. They demonstrate that the
complex computation becomes much simpler by the elimination of gradient terms in the LBE

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for radial and axial velocities. More recently, Hajabdollahi et al., [40] used of the cascaded LB
formulation when they compared to other collision models for axisymmetric flow simulations are
demonstrated. However, the insertion of the source terms in Zhou’s model [38] seems easier
and more stable than other models. Further progress in the LB methods for the simulation of
axisymmetric thermal flows has been reported in various studies. Peng et al., [17] first applied
a hybrid method to investigate Crochralski crystal growth. They used LBM to compute the axial
and radial velocities, while a finite-difference method is applied to compute the macroscopic
equations or the azimuthal velocity and temperature. For high Reynolds numbers, the model of
Peng et al., [17] may experience numerical instability. Later, Huang et al., [9] proposed an
improved hybrid model. Chen et al., [18] also presented a simpler thermal axisymmetric LB
model by recovering the vorticity–stream function equation and the temperature equation. Li et
al., [19] developed a new thermal LB model for the temperature. Their model was successfully
applied to simulate natural convection in an annulus. It is noteworthy that the LB models of
both Chen et al., [18] and Li et al., [19] ignore the azimuthal velocity in their work. It can be
seen from the above review that However, a few axisymmetric LBE models proposed for
axisymmetric thermal problems. The above mentioned axisymmetric thermal LB models are
limited to axisymmetric flow without swirl and the axisymmetric flow with swirl problems is
totally absent more precisely on the TCF. To provide an efficient axisymmetric model, Zheng
et al., [20, 21] extended the model of Guo et al., [22] for the simulation of axisymmetric thermal
flows. Like the original LB model of Guo et al., [22], their thermal LB model was also
developed from the axisymmetric Boltzmann equation. Li et al., [23] have recently presented a
multiple relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model.
This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, the macroscopic governing equations
and the LB model for axisymmetric thermal flows with swilling effect are presented in detail. In
section 3, numerical simulation of several typical axisymmetric thermal flows is carried out to
validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present LB model. Then, a numerical modeling
of fluid flow and heat transfer in Taylor-Couette system with different parameters was
presented. Finally, section 4 concludes the paper.

2. LB methods for axisymmetric thermal flows with swirling effects

The Lattice Boltzmann (LB) models for the computation of thermal flows in the cylindrical
coordinates with axial symmetry were presented with taking into account azimuthal swirling
effects. The analysis is carried out for two-dimensional, laminar, incompressible, Newtonian
flow wherethe source terms arising in the pseudo-2D macroscopic equations are represented
in the collision steps. The solution of the resulting LB models then yields the radial, axial and
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azimuthal velocity fields, and the temperature field. First, we summarize the macroscopic
governing equations for incompressible axisymmetric thermal flows on the REV scale are
given as follows:
ur (1)
 j  uj   
r
 (2)
  i p   j  j  ui     r ui  i  ir 
1 u
 t ui  u j   j  ui    
 r r 
  u  2ur u (3)
 t u   j  u j u    j  j  u    r u  r   r  
r  
 1  (4)
 tT  u j   j  T       j  j  T    rT 
 r 
The lattice Boltzmann method has been proved to be an efficient and powerful numerical
method. Recently, the LBM has also been applied successfully for axisymmetric flow with
swirl. In what follows, the axisymmetric LB model for axisymmetric thermal flows is presented
in detail.
2.1. LB scheme for axial and radial velocity fields
In the present work, the methods reported in [38] are adopted to recover the extra terms in the
macroscopic equations.For incompressible flow in (z,r) pseudo-Cartesian coordinates, the LBE
of velocity can be constructed as follow:
1 +∆ t
f α eq −f α ) +w α θ ∆ t
f α ( r + c α ∆ t , x +c α ∆ t , t+ ∆ t )−f α ( r , x , t )=
( c F (5)
τα ∁ αi i
where f α the distribution function of particles used for each is obtained equation; τ α
characterizes the relaxation time of the density distribution function. The equilibrium

4
distribution functions (EDF) of particulef α eq is as eq.7 where w α is the weighting factor (w 0= ,
9

1 1
w 1 4 = and w 5 8 = )in D2Q9 model.
9 36

c α i . ui 1 c α i .u i 2 ui2 (6)
eq
α
(
f = ρ wα 1+ 2 +
cs 2 c 2s ( ) )
− 2
2 cs
c α i is the discrete velocities (c α i=( cα z ,c α r ) withα varying from 0 to 8. defined for the D2Q9

model defined as: c 0=(0,0),c 1=−c3 =( c ,0 ) , c 2=−c 4=(0 , c),c 5=−c 7=( c , c ),c 6=−c 8=(−c ,c )

∆r
wherec= is the lattice speed with ∆ tand ∆ r representing the time step and lattice spacing,
∆t
respectively. θ is the source term defined as:
ur
θ=−ρ (7)
r
F αis the source term given by:
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−2 ρϑ ui ρu r ui
Fαi = δ ir − (8)
2
r r
∁is defined by:
1
∁= ∑c c (9)
c ² α αi αi
and τ α is an effective relaxation time related to the single relaxation timeτ as
τ α =¿

(10)
2.2. LB scheme for azimuthal velocity field
Axisymmetric rotational flows contain an azimuthal velocity uθ , which is governed by the
equation in a cylindrical coordinate system (Eq.3) [38]. Its further effect on the flow field is

ρu θ2
taken into account by adding δ an additional term to the force term F αi in Eq.(9). The
r ir
following lattice Boltzmann equation with a source or sink term is applied:
1
gα eq −gα ) + ∆t wα G α
gα ( r +c α ∆ t , x+ c α ∆ t ,t +∆ t )−g α ( r , x , t )=
( (11)
τg
where gα is the distribution function; gα eq is the local equilibrium distribution function; G α is the
source term defined by
ρu r uθ ρϑ uθ
G α =−2 − (12)
r r²
There are many expressions for gα eqand a simple one is used here [38]:
cα j u j
eq
gα = 1+(c2
ρuθ ) (13)

The azimuthal velocity uθ is calculated as

1
uθ = ∑g (14)
ρ α α
2.3. LB scheme for temperature field
The governing equation (Eq.4) is the balance energy equation without the radiation term. The
evolution equation for the temperature field is written as follows:
1
h αeq −h α ) + ∆ t H α
h α ( r +c α ∆ t , x +c α ∆ t , t+ ∆ t ) −hα ( r , x ,t )=
( (15)
τh
whereh αis temperature distribution function, h αeq is the equilibrium temperature distribution
function, and H α is the source term. τ his the relaxation time given by:
1 1
= (16)
τh c τ Δt
(
( τ ¿¿ h+0.5) 1+ α r h
r
¿ )
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in which τ his relate to the thermal diffusivity.h αeq is the equilibrium temperature distribution
function which defined as:
cα j u j
h eq
(
α = 1+
c 2sT) T wα (17)

wherew α is the weight coefficient, the Eq. (4) can be solved by the D 2Q4, D2Q5, or D2Q9 models.
In the present study, the D2Q4 model is employed because this model is much simpler than
others. The weight coefficient in D2Q4 model are given as with w 1−4=1 /4with c sT =c / √ 2.
The source term can be chosen as [19]:
−ur eq
H α= h (18)
r α
The temperature T and is computed by:
T =∑ c α i g α (19)
α

3. Device description and validation

We will now assess the axisymmetric LB model to simulate the mixed effects of rotation and
buoyancy forces on the flow and heat transfer in Taylor-Couette Flow. The geometry consists
of two coaxial cylinders with stationary outer cylinder and rotating inner cylinder with azimuthal
velocity W (fig.1). The radiuses of internal and external cylinders are respectively R 1 and R2.
The Reynolds number can be defined as:
ℜ=Wd/ ϑ
(20)
where ϑ is the viscosity of fluid and d=R2-R1d=R 2−R1is the gap of the annulus.

z
𝛺
z
Adiabatic
𝛺

Ti To
z1 g
H R2
z2
R1
0 r
Adiabatic
r

Fig.1. Computational domain and boundary conditions of the natural convection flow in a
vertical annulus with swirl

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It is assumed that the flow in the annular gap is incompressible, Newtonian, laminar and
axisymmetric. Use the no-slip conditions at the top and bottom endplates as boundary
conditions. This problem is governed by the following characteristic dimensionless parameters:

R1
 η=h/( R 2−R1 )
Prandtl number Pr=ν/α, radius ratio R2 , aspect ratio , Reynolds number
3
Re=ΩiRiD/ν, Grashof number Gr=gβ (T i−T O ) ( R 2−R1 ) / ν ², and σ =Gr /ℜ ², where the parameter
σ is used to measure the strength of the buoyancy force relative to the centrifugal force.
Hence, σ characterizes the degree of mixed convection.
In view of importance of the azimuthal velocity of the inner cylinder, the comparison of this
velocity has been noted in fig.3. For infinite Taylor- Couette systems, analytical solution for the
azimuthal Uθ velocity is component with the corresponding boundary conditions. It is briefly
recalled below.
a
uθ (r )= +br (21)
r
−R22 R 21 −W R21
With a= 2 w ² andb= 2
( R2−R21 ) ( R2−R21 )
The computations have been performed by setting fixed the uniform mesh grid 20×200, the
aspect ratio to 3.8 and the radius ratio to 0.5. The present model is compared to the analytical
solution.

numerical solution
0.8
analytical solution

0.6
Uθ/ΩR1

0.4

0.2

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

(r-R1)/d

Fig.2. Comparison of the azimuthal velocity with analytical solution for η = 0.5, 𝜞= 10

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A stationary flow is established at Re=100, it is shown that the velocity profile decreases
gradually along the radial position. Obviously, good agreements with analytical data have been
achieved in Fig.2. In order to quantify the heat transfer rate in the presence of mixed
convection, a mean equivalent thermal conductivity and the Nusselt number at the inner
cylinder can be defined as:
−ln Rio H
k eq=
μ
∫−r ∂T
∂r i |
dr
0 (22)
H
∂T
Nu=∫ −r
0 ∂r o
dr | (23)
The table presents a comparison of the equivalent thermal conductively computed and Nusselt
number using the axisymmetric LB formulations against the literature results [5] for different
values of σ (Table 1).
Table 1: Average heat transfer results of the mixed convection in Taylor Couette flow of η=0.5,
𝜞=10
Ball and Farouk [5] Present model
Keq Nu Keq Nu
σ=0 1.393 2.01 1.445 2.085
σ=0.01 1.384 1.998 1.431 2.070
σ=0.05 1.323 1.909 1.375 1.985
σ=0.1 1.255 1.811 1.359 1.961
A good agreement can be clearly observed and this can validate the ability of the LB schemes
in the cylindrical coordinate system to represent complex flows with heat transfer. The
Couette-Taylor flow involving mixed convection (both natural and convection) due to rotation
can approved the LB formulations.

4. Results and discussion

In table 2, we stay with five cases of σ and five cases of 𝜞 where the Reynolds number, radius
aspect and Prandlt number are fixed.
Table 2: Various parameters of the study
Parameters values
Re 40; 85; 100; 150
Γ 2; 3.8; 6; 8 and10
η 0.5
σ 0; 0.01; 0.05; 0.1 and 1
Pr 0.71
Figures 3 to 6 show the computed contours of the vorticity and temperature field, for the above
five values of σ and for 𝜞=2 and 10 for Re=100. When σ=0 (fig4.a-5.a), we observed the onset
and the increases of a pair of cells in the center of the annulus. To start we can say the
number of vortex is equal to the aspect ratio. The symmetry of the flow is fully preserved. The

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centrifugal force effect prevails on the viscous forces in the annulus. The flow is dominated by
the laminar unstable regime (TVF).

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig.3. Contours of vectors and vorticity for 𝜞=2 for a) σ=0, b) σ=0.01, c) σ=0.05, d) σ=0.1, e)
σ=1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig.4. Contours of vectors and vorticity for 𝜞=10 for a) σ=0, b) σ=0.01, c) σ=0.05, d) σ=0.1, e)
σ=1

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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig.5. Contours of isotherms for 𝜞=2 for a) σ=0, b) σ=0.01, c) σ=0.05, d) σ=0.1, e) σ=1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig.6. Contours of isotherms for 𝜞=10 for a) σ=0, b) σ=0.01, c) σ=0.05, d) σ=0.1, e) σ=1

To reveal more details about the flow structure and temperature distribution in the Taylor-
Couette flow, Fig.3.b.c-4.b.c show the streamlines and isotherms with the increase σ (σ=0.01
and σ=0.05).The presence of buoyancy forces, and the associated natural convective fluid
currents alter the overall flow structure and the temperature field by their complicated
interactions with primary vortex cells induced by the swirling effects from inner wall rotation.
For example, when σ=0.05 and 𝜞=10, a four-pair based Taylor vortex structure, rather than
four-pair of vortex cells was observed for σ=0. This is due to the relative weakening effects of
the centrifugal forces in the presence of heating. The strength of the Taylor vortex in the
positive direction was enhanced; while that in the negative direction diminished [5].The
decrease of the σ led to heat transfer and favorite the curvature of the isotherms in the annular
space for different aspect ratios.

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Although σ was increased (σ=0.1 and σ=1), the buoyancy was still dominating the flow, and
thus the positive vortex is much larger than the upper negative vortex (fig.5.d.e-6.d.e). The
negative vortex is the first manifestation of the Taylor instability. For example, when σ=1 and
𝜞=10, one can see a large vortex rotating in the same sense as the natural convection flow,
i.e. when the flow immediately adjacent to the heated inner cylinder in the z-direction, with a
small counter-rotating (negative) vortex at the top of the annulus. The effect of natural
convection was important when the aspect ratio was increased. Moreover, in fig.10, the effect
of increasing Reynolds number σ is observed at 0.1. The time-history of heat transfer rate
displayed a clear a transition from the steady-state regime into a periodic oscillation more
important when the Reynolds number was increased (40, 85, 100 and 150). Hence, the
increase of the Re led to heat transfer.
To determine the performance of the present model, the temperature distribution was plotted
changes for different steps and for different aspect ratios. The Taylor cells were fully
developed for Re=100 for different aspect ratios. In this case, there is no Buoyancy force and
the flow and the temperature fields are influenced by the centrifugal force and the forced
convection effects, which manifest in the form of five pairs of counter-rotating cells. .The effect
of the aspect ratio on the temperature distribution is plainly seen (fig.5a-6.a).

a) b)
Fig.7. Profile of temperature in radial direction a) for different mstep at z 2 b) for different aspect
ratios at z1
Also, it is clear from the fig.7.a that the effect of time is significant in the temperature profile. In
the middle of the annular space, the distributions of the temperature are similar for different
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aspect ratio. Always for σ=0, Fig.8 shows the influence of time on Nusselt number calculated
at different radial positions. Note that the Nu decreased in axial direction before the steady
regime was established.

Fig.8. Nusselt number along the axial direction for different times

From this figure it is also clear that the role of time is more pronounced. We note that the heat
exchange is important in the inside wall because the temperature gradient is intense there.
This can be explained by the heat transfer between the fluid and the walls. In general (Fig.9),
the heat transfer characteristics and the flow fields in Couette-Taylor flow for Re = 100 are
found to the time-history of the heat transfer rate displayed for σ=0. This clearly reveals a
transition from the steady-state regime into a periodic oscillation corresponding to mstep=
50000.

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Fig.9. Time-history of the average Nusselt number at the inner cylinder for σ=0, 𝜞=10 and
Re=100

10

Nu
Re
4

0
0 20000 40000 60000
mstep

Fig.10. Time-history of the average Nusselt number at the inner cylinder for σ=0.1 and 𝜞=10 at
different Re

The mean equivalent thermal conductivity Keq and the Nusselt number Nu for the five values of
𝜞 and the five values of σ are illustrated in table 3. The Keq is a measure of the effectiveness of

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the heat-transport mechanism. The higher wave number states clearly have a more effective
transport mechanism.

Table 3: Average heat transfer results of the mixed convection in Taylor Couette flow for
different 𝜞 and σ
𝜞=2 𝜞=3.8 𝜞=6 𝜞=8 𝜞=10
σ
Keq Nu Keq Nu Keq Nu Keq Nu Keq Nu
1.36 1.96 1.43 1.44 2.07 1.44 2.08
0.00 2.073 1.445 2.085
1 3 6 1 9 3 1
1.32 1.90 1.42 1.43 2.06 1.43 2.07
0.01 2.061 1.431 2.070
3 8 8 0 3 7 4
1.30 1.87 1.31 1.37 1.97 1.37 1.98
0.05 1.890 1.375 1.985
1 7 0 1 8 3 1
1.38 1.99 1.40 2.03 1.35 1.95
0.10 2.026 1.411 1.359 1.961
2 4 4 6 6 7
2.17 3.13 1.94 1.73 2.49 1.59 2.30
1.00 2.801 1.499 2.164
3 5 1 0 6 9 7

Hence, the expected increase in Keq and Nu, with σ dramatically changing. From the value of
σ=0. 1, the effect of aspect ratio will be pronounced, Keq and Nu decreases with the increase in
𝜞. Table 3 also reveals the bifurcation behavior of the flow with respect to variations in σ and
𝜞.The heat transport mechanism is more important for low values of σ and for high value of 𝜞
or for high value of σ and for low value of 𝜞.

5. Conclusion
In this work, we have presented axisymmetric LB schemes for complex thermal
convective in Couette Taylor Flow using a triple distribution function based approach. In this
approach the axial and radial momentum, the azimuthal momentum and the temperature field
are solved using a D2Q9 lattice based LB scheme. The geometric mass, momentum and
energy source terms arising in the quasi-2D formulation are incorporated using a simpler
manner of implantation. We have also studied the transient behavior of fluid and heat transfer
produced by combining thermal buoyancy force and centrifugal force in a tall annulus of five
values of aspect ratios. Several important conclusions have been reached. First, when 0.01
<σ< 0.1, a distorted form of the Taylor vortices is observed, with the positive cell rotating in the
same sense as the natural convection circulation being larger than the other cell in the
counter-rotating pair for different aspect ratios. Second, the formation of the vortices is
suppressed by the buoyancy for values of σ greater than unity. Third, the heat transport
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mechanism is more important for low values of σ and for high value of 𝜞 or for high value of σ
and for low value of 𝜞.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the laboratory LAMIH (UMR CNRS 8201) of Université
Polytechnique Hauts-de-France and INSA Hauts-de-France (Valenciennes, France), and
LESTE laboratory of Monastir University (Monastir, Tunisia). These supports are gratefully
acknowledged.

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