’

C A S S EL L S

A R P E N T RY AND N E RY
C O M P R ISI N G N O T E S O N M A T E R IA L S , P R O C E SS E S , P R I N C I P L E S ,

AN D P R A CT I C E , IN C L U D IN G A B O U T E N G R A VI N G S

AN D T WE LV E P L A T E S

E D IT E D BY

PA U L N . H A S LU C K
E d i tor o f
‘‘
B ui l d i ng W 0 71d , e tc .

P H IL A D E L P H IA

D A V ID M C K AY ,
P U B L IS H E R

6 1 0, S O U TH W A S H IN G T O N S Q UA R E

I 9 0 7
 P R E F AC E .

CASSE LL S CAR P ENTRY AN D ’

JO IN E R Y i s a
p ra c ti c a l w ork on
p ra c ti c a l h a n d i c ra ft s ,

a nd it i s p u b li s h e d in t h e c o n fi d e n t b e l i e f th a t it i s by fa r t h e m o s t e x h a u s tiv e
bo o k o n th e s e s u bj e c t s h ith e r t o p r o d u c e d Th r o u h o u t th i s b o o k a c t u a l p r a c ti c e
g .

is r e c or d e d ; m e re d i s c u s s i o n of t h e o ry h a s b e e n e xc lu de d ,
e xc e p t wh e re i t is

e s se n ti a l in x pl a i n i n g
e l i n a m e t hod t he rin c
or t he ipl e s u nd r
p e y g a
p r o c e ss , ,

a c t i o n o f a t o ol Th e t o o l s a n d p r o c e s s s d e s c r i b e d a re th o se c o mmo n l y fo u nd
.

e
in d a ily u se in t h e w o rk sh o p Th e e x p e r t a n d w e ll i n fo rm e d r e a d e r w i l l o f
.
-

c o u rse m a ke d u e a ll o w a n c e fo r t h e g re a t d i ve r s iti e s o f t ra d e p ra c ti c e in
d i ffe re n t l o c a liti e s .

Mu ch of the m a t te r a
pp i
e ar n
g i n th e s e a e s h a s b e e n w r i t t e n a n d ill u s t ra t e d
p g
by e mi n e n t au th o r iti e s su c h as M r C W D B o xa l l P r o f H e nry A d a ms
. . . .
,
.
,

Mr . F . W . L o a sb y ,
an d s e v e ra l o th e r we ll
k n o w n p r a c ti c a l c on t r i b u t o rs t o
-

B u il di n g W o rld . Th e na me s o f th e s e e x e r t s a r e a
p g u ara n t e e o f c om e te n c
p y
a nd th o
r ou h n e s s
g .

S tu d e n ts pr e p a r i n g fo r e x a mi n a t io n s in Which C a r p e n t ry and J o i n e ry are

i n v o lv e d w ill we l c o me th i s as a te xt b o ok of the ut mos t v a l u e and i mp or t an c e ;

an d i n te n s e ly p ra c ti c a l c h ar a c t e r—in e v e ry p o ss i b le i n s t a n c e t h e i n
it s forma ti o n

is i mp ar t e d by i n ve s ti g a ti n g d e s c r ib i n g a n d i l l u s tra t in g c a se s th a t h a v e o c c u rr e d
, ,

in ac u a t l e x p e r i e n c e — r e n d e rs t h e w or k e xtre m e ly u s e fu l as a
g i d
u e to e v e ryd a y

p ra c ti c e ,
as the vo l ume inc lu d e s i t
v r ua lly e v e ry th i n g th a t r el a te s to the m a te ri a l s ,

p ro c e ss es , p i r nc i pl e s ,
and
p ra c ti c e of Ca r pe n t ry and J o i n e ry .

Th e co m pre h e n s iv e sc ope of t h e w o rk is e vi d e n t fro m a

g l a nc e at the li s t
of c on e n s t t . E ac h of the v a r i ou s se c ti on s is d e a lt w ith in e x h au s ti ve d et a il ,

so me of the s e c ti o n s exte n d i n g t o n e a rly 1 00 p a g e s ; and th e s u d ou s

t i ly p l a in
l a n g uag e u se d th r ou g h o u t t he b o o k i s fu rth e r i
ass ste d by t h e u se o f s ki l fu lly
d r a w n d i a g ra m s ,
wh i c h a re su
pp le m e n t e d b y t w el v e fu ll p a g e -
c ol o u r e d pla te s .

P . N . H A S L U CK .
 C O NT E N T S .

H AN D TOO L S AN D A P P L IAN C ES
TI M B ER

JOI N TS

F LOORS
l

TIM B ER P ARTITIONS

TI MB ER R OOFS

F RAM EWOR K OF D OR M ER W IN D OWS

H AL F -
TI M B ER CONSTRU C TION
GANTRIES ,
S TAG IN G ,
AN D S H O RING

ARCH CENTERIN G S
JOINERS R O DS
’

DOORS AN D D O OR F RA M ES

W IND OW S AS H ES AN D CASE M ENTS

MO U L D IN G S : W OR K IN G AN D S ETTING
.
-
OU T

S K IRTING S ,
“

D A D OS ,
P ANE L WOR K ,
L ININ GS , ET C .

P ARTITIONS AN D S C REENS
BEV E L S : F IN D IN G A ND S ETTIN G -
OU T

IN DEX
 L IS T OF C O L O U R ED P LAT E S .

I— CIR C U L AR
.
-
H EA D E D CASE M ENT W IN D OW F r o n t i sp i e c e

II — I NTERIOR
. D OORWA Y WIT H DA D O . To f a ce p ag e 48

I —
I I B o x1 N G
. S H U TTERS To S AS H W IN D OW
IV .
—L ANTERN L IG H T WIT H GA B L E E N D S

V —
. CARRIA G E E NTR AN C E G ATES

VI—W OO D EN
. FRA M E D S TA B L E
—
VII N EWE L S TAIR C ASE WIT H WIN D ERS IN
. H ALF -
SP ACE 288 V

V III .
—H A L F T IM BERE D
-
P OR C H AN D E NTRAN C E D OO R WA Y

IX .
—CONSTR U C TION OF A L EAN -
To CONSERV ATORY
X .
—D ESI G N FOR A S H O P F RONT 43 2 V

X L — CA B INET -
W OR K F I X T U RES FOR A S M A LL H O TE L B AR

X II—C O NSTR U C TION OF A B E L L OR VENTI L ATING T U RRET

F RA M E D T o R OOF A
CA R P E N T R Y A N D N E RY .

H AN D TO O L S AN D AP P L IA N C E S .

In t r o d u c t i o n .

te i g
st n —
w k su ch t o o ls
ora r e ru le s s t ra i ht
g ,

The re a de r o f thi s b o o k is a ss u med t o e d g e s g a u g e s etc ( 2 ) T o o ls fo r su p p o rt i n g

, , .

h a ve s o me a cqu a i n t a n ce wi t h w o o dw o rki n g , a n d h o ldi n

g w o rk ; s u ch t o o l s a r e be n che s ,

a n d n o t t o s t a n d i n n eed o f det a il i n s t ru o vice s s t o o l s e t c ( 3 ) P a rin g o r Sh a vi n g

d

, ,
.

t i o n as t o the s h a p e a c t i o n c a r e a n d u s e
, , t o o l s su ch a s Chi s el s s p o ke sh a ve s p l a n e s
, , , ,
’
o f e a ch a n d a ll o f a w o o dw o rke r s t o o l s . etc .
( 4) S a w s ( 5 ) P er c u s si o n o r i mp el
.

Thi s i n fo rma t i o n i s g ive n i n c o mp r ehe n sive li n g t o o l s su ch a s h a mmers ma llets

, , ,

s tyle i n a c o mp a n i o n v o l u me e n titled
Wo o dw o rki n g ” ro d u ced by t h e Edi t o r
,

p ,

o f thi s p r e s e n t b o o k a n d S o ld by the s a m e
,

F ig 2 —C o mb i d M ki
ne ar ng
S t ik i g K if
. .

AW ] a nd r n n e .

P ig . 1 .
—T w fo- o ot Ru l e i
w th S li d e Ru l e . s crew d ri v e rs a n d ( c o mbi n ed with c u t ti n g )
-
,

h a t che t s a xe s a d z e s e t c
, ( )
6 ,
B o ring ,
.

p u bli s he at 9s Sh o u ld
e de of t o o ls s u ch i m le t b r a ce bi t s t
“

rs r an
y r a as g s e c -
. .
, , ,

t hi s ch a pte r de s i r e fu r the r p a r t i c u l a rs o f A b r a di n a nd s cra p in g t o ols s u ch

( )
7 g as ,

t h e t oo l s a nd a p p li a n c e s he r e b riefly m e n s c r a e rs g l a s s p a p e r a n d i mp le me n t s
p
p
ra s s , , ,

t i o n e d he i s r ec o mm e n ded t o c o nsu lt t h a t
, s u ch as whe t s t o n e s etc fo r sh a rp e n i n g , .
,

w o rk which u nd o u b t e d l v c o n ta i ns t h e
, e d g ed t o o l s .

mo s t c o mp lete de s c ri p ti o n o f w o o dw o rki n g
t o o l s yet p u bli s he d
G e o m e t ri c a l To o ls .

—
.

Ru l es . F or al l -
ro u n d p ur
p os es a 2 ft-
.

C l a s s ifi c a t i o n of To o ls .
four fo ld b o xw o o d ru le wi t h o r wit h o u t a
-
,

T o o l s ma y b e cla ss ed a cc o rdi n g t o thei r S lide ru le ( F i g i s be s t R u le s a r e m a de

. .

fu n cti o n s a nd mo de s o f a cti o n a s fo llo w s :

’

, i n g r e a t va rie t y b u t t h e a ve r a g e w o rke r s ,

( )
1 Ge o m et ric a l t o o l s fo r l a yi n g O E a n d r equ i r e me n t s will be be s t m e t by a s i mp le o n e .
 5—
—T y F ig T1 Y
‘

. ~

F ig . 4 . r

F ig . 6 .
—M it re

7.
—S li d i
'
ng

F ig . 8
.
—M ki ar ng

F ig . 1 0 .
— Cu t t i ng G aug e .
 H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L I A NCE S .

M a rki n g and The c a rpen te r SS c ri bi n g .

-
M a rk i n g W o rk fo r S a w i ng —The ch a lk
le a d pe n cil 1 s o f a fla t o va l Secti o n sh a rpen ed , , li n e i s u s ed fo r lo ng p ieces o f ti mber, the
t o a chi s el ed g e which h a s a g r e a t e r b o dy p e n cil a n d r u le fo r o rdi n a r y a l ic ti
,
pp a o n s,
o f le a d th a n a p o i n t a n d l a s t s a r e a s o n a ble , a nd the s cribe fo r p a rtic u la r w o rk T h e .

time befo r e r equ iri n g t o be r e sha rpen ed

‘
-
. ch a lk lin e i s a piece o f fi n e c o rd ru bbed
The m a rki n g a w l a n d t he s trikin g knife , wi t h ch a lk o r bl a ck pi g me n t , a n d s tra i n ed
sh o w n in F i
g 2 as a c o m bi n ed t o o l i s , t a u t To ma rk the w o rk the ch a lk li n e is
.

us ed by j o i n ers p ri n cip a lly for s cribi n g , lift ed ve rtic a lly a n d n e a r the cen tr e , a nd
o r c u tti n
g i n the sh ou lders o f frami n g etc
, ,
. whe n r ele a s ed ma ke s a fi n e a nd p erfec t ly
Gre a ter a cc u ra cy c a n be a t t a i n ed a nd a st r a i g h t li n e u p o n the Work Co lo u r ed .

sh a rper a rri s is left whe n sa wi n g th a n ch a lks a n d p i g men t s a r e a lso u s ed .

whe n w o rki n g t o a pen cil li ne M a rki n g a n d Cu t t i n g Ga u g e s — Ordi n a rily

S t ra i g h t e d g e —M ech a nic s i n the b u ildi n g
. .

-
. the c a rpen te r d ra w s a li n e cl o s e t o a n d
tra de s u s e a s tra i g ht ed g e u su a lly ma de
- -
, p a ra llel t o the ed g e o f a b o a rd by me a ns
t o the Sh a pe s h o w n by F i g 3 a n d n o t l a r g e r .
, o f a ru le held i n o n e h a n d with the fOre ,

t h a n 1 5 ft l o n g 6 in wide a n d 1 3; i n thick
.
,
1
.
,
.
,

ma de fro m a pi n e b o a rd c u t fro m a s tra i g ht

F ig . 1 1 .
—P a ne lG a ug e .

g row n t ee r . Al l s t r a i g ht -
ed g e s S h o u ld be
t e s te d o cc a s i o n a lly .

S qu a re s a nd Be vl d fo r
e s .
—The s e a re u se
’
s etti n o u t a n d te s ti n g w o rk The j o i n er s
g .

s teel s qu a r e i s a m e r e ri g ht a n g le o f s teel ,

s o meti m e s n i c k e l l a ted r a d u a ted In i n che s

p g , ,

1
7 i n a n d
.
T3 i n
l
o r o the r wi s e
. a s
,
r eq u i r ed .

P ig 1 2 —W i ng F ig 1 3 —S p ing r
ivi d
. . .
.

The t ry s qu a r e ( F i g 4) h a s a r o sew o o d o r .
Co mp a s s e s . D e rs .

eb o ny s to ck The t o o l sh o w n by F i g 5 is
. .

a l so o f u se i n s et t i n g o u t a n d t e st i n g mi t r e s , fin g er a g a ins t the ed g e o f the w o rk a n d the

b u t t h e p ro p e r mi t r e s qu a r e is s h o wn by pen cil held clo s e a g a i ns t t he e n d o f t he ru le
F ig 6 . Tr y s qu a r e s a r e a l s o m a de with
. b u t the ma rki n g g a u g e ( F i g 8 ) g ives m o r e .

ch a nn elled a n d p e r a cc u ra te r e su lt s The g a u g e ma y h a ve a
.

w ei g ht Adj u st a ble e n cil p o int i n s te a d of the s teel p oin t

.
p
ed b la de s a r e u s efu l s ho wn .D evel o p me n ts a r e the mo rti s e
d o o r s a n d wi n d o w s .
g a u e
g ( gF i 9 ) .a n d t h e c u t ti n
g g a u e
g ( g F i .

s lidi n g b evel ( F i g 7) . h a vi n g ei t her a s qu a r e o r o va l sli din g

in d u p lic a te ; the se t .
s t o ck o r he a d The p a n el g a u g e ( F i g 1 1 ) is
. .

bl a de a t a ny de si r ed u s ed t o m a rk a li n e p a r a llel t o t h e tru e ed g e

A c ren ella t ed s qu a r e o f a p a n el o r o f a n y p iece o f w o o d t o o wide fo r

i s n o t ched a t e v e ry the o rdina ry g a u g e t o t a ke in .

a nd i s u s ed chiefly Comp a ss e s D i vi d e rs
,
a nd, Ca m p e rs .

Ordi na ry win g c o mp a ss es ( F i g 1 2 ) a re .
4 CARPEN TR Y AN D J OINER Y

g e n e ll y
ra ed b u t fo r p a rtic u la r w o rk i n
us ,
fo r s h o o ti n g o r p l a ni n g the mi t r ed en d s
s t ru me n t s with fi n e o r s e n s itive a dj u s t m e n t s o f s t u ff p r evi o u s ly s a w n i n the mit r e bl o ck

a re o bt a i n a ble S p ri n g divide rs ( F i g 1 3 )
. . or box ; i n the ill u s t ra ti o n the r eb a te o r
a r e u s ed fo r s t eppi n
g o ff a n u m be r o f equ al bed fo r the w o rk is c u t o u t o f the s o lid ,

di s ta n ce s fo r tra ns fe rri n g me a s u r e me n t s a n d
, b u t it i s g e n e r a l t o b ui ld u p the bl o ck
fo r s c ribi n g Ca lli p e rs ( Fi g s 1 4 a n d
. ob . with thr ee thick n e s s e s o f s t u ff a nd s o a vo id ,

t a in a b l e i n ma n y s tyle s us ed fo r c tt i n g reb a t e
The d o nkey s e a r sh o o t ’
a re ,
u a -

i n g bl o ck (F i g 1 9 ) i s u s ed for mit r e in g o r
.

b evelli n g the ed g e s o f wide b u t thi n ma te ri a l

with the c u t a t ri g ht a n g le s t o th a t a d o pted
fo r s t o u ter mo u ldin g s ; a n o the r f o rm o f

Fi g . 1 6
.
—S h t i oo ng B oa r d .

t hi s bl o ck ( F i g 2 0) h a s a r e s t A fo r the
.

ma te ri a l a bed B fo r the s h o o ti n g pl a n e
, ,

a g u ide 0 fo r the l a n e a n d f ra me D
p a ,
.

which i s fixed in the be n ch s c r ew o r t o

t h e t a il o f the b en ch The mitr e te mpla te
1 5 —
.

F ig . 1 4 —. o t id u s e P ig . . I id ns e
F
( g i 2
. 1 ) i s a n o the r a id t o c u tti n
g m i t res .

C lli p
a ers . C lli p
a e rs .
It s u se will be exp l a i n ed o n a l a t e r p a g e .

S p i ri t L e v e l s — The s pi rit level i s u s ed fo r

me a s u ri n g di a mete rs of cylin d ric a l so lid s r m
dete i i g the p l a n e s o f the h o ri z o n t h a t
n n —
a nd r ece ss e s . i s the pla n e fo r mi n g a ri g ht a n g le t o t h e
,

S h o o t i n g B o a rd s — The sh o o tin g b o a r d ve rtic a l pla n e A fra me firmly h o ld s a .

F
( g i . 1 6 ) i s u s ed fo r t ru ei n
g u p with a Cl o sed g la ss t u be n e a rly filled wi t h a n
pla n e the ed g es o f s qu a r e s tu ff Th a t . hyd ro u s ethe r o r with a mixtu r e o f e t he r
,

s h o w n i s the s i mp le s t p o ss ible b u t o the r ,

a nd a lc o h o l ( s e e F ig Go o d sp i ri t .

a n d i mp r o ved s h a pe s a r e o bt a i n a ble . level s h a ve a g r a d u a ted s c a le e n g ra ve d o n

A p p l i a n c e s f o r M it re i n g — The s i mple s t . t h e g l a s s t u be o r o n a m et a l r u le f a s t e n ed
a p p li a n ce u s ed in c u tt i n g mit r e s i s the t o t h e f ra m e be s ide i t The r e a r e m a n y .

or di n a ry mitre bl o ck the w ork bei n g l a id ,

va rietie s o f s p irit levels b u t a l l a r e ma de ,

o n the s a m e r i n ci le
p p .

P ig . 1 7
.
—M it re B ox w t h i
D v t il
o e S aw
a .

B l k
oc .

u p on a eb a t e a n d s a w ke rfs i n the u ppe

r ,
r P l u mb R u le a nd le
S qu a r e — The p lu mb ru

b l o ck s e r vi n g a s a g u ide fo r t h e t e n o n s a w . F
( g i 2 3 ) i s u
. s ed by the c a r pe n te r a n d fixe r

I n cli n ed a n d o t he r va rietie s o f mit r e bl o ck s fo r te s ti n g t h e ve rt ic a l p os i t i o n o f p iece s

a re in u s e The mi t r e b o x ( F i g 1 7) i s
. . o f ti mbe r fr a mi n g d o o rp o s ts s a sh fra me s
, , , ,

g e n e ra lly u s ed fo r b r o a de r m o u ldi n g s . etc which s h o u ld be fixed u p ri g ht The

.
,
.

The mitr e S h o o tin g bl o ck ( F i g 1 8 ) i s u s ed l u mb S qu a r e ( F i g 2 4) i s u s efu l fo r te s tin g

.
p .
 H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L IANCE S .
5

the s qua r e n es s o f w o rk a nd a t the sa me w o rke r a nd by the ki nd o f w o rk t o be d o n e

t i me the leveln e s s o f a he a d it bei n
.

g fo r ,
’
A j o i n e r s be n ch o f the u su a l p a ttern
t hi s p u rp o s e s o m eti me s mo r e u s efu l th a n i s s h o wn by F i g 2 5 It i s 1 2 ft l o n g by . . .
,
a s i rit level
p .
2 ft 6 in wide a n d 3 ft hi g h
. . The le g s , . .

a re 4 i n by 4 i n be a r ers a n d ra ils 4 in by
. .
, .

F ig . 1 9 .
-
D on k e
y
’
s- e a r S h oot i ng B l k
oc .

20 —D k — l k i Wi d e
’
F ig . . on e y s ear B oc S h oot ng

S ur f
ace s .

F ig . 22 .
-
Sp i it L v l
r e e .

F ig 21 —M it re T e mp l at e

—
. . .

Fi g 23 Pl u mb
l
. .

Ru e .

To o l s fo r S u p p o rt i n g a nd H old ing
W o rk .

Be nche s — Th e
di n a ry j o i n e r s ben chor
’

s h ou ld n o t be le s s th a n a b ou t 8 ft l o n g 2 ft .
,
.

6 i n t o 3 ft hi g h a n d 2 ft 6 i n wide a n d
—P l q
.
. .
,
.
,

s h o u ld be fitted with w o o d o r i ro n be n ch F ig . 24 . u mb S u a re .

s c r e ws s o a s t o a cc o mm o d a te o n e o r t w o

w o rke rs Of c o u rs e the hei g ht o f t h e ben ch

.
,
Side s L}; in by 9 in
,
t o p 1 % i n ; by . .
,

will be i n flu e n ced by t h e sta t u r e o f the The be n ch t o p i s m o rt i s ed a t A t o

 P ig . 25
.
—O di
r na ry J oi ne r
’
s B e nc h .

26 —o r di nary Ji ’
o ne r s B e nc h fi t t e d w i
t h In s t a n t a n e ou s V i ce .

F ig . .
 H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L I ANCE S .

r eceive the st o p which is o f the p a tte rn ,

fit s the r u nn r e
h o w n In side it is fixed t o
s ,

s h o w n by F i g 3 2 s o t h a t it fi t s ti g htly
.
,
t he t op ra il c o n n ecti n
g the le g s a nd t o ,

a g a i n st t h e l e g o f the be n ch F ig 2 6 s ho ws . . the t o p a nd s ide o f the be n ch Ca r e i s .

’
a j o i n e r s be n ch o f a n o the r p a tte rn fitted ,
t a ke n t o keep the ru nn e r a t ri ght a n g le s
wi t h a g o o d fo rm o f i nsta nta n e o u s g rip
vice ; a n d a n o t he r va riety o f this u s efu l

F ig . 28 .
—W ood e n B e nc h S c r e w V i ce .

to the vice cheeks To fa s te n the vice

—B
.

ri g
. 27 . e nc h i
w th S de i a nd Ta il Vi ce s . o u te r cheek a n d s c r ew t o g e t he r s o th a t ,

u pon t u rni n g the la tter the fo rmer will

cla ss o f vice is sh o w n in s ec t i on a t F i g 3 1 . .
fo llo w it a g ro o ve E i s c u t The n fro m
,
.

A b en ch with s ide a n d t a il vice s i s illus the u nde r ed g e o f the cheek a mo rti s e is

t ra t e d a t F i g 2 7 a n d a lth ou g h n o t mu ch
.
, ,
ma de a n d a h a rdw o o d key i s d rive n t o
,

u s ed by j o i n e rs i s a ve ry u s efu l fo rm fo r
,
fit fa i rly ti g ht i n t o the mo rt i s e i t s e nd ,

s ma ll w o r k o r a s a p o rta ble be n ch The .

t o p a n d t a il vice cheeks c o n ta i n h o le s fo r
the r ecep t i o n o f ben ch st o p s o f i ro n o r wo o d ,

a g a i n s t which o r betwee n which

, w o rk i s ,

held fo r fra mi n g etc , .

29 —
F ig . I id. ns e i
V e w o f S cr e w V i ce . F ig . 30 .
—S i
e c t on t h r ou g h S c r e w V i ce .

S c re w s .
-
c o mmo n f
A or m o f j o in er
’
s en teri n g The s cr ew c h e c k i s u s u a lly
E .

c r ew is sh o w n by F 1 g . 28, 1 n s1 d e abou t 1 ft 9 i n l o n g 9 i n wide a nd 2 i n

. .
,
.
,
.

t o 3 i n thick
. The ru nn e r i s a b ou t 3 i n
.
.

by 3 in a nd 2 ft lo n g The w o o den s c r ew s
. . .

a nd n u ts c an be b ou g ht re a dy ma de .

B e n ch s c rew s a r e k n o w n i n g re a t v a rie t y ,
8 CARPENTR Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

a nd i n cl u dei n s t a n t a n e o u s g rip vice ( F i g

an . the or di na ry kn o ck u p st o p which is ,
.

a mo s t u s efu l a p li a n ce a p iece o f h a r d w o o d a b ou t 2 i n t o 2 a In
p
.
. .

B e n c h S t o p s — The re a re ma n y va rietie s
. s qu a r e a nd 9 i n t o 1 8 i n l o n g fittin g
. . ,

o f i ro n be n ch s t o p s o n t h e ma rket b u t ,
ti g htly in to a mo r ti s e i n the t o p o f the

F ig . 31 .
—I n st a nt a n e ou s G i p Vi
r ce .

F ig . 32 .
—W ood e n B e nc h
S t op .

34 .
—Wood e n B e nc h S t op .

F ig . 35 .
—H i ng e u se d as B e n c h S t op .

be n ch i s s t ill l a r g ely u s ed Thi s i s the

,
.

be s t fo rm o f s t o p fo r a l l o rdi n a r y p u rp o s e s .

It i s c u t wed g e sh a p e a s sh o w n by F i g 3 2
,
. .

Thi s s t o p i s ra i s ed a n d l o we red by kn o cki n g

Pig . 37
.
-
Ad j u st a b e l Ir on B e n c h S t op .

wi t h a h a mme r a t t o p o r b o tt o m The
'
.

P ig. 3 6 - Ir on
.
pl a n e i s n o t i n j u red if it c o m e s i n t o c o n
B e n °h S t OP
t a c t wi t h t h e s t o p which a l so h a s g re a t e r
,

p ig 3 8 —M o ill j s tr e n g th th a n t e mp o ra ry st o p s s c r ewe d
’
. . rr s Ad u st

ab e l B e n c h S t op .
t o the fa ce o f the be n ch t o p An i mp ro ved .
 »
H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L IAN C E S .

fo rm o f thi s i s sh o wn a t Fi g s 33 a nd 3 4 . .
( F ig . 4 1 ) is ma de of
w oo d e nti rely It is .

A bl o ck i s s c rew ed t o the st o p a n d t o thi s , a ve ry u sefu l to o l i n the j o i n e r s s h o p ’

,

the n u t o f a n o rdin a ry shu tter b o lt i s .

a nd i s u s ed fo r h o l d i n
g t o g ethe r p iece s o f
fixed A sl o t i s c u t in the cheek o f the
. wo o d when g lu ed fo r thick nessi ng u p It Is .

be n ch a s sh o w n The sh ou lder o f the b olt

,
. i ndis pens a ble whe n g lu ein g u p fa ce ve nee rs
w o rks a g a inst a l a rg e w a she r Thi s st o p c a n . fo r sho p fitti n g s etc ; the s e s c r ew s a re
, .

r e a dily be r a i s ed o r l o we r ed Tw o o r thr ee . ma de in different si z es s u ita ble fo r he a vy

steel n a il s d rive n i n n e a r the t o p o f the st o p a nd li g ht w o rk Iro n G c ra mp s a re a very
.
-

a n d filed t o f o rm t e e t h c a n be u s ed t o h o ld u s e ful fo rm the sma ller si ze s bein g ma de

’

the w o rk A very u sefu l st o p ma y be c on

. with a thu mb sc rew ( F ig 42 ) a nd being us ed .

t ri v e d a s sh o w n by F i g 35 by fili n g o n e
, .
, fo r li g ht p u rp o se s The stron g er a nd la r ger
.

'
e n d o f a b a ck fl a p hi n g e s o a s t o f o r m t eeth , ki n ds will ta ke In w o rk u p t o 1 2 m ; g re a ter .

the o ther fla p bein g s cr ew ed d o wn t o the

ben ch A l on g s cr ew thro u g h the mi ddle
.

ho le i n the lo o s e fla p a ffo rd s me a ns o f
a dj u s t men t B y l o o s e n in g thi s l o n g s cr ew
.
,

the fro n t ed g e o f the st o p ma y be ra i s ed ,

P ig . 39 .
—S w i
a ng S t oo l .

eta in it in it s p ositi o n it s h o u ld F ig 40 —B e nc h H old fa st

but t o
. . .

be p a cked u p with a piece o f w o o d a n d ,

the s cr ew ti g hten ed d o w n a g a in A p l a in . force bei n g requi red the s c r ews ar e ro ta ted ,

i rdn s t o p with a s ide s p ri n g t o keep it a t by mea ns o f the u su a l lever The ma n y .

a n y des i red hei g ht i s sh o w n by F i g 36 . . va rieties o f iron cra mp s in clu de the H a mme r

Thi s form o f s to p fi t s in to h o les mo rti s ed inst a nta n e o u s a dj us tmen t cra mp a n d a s lid
thr o u g h the ben ch t o p Fi g s 3 7 a n d 3 8 . . in g p a ttern G c ra mp b o th o f which h a ve
-
,

sh o w g o o d fo rms o f a dj u s ta ble ben ch s t o p s a dva n t a g e s i n ma n y c a s e s o ve r the c o mmo n

th a t a r e o bta in a ble fr o m t o o l de a le rs their -

G c r a mp a fo rm o f which with th u mb sc rew
-
, , ,

i s illu st ra ted by F i g 42 ( p S a sh
'

p r i nciple i s f a ir ly o bvi o u s o n r efe r e n ce t o . .

the illu st ra tio n s c ra mp s a n d j o i n er s c ra mp s ( a lso sh o w n o n

’

—
.

Sa w i n S t o o l s o r T re s t l s The thr ee l e g 1 0 — e F i 43 ) r e i n c o mm n s e a n u m
g e
p s e g a o u
-
.
,
. .

s a wi n g s t o o l i s o f b u t little s e rvice a nd b e r o f p a ten t c r a mp s with sp eci a l a d v a n

(

a l mos t u s ele s s fo r s u pp o rti n g w o rk i n t a g e s a ls o bein g known Fi g s 44 a n d 45 . .

c ours e o f s a win g P ro b a bly o n e o f the be st

. s h o w a u s efu l c ra mp fo r thi n w o rk The .

fo r ms o f this u seful a p p li a n ce is t h e fo u r wed g e cra mp ( F i g kn o w n a s a cle a t is

.
,

le g g ed st o o l sh o w n by F i g 39 This n eeds . . a ls o ve ry us e ful fo r h o ldi n g b oa rd s t o g ethe r

t o be b ui lt su b st a n ti a lly a fte r t hey h a ve b ee n j o i n ted a n d g lu ed The

Cra mp s —
. .

.A h o ld fa s t fo r temp o ra rily -
cle a ts a re kept o n till the g lu e in the j o i n t
s ec uri ng w o rk t o the be n ch i s s h o w n by i s d ry . The wed g es p revent the b o a rd fro m
F i g 40 The o l d fa shi o n ed h a nd s c rew c ra mp
. .
- -
c a s ti n g Iron d o g s ( Fi g s 47 a nd
. a re .
10 C ARPEN TR Y AN D J O I NER Y .

F ig 42 — Ir on G
i
. .

Cr a mp w t h T h u mb
scre w.

F ig . 43 .
—I
r on S a s h Cr a mp or Ji
o ne rs
’
Cr a mp .

ed f d ivi n i n t o t h e e n d s o f b o a r d s
us o r r g
which h a ve been j o inted a n d g lu ed t o p u ll ,

t o g ethe r the jo int a nd fo r si mila r pu rp o se s

,
_

by the j o in er They a re a lso u sed fo r d ra w

.

t
in g o g ethe r f a ce j o i n t s whe n g l u ed b u t ,

o n ly i n c a s e s whe r e the h o le s m a de by the

d o g s a r e t o be c o ver ed a fterw a rds by a n o the r
piece o f li ni n g A s tr o n g e r f o r m i s a l so
.

so m eti m se u,
s ed by the c a r pe n te r fo r

c o mmo n flo o rin g The d o g is d riven i nt o

.

the j o ist firmly there bein g enou g h S p a ce

,

F ig 44 between the d o g a n d the ed g e o f the fl o or

—W
. .

a nd 45 . ood e n Cr a mp b o a rd t o a d mit a p a i r of fo lding w ed g e s ,

 C ARPENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 51 .
—O d i r n a ry F irme r Ch i l se .

F ig . 52 .
-
'
I i rme r Ch i l
se wi t h B e v ll
e ed ,
E dg e s .

F ig . 53 .
—L o ng i
P a r ng Ch i l se .

F ig . 54 .
—M t i or se Ch is l
e .

Pig . 55 .
—F i r me r G ou g e .

F ig . 56 .
—D ra w

F ig . 57 .
—W ood e n S po k e sh a v e .

F ig . 58 .
-
Ir on S p o k e sh a v e .
 o

H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L I AN CE S . 1 3

Go ug e s .
—
Thes e h a ve the sa me a cti on P l a ne sThe s e a re the t o ol s chiefly u s ed
.
-

as th a t of a chi s el , bu t in ste a d of bein g fo r s moo thi ng w o rk which h a s been sa w n

t o a p p roxi ma te s i z e The s imples t pl a n e .

i s a chi s el firmly fixed i n t o a w o o den blo ck

The c o n s tru cti on o f a n o rdi n a ry p l a n e i s
sh o w n i n the s ecti o n a l view ( F i g .

i n which A sh o w s the s t o ck B the wed g e ,

O , c u tti n g iro n ; D b a ck iro n ; F s cr ew , ,

a n d nu t fo r fa s te n i n the c u tti n g a n d b a ck
g
i ro ns to g e t her ; the mo u th thro u g h which
the sh a vin g s p a ss u pw a rds i s sh o w n The
“

j a ck pla n e ( F i g 60) is the fir s t pla n e a ppli ed

.

t o the s a w n w o o d i t s p a rts a r e the s t o ck ,

1 7 in l o n g ; the t e a t
. o r h a n dle ; the ,

w ed g e ; the c u tti n g i r o n o r c u tter a b ou t , ,

2 % i n wide ; a nd the b a ck i ro n The

‘

,
. .

t r yi n g o r tru ei n g pl a n e ( F i g 61 ) i s o f s i mil a r .

c o n stru cti o n b u t is mu ch lo n g er s o a s t o
, ,

p r o d u ce t r u e r s u r f a ce s A s till l o n g e r t ry .

i n g p la n e c a l led the j o in te r is u s ed fo r
j o intin g b o a rds in lo n g len g ths ; si n ce the
in t ro du cti o n o f ma chin ery it is s eldo m u s ed ;
F ig . 59 .
—S t i ec ona l Vi ew of P l a ne .
The smo o thin g p la n e ( F i g 62 ) smo o ths the .

w o rk t o form a fin i shed su rfa ce fo r pin e o r

fla t their s ecti o n s form ar s c of ci rcles o the r s o ft w o o d s it i s 9 in l o n g a nd i t s i ro n .
,

( se e F ig i s 2 % in wide o n the cu tti n g fa ce S o me

—The dra w kni fe ( F i g
. . .

D ra w K n ife . .

1 s us ed for rou ghi n g st u fi t o

s h a pe p r ep a ra t o ry t o w o rki n g

with fin er t o o l s
S p o k e s h a ve s —
.

An o r din a r y
.

S p o ke sha ve i s m e r ely a kni fe

ed g e in a s u it a ble h o lde r ( F i g .

5 7) it ma y j ump if the i ro n (

i s l oo s e o r if the b a ck p a r t
,

o f t h e i r on t ou che s the w o r k

befo r e the cu ttin g ed g e .

ri g , 60 ,
_ J a ck
, p l a ne ,

Pi g . 61 .
—T yi
r ng P l a ne .

Sp o kesha ve s a re be s t ma de with i ro n s to ck s s mo o thin g pla ne s ha ve i ro n fro n ts how n , as s

a nd w th s c r ew s t o r e ul a te the c tti in the s ecti o na l Vi ew F i g 63 ; the s e c a n
i g u n g , .

Iro n F
( gi . be a dj u sted for the fin e s t sha vi ng des ired .
14 C A RPENTRY AN D J OIN E R Y .

'

A g oo d fo rm o i i ro n s mo o thi ng pla n e is ma de of teel e nti rely

s . T he so le o f
i s s h o w n by F i g 64 ; thi s i s i nte nded . the pla n e is a b o u t 1 0 in lon g .
,
24 in . wide ,

fo r su pe ri o r w o rk The r eb a te pla n e .

F i i with t b ck i a nd
( g .65 ) s o u a a ro n ,

i t s c u tti n g i ro n exte n ds the fu ll width

P ig . 64 .
-
Ir o n S mo ot h i ng Pl a ne .

a nd in . It is a dj us ted by me a ns
thi ck .

62 —
o f a s c r ew a n d wi th it b o th c o n c a ve a n d
P ig Sm o ot hi n g P l a ne
,

c o n vex su r fa ce s ma y be w o rked pe rfectly

. .

of the to o l thu s en a bli n g the a n g le s o f

,

r eb a te s t o be cle a n ed u p Othe r va rietie s .

o f pl a n es i n clu de the be a d p l a n e ( Fi g s 66 .

to us ed fo r w o rki n g si n g le a n d r etu rn

be a ds a nd r o u n d ro ds H o ll o w s ro u n ds .
, ,

etc . Fi
( g s 69 t o . a r e u s ed fo r w o r ki n g

F ig . 65 .
—R e b at e P l ane .

t ru e a n d eve n The r e a r e a ls o e mplo yed

.

o vo lo l a mb s to n gu e pl a n e s fo r fo rm
’

i n g the mo u ldi n g s o n sa sh stile s a n d

F ig . 63 —I on
. r M ou t h p -
i e ce

S moot h i ng P l a ne F ig 67 F ig 66 F ig 68

—
. . . . . .

F gs i . 66, 67, a n d 68 . B d Pl
ea ane .

s t ra l gh t mou l di n g s o f a ll la n ds b u t ma c h In e ry ,

has of
la te ye a rs bee n i n cr e a si n g ly u sed
fo r s u ch w o rk S ma ll pl a n e s o f va ryi n g
. ra il s The s as h fil list e r ( F i g 74) is g en e ra ll y
. .

sh a pe s a r e u s ed fo r f o rmi n g mou l d i n g s o n us ed fo r ma ki n g r eb a tes a dj a ce n t t o the

ci r c ul a r w o rk The c o mp a ss p la n e us ed
.
,
b a ck side o f the s tu ff i t s fe n ce w o rkin g ,

fo r f o rmi n g the f a ce o f c o n c a ve ribs etc ,

.
,
a g a i n st the fa ce side Whe n r eb a te s h a ve .

w a s fo r me rly ma de o f beech w o o d The . t o be ma de n ext t o the f a ce s ide o f the

o ne g e n e ra lly u s ed a t the p r e s e n t ti m e w o rk a side fil l ist e r ( F i g 75 ) i s mos t us e ful ; .
 H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L I ANCE S . 15
”

it s fence i s a dj u sta ble t o the fa ce a llowi n g , the b o tto ms o f recta n g u l a r c a vitie s ; the
a r eb a te t o be ma de o f a n y width withi n cha ri o t pla n e ( a l mo st o b solete ) is u sed for ,

the b r e a dth o f the pla n e i ron The s e p la n e s .

, the s ma ll p a rts o f w o rk which the s mo o th

F ig . 69 —H ll.
m o ow P l a ne . F ig . 70 .
—R ou n d P l a ne . P ig . 75 .
—S id F illi t e s er .

a n d a so the plou g h ( F i g
l a r e p ri n ci p a lly . In g pla n e c a nno t g e t a t a nd for p l a mn g ,

u sed fo r ro o vi n with the i n They e n d g ra i n a n d c r o ss i w k ch m fe

g g g ra
g ra n o r -
.
; a r
a re n o t u s ed s o mu ch a s f o rm e rly o wi n g , p l a n e s a r e u s ed fo r ta ki n g o ff s h a rp ed g es
t o the i n t ro d u cti o n o f ma chi n ery i n la r g e t o fo rm ch a mfe rs ; mitr e S h o o tin g pl a n e s

Pi g . 71 .
—$
4
a sh F ig 72 —S. a sh P ig 73 0g ee
- P ig . 76 .
-
P l ou g h .

l Pl li l
. . .

P a ne . ane . M ou d ng P a ne .

a re su fli c i e n t ly
des c ribed by thei r na me ;
sho p s bu t they a re still i n dis pensa ble t o
, a n d the pl o u h o r pl ou h
g g p l a n e ( F ig 7 .

mo st j o i n ers F o r the w o rkin g o f h a rd . u s ed for c u tti n

g o r
p l ou g hi n g g r o o ve s .

w oo ds t o o bta in per fect j o in ts g u n meta l

, ,
-
There a r e ma n y o ther va rieties o f pla nes ;
or iro n p la n es kn o w n a s the sh ou lder the na me s a nd u s es o f the mor e i mp o rta nt
pla n e a nd b u llno se pla n e a re c o n sidered in
di spen sa ble a s i s a ls o the steel s mo o thin g
,

F ig . 74 .
—S a sh F illi t
s e r. F ig . 77 .
—O d i r n a ry R ou t e r .

pla n e which is us ed for cle a nin g u p fa ce will be tre a ted u p on in s o me o f the fo llo w
w o rk The . r o u te r or ,
o ld w o ma n s ’
in g s ecti o ns P a rtic u l a rs o f thes e ma y be
.

to o th ( F i g . is u sed fo r w orki n g ou t fou n d re a dily by r eferen ce t o the index .

16 C A RPEN TRY AN D J OIN E R Y .

H a nd Saws .

m
tre me s it w o ul d be i p o ss ible t o su b s tit u te
The sa w c a nn o t be cl a ssified with a ny the rippi n g a nd p a n el s a w s o n e fo r the
o the r t o o l It is e ss e nti a lly a t o o l fo r u s e
.
o the r The h a n d s a w h oweve r which is a
.
, ,

a c ro s s t h e fib r e o f the w o o d a n d the s ep a ra , ki n d o f c o mp ro mi s e betwee n extr e mes i s ,

ti o n is a c u ttin g n o t a te a ri ng a cti o n a s fu lly

, , u s ed i ndi s c ri mi na tely fo r a l l p u rp o s e s ,

expl a i n ed in the w o rk a lr e a dy a llu ded t o .

c a rpe nter a nd j o i n e r h a s so me six o r

F ig . 78 .
—H a nd

F ig . 79 .
—T e n on S aw . P ig . 80 .
—
B w
o or F r ame

ei g ht s a w s ,
c o mp ri si n g the
ri
p c r oss c u t ,
-
, e s p eci a lly by the c a rpente r F i g 78 i s a
. .

h a nd p a n el te n o n d o vet a il b o w o r tu rn
, , , , sa w with nibbed b a ck Stra i g ht b a ck a nd
.

i n g a nd keyh o le
, The h a n d sa w type in
.
-
s kew b a ck o r r o u n d b a ck s a w s a re ma de a n d ,

e l u de s the h a n d sa w p r o pe r the rippi n g , ,

the teeth o f the la tte r d o n o t r equi re t o be
h a lf rippin g a nd p a n el s a w s a ll o f si mil a r
-
, , se t .The typica l h a n d s a w h a s a bla de which
o u tli n e b u t di ffe ri n g i n di me n si o n s a nd in
, i s fro m 2 4 in t o 2 8 i n l o ng
. It s bl a de i s
. .

fo rm a n d s i z e o f teeth The re is n o sh a rp . a s thi n a s p oss ible c o n si s tent w ith su ffi

,

di s ti n cti o n betwee n the s e t o o l s a s they ,

cie n t s tr en g th t o p r eve nt the sa w b u ckling
me rg e o n e i nt o the o the r ; yet a t the e x u n de r th ru s t ; the ta pe r o f the bla de i s
 H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L I AN C E S
°

. 17

c a lc u la t ed t o with s t a nd the thru sti n g s tr e ss it s teeth thr ee t o t h e i n ch a r e sh a rp e n ed

, ,
with o u t u n d u ly i n c r e a si n g the ma s s o f s q u a r e a c r o s s the bl a de a n d s e t ve r y mu ch
meta l The teeth a r e ben t t o ri g ht a n d
—
.

fo rw a rd thi s s a w i s u s ed fo r c u tti n g a l on g
lef t a t
l e tely t hi s bei n g kn o w n a s the
r n a
the g ra i n kn o w n a s rip p i n g
, The te n o n .

sa w ( F i
g 79) i s u s ed fo r c u t ti n g sh o u lde rs
.

a n d i n a ll c a s e s whe r e a cle a n c u t i s e s s e n

t i a l ; it o bt a i n s thi s by m e a n s o f i t s fi n e
teet h The d o vet a il sa w i s a s ma ll ten o n
.

sa w , it b ein g 6 in o r 8 in l o n g wher e a s . .
,

the o rdin a ry te n on s a w i s 1 2 in o r 1 4 i n . .

F ig . 83 . F ig 84

—Imp v
. .

F gsi . 8 3 a nd 8 4 . ro ed Saw V i ce .

lon g . The b ow sa w , kno w n l

a so as the
t u rn i n g fra me s a w ( F i g
sa w or c u ts o u t .

c u r ved w o rk wi t h o r a cr o s s t h e g r a i n t h e ,

c o mp a s s t u rn i n g o r lo ck s a w ( F ig 8 1 ) bei n g
, ,
.

u s ed fo r a s i mil a r p u rp o s e a n d i n c a s e s whe r e
—C —P
,

F ig . 81 . mp a ss
o Saw . F ig . 82 . ad S aw . a l a r g e S a w c o u ld n o t b e e mp l o yed A key .

h o le o r p a d s a w ( F i g 8 2 ) i s u sed fo r s ma ll .

se t — a nd thei r
lin e i s a n g u la r The
out . i n t e rn a l c u rved w o rk .

teeth a r e s o sh a rp en ed t h a t thei r o u te r l
Ap p i a n c e s fo r S h a rp e n i n g Saw s —F or
p o i n t s e n te r the w o o d fi r s t the fib r e bein g ,
h o ldi n g a h a n d s a w d u rin g t h e p ro ce ss o f
divided by a g ra d u a lly i n ci sive kin d o f s h a rp eni n g a s a w vice ( Fi g s
, 83 a n d 84 ) .

a cti o n .Si x teeth t o the i n ch a r e s ui ta ble i s u s ed t her e bei n g m a n y de s i g n s t o ch o o s e

,

fo r a h a n d s a w u s ed fo r c u tti n g r o u g h st u ff , fro m . F o r sh a r p e n in g E n g li s h h a n d s a w s ,

t ri mmi n g j o i s t s c u t t in g ra ft e rs etc F o r
, ,
. t he t ri a n g u la r file ( F i g 8 5 ) is c o m .

F ig . 8 5 .
—T i l
r a ng u a r S aw P il e .

’
j oi n e rs w o rk the p a n el s a w 2 i n o r 3 in , . . mo nly us ; it s
i e va ries wi t h tha t o f
ed s z
s h o r t e r a n d mu ch n a rr o we r t hi n n e r a n d t h e s a w fo r which i t i s r equi r e d
, , Sp eci a l .

li g ht er th a n the h a n d s a w i s p r efe ra b le The sh a e s o f fil e s a r e n ece s s a r y fo r s h a rpe n i n

p g
, .

r1
p s a w h a s a bl a de a b o u t 2 8 in l o n g a n d .
,
Americ a n c ro s s c u t a n d rip s a w s -
Sa w .
18 CARPENTRY AN D J OIN E R Y .

file s a re ma de i n th ree de g r ee s fin en ess of . h a mme r he a d .

F o r levelli n g d o w n o r t op pi ng s a w teeth L o nd o n p a ttern

p re p a ra t o ry t o s h a rpe n i n g a fla t file is ,

n ece s s a ry The a n g le s o f s a w teeth a re s e t

.

o ff with a p r o t r a ct o r o r hi n g ed r ul e F or .

s etti n t h e teeth a fte r they h a ve bee n

g
s h a rpe n ed — th a t i s t o ben d e a ch a lte rn a te
t o o t h t o o n e S ide —sa w s et s ( F i g 8 6) a r e
,

u s ed ,
o r i n s te a d p a te n t c o n triva n ce s a r e
,

b r o u g ht i nt o r equi s iti o n the s e bei n g s o ,

a rra n g ed t h a t a l l the teeth c a n r e a dily be

s e t t o o n e li n e A u s efu l fo rm o f plie r sa w
.

s e t i s s h o w n by F i g 8 7 a n d t h e meth o d o f
.
,

F ig . 87.
—P li er S aw S e t .

( F ig . a nd the a d z e eye cl a w p a tte rn

-

( F ig the l a s t n a med bein le s s u s ed

.
g

F ig . 86 .
—S aw S e t wi t h G aug e .

i
us n g it by F i g 88 The a mo u n t o f s e t
. .

c a n be r e u l a t ed by the a dj u s ti n c ew
g g s r A .

F o r h a mme r s etti n g h o weve r a s etti n g i r o n , ,

wi t h bevelled ed g es is s ecu red i n the vice ,

the s a w l a id fla t u p o n it a n d the teeth

—M
,

s t ru ck o n e a t a ti m e with the pe n e O f a s ma ll
i li
‘

F ig . 88 . e t h od of u s ng P er Saw Set .

h a mmer ( F i g This i s t he m os t s a tis

.

fa ct o ry meth o d o f s ettin g s a w teeth when th a n the o the rs in the w o rks h o p ,

b u t bei n g
the o pe ra t or h a s the n ecessa ry s kill . very c o n ve nie n t fo r ma n y ki nd s o f h a n di

P ig . 89 .
-
H a mme r S ett i ng S aw Te e t h .

T o ols of Pe I m p u l s io n
rc u s s i o n a nd . w o rk The h a mme r he a d s a re o f i ro n wi t h
. ,

H a mm e rs — The c a rp e n te r a n d j o i n e r h a s
.
s teel fa ce s a n d p e n e s Tw o h a mme rs .
,

the ch o ice b etwee n t w o o r th r ee sh a pe s o f o n e wei g hi n g fr o m 1 lb t o l é l b s a nd the . .

,
20 C ARPEN TR Y AN D J OINERY .

l
a so the Ca n a di a n o r Ame ric a n p a tte rn Americ a a n d by thei r me a n s the s c r ew i s
,

sh o w n by F i g 95 The a d z e h a s a l o n g
. .
, d riven h o m e m er ely by p r e s s u r e o n the
c u rved h a n dle a n d t h e o pe ra t o r s t a nd s , t o p o f the h a n dle .

with o n e fo o t u p o n the w o o d i n the li n e _

B o ri n g To o l s
o f the fib r e a n d t h u s a s sis t s i n s te a dyi n
.

g
—
,

the w o rk The v a riety i n t h e sh a p e o f

.
ls Thes e h a ve ro u n d s tems a n d
B ra d a w .

t h e a d z e he a d s i s ve r y g r e a t b u t it i s s u ffi ,
chi s el ed g e s ( F i g ; t h u s the ed g e c u t s
cie n t he r e t o S h o w t h e S c o tch p a t te rn
“

the fib r e s o f the w o o d a n d the wed g e like -

( F ig .
f o rm o f the t o ol p u she s the m a sid e It s
'
.

— The s e m m
'

S c r e w d ri v e r s t o o l s o f i mp u l s e c i a k u se f r a kin c p a r a tively
a re p 1 s o
g o

si o n a n d a t le a s t t w o o r t h r ee will b e r e

qu i r ed —l o n g a nd sh o r t a n d with w id e a n d
, ,

n a r r o w bl a de F o r g e n e r a l w o rk a t o o l
.
,

o f m edi u m le n g th S h o u ld be o bt a i n ed al ,

t h o u g h t he r e a r e o n the o n e h a n d e n t h u , ,

si a s t i c a dvo c a te s o f a s h o r t t o o l a nd o n ,

t h e o t he r h a n d o f a l on g t o o l fo r e a ch
a n d eve r y p u r p o s e An y a dv a n t a g e g a i n ed .

by a S h o r t o ve r a l o n g t o o l o r the r evers e , ,

i s o n e o f a dv a n t a g e i n s p eci a l ci r c u m s t a n ce s
o nly a n d n o t o n e o f s a ved e n e r g y
,
the o r etic

F ig . 96 .
—
S c ot c h Ad ze He a d .

a lly t h e le n g t h d o e s n o t e n ter i n t o c o n
,
-

side r a t i o n a t a l l excep t when i n s t a r ti n g , ,

t o e x t r a c t a diffic u lt s c r ew t h e d rive r i s ,

t ilted f ro m the u p ri g ht ; b u t thi s i s a t the

ri s k of a b r o ke n t o o l ed g e a n d defa ced
s c r ew he a d -
The w o rke r t he n mu s t decide
.

fo r hi m s elf a s t o which si z e s will be s t s ui t

h i s p u rp o s e s
,
L o nd o n s c r ewd rivers h a ve a
.

p l a i n h a n dle ( F i g 9 7) o r o v a l h a n dle ; .

F ig 97 —P l i a n Ha nd l e Fa ll
s

iv i iv
. .

c a bi n et s c r ewd rivers a r e li g hter t o o l s a n d , Lon d on S c r e w dr er . A u t oma t c S c r e wdr er .

t he r e i s i n deed a g r e a t v a riety o f p a t te rn s
, ,

fro m which t h e w orker c a n ch oo s e t h e ma ll h o le s in s o ft w o o d a n d the p ri n ci p a l

“

s ,

t o o l s t h a t s u it h i m The g i mlet h a n dle .

-
li mi t a ti o n o f the t o o l i s th a t the r e i s n o
s c r ewd rive r h a s ce r t a i n p r o ved a dv a n t a g e s r o vi s i o n fo r the w a s te ma te r i a l
p
.

a nd t h e b ra ce s c r ewd rive r— a s c r ewd rive r l

Gim e t s —The s e a r e ma de in ma n y fo rms
. ,

n n r d n r r —
b i t u s ed i a o i a y b a ce i s u s efu l fo r the b e s t k n o w n bei n g the t wi s t ( F i g 1 00) .

d ri v i n g g o o d S i z ed s c r ew s e a sily a n d qu ickly a n d the s hell ( F i g le s s e r k n o w n sh a p e s

-
. .

Sh o r t s c r ewd rive rs a r e u s ed i n s c r ew i n g o n b ei n g t h e twi s t n o s e ( F i g 1 02 ) a n d the a u g e r

-
.

d ra we r l o ck s the r e bei n g a mu ch he a v ie r
, F
( gi .
Gi m let s will b o r e e n d g ra i n a s

t h o u g h j u s t a s sh o r t a t o o l u s ed fo r s c r ew well a s a c ro s s the fib r e s b u t the r e is a ri sk , ,

i n g u p p l a n e i ro n s Au t o m a tic s c r ew . in b o ri n g a n a rr o w s trip o f the p o i n ted s c r ew

,

d rive rs ( F i g 98 ) we r e i n t ro d u c e d fro m
. s plitti n g the w o o d .
 H AN D T O OL S AN D
“

APP L I ANCE S . 21

B ra c e a nd B it s —There
va ri ou s ki n d s a re of the sh a p e sh o w n fo r the t wi s t n o s e g i mle t -

o f b ra ce s o n the ma r ke t b u t t h e mo r e , by F i g 1 02 ; it s c rew s i t s elf i n t o the w o o d

. .

e e ra lly u s ed a r e t h e t w o f o llo wi n g : A a n d t h e chi s t e n d t o ri s e o u t o f t h e h o le

g n p ,

wo o den b ra ce with b ra ss mou n tin g s is It is fo u nd t o S p li t n a rro w s tri p s o f w o o d ,

s ho w n a t F i g 1 04 It is bet t e r t o b u y t h e
. . b u t it a n s we rs well fo r a l l o t he r p u rp o s e s .

bits fitted t o this b ra ce a s t hey a re mo r e , All the a b o ve bits c a n be o bt a i n ed in a

trul y cen tred th a n t h o s e b o u g ht s e p a ra t e g r e a t Va riety o f s i z e s
; b u t ex a c t s i z e i s
a r e likely t o be a n d the ce n te ri n g o f t h e bit s
,
n o t g u a r a n teed by t h e de a le r s a n d t h e be s t ,

is e sse n t i a l t o thei r p ro p e r a c t i o n Wi t h .
p l a n i s t o b o r e a h o le a n d m e a s u r e r a the r ,

the Americ a n p a ttern b ra ce ( F i g 1 05 ) this ‘

.

i s n o t n ec es sa ry a s by t u rn in g the so cket
,

F ig . 99 .
—B ra d a w l .

Pi g . 1 00 .
—T w i t Giml s et .

F ig . 1 01 .
—S h ll Giml e et .

P ig . 1 02 .
—T w i s t - n ose Giml e t .

Pig . 1 03 .
—A ug e r Giml et .

the j a w s a re exp a n ded o r c ont ra cted s o a s F ig . 1 04 .

—W oo d e n F ig . 1 05 .
—S t e e1
t o g rip the s h a n k Of a n y s i z e bi t This . Bra c e . Br a c e .

ki n d o f b ra ce ma y be h a d wi t h a ra t chet
mo ve me n t which is ve ry u s efu l fo r b o ri n g
, th a n m e a s u r e bit H o le s a r e e nla rg e d
t he .

o r t u rn i n g s c r ew s i n c o rn e r p os i t i o n s whe r e by m e a n s o f a h o ll o w t a p e r bi t P a t e n t .

a c o mple t e r evo l u ti o n i s n o t o s s i b le B i t s twi s t bi t s ( F i g 1 06) h a vi n g a s c r ew ce n t re

p .
.

a re kno w n i n ve ry n u m ero u s fo rms .

a re k n o w n a s s c r ew bi t s a nd the s e b o re ,

The p in b i t i s like a g o u g e sha rp e n ed well i n a n y w o o d a n d in a n y di r ec t i o n ,

b o t h i ns ide a n d o u t s ide ; whe n i t s r elievi n

g the m s elve s o f the chi p s a n d c u t t i n g
c o rn ers a r e r e mo ved i t b ec o mes a s hell ,

bi t s u i t ed fo r b o ri n g
t o the fib r e o f t h e w o o d The s p o o n
-
:f.
J
-:
v: s
-
f-:
v

r e s e mble s the s hell b i t b u t i s p o i n t ed ; it ,

is fo u n d t o w o rk e a s ily fr eely a n d well , ,

.

The n o s e bit is o f s i mil a r S h a p e b u t i t s ,

t ru e di m e n si o n s Ce nt r e b i t s a re p e r
to .

c u t t i ng ed g e is a p a r t o f t h e s t eel b e n t h a p s t h e mo s t c o mm o n ly u s ed b its ( s e e Fi g s .

n e a rly t o a ri ht a n le a n d s h a r e n ed t o
g g p
-
1 07 a n d t hey a re u s efu l fo r b o ri n g
fo rm a kin d o f chi s el ; thi s to o l is e fficie n t l a rg e h o le s a n d a r e mu ch su p e ri o r t o s hell
,

fo r b o ri n g the e nd w a y o f the g ra i n b u t ,
t yp e b i t s i n t h e i mp o rt a n t p o i n t o f b o ri n g
not ac r o s s t h e g r a i n The t wi s t n o s e b i t .
-
exa ctly whe r e t h e h o le is r equ i r ed E x .

o r h a lf twi s t
-
o r N o rwe g i a n b i t
, is ex a c t ly . p a n di n g c e n t r e bit s F
( gi 1 0 9 ) a r e k n o w n .
,
22 C ARP E NTRY AN D J OINER Y .

a nd a re e t c o n ve nie n ce if o f g o o d
a
g r a ed g e o f the sp i ra l i s an icke r which c u t s the
qu a lity The F o rs t n e r a u g e r bit ( F i g 1 1 0)
. .
g ra i n o f the w o o d a ro u n d the ed g e o f the
i s g u ided by i t s pe ri p he ry i n s te a d o f i t s h o ll o w .

ce n t re a n d c o n s equ e n tly it will b o r e a ny

,

a rc o f a ci rcle a n d c a n be ided i n an
g u , y

F ig . 1 1 2 .
—H a nd e d l Stee l S c ra p e r .

A br a d i n g a nd S c ra p i n g T o o ls .

S t e e l S c r a p e rs —
The s c ra pe r i s a thi n a n d “

very h a rd s teel pl a te a pp ro xi ma tely 5 i n , . .

by 3 in with o r with o u t a h a n dle ( s e e

.
,

07 — 1 08 —
F ig . 1 C . e nt r e Bit C e nt r e Bi t
F ig . It s a cti o n i s r e a lly th a t o f a
i
.

w t h P in . w it h S cr e w .
c u tti n g to o l It i s u s ed o n a s ur fa ce p r e
.

1 0 9 —An d i
’
F ig . . e r s on s E xp a n d ng Bit .

F ig . 1 1 0 .
-
F or s t n e r A u g e r Bit .

Pi g . 1 1 3 .
—A t i c on o f St e e l S c ra p e r .

vi o u sl
y m a de a s s m o o th a n d level a s the

p l ane c an m a ke it The s cra p er i s so .

s h a rp e n ed th a t a b u r r o r fe a the r i s f o rm e d

F ig . 1 1 1 .
—A ug e r .
a l o n g i t s ed g e s ( s e e the di a g ra m F i g ,
.

The t hickn ess o f the s c ra p e r bla de which ,

di r ecti o n r e g a rdles s o f g ra i n o r kn o ts le a v , is a b o u t in i s s h o w n e xa g g e ra ted

.
, .

i n g a t ru e p o li shed cyli n d ric a l h o ll o w

, , . The e d g e is filed s tra i g ht a n d fla t i t is ,

A u g e rs The a u g e r ( F i g 1 1 1 ) b o r e s well
.
-
. the n ru bbed a lo n g the o ils to n e t o re mo ve
in the di r ecti o n o f the g ra i n o f the w o o d a nd ,
file ma rks a nd fin a lly t he ed g e is tu rn ed
,

i s c o mple t e i n it s elf It i s a s teel ro d .

, a nd sh a rp e n ed by t w o he a vy ru b s with
h a vi n g a r o u n d eye a t o n e e n d th ro u g h , a r o u n d s teel b u rn i she r held a t a n a n g le o f

which a r o u n d w o o de n h a n dle p a s s e s At . a b ou t 30 wi t h the p la te

°
.

t h e o the r e n d i s a s p i ra l twi s t t e rmi n a t i n g i n Gl a s s p a p e r —Thi s i s t h e chief a b ra di n g

.

a c o n ic a l s c r ew with a s h a rp p o i n t The . m a teri a l u s ed i n w o o dw o rki n g a nd c o n si s t s ,

 H AN D T OO L S AN D APP L I AN CE S . 23

t
o f s ro n g p a pe r c o a ted with p o wder ed g l a ss Wa shita a nd Ark a n s a s The Ch a rn l e y
, .

s ec u r ed t o the p a pe r with g lu e The dif . F o r e s t i s o f a g ree ni sh sl a te c o l o u r a n d

» -‘
,

so meti me s h a s s m a ll r e d o r b r o w n s p o t s

the li g hte r the c o l o u r the bette r ; i t ma y

ta ke a little mo r e ru bbin g th a n o the r s to n e s
t o g e t a n ed g e o n the t o o l b u t th a t ed g e ,

will b e keen a n d fi n e S o me T u rkey o i l .

F ig . 1 14 .
—Gla s sp a p e r R ub be r .
s t o n e s a r e o f a d a rk sl a te c o l o u r whe n o iled ,

with white veini n g a n d s o meti me s whit e

fe r on t g ra de s o f g l a ssp a p er a re nu mbe r ed s o ts
p they g ive a kee n ed g e b u t we a r n u ,

fro m 3 t o 0 a n d even fin er ,
. F or p r op e rly evenly a n d a l so a r e ve ry b ri t tle ; they a r e
,

F ig .
—H lf a -
roun d Wood R a sp .

F ig . 1 1 6 .
—H lf a -
r ou n d Wo o d P il e .

i
us n g g l a ss a p e r a ru bbe r ( F i
p g 1 1 4 ) i s r e . t i ly s l o w c u ttin g a n d a r e exp en sive
n o or o u s -
,
.

qui r ed thi s bei n g a sh a ped w o o de n b l o ck

, The che a pe s t o il s t o n e a t firs t c o s t i s the N o va
fa ced with c o rk In u s e the g l a ssp a p e r i s
.

fo lded r o u n d it Gla s sp a p e r h a s e n t i r ely

.

r e l a ced the o l d f a s hi o n ed sa n d a e r which

p p p
-

w a s a s i mil a r ma t e ri a l e x cep t th a t fi n e , ,

sh a r s a n d w a s u s ed i n s t e a d o f wde r ed
p p o

g l a ss .

R a sp s a n d F i l e s — W o o dw o rke rs r a s p s .
’

a re e n e r a lly h a lf r o u n d th o u g h s o m e ti m e s
g
-
,

fla t . The w o o d ra sp ( F i g 1 1 5 ) i s c o a r s er .

t h a n the c a bi n et r a s p The o rdin a ry ha lf .

r o u n d w o o d file ( b a s t a r d c u t ) i s s h o w n a t

F ig 1 1 6
. . B o th r a ng e fro m 4 i n t o 1 4 i n . .

i n le n g t h .The u su a l file s u s ed fo r keep in g

s a w s i n o r de r chiefly a re k n o w n a s t ri a n g u
l a r t a p er ( F i g a n d ha v e a lr e a dy bee n
.

a ll u de d t o .

Gri n d s t o n e s — The g ri nd s to n e ( F i g
. .

m a n y v a rie t ie s o f which a r e o bta i n a ble i s ,

an a p p li a n ce fo r r e mo v mg a s u p e rflu o u s
thick n e s s o f m et a l n o t fo r p ro d u ci n g a g o o d ,

ed g e It sh o u ld b e o f a li gh t g r ey c o l o u r
.
,

even t h ro u g h o u t .

O i ls t o n e s — On a n o il s t o n e t h e j o i n e r
.

s h a rp e n s hi s t o o l s which h a ve bee n p r e ,

v io u sl y r o u n d t o s h a pe o n the ri n d s t on e
g g .

The o ils t o n e s in mo s t g e n e ra l u s e a re fou r

‘

i n nu mbe r— t h e Ch a rn ley F o r es t T u rkey , ‘

, F ig . 1 1 7 .
—T re a d el Gi r n d s t on e on Ir on S t a n d
24 C ARPENTRY AN D J OINERY .

S c o ti a , o r Ca n a d a s t o n e which i s b ro w n i s h , which is s p ri nkled a little fl o u r e me ry a nd

yell o w in c o l ou r when n e w cha n g i n g t o a , o il, thi s w o rki n g mo r e qui ckly th a n a
yell o wi sh g rey by u se a nd w e a rin g a w a y , p ro pe r s t o n e b u t n o t g ivi ng s o fini shed a n
,

ra the r qu ickly The Wa shita s to n e c u t s

.
ed g e .

mo r e qu ickly th a n a T u rkey s to n e a n d ,
N a ils S c re w s , a nd Glue
a l s o m o r e r e g u l a rly
,
S o m e ki n d s a re o f a
.

whiti sh g r ey o r li g ht b u ff c o lo u r whe n o iled N a il s — Na ils ma be teel etc o f Iro n ,

.
.
y s ,
.
,

The Ark a n s a s s t o n e i s c o mp a ct a n d white ,

w ro u g ht c a s t ou t o r ma de o f wi re F o r
, , , .

a n d fi n e r i n g r a i n th a n the Wa s hit a It .
me rly n a il s we r e s a id t o be 6 l b 8 l b etc -
.
,
-
.
,
.
,

we a rs well a n d c u t s s l o wly p ro du c i n g fi n e a cc o r di n
g as o f the v a riety wei hed
, g
ed g e s Oil s t o n e s g en era lly a r e a b o u t 8 i n
. . th t a a m o u n —
t he n ce n o w s u ch me a ni n g le ss
l o n g 2 i n wide a n d 1 i n thick a ve r y
, .
, .
,
te rms a s s ixpe nn y ei g htpe nn y a nd t e n , ,

c o n ve nie n t width bei n g 1 5 i n A s ma ll 0 11 e nn y n ail s i n which pe nn y i s a c o rru p

p
”
-
.
,
“
s t o n e o f 4 i n by 1 } i n i s u s efu l fo r s h a rpe n
. 7 . t i on o f po und Of the n a il s c o mmo n ly .

i n g s p o ke s h a ve s a n d piece s o r s lip s o f
,
u s ed i n c a r pe n t r y a n d j o i n e r y the c u t cl a sp ,

n a il , ma chi n e ma de fr Om s heet “
i ro n-

( p r o b a bly s teel ) ma y be u s ed fo r a lmo s t a ny ,

u rp o s e a n d i s n o t li a ble t o s plit the w o rk

p , .

R o s e he a d n a ils h a ve a sh a n k p a ra llel i n
-

width b u t t a per ed t o a chi s el p o i nt i n

,

thickn e ss ; the s e a r e ma de o f t o u g h
wro u g ht i r o n a nd a re u s ed chiefly fo r
,

fi e l d g a te s a nd fen ci n g
-
Wr o u g ht cl a s p .

n a il s r e s e mble the c u t cl a sp b u t h a ve ,

s h a rp er o n s a n d a re u s ed chiefl y i n
p i t ‘
,

c ommo n led g ed d o o rs a s they will r e a dily ,

cli n ch Ova l s teel n a ils a r e nicely sh a ped

.
,

ve ry t o u g h a n d a re le s s li kely t o s p li t t h e
,

ma t e ri a l th a n a n y o the r ki n d o f n a il ;
s li g ht S h a ll o w g r o o ve s i n the S h a n k i n c r e a s e
F ig . 1 1 8 .
—Oil s t on e in P li a n Ca s e .
the h o ldi n g p o wer B r a d s a r e kn o w n i n .

mo r e th a n o n e v a riety The c u t s teel la r g e .

-

t e o f v a ri o u s s i z e s a n d S h a p e s a r e r e
s on b ra d i s u s ed i n flo o ri n g a n d d o e s n o t ma ke ,

qu i r ed fo r g o u g e s ro u te r c u tte rs etc It
, , .
s u ch a l a r e h o le a s a c u t n a il
g The cut .

i s u su a l t o kee p a n o il s t o n e in a b o x o r c a s e s teel s m a ll b r a d i s u s ed fo r g e n e r a l p u r

( F ig
’
. Ne a t s fo o t O il o r sp e rm o il-
p o s e s F r e n ch n a ils a r e o f ro u n d wi r e
.
,

c o m mo n ly i s c o n s ide r ed be s t fo r o ils t o n e p o i n ted a n d h a ve r o u n d fla t he a d s ;

,
they ,

u se ; l a rd o il c o n t a i ni n g s u fficie n t p a r a ffi n a r e s tr o n g b u t thei r u n s i g h t ly he a d s c a u s e
,

t o p r eve n t it g o i n g t hick i n c o ld we a the r thei r u s e t o be c o n fi n ed t o ro u g h w o rk .

i s a l so r ec o m me n ded M a n y o the r o il s a r e
.

u s ed fo r t h e u r o s e b u t a ll te n d t o h a r de n
p p ,

the s u r fa ce o f the s t o n e mu ch m o r e qu ickly

’
t h a n n e a t s fo o t o r s erm The o il
p can
-
.

be ke p t in a be n ch o il c an which will c o m e -

,
Fi g . 1 1 9 .
-
S q u are Na il S et or P un c h .

i n g e n e rally u s ef u l .

E m e fy O i l st o n e s a nd Oi l st o n e S u b s ti t u t e s The d o u ble p o i n ted n a il i s i n te nded fo r

-

—E me ry
.

o il s t o n e s i n t ro
a re an Am e ric a n d o welli n g a nd o t he r p u rp o s es .

d u c t i o n a nd a r e ma de o f T u rki sh e m e ry
, N a il S e t s o r P u n c e s
h — F o r p u n chi n g n a il .
,

o ne fa ce b ei n g o f fi n e a n d the o the r o f he a d s bel o w the s u r fa ce o f t h e w o rk a s teel

m ediu m c o a r s e m a te ri a l They h a ve the . s e t ( F ig 1 1 9) o f s qu a r e o r ro u n d s ecti o n i s
.

a dv a n t a e o ve r a n
g y n a t u r a l o il s t o n e Of bei n g u s ed .

u n ifo r m i n text u r e a n d o f n o t bei n , g b r ittle . S c r e w s — The s c r ew n a il c o mmo n ly u s ed

Oils t o n e su b s titu te s a re s tri p s o f z i n c u p o n fo r u n iti n g w o o dw o rk i s k n o w n a s the w o o d
 H AN D T O OL S AN D APP L I ANCE S . 25

c ew
s r ,
lth o u g h it h a s bee n i n u s e a
a nd , a n are ly t ra n s p a re n t a n d with b u t little t a s te ,

l o n g ti me the p re s en t p o i n ted s cr ew w a s
, o r s m ell It S h o u ld be h a rd a n d mo de ra tely
.

no t ma de p ri o r t o the ye a r 1 8 4 1 The . b rittle n o t r e a dily a ffected by mo i s tu r e

,

s c r ew r epl a ce s n a il s i n a ll fixi n g whe r e the i n the a t mo sp he r e a n d sh o u ld b r e a k s h a rp ly, ,

h a mme r c a n n o t c o n veni en tly b e u s ed o r b u t if it shive rs a s e a s ily a s a piece o f g l a ss

wher e j a rri n g mu s t be a v o ided The s c r e w . it is mu ch t o o b rittle th o u g h a t the s a me ,

t i me it mu s t n o t be t o u g h a nd le a the ry .

R ou g hly spe a ki n g a g lu e which will a b ,

s o rb mo re w a te r th a n a n o the r i s p r efe r
a ble . Go o d g lu e d o e s n o t g ive o ff a n u n
p le a s a n t s m ell a fte r bei n g p r ep a r ed a few
F ig . 1 20 .
—F l at H e a d Wo od S cre w .
d a y s In t h e w o rksh o p diffe r en t ki nd s o f
.
,

g l u e
-

p o t s a r e u s ed a cc o r di n
g t o the
,
q u a n

tity r equ i r ed The u su a l g lu e p o t h a s a n

.
-

o u te r a n d a n i nn e r ve s s el a n d i s sh o w n i n

s ec t i o n a t F ig 1 2 3 When g lu e i s u s ed
. .

in l a r g e qu a n titie s a n d s te a m pipe s a r e
F ig . 1 21 .
—R ou nd H e a d Wood S cr e w .

l a id o n fo r he a ti n g p u rp os e s the g lu e is
,

kept h o t o n a w a ter b a th he a ted by s te a m

p ipe s . The j o i n e r p pr e a r e s g l u e by b r e a k
i n g it i nt o s ma ll p iece s s o a kin g the s e ,

F ig . 1 22 .
—C up W o od S cre w .

p o e e t e n ti m e s the c o mp r e s si o n a n d
s s ss s

a ttra ctive s t r e n g th o f o rdi n a r y n a il s a nd , ,

be sides is c o n veni e n t fo r u s e in p u tti n g

—S t i
,

w o rk t o g ether which i s s o o n t o be ta ken F ig . 1 23 . ec on t h r ou g h a Gl u e - p ot .

d o w n S c r ew s a re ma de in a lmo s t e ndle ss
.

va riety b u t the be s t k n o w n th r ee a r e :
,
in cle a n c o ld w a te r fo r s eve ra l h o u rs a n d
, ,

fla t he a d s c r ew ( F i g
-
ma de o f i r o n .
,
the n b oili n g t h e r e s ulti n g lu mp s o f j elly
s teel o r b ra s s
,
r o u n d he a d s c r ew ( F i
g
-
. the s u pe rflu o u s w a te r h a vi n g bee n p o u red
which i s g en era lly j a p a nn ed a n d us ed fo r o ff — i n a d o u ble ve s s el g lu e p o t fo r a n - -

fixin g b o lts lo cks etc c u p s c r ew ( F i g

, , . . h o u r o r t w o o r u n til t h e g lu e r u n s e a sily
,

the he a d o f which fi t s i n t o a c u p ( a s illu s fro m the b ru s h with o u t b r e a kin g i n t o d ro p s .

t ra t e d ) which i s let i n t o the w o rk flu s h A g lu e b ru sh c a n be b ou g ht fo r a few

-

with the s u rf a ce e n ce a n d i t s b ri s tle s sho u ld be c o mp a r a

.
p ,

l
G ue G l u e p
,
o t s a n d G l u e b r
-
u s h e s — Glu e,
-
.
,
t i v e l y s h o rt A c a n e b ru sh is p r efe rr ed
.

si z e,
a n d g el a t i n e a r e v a rietie s o f the sa m e by ma n y w o rke rs thi s bei n g ma de wi t h ,

su b s t a n ce diff e ri n g o nly in the qu a n ti ty a piece o f r a t t a n c a n e a b o u t 8 i n l o n the

, g .
,

o f mo i s tu r e a n d o f i mp u ritie s which they fli nt y ski n fo r a n i n ch o r s o a t o n e e n d

c o n t a i n Gel a t i n e yieldin g su b s t a n ce s e m
.
-
bei n g c u t a w a y the e nd s o a ked in b o ili n g ,

w a ter fo r a mi n u te o r t w o a n d the n h a m ,

me r ed t ill the fib re s a r e l o o s en ed t hi s b ru s h
h o rn s Glu e i s ma nu
. l a s ts a s lo n g a s the re i s a ny c a n e left fr o m
the a n ima l ma tte r a n d which t o h a mmer o u t a fr e sh e nd .

ct in t o c o o le rs whe r e it ,
O t h e r T o o l s a n d Ap p l i a n c e s — Ma n y o the r
which i s c u t i n to s hee t s to o ls a nd a p pli a n ces n o t in s u ch g en e ra l
on a i r o n fra me s o f wi r e u s e will be illu s t ra ted a n d de sc ribed i n c o n

n e c t i o n with the ma tte r t r e a ted in so me

of the o the r s ecti o ns ( se e i n dex) .

 T IM B E R .

G ro w t h of T i m b e r T re e s .
of the ten de r s a pw o o d ; it r ecei ve s a ddi
S t ru c t u re of T re e T ru n k —T r ees which ti o n s o n the i n side d u ri n g the a u tu mn which ,

p ro d u ce ti mb er a re k n o w n b o t a n ic a lly a s c a u s e it t o cr a ck a n d bec o me very irr e g u l a r

ex o g e n s o r o u tw a rd g ro wers b ec a u s e the
, i n O l d t r ee s . Th e mo de o f g r o wth i s a s
fo llo w s : In the sp rin g mo i s tu r e fro m the
,

n e w w o o d i s a dded u n der n e a th the b a r k

o u t side th a t a l r e a dy fo rmed The wh o le . e a rth is a b so rbed by the ro o t s a n d ri s e s ,

s ecti o n ( F i
g 1 2 4 ) c o n si s ts of ( a ) pith in the
. thro u g h the s te m a s s a p t o fo rm the le a ve s .

ce n tre which d rie s u p an d di s a ppe a rs a s

, The le a ve s g ive o ff mo i s tu r e a n d a b s o rb
the tr ee ma tu r e s ; ( b) w o o dy fib r e o r l o n g c a r b o n ( in the f o rm o f c a rb o n ic a cid g a s ) ,

which thicke n s the s a p In the a u tu mn .

t h e s a p de s ce n d s i n s ide the b a r k a n d a dd s
a n e w l a y e r o f w o o d t o the t r ee The .

a ct u a l r o wth i s le ss r e g u l a r th a n a p p e a r s
g
in F i g 1 2 4 a n d mo r e r e s e mble s F i g 1 25
.
,
. .

F o rm a t i o n o f W o o d — F i g 1 2 5 fu rthe r
.

illu s tra te s the ma n n er i n which the s te m)

o f a ti mbe r t r ee g r o w s by the dep o s it o f

s u cce s s iv e l a ye rs o f w o o d o n the o u tside

u n de r the b a rk while a t the s a m e ti m e the
,

b a rk b ec o me s thicker by the dep o s it o f

F ig . 1 24 .
—C r os s S e ct i on of St em of
l a yers o n i t s u n der s ide U p o n ex a mi n in g .

T imb er Tr e e .
the c ro s s s ecti o n o f a n o a k l o g a s F i g 1 2 5 .
,

it i s fo u n d th a t the w o o d i s m a de u p o f
t a peri n g b u n dle s o f v a s cu l a r ti ssu e fo rmi n g s eve r a l c o n cen tric la yers o r rin g s e a ch
‘

the d u ra men o r he a r tw o o d a rra n g ed in , ri n g c o n s i s ti n g i n g e n e ra l o f t w o p a r t s the ,

ri n s
g , e a ch o f which i s c o n s ide r ed t o r e p re o u te r p a r t bei n g us u a lly d a rke r i n c o l o u r ,
’
s e n t a ye a r s r o wth a n d i n te rs pe r s ed with de n s er a n d mo r e s o lid th a n the in n er p a rt
g , , ,

( c ) medu ll a r y r a y s o r t ra n s ve rs e s ept a c o n t h e di ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p a r t s v a ryi n g in

i .

s i s ti n
g o f fl a t h a r d pl a te s o f cell u l a r ti s s u e di ffe r e n t ki n d s o f tr ee s The s e l a ye rs a r e
,

”
.

k n ow n t o c a rp en te rs a s silve r g ra i n o r c a lled a nn u a l ri n g s bec a u s e o n e o f the m i s

” ”
-

, , ,

felt ,
or fl o we r a nd s h o wi n
,
g m o s t a s a r u le dep o s ited eve r y ye a r i n a m a nn e r
,

s t r o n g ly i n o a k a n d beech : the he a r tw o o d which will be p r e s e n tly expla i n ed In the .

i s c o mp a r a tively d ry a n d h a rd fr o m the cen tr e o f the fi rs t la ye r i s a c o lu mn o f pi t h

"

c o mp r e s si o n p ro d u ced by the n ew e r la yer s fr o m which pl a n e s s een i n s ecti o n a s thi

,

( d ) a lb u rn u m o r sa p w o o d which i s the im
, , li n e s ( in ma n y w o o d s n o t _ di s ce rni ble )
ma tu r e w o o dy fib r e r ecen tly dep o sited In . r a d i a te t o w a r d s the b a rk a n d i n s o me c a s e
,

c o nife ro u s tr ee s the s a p w o o d i s o nly d i s s i mil a r li n e s fr o m the b a r k c o n ve r g e t o w a r d

t in g u i sh a b l e by a s li g ht g r ee ni s h ti n e whe n the ce n tr e b u t d o n o t r e a ch t h e p ith ( S e
g ,

d ry b u t whe n wet it h o ld s the mo i s t u r e

, Fi g s 1 2 5 a n d
. The s e ra di a ti n g li n e
m u ch l o n g er th a n the he a rtw o o d a n d c a n , a r e k n o w n a s med u ll a r y r a y s o r t r a n s v e r s
o fte n b e detected i n th a t w a
y ( )
e the b a r k , s ept a . Whe n they a r e o f l a r g e s i z e a n
which i s a p ro tecti n g c o a t o n t h e o u tside s t r o n g ly ma r ked a s i n s o m e ki n d s o f 0 a
,
28 C A RPEN TR Y AN D J OINERY .

s ecti o n o f the a n nu a l ri n g s o wi n g t o the , At the t op e n d whe re the g ro wi n g i s t a ki n g

,

s t ra i g ht ou t th ro u g h the be n t t r ee The l a ce the n e w le ve i e i ide the l d

.
p , a s a r s n s o

med u ll a ry ra y s a re s ee n ed g ew a ys a s fi n e o n es ,
a n d p r e ss the m o u tw a r d s a n d d o w n

li n e s in thi s s ecti o n whil s t the a n nu a l l a ye rs w a rd s a s they g ro w The ol d le a ve s even .

form be a u t ifu l w a vy a nd he a rty g ra i n A . t u a l l y di e a n d h a n g like a r a g g ed S he a th

,

pl a nk ou t s o a s t o c o n t a in p a r t o f the ce n tre a r o u n d the s te m The le a ve s a r e p a ra llel

.

pith o f the tr ee a s S h o w n a t F in F ig 1 2 6 ,
.
, vei n ed The fl o wers a r e mo s tly o n the
.

w o ul d b e le a s t a ff ected i n b r e a dth by p l a n o f th r ee The s eed . i s e n ti r e : he n ce

s h r i n ki n g . Mo n o c o tyled o n s Few end o g en s live t o be
.

D iffe re n c e B e t w e e n E xo g e n o u s a n d E n d o 300 ye a rs o l d Ne a rly a ll the p ri n cip a l “

e n T i m b e — E x o g e n s a n d e n d o e n s r e ki n d s b el o n g t o tro p ic a l o r s u b tr o pic a l
g o u s r
g a -
.

ve ry di ffer e n t i n i n tern a l s tru ctu r e a nd i n —

cli ma te s exa mple s a r e the p a l ms b a mb o o s , ,

o u tw a r d a ppe a r a n ce The exo g en s a s h a s ra ss e s a n d li lie s The e a r e n o e n d o g en o u s

.
, g , r .

bee n expl a i n ed i n c r e a s e in s i z e by the a ddi

, tr ees i ndi g en o u s t o E n g la n d a n d it i s ,

ti o n o f n e w ma teri a l a t the o u tside o f the b elieved th a t the o nly B riti s h en d o g e n o u s

te —
S m j u s t u n de r the b a rk They c on tin u e . sh u b
r i s the b u tcher s b ro o m R u sc u s — ’

t o i n c r e a s e i n d i a m eter a s well a s in hei g ht a cu l e a t u m

—
.

th ro u g h o u t thei r wh o le lifeti me Thi s . F u n ct i o n of the s a p

Sap . The a cti o n of

g ro wth m ay b e c a rried on c o n ti n u o u sly , ma y n o w be des c ribed i n ful ler deta il In .

as i n the c a ct u s e s o r i n te rmitte n tly by , , the sp ri n g the r o o t s a b so rb fro m the s o il

a b r u pt pe ri o dic a l a dv a n ce s a n d ce ss a ti o n s , mo i s tu r e which c o n verted i n t o s a p a s ce n ds
, , ,

a s i n the f o r e s t t r ee s The h a r de s t p o rti o n

. thr o u g h the cellul a r tu be s t o fo rm the
o f the s te m i s t o w a r d s the ce n t r e The . le a ve s At the u pper s u rfa ce o f the le a ves
.

fi b ro va s c ul a r b u n dle s a r e
-
o pe n — th a t the s a p g ive s o ff mo i s tu r e a b so rb s c a rb o n ,

i s c a p a ble o f further devel o p m e n t

,
Ther e . fro m the a ir a n d b ec o me s den s er ; a fte r
,

i s a di s ti n ct a n d s epa r a ble b a r k a n d u s u a lly ,

the lea ve s a re full g r o w n ve g et a ti o n i s s u s -
,

a n u mb e r of b ra n ches The tru n k a n d . pen ded u n til the a u t u mn when the s a p i n ,

b ra n che s a r e frequ en tly c ro o ked The le a ve s . i t s a lter ed s t a te de s ce n d s by the u n de r ,

a r e a r tic ul a t ed a n d d ro p o ff n e a t o r cle a n
, s ide o f the le a ve s c hi efly betwee n the w o o d ,

fro m the tr ee The vei n s in the le a ve s. a n d the b a r k whe re it dep o sits a l a ye r o f

,

r a mify fo rmi n g a n i rr e g u l a r n etw o rk The

,
. n e w w o o d ( the a nn u a l ri n g fo r th a t ye a r ) ,

fl o we rs when p r e s en t h a ve a s a ru le f o u r
, , , , a p o r ti o n a t the s a me ti m e bei n g a b so rbed

o r five s ep a l s a n d pet a l s etc o r mu ltiples ,

by the b a rk D u ri n g thi s ti me the le a ve s
.

o f t he s e The s eed s ( except in c o nife rs )

. d ro p o ff the fl o w o f s a p then a l mo s t st e p s
, ,

S p lit i n t w o The o a k a p p le l a b u rn u m
.
, , , a nd ve g eta t i o n i s a t a s t a n ds till fo r the
a n d the w a llfl o w e r a r e ex a mple s o f ex o g e n s . wi n ter W ith the n ext sp ri n g the o pe ra ti o n
.

S o me ex o g e n s live t o b e mo r e th a n a r ec o mm e n ce s s o th a t a ft e r a ye a r a di s ti n c t
,

th o u s a n d ye a rs o l d E n d o g e n s ma inly in
. l a ye r o f w o o d is a dded t o the t r ee The .

c r e a s e in s i z e by e n d g ro wth Ther e i s . a b o ve de s c ripti o n r efe rs t o te mpe ra te cli

l a tera l di s ten si o n fo r a ti me b u t thi s s o o n ,

ma te s in whi ch the ci r c ul a ti o n o f s a p s t o p s
,

ce a s e s a n d the n the t r ee r e ma in s o f n e a rly

,
du ri n g the wi nte r ; i n t ro pic a l cli ma te s
u ni fo r m di a m ete r th r o u g h o u t i t s life Ther e . it s t o p s d u ri n g the d ry s e a s o n Thu s a .
,

a re no a n nu a l ri n s — the wth b ei n a r u le the a g e o f the t ree c a n be a s c e r

g g r o g ,

mo s tly c o n ti nu o u s The h a rde s t p o rti o n o f

. t a in e d fr o m the n u mbe r o f a n n u a l ri n g s
the s te m i s a t the o u ts ide wher e a fa l s e , b u t thi s i s n o t a lw a y s the c a s e S o me .

ri n d ma de u p o f b ro ke n le a f e n d s etc i s -
,
.
,
ti me s a r ec u rre n ce o f excepti o n a ll y w a rm o
fo r med b u t n o b a rk The fi b ro va s cu l a r mo i s t we a the r will p ro du ce a s ec o n d ri n
” ”
-
, .

b u n dle s bec o me li mited or cl o s ed i n the s a me ye a r .

—
, ,

a fter a ce r t a i n p e ri o d a fte r which they s e r ve , H e a rt w o o d a n d S a p w o o d A yo u n g t re .

o nly t o s t r e n g the n the s te m The tru n k . i s a l mo s t a ll s a p w o o d b u t a s it ma tu re ,

i s s t ra i g ht o r n e a rly s o a nd s eld o m h a s a ny
, ,
this i s g ra du a lly C h a n g e d i n to h e a rt w o o
b ra n che s If it d o e s h a ve a ny b ra n che s
.
,
mo r e ra pidly th a n s a pw o o d is a dded a nd a ,

a s i n b a mb o o the n the s e a re s tra i g ht t o o

, . the tr ee i nc re a s e s in a g e the i nn e r l a yers a r ,
 TI M B ER .
29

fil led u
p a nd h a r de n ed bec o m i n,g d u r a m e n o r thi s ma ke s it dr ier li g hter a nd mo r e re sili en t
, ,

he a rtw o o d the r ema i n der b ein g a lb u rnu m

,
o r s p ri n g y It i s less li a ble t o twi s t w a rp
.
, ,

o r s a pw o o d The s a pw o o d i s s o fter a n d
. o r s plit The a dva nta g e s o f u sin g s e a s on ed
.

li ghter in c o l o u r tha n the he a rtw o o d a n d ,

ti mber a re th a t it w o rks mo r e e a sily u n der
c an e n e r a lly be e a sily di s ti n u i shed fr o m the s a w a n d p l a n e a nd r et a i n s it s si z e a nd
g g ,

it In a d di ti on t o the s tr en g theni n g o f the

. sh a p e a fte r i t le a ve s the h a n d s o f the c a r

w o o d c a u s ed by the dry in g u p o f t h e sa p e n t e r o r j o i n er U n e s o n ed s t u ff w a r s
, p s a .
p
a n d c o n s equ e n t h a r de ni n f the i n the re a n d s h ri n k s a n d be side s bei n n i htly i s
g o r g s , , ,g u s g ,

i s a n o the r me a n s by which it i s s tr en g the n ed li a ble t o c a u s e fa ilu r e s i n s tru ct u re s of whi ch

— th a t i s by the c o mp r e ss ive a cti o n o f the
, it m a y f orm a p a rt it i s a l so very li a ble t o
b a rk E a ch l a ye r a s it s o lidifie s exp a n d s
.
, , ,
dec a y fr o m p u t r efa c t i o n o f i t s s a p .

exe rti n g a fo r ce o n the b a rk which e v e n t u ,

N a t u ra l P ro c e s s e s of S e a s o n i n g T i mb e r .

a lly yield s b u t in the me a n ti me o ffe rs a

, Ti mb er p ro d u ced fro m a n ewly felled tr ee
s li ht
g r e si s ta n ce c o mp r e ssin g the t r ee
,
i s fu l l o f m o i s t u r e a n d thi s mu s t be ex ,

th ro u g h o u t i t s b ul k The sa pw o o d i s . t ra c t ed by d ryi n g o r s e a so ni n g Ti mber .

g e n e r a lly di s ti n ctly b o u n ded by o n e o f the c u t d o w n i n t h e a u t u mn a fte r t h e sa p h a s ,

F ig . 1 27 .
—H a r d w oo d St a c k ed f or S e a s on i ng .

a nn u a il a n d c a n th u s h e so m eti me s
r ng s, fo rm ed the n e w l a ye rs o f w o o d i s bes t ,

di s tin gui shed fro m s ta in s o f a s i mil a r c o l ou r ,

s e a s o n ed by c u tti n g it i n t o p l a nk s a n d s t a ck

whi ch a re c a u s ed by dir ty w a ter s o a kin g in g the m h o ri z o n t a lly i n o pen o rder u n der

i n t o the timber while it is lyin g i n the p on d s . c o ver exp o s ed t o a free cu rr en t o f a ir a nd
, ,

The s e s t a in s d o n o t g en era lly s t o p a b ru p tly r o tected f ro m rou nd m o i s tur e H a rd

p g .

u p on a ri n g b ut p en etra te t o di ff er en t
,
w o o d s a r e g en era lly s t a cked with thi n s trip s
dep th s c o l o urin g p o rti on s o f the v a ri o u s
,
bet wee n t he m p l a ced tra n s vers ely every
,

ri n s The he r tw o o d i s s t r o n e r a n d m o r e 2 ft o r s o ( F i g a n d s o ft w o o d s by
g . a g . .

l a s tin g th a n the sa p w o o d a n d sh ou ld ,
a l o n e be u s ed i n g oo d w o rk The a n n u a l
ri n g s a r e g e n e r a lly thicke r o n the s ide o f
l a yi n g the m o n ed g e with sp a ce s betw een ,
. the dir ecti o n bein g cr o ss ed in a dj a cen t
c o u rs e s The time o cc u p ied i s sa y t w o ye a rs ;
.
, ,

the tr ee th a t h a s ha d mo s t su n a n d a ir a n d
the he a r t i s ther efo r e s eld o m in the cen tr e
, ,
,
B a lk ti mbe r i s be s t s e a so n ed by p u tti n g it
. un de r w a ter i n a r u n ni n g s tr e a m fo r a few

weeks the n s t a cki n g it l o o s ely with s o me

Ti mb e r
,
S e a s oning
r o tecti o n fro m su n a n d r a in The s e a re
.

p
—
.

Ad v an ta g e s o f S e a s o n e d T im be r . S e a so n ed t ermed n a t u r a l p r o ce ss e s F o r p r o tec t i n g .

t i mbe r di ff er s fro m u ns e a so n ed p rin cip a lly the s t a cked ti mber fro m the a cti on o f the
in h a vi n g the sap a nd mo i s tu r e r e mo ved ; s u n a n d hi g h wi nd s a s hed with o pe n e nd s , ,
30 C A RPENTRY AN D J OINERY .

or with l o u vr ed S ide s — th a t i s with side s by 1 in betwee n e a ch l a ye r a b o u t 2 ft

—
. .
, ,

a fte r the fa shi o n o f Ve n eti a n bli nd s p ro ve s 4 ft a p a rt F rr a n ed i n

or .
( gi o r a .
g
s o me s i mi l a r ma nn e r t h e o b e c t t o b e kept
'

s a ti s fa ct o ry . In s t a cki n g ti mb e r h o ri z o n J j ,

t a lly it sh o ul d be l a id pe rfectly fla t a nd level

, i n view bei n g t o a ll o w fr ee ci r c u l a ti o n o f a ir
i n b r e a dth a nd s tra i g ht i n le n g th The u su a l . r o u n d n e a rly the wh o le o f e a ch piece
g r a du ,

pla n i s t o l a y S leepe rs o r c ro s s b e a r e rs -
a lly c a rryi n g Ofl a
g r e a te r p a r t o f the s a
p
o n the
g rou n d a n d the n s t a ck u o n the s e
, p . a n d mo i s t u r e f ro m the ti mb e r To p r eve n t .

The g ro u n d o n which the t i mbe r is t o be p l a n k s a n d b o a rd s s p litti n g f ro m the e n d s

s e a s o n ed s h o ul d be p r o pe rly d ra i n ed s o a s t o u the ce n t re they a re cl a mped by n a ili n

p , g
c a rry o ff d rivi n g ra i n It s h o u ld a ls o be
.
,
s t ri p s o f w o o d t o the e n d s a s i n dic a te d a t A

r o tected fro m ve et a ble Ti mbe r s e as o n ed a s a b o ve is s a id

p g g r o wth the r ef o r e ( F ig .

F ig . 1 28 .
—S i g l
n e S t ur t e v a nt A p a rt me nt D r y i ng Kil n, S e ct i on .

it i s a g o o d p l a n t o h a ve the g ro u n d c o ve red to r et a i n p ro pertie s th a t re nde r it s tro n g e r ,

wi t h a sph a lted p a vi n g o r with a l a ye r o f

,
he a vie r mo r e e l a s t i c a n d flexible a n d mu ch
, ,

S mith s o r f u rn a ce mo r e d u ra ble th a n ti mbe r s e a s o n ed by

’
a s he s t o p r eve n t v e e t
g
a ble ro wth c n t a mi n a ti n the t cked a r tifici a l p r o ce ss e s
g o g s a .

ti mb er a n d b ri n g i n g a b o u t wet r o t o r i n ,
A rt i fi c i a l l y S e a s o n i n g T i mb e r — The r e a r e .

s o m e c a s e s fr o m b ec o mi n g the s o u r ce o f the va ri o u s a r tifici a l p ro ce ss e s o f s e a s o n i n g i n

devel o p men t o f d ry r o t a fte r the ti mbe r h a s u s e which exp edite the w o r k a n d s h o r te n

bee n i n s er ted in a b ui ldi n g The l o we s t . the ti m e n ece s s a ry between felli n g a n d

l a yer o f ti mbe r s h o u ld r es t u p o n be a r e rs u si n g b u t t h e s t r en g th a nd t o u g h n e s s o f
, .

which sh o u ld b e a rra n g ed a ll i n o n e pl a n e the ti mbe r a r e r e d u c e d The m eth o d s a r e

" “

-
th a t i s o u t o f wi n di n g o t he rwi s e the
, ,
—de sicc a ti n g o r u si n g h o t a ir ch a mbe rs
,
-
,

ti mber s t a cked u p o n the m w o u ld bec o me s mo ki n

g s te a,
m i n g a n d b o ili n g ,
T o r ed u ce .

pe rma n e n tly twi s ted Thi s i s ve ry i mp o r

. the ri sk o f s plitti n g the e n d s i n t h e d ryi n g
t a n t The ti mb e r sh o u ld b e s t a cked i n r o ce s s they a re cl a mped — th a t is t hi n
.
p , ,

l a yers with a s p a ce betwee n e a ch p iece i n iece s a r e n a iled o ve r the e n d g ra i n s o th a t

, p
the s a me r ow a nd s trip s o f w o o d a b o u t A
, ; i n . t h e e n d s ma y d ry u nif o r mly with the o the r
 TI M B ER . 31

'

p a rts Mc N e il e s p ro c e s s i s s a id t o be ve ry
’
‘

.
M o d e rn M e t h o d of A r t ifi c i a l l y
g o o d : the w o o d t o be s e a so n ed i s exp o s ed
S e a s o n in g Ti m be r
t o a mo der a te he a t i n a mo i s t a t mo s p her e
.

cha rg ed with the p ro d u cts o f c o mb u s ti o n , Na t u re se a so nin g ta kes so l o n g th a t i t

s a y CO which is su pp o s ed t o c o n ve r t the
2, keep s idle a va s t a mou nt of c a p ita l B y .

s a p t o w o o dy fib r e a n d d rive o u t the mo i s a rtific i a l me a n s ti mbe r c a n be d r ied i n fewe r

tu r e . Smo ke dryi n g o ve r a n o p e n w o o d
-
da ys t ha n it ta kes mo nths by the n a tu ra l

F ig . 1 29 .
—F our-c ha mb e r S t u rt e v
a nt Dr y i ng Kil n, S e ct i on .

fi re d ri ve s o u t the s a p a n d mo i s tu r e a nd p r o ce s s c o n s equ e ntly i mp ro ve men t s i n t h e

,

r e n de rs the w o o d m o r e d u r a ble a n d le ss me t h o ds o f s e a so n in g a r e c o n s ta n t ly bein g

li a ble t o a tta ck by w orms B u ryi n g l o g s in . s o u g ht f o r A la rg e qu a nt ity o f de a ls
.
,

s a n d is a meth o d o f a rtifici a l s e a so n i n g . b a t t e n s p l a nks e t c r eceive a firs t s e a s o n

, , .
,

The di s a dva n t a g e o f a rt ifici a l s e a s o ni n g i s i n g b ef o r e bei n g p la ced o n the ma r ke t .

th a t the meth o d o f d ryi n g i s t o o ra p id , The mo st e ffective a rt ificia l meth o ds o f

a n d s ee ms t o t a ke a w a y the s t a bility o f the s e a s o n i n g a r e p ro b a bly o f A m e ric a n o ri g i n

ma teri a l le a vi n g it les s fi rm mo r e b ri t t le
.

, , , The f o llo wi ng t w o s yste ms a r e la rg ely in

a n d d ul le r i n a pe a r a n ce use
p . .
 C ARPENTRY AN D J OINERY .

The S t u rt e v a nt S ys t e m of D ry i n g withi n the kiln a n d th u s p r events the ,

Ti m b e r .
exte ri o r o f the s ta ck dryi n g t o o quickly
a nd bec o min g s i mply s ki n dried P e r .

R a p id a n d e fficie n t d ryi n g is effected f e c t l y g reen c o nif er o u s ti mber o n e in ch

by s u bj ecti n g the ti mber t o a c o n ti nu a l thick c a n be dried withi n six da ys o ther ,

p a s s a
g e o f w a r m d ry a i r i n a kil n c o n thickn e s s e s in p ro p o rti o n It is cla i med .

st ru cted of w o o d o r b r ick i n t o which h o t th a t by thi s p ro ce s s the o u ts ide of the w o o d

a i r i s i n t ro d u ced by a fa n F i g 1 2 8 sh o w s i s kep t o pen which a llo w s the mo i s tur e ‘

. .
,

a s ecti o n a l view . The f ro m the he a r t t o esc a pe gwi t h ou t .

a i r i s fi rs t he a ted by s litti n w a rpi n r di c l i n

p g g o, s o our g ,

a S tu rteva n t he a ter t a ki n g p l a ce F i g 1 2 9 is a s ecti o n a l

. .

E to the de si red V iew of a l a rg e kiln h a vi n g fo u r

te mp e ra tu r e by eithe r c o mp a rtme n t s Ti mber i s e r ected in .

li ve e xha u s t s t a ck s on tru cks ru n ni ng o n ra ils

,

F ig 1 30 —B it h P a t e nt A u t oma t i i Kil G l Vi
’
. . r s c Dr y ng n, e ne r a ew .

s te a m which e n s u re s t ha t the te mpe ra a nd is t hu s ea sily c o n veyed in a nd out

°
t u re n eve r exceed s 2 1 2 F Then by .
,
of the kiln .

me a n s o f the fa n F it i s f o r ced th ro u g h the

Au t o ma t ic Timbe r
,
B ri t h P a t e nt
’
s
o u tlet s o f the s u ly d ct B i n t the kil n
pp u o ,

ci rc u l a tin g c o mp letely ro u n d the ti mbe r .

D rie r .

Owi n g t o the hi g h te mpera tur e o f the a ir The s e kiln s ma y be o f w o o d o r b rick .

it ra p idly a b s orb s mo i s tu r e a nd i s the n F o r c a rryi n g o u t thi s s ys te m o f dr yi n g

p a ss ed i nt o the a t mo s p he r e o r it ma y be ,
ti mb er o n e fo rm o f ki ln i s s h o w n a t F i g .

r et u r n ed t o the a
pp a r a t u s t o be r ehe a t ed 1 30 .The ti mber i s c o n veyed i n t o the
a n d the a b s o rbi n
g p r o ce s s r e p e a ted The . kiln by bei n g st a cked u p o n tr u cks ru nnin g
r et u rn d u ct s A a n d C s e r ve a d o u ble p u r o s e o n r a il s a n d a s the t i mbe r i s d r ied it i s
p , ,

by u tili si n g t h e r e ma i ni ng a ir which c o m e s p a s s ed o u t a t the o p p o s ite e n d A c a n va s .

ra d u a lly l a de n with mo i s t u r e ; the r o lle r d o o r i s p r o vided a t e a ch e n d which

g p ro

ce ss o f r ehe a ti n g s e rve s by r e g u la ti o n
, ,
w orks o n the ro ller bli nd p rin ciple b u t fittin g -
,

t o ma i n ta i n a ny de si r ed de g r ee o f h u midity a l mos t a ir ti g ht Thi s s ys te m drie s w o o d

-
.
 TI M B ER .
33

of wa rm b u t very mo i s t a ir .
A rt i fi c i a l l y S e a s o n in g Ti m be r S ma l l
a u t o ma tic n o m a chi n e r y S t u ff .
,

r equi r ed The a pp a ra tu s
. A meth o d so meti m e s a d o pted for s e a s o ni ng
s m a ll p iece s o f ti mbe r e speci a lly fo r t o o l
,

ea m ma y ma kin g a nd o ther p u rp os e s i s p o s s ib l e w h e r
eve r a Su pp ly o f s te a m—fro m the b o ile r o r
, ,

t he ra ils
b ui lding . exh a u st o f a ste a m en g i n e — i s a va ila ble .

ia t o r c o ils a n d ri s e s , ,
The piece s o f w o o d a re sta cked in a
t i me tra vellin g thr o u g h the ste a m che s t ( s e e F i g 1 3 1 ) o r a b a rr el ( F i g
. .

w o o d t hu s g ra d u a lly d ra wi n g
,
1 3 2 ) a nd a ll o wed t o bec o m e th o r ou g hly

F ig . 1 31 .
—S t ea m Ch e st f or S ma ll P i e ce s of T imb e r.

mo i stu r e fro m it AS the a ir bec o me s

. t
sa u ra ted with s tea m: This will ta ke fro m
mo r e l a den wit h mo i s tu r e it si n ks between t w o t o twelve h ou rs a cc o rdi n g t o the kin d
,

t he rail s a n d flo w s to w a rd s t h e l o a din g e n d ,
a n d thick n e ss o f the w o o d N 0 p re s s u r e .

wher e it i s a llo wed t o e s ca p e Thi s c irc u . i s r equi r ed b u t the d o o r o f the chest o r

,

la t i on ma y b e r e g u la ted by a few S i mp le t o p o f the b a rr el sh o u ld be cl o sed with a

d a mp ers The ti mber is dried fro m t h e
. lid ; the fit t ing is n o t clos e a ll ow i ng the ,

cen t re ou tw a rd s the s u r fa ces fini s hi n g l a s t

, s te a m which h a s ci r c u l a ted r o u n d the w o o d

t her efo r e c a s e h a rden i n g

-
S p lit t i n g
,
w a rp ,
t o e sc a p e F o r t hi s r e a s o n t h e a p p a ra t u s
.

in g a n d o the r i n j u r ie s a r e p r eve n t ed By . is kep t o u t s ide a b ui l di n g The ma te ri a l .

t hi s s ys te m it i s cla i m ed th a t ti mbe r bei ng tre a t ed is kept fro m the b o tto m p ro p e r

which w o u ld requi r e a ye a r t o d ry in the t o a ll o w the s te a m t o bec o m e eve nly d i s t ri
o p en c an be d ried in a week ; thi s o f ,
b u ted The u se o f thi s meth o d is very
.

c o u rs e is a g re a t a dva n t a g e . li mited beca u s e b y it t h e n a t u ra l c o lo u rs

,
34 CARPEN TR Y AN D J OINERY .

of ma ny w o o d s le ss ch a n g ed
a re mo re or , dir ecti o n the med u ll a ry ra y s the sh ri nk
of ,

e speci a lly i n the c a s e o f beech the c o l o u r ,

a e i s o nly s li ht
g g a s s h o w n by the b o a rd ,

o f which i s ch a n ed fro m a d u ll white t o F F ig 1 26 If the l o g is wh ole the

g ,
. .
,

the fa mili a r reddi s h ti n t After it is ta ke n . s h ri n k a e c a u s e s s h a ke s a n d

g wi n d c ra ck s ; -

o u t the w o o d i s piled u n de r c o ve r i n the if ou t u p in t o pl a nk s o r qu a r te ri n g the ,

o rdi n a r y ma n n er a n d a ll o wed t o d ry ; s h ri n k a g e i s dete r mi n ed by the p os iti o n o f

'

thi s i n s ma ll thi n ma te ri a l u s u a lly

, ,
t h e a nn u a l ri n g s a n d with c a r e s h a ke s a r e
d
, , ,

t a ke s th r ee weeks o r a mo n th
_
The . not c a u s ed The w o o d c u rl s o r be n d s
.

d ryi n g ti me mi g ht be c o n side ra bly sh o r t b re a dthwi s e with the ed g e s t u rni n g o n the

,

e n ed by u tili si n g the s p a ce a b o ve the s ide which i s fa r the s t a w a y fr o m the he a r t .

b oile r a s a d ryi ng l o ft A te mpera tu r e o f . Thi s i s ill u s tra ted a t E G , a nd H F ig 1 2 6 , ,

. .

°
1 20 F t o . F ( o bt a i na ble a b o ve mo s t
. T hi s circu ms ta n ce mu s t a lw a ys be c o n s idered
in fi xin g ti mber in p os iti on
i .

P re s e r v i n g Ti mb e r .

B e t h e ll
’
s P r o c e ss .
—Ther e a r e a nu mber o f
pr e s e rva tive p ro ce ss e s o ther th a n s e a s o n
i n g which a re o f va l u e in i n c r e a s i n g t h e
d u ra bility o f ti mbe r Be t h e ll s p ro ce s s .
’
,

a l s o k n o w n a s c r e o s o ti n g c o n s i s t s i n pl a ci n g ,

piece s o f s e a so n ed ti mb er in cl o s ed w ro u g ht
i ro n cyli n de rs fro m which a n d a l s o fr o m , ,

t h e p o r e s o f the w o o d the a ir i s extra cted ,

.

Oil o i t a r k n o w n a s cr e o so te i s then fo rced

- -
, ,

i n t o the cylin ders a nd p o re s o f the w o o d ,

a t a te mpe r a t u r e o f a b o u t a n d u n de r

a p r e ssu r e o f 60 lb t o 1 70 lb p e r s qu a r e . .

i n ch a cc o rdin g t o the p o ro sity o f the w o o d

,

a n d the p u r p o s e fo r which it i s r equi r ed .

The qu a n tity forced i n to the w o o d va ries

fro m 3 lb p e r c u bic fo o t in s o me h a rd w o o d s
.

F ig 1 32 —B a rr e 1 for S e a s on i ng S ma ll T imb t o 1 2 lb in so ft w o o d s
. .

er
—
. . .

B ou c h er e s P r o c e ss Thi s c o n si s ts in
’
.

b o ilers ) w o u ld the d ryi n g o ve r in a

g e t pla cin g a re s e r vo i r c o n ta i ni n g 1 00 p a rts i n ,

d a y o r t w o b u t the ma te ri a l s h o u ld n o t
,
Wei g ht o f w a ter t o 1 p a rt o f su lph a te o f
b e tra n s fe rr ed t o s u ch a p o siti o n di r ect c o pper in a p o siti o n a b o u t 40 ft o r 5 0 ft
,
. .

fro m the s te a m b o x let it h a ve a few d a y s a b o ve the ti mbe r a n d c o nn ecti n g it by a

’
-
,

o rdi n a r y d r yi n
g fi rs t The a pp a r a.t u s ill us flexible tu be t o a c a p which i s fixed ti g ht
t ra t e d by F i g 1 3 2 i s a l so s u it a ble fo r s te a m
. t o o n e e n d o f the p iece o f ti mbe r u n de r
be n di n g p u rp o s e s .
tr e a tmen t The p r e ssu r e is su fli c i e n t fo r
.

S h ri n k a g e D u ri n g S e a s o ni n g — D u ri n g s e a the fluid t o fo rce o u t the s a p a t the o the r

s o ni n g a l a r g e p r o p o r ti o n o f the m o i s t u r e e n d a n d t a ke i t s pl a ce i n the p o r e s o f the

eva p ora te s c a u s i n g the fib r e s t o sh ri nk a n d ti mbe r

B u rn e t t s S y s t e m B y thi s s ys te m a flu id
.

—
,

the t i mber t o bec o me le ss i n b u lk a n d wei g ht

’
.
.

Ti mbe r i s c o n side r ed fit fo r c a rp en ters ’

i s p r ep a r ed i n the p r o p o rti o n o f 1 lb o f .

w o rk whe n it h a s l o s t o n e fi ft h o f i t s wei g ht -
,
chlo ride o f zi n c t o 4 g a l o f w a ter The . .

a n d fo r j o i n e rs
’
w o rk whe n it h a s l o s t o n e ti mb er i s s o meti me s l a id in a b a th o f thi s
thi rd It a l s o bec o me s li g hte r in c o l o u r
. fluid u n til it h a s a b s o rbed su fficie n t ; o r
a n d m o r e e a s ily w o rked The sh ri nka g e i s.
the s o lu ti o n i s fo r ced u n de r p r e ssu r e i n t o
s c a r cely pe r ceptible i n the le n th
g b u t i s ,
the ti mbe r The va lu e o f the a b o ve p ro
.

ve ry c o n side ra ble in the width me a s u ri n g ,

ce ss es li e s in the p r e s e r va ti o n o f the ti mbe r
cir c u mfe r e n ti a lly o n the a n n u a l ri n g s ( s e e fr o m d ry a nd wet ro t a nd in the c a s e o f the , ,

E a nd G F ig
,
R a di a lly o r in the
.
,
l a tte r t w o s ys te ms fro m mo s t i ns ects s o , ,
86 C ARPENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

s h o w n a t A ( F ig 1 3 8) is be s t a nd th a t a t B
.
, a nd e It will be n o ticed th a t F i g
s a s o n ng i . .

s ec o n d be s t the o bj ect bei n g t o g e t the

, 1 40 u n de rg o e s the le a s t ch a n g e At F i g 1 43 . .

r e a te s t n u mbe r o f piece s with the f ce two pl a n k s a re r ep r e s e n ted o cc u pyi n g

g a

n e a rly p a r a llel t o the m ed u ll a r y r a y s The . a dj a ce n t p o s iti o n s i n the s a m e l o g F ig . .

meth o d sh o w n a t 0 ma ke s le ss w a s te b u t , 1 44 i n dic a te s the ch a n g e in s h a pe o f e a ch

d o e s n o t sh o w u p the g ra i n s o well while a fte r c o n ve r si o n a n d s e a s o n i n g The cen tr e .

F ig . 1 40 . F ig . 1 41 .

F ig 1 40 —S c a nt li ng f
ro m Ce nt r e
—S
. . .

F ig . 1 41 . c a nt 1 ng i f r om S d e i .

—S q li
F ig . 1 38 .
—C v t ion er ng Oak
1 39 . u a re S c a nt ng s .

F ig . 1 42 .
—S c a nt li ng f ro m E dg e .

B oa r d s .

F ig 1 44 —A lt i
e r a t on of
l k
. .

F1g . 1 43 .
—P l k an s .
in P an s .

F ig . 1 45 .
—
W pi ar ng of P l k
an s .

F ig . 1 48 .
—W ll J i e o nt e d P l k
an s .

—oa k P la nk i
—P l k F ig 1 47 s h ow n g
'

i
. .

F1g . 1 46 .

F ig
an
ure
Cu t t o
.
s h ow F g ure .

F ig . 1 49 .
—B d ly J i
a o nt e d P l k an s .

is the mo s t ec o n o mic a l whe l n e c an t l a nk a n d th o s e t o the left in F i g 1 45

D a rg r s p
.

li n g s a r e r equ i r ed .
i n dic a te h o w b o a rd s c u t fr o m t h e l o g ten d
t o sh ri n k a n d w a rp if u n r e s tra i n ed If the .

How t he C ut t in g of Timbe r A ffe c t s b o a rd s a r e c u t a s sh o w n a t K the r e w o u ld ,

it s Us e .
be the le a s t a lte ra ti o n in fo rm Ti mbe r .

The meth o d o f c u tti ng ti mber h a s a bi g h

s ou ld be c u t a s r e p r e s e n ted a t F i g 1 4 6 i n .

e ff ect u p o n i t s u s e F i g 1 3 9 sh o w s s qu a r e . . o rde r t o S h o w the fi g u r e fo rm ed by the

s c a n tli n s o cc u pyi n g th r ee di ff e r e n t p o siti o n s

g a nn u a l ri ng s W he n it.
i s r eq ui r ed t o o bt a i n

i n the sa m e l o g ; Fi g s 1 40 t o 1 42 sh o w the . oak p a n el s etc s

,
h o wi n g the
.
,
be a u tif u l
a l te r a ti o n o f fo r m i n e a ch piece a fte r s a wi n g ki
ma r n g s o f the m ed u ll a r y r a y s the ti m be r
,
BE R . 37

Let A B 1 ,
th ne F D l
i

e
c

A F

F ig . 1 52 .
—S t r ong e s t Be am f
ro m a R ou nd L og .

1 1 '

VVh e n t he d l a me t e r of
/3 J ?
)

2 14 14
1 0 203 °

A B d , t h e d e p 1311 A F

1
a we ,
D
and t h e br e a d t h F B
1 7 32
5 7703 .

It mu s t be fu lly u nders to o d o f c ou rs e th a t , ,

t h e a b o ve s h o w s o n ly the ma the ma tic a l

c a lc u la ti o n c o rr e sp o n din g t o the g ra phic

F ig . 1 53 .
—S t i fl '
e st Be am f ro m a R ou nd L og .

di a g ra m a n d d o es n o t in a n y w a y p ro ve
,

the s ta te m en t th a t t hi s be a m will be the

s tr o n g e s t th a t c a n be c u t o u t o f a r o u n d l o g .

The c a lc u l a t i o n s n ecessa ry t o p ro v e t h a t
s t a te me n t w ou ld p ro b a bly be a l a b o ri o u s
ma tter B u t g iven su ch a be a m it s s tr e n g t h
.
,

c o u ld be c a lc u l a ted by o rdi n a ry fo r mu l a ,

a n d the n a n o the r be a m s li g htly n a rro we r ,

a nd a be a m sli g h t ly b r o a der b o t h in ,

s c ribed i n t h e ci r cle c o u ld be te s ted by

the s a me fo rmu l a .
38 CARPENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

C ut t ing S t iff e s t B e am fro m Ro u n d ro we r the ri n g s the f s tro n g er the ti mbe r .

T h e c o l o u r s h o u ld be u n ifo rm th rou g h o u t
L og .
,

a n d n o t bec o m e s u dde n ly li hte r t o w a rd s

g
The ect a n g u l a r be a m th a t c a n
s t ifl e s t r
the ed g e s Go o d ti mbe r i s s o n o ro us whe n
.

be c u t o u t o f a ro u nd l o g o f ti mbe r i s sh o w n s t r u ck ; a d u ll so u n d i n dic a te s dec a y In .

i n F i g 1 5 3 whe r e the di a mete r i s di vided

.
, s peci m e n s o f the s a m e cl a s s o f ti mbe r the
i n t o fo u r equ a l p a rts b u t o the rwi s e the , h ea vier is g en era lly the s tro n g e r .

c o n s tru cti o n a nd c a lc u l a ti o n will be o n

M a r k i n g O u t T i m b e r fo r P i t S a w i n g .

P it wye rs e mp l o y va ri o u s meth o d s fo r
“

sa

li n in g ti mber th a t is t o b e sa w n ; o n e reli

ig . 1 54 .
—Li i n ng L og T imb er .

F ig . 1 56 .
—0 h c re B ox .

s i mil a r li n e s to the a b o ve ,
e lti n g
r su In able meth o d is sh o w n by F i g 1 5 4 The . .

1 wed g e b o y ( a s he is termed ) ho lds the s tri n g

a nd with lo g of di a mete r
‘

; a A B
7 3 ce n tra lly a t o n e e nd o f the l o g a n d the ,

D th e depth of the s t ifl e s t be a m will be s a wye r h o ld s it a t the o ther e nd The .

8 66D a nd t he b rea dth 5 D ‘

.
s tri n g i s the n p u lled ti g ht a n d o ne o f the ,

sa wye rs ra i s e s it a t the ce n t r e ( the s tri n g

S e lec t ing Ti m b e r .
s h o u ld n o t be r a i s ed ex a ctly ve rtic a l bu t ,

Se eth a t ti mbe r i s fr ee fro m s a p l a rg e o r ,

.
p u lled sli g htly a t o n e s ide ) then lets it g o , ,

lo o s e k n o t s fl a w s sh a ke s s ta i n s o r ble mi she s
, , ,
s o a s t o s t rike a li n e the wh o le le n g th o f the

o f a n y ki n d A li g ht p o rti o n n e a r o n e ed g e
. lo g . A plu mb li n e A is the n h u n g o ve r the
-

i ndic a te s s a p a nd a n a b s en ce o f g ra in will
,
e n d o f the l o g by o n e o f the s a wye rs a nd ,

be o b s e r ved o n it Thi s p o rti o n dec a ys . whe n perfectly plu mb with the ce ntr e li n e ,

fi rs t a n d g et s s o ft The d a rke r the n a tu ra l . it is p u lled ti g htly a g a i ns t the b o tt o m ed g e

o f the log The o the r s a wyer p u ll s the
.

s t ri n g a n d s trike s a ce n t ra l ve rtic a l li n e as ,

sh o w n a t B A si mi l a r li n e is s tru ck a t the
.

o the r e n d o f the l e g a fte r which the thick

,

F ig . 1 57 .
—W o od for P u lli ng S t r ngi .

F ig . 1 55 .
—Li i n ng Ba lk T imb er .
e o f the pl a nks th a t a re t o be sa w n is
n ss
p ricked o ff with a p a i r o f c o mp a ss e s a s ,

w o o d the li g hte r i s the s a ppy p o r ti o n u s u a lly

, i ndic a ted by the d ots o n the e nd o f the l o g .

whe n d ry Go o d ti mbe r sh o u ld b e u nifo rm

. The p lu mb li n e is a g a i n h u n g o ver the e n d
-

i n s u b s t a n ce s tr a i g ht i n fib r e a n d n o t
, , o f the l o g in pe r fect li n e with the c o mp a s s
twi s ted w a rped o r w a n ey D i a g o na l k n o t s
, , . ma r k s . Ve rtic a l li n e s a s befo r e a r e the n , ,

a re
p a r tic u l a rly o bj ecti o n a ble i n ti mbe r fo r s tru ck the n c o rr e sp o n di n g l o n g it u di n a l li n e s
,
.

pile s Go o d ti mbe r sh o u ld s m ell sweet

.
Whe n li ni n g a s qu a r e b a lk a cen tr e li n e i s ,

whe n fr es h c u t a n d it h a s a fi r m b ri g ht , , fi rs t s tru ck then the thick n e ss o f the pl a nks

,

su r f a ce a n d d o e s n o t cl o the sa w The i s p ricked o ff a s s h o w n i n F i g 1 5 5 and the

, g .
, .
,

a nn u l a r ri n s S h o u ld be f a i rly r e u l a r a n d
g g li n e s a re s tru ck The plu mb li n e is then
.
-

a pp r o xi ma tely ci r c u l a r ; the cl o s e r a nd n a r h u n g o ve r the e n d a s S h o w n a n d the ve rtic a l

, ,
 TI M B ER .

li n e s a re s tru ck The l o g o r b a lk i s n o w
. The sa fe l o a d in tens i o n a n d c o mp r e ssi on
tu rn ed o ve r a nd lo n g itu di na l li n es c o rre
, ( c o l u mn s 3 a n d 4 ) w o u ld be fr o m o n e te n th -

s p o n di n g with the ve r tic a l li n e s a r e s t ru ck . t o o n e fi ft e e nt h o f the a mo u n ts g ive n ;

-
The
To ma ke an 1 mp r e s s 1 0 n th a t ma y be cle a rly s a fe be a ri n g
p r e ssu r e a c r o s s the
g ra i n o f

s ee n the t o p a n d e n d li n e s a r e s tru ck with

,
ti mbe r a s a t the e n d s o f a be a m will be a b o u t
a s t ri n g t h a t b a s bee n p a ss ed th r o u g h a o n e fi ft h o f the a m o u n t s ive n i n c o l u mn 6
g
-
e .

mixtu r e o f r e d o ch r e a n d w a ter o f the c o n Co l u mn 5 g ive s the c o e ffi cie n t 0 in the fo r

s i s te n cy o f thi n p a s te The s tri n g u s ed fo r . mu l a W C bd L a nd t h e s a fe l o a d ,

li nin g the u n de r side o f the ti mber i s p a ss e d w o u ld be a b o u t o n e si xth o f W fo r temp o ra ry -

thro u g h whitin g A re d o r d a rk li n e c a n
. w o rk o r o n e t e nt h fo r p e r ma n e n t l o a d s
,
-
.

be better fo llo wed by the t o p S a wyer ,

while from u ndern e a th a white li n e c a n be

best s een The o chre i s p l a ced in a little
.

b o x ( se e F i g 1 5 6) a nd w a te r a dded
. The re .

i s a h a n dle a t C a nd a n o tch a t D , The .

s tri n g i s pl a ced i n the b ox a nd dra w n

throu g h the n o tch A thi n piece o f .
f
F ig . 1 58 . F ig . 1 59

—B
.

w o od a s F i g 1 5 7 i s pl a ced o n the s tri n g

,
.
,
F ig 1 58 ea m 6 in x 6 in F ig 1 59 —B m
—B
. .
ea
while it is bei ng pul led thro u g h the n o tch
. . . .

fo r the
,
6 in . x 3 in . F ig . 1 60 . ea m 1 2 in . x 3 in
o therwi se it w o u ld be n ece s sa r y
.

fin g er a nd t h u mb t o g u ide the s tri n g a n d ,

C a l c u l a t i ng S t re ng t h of Ti mb e r
t o r e mo ve the su rplu s o chr e th a t ma y be
B e a ms .

o n it .

The s tren g th o f s o lid ti mbe r be a ms varie s

W e ig h t a nd S t re n g t h of T i mb e r . a s the s qu a r e o f the depth dir ectly a s the ,

width a n d i n ve rs ely a s the s p a n Thu s in

Thes e p a rtic u l a rs ive in the co m , .
,
a re g n ae
a be a m 6 i n s qu a r e ( F i m lti lyi
g u
p n g
p a nyin g ta ble
. .

the width by the s qu a r e o f the dep th g ives

6 x 6 6 x 36
2
2 1 6 ; a nd if thi s be a m
w a s s a w n d o w n the middle the r e w o u ld be
( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ,

3 x 6
2
3 x 36 1 08 ( F i g An o ther .

c a s e is th a t o f a be a m 1 2 in deep a nd 3 in .
.

N a me . wide ( F ig a nd the c orr e sp on di n g

.

Se l e c te d Qu a l i t y .

fi g ur e the n is 3 x 1 2 3 x 1 44 432
2
.

The o rdin a ry fo rmu la fo r the s tre n g th o f a

bea m lyi n g lo o s e o n the be a ri ng s a t e a ch
e nd a n d with ce n t r a l l o a d
, ( F ig is a s .

lbs . tp ns p e r t o ns p e r
sq . in . sq in .

37 22 40
45 35
48 30 43
47 45
37 20 3 0 F ig . 1 61 .
-
Loos e i
B e a m w t h C e nt r a l L oa d .

50 32
60
35 1 5
fo llo w s whe n B b re a dth in i n che s
, ,

38 s q u a r e o f de th i n i n che s le ng th o f
p L ,

35 1 5 25
37
be a rin g in feet C c o n s t a n t fo r which , ,
40
50 50 B a rl o w a n d Tr e d g o l d g ive a va lu e fo r Ri a
g
53 1 8 of C 4s cwt Thi s co n s ta nt i s o bt a i n ed
.

31
50 50
fro m the r esu lts o f tri a l s b u t it mu s t be ,

n o ted th a t s u ch te s t s va ry c o n s ide ra bly ;

The s tr en g t h o f ti mber will va ry in the s a me

I l l I

Wh i t e pi ” m c a rg o a nd a llow a nce mu s t be ma de fo r the

'c
ne I
Hc ?
C ,

diff e r en ce i n the g ro wth a nd fib re s o f the

40 C A RPENTRY AN D J OINERY .

va ri o u s pieces a n d fo r the effect o f sh a ke s , ,

An experi me n t wa s m de a so me ti me a go

k n o ts etc F o r exa mp le the c a s e o f a

,
.
,
by Ki rka ld y o n the s tr e n g th a dded t o a
b a lk 1 3 5 i n s qu a r e a n d 1 0 ft 6 in s p a n
. . . be a m by the fixi n g o n the t op o f the be a m
g a ve cwt a s the r e s u lt a cc o r di n
g t o. o f a fl a t i ro n b a r The sp a n o f the be am .

Tr e d g o l d a nd ,
cwt a cc o rdin g t o . w a s 24 ft a n d the depth a n d w idth we r e
.
,

B a rl o w The s a me si z e a n d qu a lity o f
. 1 4 i n a n d 1 2 i n r e s pectively
. Acc o rdi ng . .

ti mbe r t e s ted by the Mers ey D o ck E n g i n ee rs t o the a b o ve f o rmu l a with a c o ns t a n t o f 3 , ,

the ce n tra l b r e a ki n g l o a d sh ou ld b e
2
14 x 12 x 3
294 cwt . l 4g to n s , or
24
14 2
x 12 x 25
F ig . 1 62 .
—B ea m w th i Wrou g h t Ir on S t r a p .

cwt . t o ns Whe n the expe ri me n t

12 1
7 .

g a ve a r e s u lt o f 61 0 cwt o nly a g a i n s t the .

, w a s ma de h o w eve r the be a m sn a pped s u d
, ,

p r ecedi n g fi g u r e s It a ppe a rs fro m the .

d e nl y with a ce n tra l l oa d o f 1 0 t o n s s h o wi n g ,

l a tter ex a mple th a t the c o n s t a n t s h o u ld b e th a t the a b o ve c o n sta n ts wer e t o o hi g h fo r

r ed u ced t o sa y 2 6 o r 2 3 or s a
, y 2 5 t o 3, , thi s c a s e A si mila r be a m ( F i g 1 62 ) w a s
. .

fo r M e mel ti mbe r The f o r mu l a the n i s .

the n p ro vided with a w ro u g ht i ron s tra p -

2
B D C fixed o n the t o p a nd it w a s then fo u n d th a t ,

L the be a m fa iled s l o wly a n d g ra d u a lly u n der

whe r e w i s the b r e a ki ng wei g ht in cwt . in a l o a d o f 1 3 to ns — a n expe ri m e n t which
the ce n tr e o f the s p a n We then h a ve . fo r s h o wed th a t a dded s tr e n g th W a s g ive n t o

F ig . 1 63 .
-
Cu p -
sh a k e i n L og . F ig . 1 64 .
—C up -sha k e i n Ba lk . F ig . 1 65 .
—H e a rt - s h a k e i n L og .

a be a m 1 2 in wide .
,
1 1 in . deep ,
a nd 24 ft . the be a m by the a dditi o n o f the iro n b a r .

s pan ,
a s t r e n g th o f In o ther ki n d s o f ti mber p o s sibly the i r o n
s t r e n g the ni n g b a r s hou ld be o n the o the r
'

to n s I; cwt 5
-
cwt . 9 .

s ide o f the be a m .

K i rk a ld y s expe ri men ts with a be a m o f thi s

’

s p a n a n d S i z e sh o wed the s t r e n g th t o be

1 0 t on s It i s c o nsidered th a t ti mber h a s
.

a s e t with o nly o n e fi ft h o f i t s b r e a ki n g l o a d
-
,

a n d i s r e a lly s a fe whe n l o a ded t o o n ly o n e

s ixth o f the b r e a ki n g l o a d If the be a m i s .

fixed a t b o th e n d s it i s s tro n g e r th a n when ,

o n ly s u pp o r te d a t the e n d s a s 3 i s t o 2
1 66 —
.

S o m e qu a litie s o f ti mbe r a r e s tro n g er in F ig . H

. e art - sha k e in Ba lk .

te n si o n th a n in c o mp r e ssi o n whil s t o thers

Tim b e
,
D e fe cts in B a lk r
h a ve j u s t the o p p o site qu a litie s E xp e ri .

—
.

me n t s S h o w th a t D a n t zi g fi r is c ru s hed Cu p -
sh a k e s c ra cks extendi ng
The s e . a re

befo r e it is t orn a su n der o r i n o ther w o r d s , ,

ci rc u mfe r en ti a lly a t o n e o r mo r e pl a ces ,

th a t it s u lti ma te c o mp r e ssive str e ss i s le ss c a u sed by the s ep a ra ti o n o f the a nnu a l ri ng s ,

th a n i t s u lti ma te te n sile s tr e s s a s 4 i s t o 5 . a s i n Fi g s 1 63 a n d 1 64 . .
 TI M B ER .
41

D o a ti n e s s Thi s i s a speckled s t a i n fo u nd
.
-
in which kn o t s : o ccu r di a g o na lly i s li a ble ,

i n beech Ame ric a n o a k a nd o ther ti mbe r

, , ,
t o be s he a r ed th ro u g h the k n o ts o r s ever ely
d u e t o i n cipie n t dec a y It i s p ro d u ced by . d a ma g ed by the bl o w s o f the ra m D a n t zi c .

i mp erfect s e a s o ni n g o r by exp o s u r e fo r a ti mber h a s the l a rg es t kn o ts s p ru ce the ,

l o n g p e ri o d t o a st a g na nt a t mo sp he r e . h a rde s t .

R i n d g a ll s — The s e a r e c u rved s welli ng s

-
.

c a u s ed by the g ro wth o f n e w la yers o ve r

a p a r t d a ma ed by i n s ect s r by te a ri n g
g o ,

—S a p w ood —S t a —Up Cru s h e d F b r e s i

F ig 1 67 in F ig 1 68 r- sh a k e
F ig . 1 71 . se t or .

lk
. . . .

Ba . i n L og .

o ff o r i mp e rfect l o pp i n g o f a b ra n ch The s e .

D ry R o t — Ifb a lks h a ve been s t a cked

t he
‘

a re sh o w n by the g ra i n bei n g i rr e g u l a r a n d

o n l a n d wi t h i n s u ffi cie n t ve n t il a ti o n the , v a cu ou s .

g r o wth o f a fu n u s o ve r the m like white o r

g , S a pw o o d .
— Thi s o cc u rs m o r e i n so me tr ees
b r o w n r o o t s ma y i n dic a te t h a t d ry r o t h a s t h a n in o the rs
D a—n t
sa zi c mu ch , itch
, y , p
a l r e ady be g u n a l t h o u h it i s chiefly fo u n d
g , pi n e little It ma y be kn o w n by i t s g r ee ni sh
.

u n de r kitche n fl o ors . t i n g e a n d h o ld i n g the w a te r l o n g e r t h a n the

,

F o xi n e ss A r eddi s h o r yell o wi sh b r o w n
.
-
soun d t a ft er h a vi n g been wet If
p a r s .

t i n t i n the g r a i n Ca u s ed by i n cip ie n t dec a y

,
. c re o s o ted the s a p w o o d i s a s l a s ti n g b u t
, ,

n o t s o s tr o n g a s the he a r tw o o d It g en e r .

a lly o cc u rs a t t h e c o rn e r s o n ly o f the b a lk s ,

which a ri s es fr o m the des i r e t o s a ve a s

mu ch ti mber a s p o s s ible ( Se e F i g . .

F ig . 1 69 .
—S t a r - sh a k e in Ba k l .

H e a rt -
sh a k e s p lit
. s — The s e
o r cleft s a re s

o cc u rri n i n t h e ce n t r e o f the t r ee a s i n
g ,

Fi g s 1 65 a n d 1 66 They a r e c o mmo n i n
. .

n e a rly eve r y v a riety o f ti mb e r a nd

very s e ri o u s when they t wi s t in t h e len g t h

a re ,

,
F ig . 1 72 .
—W a ne y E d g e in Ba lk .

a s t hey i n te r fe r e with the c o n ve r s i o n o f the

Sta r sh a k e s —When
eve ra l he a rt s h a ke s s
They s o m e
- -

t r ee i n t o b o a rd s o r s c a n tli n g s .
.

o cc u r i n o n e t r ee ( s e e Fi g s 1 68 a n d 1 69) .

they a re c a lled s ta r sh a ke s fro m t h e a pp e a r -

a n ce p ro d u ced by thei r r a di a ti o n fro m the

cen t r e .

T hu nde r sh a k e s — The s e a re i rr e g u l a r fra c

-
.

F ig . 1 70 .
—Tw i st e d i
F b re s .
t u re s a c ro s s t h e g ra i n o cc u r ri n g chiefly i n ,

H o n d u r a s ma h o g a n y .

t i mes divide t he l o g in t w o fo r a few feet Tw i s t e d F i b r e s The s e a re c a u s ed by the.

-

fr o m t he e nd tr ee bei n g twi s ted in it s g ro w t h fr o m t h e

—
.
,

K no t s . La rg e
de a d a n d l o o s e kn o t s
, or a cti o n o f the wi n d u p o n the he a d Ti mbe r s o .

a re o bj ec t i o n a b le as t hey we a ke n t he ,
a ffected i s n o t s u it a ble fo r c u t t i n g u p i n t o

t i mbe r a n d a r e u n si g htly
,
A ti mber pile .
,
j o i s ts o r pl a nks o wi n g t o the fib re s ru nn in g
,
42 C ARPENTRY AN D J O INERY .

d i a g o n a ll y i n a n y lo n g it u di n a l c u t a s i n ,
D e t e c t io n a nd T re a t me n t of D ry R o t .

F i g 1 70
. Oa k with twi s ted fib r e s will n o t
. Whe n d ry ro t is s u s pected in a flo o r the
r et a i n it s s h a pe whe n s qu a r ed , b u t is ve r y flo o r b o a rd s sh o u ld be lifted a t the c o rn e rs
-

s u it a ble fo r s plitti n g u p i n t o w a ll pl u g s . o f the r o o m o r a t de a d e n d s o f p a s s a g e s

, ,

Up s e t s — The s e a re p orti o ns o f the ti mbe r

. o r whe r eve r s i g n s o f we a k n e s s S h o w the m

wher e the fib re s h a ve b e en in j u red by c ru sh s elve s ,

a n d the s u rf a ce s o f the j o i s t s Wa ll
pl a te s: a nd u nde r Side o f the flo o r b o a rd s
.
,

i ng as in F ig . 1 71 .

—
,

W a ne y The s e o cc u r whe n the t op

E dg e s . s h o u ld be cl o s ely exa mi n ed fo r fu n g u s ,

e n d o f the t r ee i s n o t l a r g e e n o u g h t o h o ld mi ldew o r a ny u nhe a lthy S i g n su ch a s a

, ,

u p t o the fu ll s i z e t o which t h e l o we r e n d b ro w n s e mi c h a rre d a p p e a r a n ce If a ny i s

-
.

i s s qu a r ed a s s h o w n by F i g 1 72
,
The s e . . fou n d the w o rs t p a rts s h o u ld be c u t o u t a nd
,

b a lks ma y be u s ed fo r pili n g with o u t d e t ri r e n ewed the r e ma i n de r well s cr a ped o ve r

, ,

me nt if the t o p e n d be d rive n d o w nw a rd s i n clu di n g the w a ll s a nd well w a shed with a

—
.
,

W de
i A nn ua l R i gs
n The s e g e n e ra lly i n di . s o l u ti o n o f blu e C o ppe ra s ( s u lph a te o f c o ppe r ) .

c a te so ft a n d we a k ti mber . If the e a rth bel o w i s fou n d t o b e d a mp a ,

W i n d c ra ck s — S h a ke s o r s p li ts o n the
,

-
. l a ye r o f ce me nt c o n c r ete sh o u ld be s p re a d
S ide s o f a b a lk o f ti mbe r c a u s ed b y sh ri nk a g e o ve r It n o t le ss th a n 4 i n thick Ai r b rick s
'

. .
,

o f the exte ri o r s u r fa ce a s in F ig 1 72 a r e ,
.
, a n d d u ct s S h o ul d b e pl a ced i n the w a ll s o n .

c a lled win d cra cks -

o pp o s ite s ide s t o g e t a th ro u g h c u rr e n t a s
W e t R o t —Ti mber th a t h a s been lyi n g l o n g
.
, ,

mo i s t w a rm s t a g n a nt a ir i s the mo s t p o te n t
, ,

i n the ti mbe r p o n d s a n d su bj ected t o a lte r ,

a id t o d ry r o t ; a n d eve ry e n de a v o u r s h o u ld

n a ti o n s o i wet a n d d ry ma y be so s o ft a n d ,
be ma de t o o bt a i n th o ro u g h ve n tila ti o n .

s o dde n a s t o h a ve r e a ched the s t a g e o f wet The m e a n s o f p r eve n ti o n a re : Th o ro u g h

ro t . The te rm wet ro t i mplies che mi c a l s e a s o ni n g fr ee ven til a ti o n c re o s o tin g o r
, ,

d ec o mp o siti o n o f the w o o d ; whe r e a s d ry ch a rri n g if n ece s s a rily exp o s ed t o d a mp

ro t i s the r e s u lt o f a fu n o u s ro wth e a rth a n d p a in ti n g with vit ri o l o r c u p ric
.

g g .
,

s u lph a te .

D ry Ro t .
‘

f W ood
‘

Ca u se , Cu r e , and P r e ve n t i o n .
—D ry ro t is P re s e rv a t io n o U n d e rg ro u n d .

a s peci a l fo rm o f dec a y i n ti mbe r c a us ed ,

The be s t w a y t o p r e s e r ve fr o m dec a y w o o d
by the g ro wth o f a fu n g u s M e m l zu s th a t is t o be b u ried in the g ro u n d is t o c r e o s o te
’

l a dkryma n s which S p r e a d s o ve r the s u r

,
the w o o d thi s d o e s n o t me a n p a in ti n g the
fa ce a s a cl o s e n etw o rk o f th r e a d s white , ,
w o o d o ve r with t a r b u t p ro pe r c r e o s o ti n g ,

yello w o r b r o w n a n d c a u s e s the i n side t o

, ,
by the r e g u l a r p ro ce ss The b u tt e nd o f a .
-

p e ri s h a n d c r u mble V a r i o u s c a u s e s ma y . p o s t t o be p l a ced in the g rou n d ma y b e

c o mbi n e t o r e n der the ti mber fa vo u ra ble ch a rr ed o ve r a w o o d fi re qu e n chin g with ,

—
t o the g ro wth o f thi s fu n g u s n a m ely l a r g e ,
w a ter whe n the w o o d i s ch a rr ed s a y 7 in }
, ,

p r o p o r ti o n o f s a p w o o d ; felled a t w ro n g t o i i n deep. Thi s will p r e .

s e a so n wh e n fu ll o f sa
.

p if c u t d o w n i n the the a tt a cks o f w o rms b u t it ,

'
s p ri n g o r the fa l l o f the ye a r i n s te a d o f i n

midwi n ter o r mi d su mm e r whe n the s a p i s ,

a t r e s t ; s t a cked fo r s e a s o n i n
g with o u t su f Chl o ride o f
fi c i e nt a ir s p a ce s bei n g left ; fixed befo re i n which w
B u rn ett s s y s te m ( s e e
’
th o r o u g hly s e a s o n ed ; p a i n ted o r va rni shed p .

while c o n t a i n i ng mo i s t u r e ; b u ilt i n to w a ll the ti mbe r fro m dec a y a nd

with o u t a ir s p a ce c o ve r ed with li n o leu m c o mb u s tible A me t h o d s o meti me s a d o pt

.

exp os ed t o w a rm s t a g n a n t a i r a s u n de r , ,
i s t o bed the p o s ts i n ce me n t c o n c r ete b ,

ki t che n fl o o rs The r e i s n o c u re when the

. thi s i s n o t qu i t e s o g o o d a s c r e oso ti n g .

f u n g u s h a s o bt a i n ed a g o o d h old The w o rs t
W 0 0 d5 W OOdS
.

mu s t b e c u t o u t a n d r e ma i n de r p a i n ted S o ft a nd H a rd
with bl u e vitri o l ( c u p ric su lph a te ) The . Ti mbe r t ree s a re u s u a lly div
be s t p r eve ntive i s t o u s e o nly well s e a s o n ed r e a t cl a ss e s — ( )
a S o ft w o o d s
g
-

ti mbe r a n d t o keep it well ve n til a ted . w o o ds b

( ) h a r dw o o d s o r
44 C A RPENTRY AN D J OINERY

p o le s s c a ffold b o a rd s ce nte ri n g p a cki n g

, , , exp o s ed t o the we a the r It i s u s ed fo r a l l .

c a s e s e t c — a n d in the bette r qu a litie s fo r

, ki n d s o f c a rpentry a nd j o i n e ry It s s ou rce .

d re s s ers a n d t a ble t o p s bedro o m fl oo r b o a rd s ,

-
. o f s u p ly i s chiefly the B a ltic p o rt s whe n ce
p ,

c u pb o a rd shelve s etc The w o o d i s o f , . it c o me s a s de a l s a n d l o g s .

yell owi sh white o r s ometi m e s o f a b ro w n i sh ,

F i r Ti m b e r Un c o n v e rt e d — All B a ltic fi r
, .

r e d c ol o u r b ec o min g o f a bl u i sh ti n t when
, i s a ki n t o the S c o tch fi r ( P i nu s s yl ve stri s )
exp o s ed t o the we a t he r The a nnu a l rin g s . or the s p ru ce fi r ( A bi e s e xc e l sa ) the ,

a re
g e n e r a lly cle a rly defi n ed the su r fa ce ,
w o o d o f the fo rme r bei n g kno w n a s r e d fi r ,

whe n pl a n ed h a s a s ilky lu st re a n d the ,

B a ltic fi r Me mel fi r etc ,
i n the u n c o n , .
,

ti mbe r c o n t a in s a l a rg e n u mb er o f very h a rd ,
ve rted s t a te whi l s t the w o o d o f the sp ru ce
,

g l a s s y k n o t s The s a pw o o d i s n o.t d i s i s kn o w n a s sp ru c e fir o r white fi r if u n f

,

t in g u ish a b l e fro m the he a r t B a ltic white . c o n ve rted ; b u t a s white pla n ks de a l s o r , ,

de a l i s r ec o g ni s ed chiefly by i t s s ma ll h a r d b a tten s if c o n ve rted At the o u t s et thi s

'

a n d d a rk k n o t s by i t s w o o lli n e ss o n le a vi n , g p ec u li a r ity o f c a lli n

g t h e sa m e w o o d re d o r

the s a w a n d by it s we a the rin g t o a g r eyi sh

,
yell o w u n de r diffe r en t cir c u ms t a n ces sh o u ld
ti n t Whe n fr e sh c u t the g ra i n ma y b e
.
,
be n o ticed si n ce the te rms a pplied h a ve
,

mo r e o r le s s p r o n o u n ced th a n th a t o f yell o w led t o the V ery p r eva l en t a n d mi s t a ken

de a l It i s su bj ect t o s tr e a k s o f r e s i n i n
. n o ti o n th a t r e d yello w a nd white den o te , ,

l o n g c a vitie s a n d t o l o o s e de a d kn o t s ,
. t h r ee i n s te a d o f o n ly t w o ki n d s o f B a ltic
, ,

fir .

R ig a F ir c o me s fro m the R u ss i a n p o r t o f
BE S T MIDDL IN G
th a t n a me n o rth o f M emel an d i s i n feri o r
, ,

i n s tr e n g th t o D a n t zi c a n d M em el fi r o f be s t
6
3 2 CO O
I D M DDL IN G I qu a lity a n d d o e s n o t a ve ra g e s o l a r g e It
,

ru n s a bo u t 1 2 i n s qu a r e a n d 40 ft l o n g b u t .
_
.
.

it i s o ften p r efe rr ed fo r c u tti n g i n t o s c a n t

C O MMO N MIDD L N G I li n g s bei n g o f s tra i g hter g ra i n a n d fr ee r
,

fro m kn o t s It i s h owever su bj ect t o

1 73 —
.
, ,

F ig . D . a nt zi c T imb er Qu a lit y M ar k s . he a r t sh a ke s
-
.

—
W hi t e F i n B u t little B a ltic white fi r
In whi t e de a l o r sp ru ce fi r the kn o t s a r e c o m e s i n t o the ma rket a s s qu a r e ti mber .

s m a ll d a rke r mo r e b r i t tle a n d o p a qu e
, , ,
. Wh e n it d o e s it i s termed white timber o r ,

S c ot c h F in — Thi s i s the w o o d o f P i n u s s r u ce fir ; b u t S p ru ce p o le s o r the y o u n g

p ,

s yl ve s t ri s a nd i s c a lled a l s o t h e No rt he rn
,
tr ee s felled a n d s trip p ed o f their b ra n ches ,

i n e a n d r e d o r yell o w i n e F r o m thi s the i mp o r ted fro m Swede n a n d N orw a y

p p . a re

t i mbe r k no w n a s yell o w o r r e d de a l i s ob fo r s c a ff o ld p o le s the ve ry be s t bein g s elected ,

t a in e d it i s t ou g h a n d s tron g fo r it s wei g ht , a s l a dde r p o le s They ru n in len g th s o f .

d u ra ble a n d e a sily w o rked che a p a n d p l e n t i , fr o m 1 8 ft t o 5 0 ft . .

fu l . Co me s p ri n cip a lly fr o m t h e n o r th o f P ru s s i a n F ir T i m b e r — S o u r ce s : M e mel .

,

E u ro p e a n d is shipp ed a t B a ltic p o r t s
,
. D a n t z ic S tettin K Oni g sb e r g
,
The u s e o f ,
.

Ch a r a cter i s tic s : Co l o u r va rie s a cc o rdi n g t o the b a l k s i s a lmo s t e n ti rely c o n fin ed t o

s o il a nd h a bit a t ; g e n e ra lly o f a h o n ey he a vy ti mber w o rk a s they a re t o o c o a r s e ,

yello w with di s tin ct a nn u a l ri n g s d a rke r

, a n d o pe n i n the g ra i n fo r bein g w r o u g h t fo r

a n d h a r de r o n the o u t s ide o f e a ch s o me j o i n ers w o rk They a re u s ed fo r o u td o o r

’
, .

s peci me n s ch a n g in g t o a r eddi sh c a s t in c a rp en try a n d he a vy w o o dw o rk s u ch a s ,

s e a s oni n g a n d o the rs b r o w n i sh
,
The r e a r e . pile s g irde rs ro o fs a nd j o i s ts D a n t zi c
, , ,
.

n o m ed u ll a r y r a y s vi s ible The be s t h a s .
— S i z e : 1 4 in t o 1 6 i n s qu a r e 20 ft t o . .
,
.

cl os e g ra i n a n d a m edi u m a mo u n t o f r e si n 5 0 ft l o n g . Ap p e a ra n ce : S u bj ect t o c u p
.

i n it The w o o d i s s ilky when pl a n ed

.
, a nd s t a r s h a ke s a nd
-
wi nd c ra ck s K n o ts -
.

a n d whe n well s e a so n ed c ri s p a n d d ry t o l a rg e a n d nu mer ou s o ften de a d a nd l o o s e ; ,

t he to u ch It s te n a city i s 5 t on s p e r
. they a r e very o bj ecti o n a ble whe n gr ou p ed
s qu a r e i n ch a n d wei g ht 3 6 lb , p e r c u bic . n e a r the ce n tr e o f a be a m o r fo r p ile s whe n ,

fo ot It r equ i re s pe ri o di c a l p a i n ti n g when
. di a g o n a l Annu a l ri n g s wide l a r g e p r o
. ,
 TI M B ER .
45

p o r ti o n of
pw o o d ( frequ e n t ly the wh o le
sa S o de rh a mn de a l s a re g o o d fo r u p p er flo o r
o f t h e fo u r c o rn e rs o f t h e ci rc u ms cribi n g in g , d r e ss e rs , shelve s , etc , a n d b a ckin g t o .

s qu a r e ) 2 0 ft t o 45 ft l o n g he a r t s o meti me s
,
. .
,
ven eers Ther e a r e a lso s a id t o be re d de a l s
.

l o o se a nd c u p p y Ma rks : S cribed n e a r . fr o m the B a lt ic p o rts a n d fro m Ca n a d a ,

cen tr e a s in F i g 1 73 It i s u s ed fo r he a vy
,
. . fro m the P i nu s ru bm , u s ed fo r mo u ld
o u td o o r c a rp e n t r y wher e la r g e s c a n tlin g s , i n g s a n d be s t j o in ery , ve ry like Memel .

a r e r equi r ed M e mel fi r i s t o le ra b ly fr ee
. S wedi sh w o o d s a r e n ever h a mm e r ma rke d , -

fr o m kn o ts b u t whe n they o cc u r the g ra i n , b u t i n va ri a bly b ra n ded with lette rs o r

n e a r the m i s i rr e g u l a r a nd i s a p t t o te a r u p , device s s t en cilled o n the e nd s in r e d p a i n t ,

with the p l a n e . which ma kes it diffic u lt t o j u d g e o f thei r

N o rw e g i a n D e a l s a n d B a l k s — S o u r ce s : . qu a lity by i n specti on a s they a re s t a cked ,

Chri s ti a n i a Fried rich st a dt , D ro n t h e i m , , in the ti mb e r ya rd s with their en ds o nly

D ra m .Size : Ave ra g e 8 in t o 9 i n . . s h o wi n g S o me o f the c o mmo n fo u rt h
.

s qu a r e g e n e,
ra lly t a pe r ed ; s c a r cely c a lled a nd fi ft h qu a lity Swedi s h g o o d s a r e left
-

b a lk ti mbe r ; i s kn o w n a s u n de r s i z ed -
. u n ma r ked b u t t hey ma y g e n e ra ll y be d i s
,
i

Ap pe a ra n ce : Mu ch sa p Ma rk s o n b a lks i n u i sh e d fr o m R u s si a n ship me n t s by the

.
, t g
o the r s by lette r s s te n cilled i n bl u e o n e n d s , . blu er c o l o u r o f the s a p w o o d The firs t a n d .

U s es : S ta g in g s c a ff o ldi n g a nd c o a rs e s ec o n d qu a litie s in S wedi sh de a l s a r e cl a s s ed

c a rpe ntry the be s t c on verted i n to de a l s

,
, ,

,
“ ”
t o g ethe r a s mi x ed bein g s c a rcely eve r ,

flo o rin g a nd imp o rted j o in ery No rwe g i a n

, .

t imber i s cle a n a n d c a r ef u lly c o n ve rted

I
,

b u t i s i mp o r ted chiefly in t h e s h a p e o f BE S T M D D L IN G

p r ep a r ed fl o o r in
g a nd m a tchb o a r di n
g .

S c a r ce in fo rm o f yell o w de a l s b u t o f hi g h ,
G O O D MI
DDL IN G
qu a lity Chri s tia n i a bes t b u t o ften c o n
.
,

t a in s s a p ; Chri s ti a ni a white de a l u s ed fo r
b e s t j o in ery Chri s ti a ni a a nd D r a m u s ed
I
.

C O M MO N M l D D-L N G
fo r u pper fl oo rs o n a cc o un t o f white c o l o u r
—R ig
.

Friedrich s t a dt h a s s ma ll b la ck kn o ts S o m e .
F ig . 1 74 . a T imb er Qu a lit y Mar k s .

D ra mm e n de a l s w a rp a n d sp lit in d ryi n g
’

S w e d i sh D e a ls S o u r ce s S t o ckh o l m .
,
s or ted s ep a r a tely a fter which c o m e third ,

Ge fl e S Od e rh a mn Go the nb u r g S u n d s va ll
, , , ,
d o w n t o fi ft h qu a lity g o o d s D e a l s o f l o we r
-
.

H o lms u n d H ern osa n d , The g re a ter p o r .

qu a lit y th a n third a r e n e a rly a lw a ys s h a ky ,

t i o n o f thi s i s c o a r s e a nd b a d b u t s o me o f o r ve r y fu ll o f defect s o f s o m e ki n d .

—
,

t h e V ery be s t B a ltic de a l c o m e s fr o m Ge fle R u s si a n T im b e r S o u r ce s : P ete rs b u r .

a n d S Od e rh a mn Fi rs t qu a li t ie s h a ve a hi g h . Ar ch a n g el O n e g a Ri g a Wyb o r g Na r va
, , , , .

ch a r a cter fo r freed o m fr o m s a p he a rt The s e yello w de a l s a r e the be s t fo r g e n e rah

‘

s h a ke s et c , The l o wer qu a li t ie s h a ve the

. b u ildin g w o rk mo r e fr ee th a n o ther so rt s
,

u sua l defect s bein g s a pp y a n d c o n t a i ning ,

fro m kn o ts S h a ke s s a p etc cle a n h a rd
, , ,
.
,

l a rg e c o a rs e kn o ts In the bes t qu a litie s ra i n a nd g o od we a rin g s u r fa ce b u t d o

, .
g ,

t h e kn o t s a r e s ma ll a n d l a r g er i n the l o wer n o t s t a n d d a mp well Firs t thr ee u s ed fo r

be s t flo o rs —a l l o f the m fo r w a r eh o u s e fl o o rs
.
,

qu a lities The yello w de a l i s g en era lly

.

s ma ll c o a rs e a n d b a d with la rg e lo o s e a nd s t a i r c a s es W b r — ve r y d b t
, , y o g .
g o o u ,

i n clin ed t o s a p Ri g a — be s t b a lk ti mbe r
,

k no t s sa pp y li a b le t o w a rp a n d twi s t b u t
, , ,
. .

va ri a ble t h e bes t bein g equ a l t o No rwe g ia n

, ,
S i z e : U p t o 1 2 in s qu a r e a n d 40 ft l o n g .
, . .

o wi n g t o c a r e i n c o n ve rs i o n a n d s o rt i n g Ap p e a ra n ce : K n o t s few a n d s ma ll ve ry ,

o ut in to differ en t qu a lities The che a p .

little s a p a nn u a l rin g s cl o s e w o o d cl o s e
, ,

imp orted j o in e ry i s ma de fro m the s e de a ls . and s t ra i g ht g r a in ed mo r e c o l o u r t h a n

-
,

“They a r e s u it a b l e fo r fl o o rs whe r e w a r i n
p g D a n t zi c Ma rks : S cribed a t cen t r e a s in
.
,

'c an be p r evented Ge fl e a n d S oderh a mn . F i g 1 74

. U s e s : F o r ma s ts a n d be s t c a r
.

dea l s a r e s o me t imes very g o od White de a l s p e n t ry whe n l a r g e e n o u g h a l s o fo r flo o ri n g ,

—
.

lfro m Go thenb u rg H erno sa nd a nd Su n ds a nd i n te rn a l j o i e y n r P ete s b u g i n cli n e d

r r
—
.
,

Iv a ll a re us ed f o r p a cki n
g c a s e s G e fl e a nd -
. to be h
s a ky A r ch a n
g el
. a n d O n e g a k n o t s
46 C A RPENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

o fte n su rro u nded by de a d b a rk a nd dro p ,

R u s si a n Go o d s
o u t whe n ti mbe r i s w o r ked The R u ssi a n 1m e ri a l A pp a n a o e S h l p me n t C
(
.

£ o c k) g za r s
white de a l s S hri nk a nd sw e ll w it h the we a ther , .

eve n a fter p a i nti ng B e s t fr o m On e g a . .

R u s si a n de a l s g e n era lly c o me u nma rked Is t .

i nt o the ma rket o r o n ly d ry sta mped o r,

ma rked a t their en d s with t h e bl o w o f a

b ra n din g h a mme r s u ch ma rk s bein g a l so ,

te rmed h a rd b ra nd s In s o me c a s e s wher e .

the g o o d s a r e n o t b r a n ded the s ec o n d ,

qu a lity h a ve a re d ma rk a cro s s the en d s ,

third bein g e a sily di s tin g u i shed fr o m fi rs t

qu a lity g o o d s The well kn o w n Gro m o ff
.
-

P e t er s b u r g de a l s a r e h o wever ma rked , ,
A ll h a m m e r e d o n bu t t W 1 t h t he I mp e r i a l
with C a nd
r
. the in i t i a l s o f the A rms ( d o u bl e e a l e
g ) .

s hippe rs
( Cl a rke C o m p a n y ) .
B e s t A rc h a n g e l Sto c k

Fi r s t Q u a l i t y M ar k s M a i ma x S h ip men t .

'

Q 1
A
G r o mo ff or 1 1
A
S ec o n d Q u a l i t y M a rk s C) 1

G r o mo ff or On eg a W o o d Co .
’
s S hip m e n t .

D ea l s
An ot her g o o d P eters b u r g 1
I

b ra n d is 2 3 1
B a t te n s
‘

P B “ j
.
( P eter B el a ieff ) for be s t
.
,
a nd
,
P B
. .
B oa rds X R ed V Red V B la c k V R e d
fo r s ec o n d qu a lity .

A mo s s o ff, G e rn et S hi p m e n t .

St . P e t e rs bu rg B ra n d s
A G dz C o . A G dz C o .

B e la ie fl S hi p me n t
’
s .
A B
Fi r st Q u a l it y M a rk s .

A G d Co z
. A G d CCz
.

P B S dz C o .
C D
S ec o n d Q u a li t y M a r k s .
Ar ch a n g e l
P B S 6 Co :

E H B ran dt d CO S hi pm en t
.
z
. . .

2
l st 2nd 3 rd
Thi r d Q u a lit y M a rk s
. . .

P B S & CO .
M a rk s , A rc h a n g e l
3 Ol se n dz S t a m p e S hi p m en t .

R u s s a n o ff d z
CO .
O S O S O S

Fi r s t
N R 1
d S : S u rk ow dz S he r g o l d S hi p me n t

S ec on d .
S s S s S s S di S
N R dz S
2 lV
S u r k o w dz S h e r g o l d K E M S hip men t
T hird .
.

N R 3
dz S K EM I . KE M 2 . KEM 3 . KE M 4 .

'
N . P a v l o ff .
R u s s a n o ff
’
s M e sa n e S h i p men t .

R R R R
N s N s N s N s
2 3 4
S ec o n d .
Ti mbe rs fr o m R u s si a n a n d Fi nla n d p o rt s
W OL OGD A a re d r s t a mped o n the e n d s with o u t c o l o u r
y
-
.
 TI M B ER .
47

Am e ri c a n Y e l l o w P in e — Thi s is the w o o d a nd the hi g h p rice o f yell o w p in e The c o s t .

'
of P i nu s s trobu s , a nd
kn o w n a l so a s is i s a b o u t the s a me a s Gro mo ff
Am e ri c a n W hi t e S p ru c e —
.

Americ a n yell o w de a l Weymo u th pin e , , Thi s i s ver y .

Am eric a n white p i n e p a ttern ma ker s pin e like B a ltic white timber b u t n o t bei n g
’
-
, , , ,

etc It is u s ed chiefly fo r p a n el s o n a cc ou n t
. equ a l t o it in du ra bility o r str eng th it d o e s ,

o f i t s g r e a t width fo r mo u ldi n g o n a cc o u n t
,
n o t c o mma n d s u ch a l a rg e s a le a s the B a ltic

o f it s u n ifo r m ra i n a n d fr eed o m f ro m white timber It i s the p ro du ce o f t w o

g .

kn o ts a nd fo r p a tt ern s fo r c a stin g fro m

,
diffe re nt tr ee s the A bi e s a l ba o r whi t e
, ,

o n a cc o u n t o f i t s s o ftn e s s a n d e a s y w o rki n g s p ru ce a n d the Abi e s mig ra o r bl a ck s ru c e

.
, p , ,

It i s ver y u n ifo rm in textu r e o f a very p a le ,

s o n a m ed fr o m the c o l o u r o f thei r b a rk ;

h o n ey yell o w o r stra w c ol ou r tu rnin g b ro w n

-
,
the c ol o u r o f the w o o d i s white in b o th
with a g e u su a lly fr ee fro m k n o t s a n d
, , c a s e s The bl a ck sp ru ce ti mber i s fa r bette r
.

s eci a lly r ec o g ni s ed by S h o r t
p d a rk h a ir , ,
th a n the white i s mor e plen tifu l a n d g ro w s
, ,

like ma rking s in the g ra in when pl a n ed , t o a g r e a te r s i z e .

E l m — Co mmo n E n g li sh e l m ( Ul mu s
'

a n d i t s li g ht wei g ht It i s su bj ect t o c u p. .

wa rn p e s tms ) i s o f a r eddi sh b r o w n c o l o u r
’

sh a ke s a n d t o i n cipie n t dec a y g o i n g b r o w n

and mo thery
” It t a ke s g lu e well b u t
.
,

,
Wi t h li g ht s a pw o o d the g ra in being V ery ,

s lit s in n a ili n g
p A m e ric a n w o o d s a r e n o t
. irr e g u l a r a n d ther e bei n g n u mero u s s ma ll
b ra n d e d a s a ru le th o u g h so me h o u s e s u se
/
,
kno ts It w a rp s a n d twi st s freely b u t i s
.
,

b ra n d s in i mit a t i o n o f the B a l t ic ma rk s , very du ra ble if kep t c o n st a n tly u n de r

t h o u g h with o u t fo llo wi n g a n y defin ite r u le s . w a ter o r c o n s ta ntly d ry b u t it will n o t ,

The qu a litie s ma y h owever very o ften b e , , be a r a ltern a ti o n s o f wet a n d d ry On e .

kn o w n by re d ma rks pec u li a rity ch a ra cteri stic o f e l m i s th a t the

u p o n the side s o r e n d s b u t the qu a litie s o f ,
sa
p t u r n s white a n d bec o m e s fo xe y a n d ,

Americ a n yell ow de a l s a re e a sily t o ld by in dec a ys qu ickl y It i s u s ed fo r c o ffin s p il e s

.
,

s e c t io n the c u s t o m in t h e L o n d o n D o ck s u n de r fo u n d a t i o n s p u lley bl o ck s s t a bl e
p , , ,

b ei n g t o s t a ck th e m o n their s ide s s o a s t o ,
fit tin g s etc It i s chiefly h o m e g ro w n
,
.
-
.

exp o s e t heir fa ce s t o V iew a nd a ll o w o f fr ee ,

Ani e ri c a n E lm — The w o o d g e n e ra lly
.

ven tila ti o n Wo o d s fro m Ca n a di a n p o rt s

. kn o wn a s Americ a n e l m is on e o f the U nited /

h a ve bl a ck letters a nd white letters o n the S t a te s ti mbers ( Ul mu s Ame ri c an a L ) ,

.

en d s a nd r e d ma rk s o n the ed g e s Americ a n
,
. l o c a lly kn o w n a s white e l m o r w a te r e l m , .

yello w p in e ma y b e p u r ch a s ed in b a lks o ver The w o o d i s hi g hly v a lu ed h a s ma n y p ro pe r ,

60 ft i n len g th a n d 24 in s qu a r e
. It is . . ti e s s i mil a r t o th o s e o f Am eric a n ro ck e l m ‘

n o t s o s tr o n g a s t h e Am e ric a n r e d p i n e b u t ,
Ul mu s ra c e mos a Th o ma s ) — t ho u gh not ,

i s mu ch li g hter a n d s o is di s t i n g ui shed whe n p e rh a s

p q u ite S O t o u g h a s th a t ti mbe r
—a n d is very ext en sively u s ed in c o o pera g e
, ,

flo a tin g by the hei ght it s t a nd s a b o ve t h e ,

w a t er Fi rst qu a li t y p in e c os ts mo r e th a n
.
-
sa ddle ry a x e helve s
,
-
etc a nd w a g o n a n d , .
,

an
y o the r s o f t w o o d u s ed for j o i n e r y . b o a t b u ildin g The t r ee which f urni she s
-
.

Am e ri c a n R e d P i n e — Thi s i s the w o o d o f t h e w e ed g r o w s t o la r g e di men s i o ns a n d ,

the P rimes mi tts which i s c a lled in ,

i s widely di s t rib u ted o ver a l l the S t a te s e a s t .

Ame ric a the yell o w p in e a n d is very like o f t h e Mi ss i ss i i Rive

pp r

P i t c h p i n e —Thi s i s P u ma A u s t ra l i a o r
, .

the w oo d o f t h e S c o t ch fi r th o u g h it d o e s ,
.

no t equ a l it in s tr en g th o r d u ra bility ,
P i nu s r e s i n os a a nd ,i s r ec o g n i s ed b y
n eithe r d o e s it g ro w so l a r g e a s the D a n t z i c it s wei g ht a n d s tro n g r eddish yell o w gra in ,

a n d M e mel t i mbe r B ein g ve ry s tr a i g h t

. with di s tin c t a n d r e g u l a r a nn u a l ri n g s It .

g r a i n ed a n d f r ee f r o m k n ot s i t i s v a l u a ble ,
mu s t be well s e a s o n ed a n d fr ee fr o m sa p a n d
fo r j o in e rs w o rk wh e n a s tro n g er w o o d P i t chp in e i s very fr ee fr o m kn o t s
’
, ,
s h a ke s .
,

t h a n yell o w p i n e ( de s c ribed in the p r evi o u s b u t whe n they o cc u r t hey a r e l a r g e a n d

p a ra g ra ph ) is r equ ir ed It is mo r e ex . tra n sp a r en t a n d g ive va rie t y t o the g ra in
,

p e n s ive th a n B a ltic fi r c o n s equ e n tly i s n o t ,

It i s u s ed chiefly fo r t r e a d s o f s ta irs a n d
so l a r g ely u s ed in E n g l a n d R e d pi n e ha s . flo o ri n g o n a cc o u n t o f it s h a rdn es s a nd we a r
,

o f l a t e ye a r s bee n u s e d r a the r ext e n s ively r e s i s ti n

g q u a li t i e s ; fo r d o o r s s t a i r c a s e s , ,

o wi n g t o the s c a r city o f g o o d yell o w de a l

!
s t ri n g s h a n d ra il s a n d b a lu s te rs o n a cc o u n t
, ,
48 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

o f i t s s t ro n g ly m a rked a n d h a n d s o me g ra i n in hi gh cl a s s j o in e ry It s s o u rce s a re H o l
-
.

fo r O pe n ti mbe r r o o fs o n a cc o u n t o f i t s l a n d a n d Ri g a bein g i mp o rted In s emi ,

s t r e n g th a n d a ppe a r a n ce ; a n d fo r o u td o o r ci r c u la r l o g s Wa in s c o t o a k o bta in ed fro m

.

c a rpe n try , s u ch a s j ettie s o n a cc o u n t o f i t s , Ri g a i s sp oken o f a s Ri g a w a i n s c o t The .

le n g th a n d s i z e The o rna me n t a l g ra i n o f
. term w a ins co t
'
de s c rib e s the meth o d
‘

pitchp in e i s d u e t o the a nnu a l rin g s n o t the ,

th a t i s a d o pted whe n c o n vertin g the l o g ,
'

medu ll a r y r a y s a s in o a k a n d the m eth o d i n t o b o a rd s in o r der t o s h o w a la rg e a mou n t

,
.

o f s a wi n g o a k will the r efo r e n o t s ui t a t a l l . o f s ilve r g r a i n su ch o r n a m e n t a l b o a r d s a r e

The o bj ect sh o u ld be t o c u t a s ma n y b o a rd s s peci a lly s u it a ble fo r w a in s c o tin g The .

a s p o s s ible t a n g en t t o the a n n u a l ri n g s . o a k s th a t g r o w a r o u n d the B altic a r e cl o s ely

'
Ab o u t o n e l o g in a h u ndr ed will S h o w mo r e r el a ted t o th o s e th a t g ro w in E n g l a n d .

o r le s s w a vi n e s s o f the g r a i n o wi n g t o a n ir Qu e rc u s robu r a ff o rd s t h e be s t timbe r .

r e u l a r g ro wth i n the t r ee a n d a b o u t o n e in
g , a s r e g a rd s s t r e n g th a n d d u r a bility u n de r

a th o u sa n d w ill be w o rth very c a r e ful exp o su r e th o u g h s o me o f the o ther va rietie s

,

c o n vers i o n To a v o id tu rn i n g the l o g s o
.
( a s
,
f o r i ns t a n ce the Q u e rcu s s e s s i l i flora
, ,

o fte n i n c u tti n g the b o a r d s a s in F i g 1 3 7 ( p ,

. . or clu s ter fru ited o a k ) h a ve a n equ a lly
-

they mi g ht be a l l c u t p a r a llel s o ,
p r etty fi g u re Ri g a o a k i s n o t held in su ch
.

o b t a i n i n g a g r e a te r n u m b e r o f W ide b o a rd s hi g h e s tee m a s E n g li sh o a k fo r o u td o o r
‘

b u t n o t o f su ch g o o d fi g u r e t h e g ra i n ,
wo rk a n d fo r p u rp o s e s i n which g re a t t e n
sh o wi n g s t ra i g ht lin e s t o w a rd s the ed g e s s ile o r c o mp r e s s i o n a l s t r e n g th i s n ece s s a ry ;

i ns te a d o f a fa ir p a ttern thro u g h o u t Ca r e ful b u t a s t h e m e d u l l a ry r a y s a r e ve ry p ro mi n

'

a n d c o mp lete s e a s o n i n g w o ul d be r equi r ed , e nt ,
Ri g a o a k a ffo rd s a very p r etty s ilver
o n a cc o u n t o f the g r e a t s h ri nk a g e o cc u rri n g ra i n Ri o a k ma y be the w o o d o f eithe r
.
g .
g a

O a k — E n g li s h o a k ( Qu e rc u s )
. is o f a o f the t w o v a rietie s o f Qu e r cu s me n ti o n ed

li g ht b ro w n o r b ro w n i s h yello w cl o s e a b o ve
—
, .

g r a i n ed t o u h
, g m o r e i rr e u l a r i n i t s
g , g r o wth Ch e s t n u t The che s tnu t ti mber u s ed fo r
th a n o ther v a rietie s a n d he a vier It s , . b ui ldin g i s the sweet o r Sp a ni sh che stnu t
t e n a city i s s a y t o n s p e r s qu a re in ch a nd C the c o mmo n
, , , ( a s t a n ea n o t
i t s wei g ht 5 5 lb p e r c u bic fo o t
,
B a ltic o a k
. . h o rs e che s tn u t which i s a whitish w o o d o f,

fr o m D a nt zic o r Ri g a i s ra the r d a rker in b u t little u s e The Sp a n i sh che stn u t i s

.

c o l o u r cl o s e g ra i n ed a nd c o mp a c t a nd i t s
,
-
, , g r o w n o n ly t o a s ma ll ext e n t i n Gr e a t B r it a i n

wei g ht i s 49 lb p e r c u bic fo o t Ri g a o a k . . a t the p r e s e n t ti m e ; it ma y b e k n o w n by

h a s mo r e fl o wer th a n D a n t z i c Ame ric a n . the le a ve s bein g s mo o ther mo r e p a ra llel , ,

o r Q u ebec o a k i s a r eddi s h b r o w n with a a nd not r a di a ti n s o decidedly f ro m o n e

, g
c o a rs er g r a in n o t s o s tro n g o r d ur a ble a s
, s t a lk S p a ni sh che s tn u t cl o s ely r e s e mble s
.

E n gli sh o a k b u t s tra i g hte r i n the g ra i n It s

, . c o a rs e g ra i n ed o a k in c o lo u r a nd in text u re
-
,

t e n a city i s 4 t o n s p e r s qu a r e i n ch
.

a nd , a n d the w o o d i n a l l i t s s t a g e s o f ma n u fa c

wei g ht 5 3 lb p e r c u bic fo o t A fric a n o a k

. . t u r e i s fr equ en tly mi s ta ke n fo r o a k The .

i s n o t a t ru e o a k Exp o s ed t o the we a ther

.
,
b a rk o f the l o g i s l ike o a k b a rk The pla nk s .

o a k ch a n g e s fr o m a li g ht b r o w n o r r eddi s h a r e o f p r a ctic a lly ide n tic a l a p p e a r a n ce a nd ,

r ey t o a n a she n r ey a n d bec o me s s t ri a ted even a ft e r the w o o d i s d r e ss ed u p t h e li ke

g g ,

f ro m the s o fter p a rt s dec a yi n g befo r e the n e s s i s s t ill ve r y cl o s e H o weve r whe n the .

,

h a rde r In p r e s en ce o f iro n it i s bl a cke n ed

. che s tnu t i s ol d it h a s ra the r mo r e o f a c in
by mo i s tu re o wi n g t o t h e fo rm a t i o n o f n a mo n c a s t o f c o l o u r h a s le s s s a p wo o d a n d , ,

t a nn a t e o f i ro n o r o rdi n a ry bla ck i n k , .
g e n e ra lly a cl o s er g ra i n a lth o u g h s o ft e r ,

W a i ns c o t O a k — Thi s kn o w n a l s o a s .
, a n d n o t s o he a vy a s o a k The chief dis .

D u tch w a i n s c o t is a v a riety o f o a k , It . t i n g ui sh in g ch a ra cte ri s tic o f the che s t nu t i s

h a s a s t ra i g ht g ra i n free fr o m k n o t s i s , t h e a b s e n ce o f the di s ti n ct m ed u ll a ry r a y s
e a s ily w o rked a n d n o t li a ble t o w a rp In
, . which p ro d u ce the fl o we r in o a k ; a n d o l d
c o n ve rsi o n it i s c u t t o S h o w the fl o we r o r r o o f ti mbe rs
-
be n che s a nd ch u r ch fi t t in g s
, ,
-

s ecti o n a l pl a te s o f m ed ul l a ry r a y s It i s . ma y be di s c ri mi n a ted in thi s w a y a l so by ,

u s ed fo r p a rtiti o n s d a d o s a n d w a ll p a n el , ,
the che s tn u t bein g mo r e li a ble t o s plit in
lin g g en e ra lly ; a l s o fo r d o o rs a n d win d o w s n a ili n g while the n a il s n eve r bl a cke n the
,
50 C A RPE N TR Y AN D J OINERY .

F i g ; 1 76 .Afte r the l o g s a re a l l s t a cked ,

p r ep a r ed d a rkeni n g 0 1 1 o r d a rken ed by
,

the i n v oice ma rk a s T 3 3 a nd n u mbe r o f

,
4
3 , s o m e o the r meth o d a n d p o li shed i n n o w a y ,

the l o g a r e p a i nted o n the e nd o f e a ch with diff ers i n a ppe a ra n ce ( a s fa r a s the u n

white p a in t t o iden ti fy the m mo r e ra pidly i niti a ted c a n j u d g e ) fro m the be s t ki n d s o f
a n d o n the e n d o f a l o
g h o wi n g o n t h e o u t
s ma h o g a n y .L i ght wei g ht a nd l a ck o f r e sis t
s ide o i the st a ck the n a me o f s hip a n d a n ce t o i n de n t a ti o n s h o u ld h o wever ma ke
, ,

n u mb er o f pile a re a l so p a in ted The o n e s u s pect the qu a lity o f an w o o d th a t

.
y
n u mb e r o f pile a n d n a me o f ship a r e a l s o cl a i ms t o b e tru e ma h o g a n y H o weve r it .
,

p a i n ted a t the s ide o f e a ch pile o n o n e ,

ma y b e sa id th a t P a n a ma ma h o g a n y
o f the l o s i F i 1 The p i cip l in clu de s s evera l u s efu l v a rietie s o f w o o d s
'

7 7
‘

g a s ,
n g .r n a .
,

t e a k y a rd i n L o n d o n i s a t the S ou th t o thi s cl a s s b el o n g in g S t D o mi n g o City

.
,

We s t I n di a D o ck S t D o ming o a n d Cu b a ma h o g a n ies The

M a h o g a n y —The tru e ma h o g a n y ( S wi e t e n i a
. .
.
,

ra i n o f the s e va r ietie s i s ve ry fi n e a n d eve n

.
g ,

ma hog a m ) i s a dens e h a rd s tro n g w o o d

'

, , ,
a n d t h e su r f a ce o f the w o o d i s l u s tr o u s a n d ,

of s t ra i ht wth d cl e text e o fte n h a s a w a ter ed o r s a ti n y a ppe a r a n ce

g g r o a n o s u r ,
.

a n d i s a r ich b r o w n i sh r e d i n c o l o u r with ,
The s e v a rietie s o f ma h o g a n y a r e n o t s o
d a rk w a vy ma rki n gs ; the p o r e s a r e d a rk c o l o u r ed no r s o den s e a s the tru e
s ma ll a n d a r e fil led with a ch a lk like s u b -
ma h o g a ny ( S w i e t e ma ma hog a ni ) S o me .

s t a n ce . The wei g ht o f the w o o d when ,

o f the m o s t p ro mi n e n t ti mbe r expe rt s s t a te

d ry sh o u ld a ve r a g e a b o u t 65 lb p e r c u bic
, . th a t the ch a ra cteri s tic s o f t h e va ri o u s
fo o t The c o mmo n er su b s titu te s fo r tru e
. ma h o g a n ie s a r e s o c o n fu s i n g th a t g r e a t
d i ffic u lty o cc u r s a t ti m e s i n di s tin g ui s hi n g
o n e v a r iety fro m a n o the r in fa c t s o m e g o ,

so fa r a s t o s a y th a t the w o o d th a t i s s o ld

a nd kn o w n c o mm er ci a lly a s S wi e t e n i a
ma hog a n i o r tru e ma h o g a n y i s a l mo s t
,
‘

en tir ely di ffer en t fr o m the sp eci me n s o f th a t

w o o d th a t a r e exhibited a t K e w Thi s d o e s .

n o t p r o ve th a t the s e w o o d s a r e in a n y w ay
i n feri o r t o tru e ma h o g a n y b u t th a t they
,

F ig . 1 77 .
—S h ip p i ng Mar k s .
a r e o bt a i n ed fr o m a n o the r a n d a n e n ti r ely

diff e r e n t kin d o f tr ee H en ce ther efor e

.
, ,

ma h o g a n y a r e nu m ero u s b u t H o n du ra s , den sity a n d c o l ou r a r e t w o i mp orta n t fa cto rs

ma h o g a n y ( b a yw o o d ) a n d P a n a ma ma h o th a t sh o uld be c o n sider ed when c o mp a ri n g
n y m be t ke n ex m le The v a riety o f ma h o g a n y w ith a n o ther
“

a
g a
y a a s a
p s . on e .

wei g hts o f the s e ki n d s o f ma h o g a n y v a ry Other mo r e minu te p o in t s o f differ en ce a r e

fr o m 2 9 lb t o 3 5 lb p e r c u bic fo o t ; hen ce
. .
, o nly a p p a r e n t w hen the w o o d i s exa min ed
wei ght i s eviden tly o n e o f the s u r e s t tes ts th ro u g h a micro s c o pe The term Sp a ni sh
.

of t he qu a li t y o f ma h o g a ny Gen era lly . ma h o g a ny i s u s ed p ri n cip a lly i n c o nn ec

s e a ki n
p g ,the s e c o mm o n e r v a r ietie s a re t i o n with Cu b a n ma h o g a n y b u t s o m eti me s
,

mu ch li g hte r in c o l o u r th a n tru e ma h o g a ny , S t D o mi n g o ma h o g a n y i s term ed Sp a n i sh

.

a n d a r e with o u t the fi n e bl a ck li n e s r u nn i n
g ma h o g a n y .The term i s a t be s t b u t a va gu e
t hr o u g h the g r a in th a t fo rm o n e o f the d i s on e , a n d i s r a r ely us ed i n c o n necti o n with
t in g u ish in g ch a r a cteri s tic s o f tru e ma h o a n y ship m e n t s o f ti mbe r th a t a rrive in thi s
g .

The h a rdn e ss o f t ru e ma h o g a ny is a b o u t c o u n try fro m a b r o a d In s u ch c a s e s t h e

.

t wice a s g r e a t a s th a t o f t h e c o mmo n e r c a r g o i s u su a lly sp o ken o f a s so ma n y l o g s

ki nd s ; th a t i s the be s t ma h o g a n y ma y
, o f Cu b a n ( S t D o mi n g o Mexic a n o r o ther )
.
, ,

be t a ken a s bei n g equ a l i n we a rin g p o we r t o ma h o g a n y In a g e n e ra l s e ns e the term

”
.

h o rnbe a m while the i n feri o r ki n d s w o u ld

, Sp a n i s h m a h o g a n y i s u s ed in c o n tra
n o t be h a r de r th a n W ey m o u th i n e A l r e di s ti n cti o n t o b a yw o o d o r H o n du ra s ma
p a g .

qu a n tity o f t h e l i ght co l o u red i n feri o r h o g a ny . N o r u le o r r e g u l a ti o n s ta te s p re

m a h o g a n y i s u s ed fo r fu rni tu r e etc a n d , .
, c i se l y th a t S p a n i s h m a h o g a n y mu s t f ulfil
a fte r h a vi n g bee n t r e a ted with a s eci a lly
p ce rt a i n s pecified c o nditi o ns a n d a timbe r ,
[
 TI M B ER .
51

merch a n t ma y fa irly cl a i m th a t he a cts Tea k is g o o d , b u t do es no t we a ther qui te s o

j u stly by his c u sto mer if he su p pli es him g o o d c o lo u r ; it i s a p t
a t o s pli t with n a il
with a mo de ra tely den s e sou n d qu a n tity ,
in g .L a rch i s n ext bes t .

D o mi n g o ma h o g a n y a nd P i l e F o u n d a t i o n s — Gr eenhe a rt o a k , e l m
'

o f Cu b a n o r S t .
,
.
, ,

h a s n o t s u ppl ied hi m with b a yw o o d ( H o n cre o s o ted Memel a lder Gr eenhe a rt i s u n , .

du ra s ma h o g a ny ) n o r a ny o f the ma ny o ther d o u btedly bes t b u t the c o s t i s p ro hibitive ,

.

so c a lled ma h o g a nie s
-
the ma rked ch a ra c ,
except for ma ri n e w o rk wher e it i s so me ,

t e ri s t i c s o f which di ffe r widely fro m Cu b a n time s e ss en tia l a s s e a w orms will n o t a tt a ck ,

-

ma h o g a n y S u ch sp u ri ou s ma h o g a ni e s a r e
.
,
it Oa k i s n ext bes t when it c a n be a ff o rded
. .

fo r exa mple the s o c a ll ed Afric a n ma h o

,
-
M e mel fir ( P i n u s syl ve s tri s ) i n 1 3 in .

g a ny ( K ha ya S e n e g a l e n si s ) or the w o o d t o 1 4 i n W h o le ti mbers cr e o so ted o r in it s

. _
,

th a t i s kn o wn a s Au s tra li a n ma h o g a n y n a tu r a l s t a te is the mo s t sui t a ble u n der

,

D l m F i m m) ordi n a ry cir c u ms t a n ce s o wi n g t o i t s c o n
( y ysox u r a s e r c u .
,

v e ni e n t s i z e len g t h a n d g en era l ch a ra cter

, , .

T i m b e rs fo r V a r i o u s P u rp o s e s .

Ri g a fi r i s g en e ra ll y t o o s ma ll a n d D a nt z i c ,

In the fo llo win g li s t the ti mbers a re s ta ted fir t o o l a r g e a n d c o a r s e P itchp in e i s c o n .

in o rder o f su p eri o rity fo r the p u rp o s e s s id e r e d sui t a ble b y s o m e it s chief a dv a n t a g e

n a m ed Al l the ti mber sh o ul d be s pecified
. i s t h e l a r g e s i z e a n d g r e a t len g th in which
a cc o r di n g t o the p r eci s e qu a lity r equi r ed it ma y be o bt a i n ed Americ a n e l m a n d
” , .

a n d n o t m e r ely a s the be s t E n g lish e l m beech a n d a lder a re s u it a ble

D o c k Ga t e s —Gr een he a r t o a k c r e o s o ted
.
, ,

.
, , if wh o lly i mmers ed b u t n o t o therwi s e ,
.

Memel The specific a ti o n o f the 60 ft

.
-
. P a n ki n g t o E a rt h W a g g
l o n s — E l m with .
,

en tra n ce lo ck g a tes a t the Victo ri a D o ck , a sh fo r sh a fts if a n y ,

.

H ul l p r o vided fo r rib s he a d s a n d heel s o f

, , , R o o f T ru s s e s — Oa k che s tnu t p itchpin e , , ,

s i n g le s qu a r ed ti mbe r s either o f E n g li sh o a k , B a ltic fi r ( D a n t zi c M e mel o r Ri g a ) F or , , .

o f t h e ve ry be s t a n d qui cke s t g r o w n ti mbe r , tie b e a ms t o op en t i mber r o o f 40 ft sp a n

- -
.

o r o f Afri c a n o a k b u t n o mi xtu r e o f the , p itch p i n e i s be s t a s it c a n b e o bt a in ed fre e,

t wo . The pla nki n g w a s specified t o be o f fro m kn o t s in l o n g s tra i g ht len g th s a nd

, ,

g r ee nh e a r t . the g ra in i s sui ta ble fo r e xp o su r e either

D o o rs E xt e rn a l fo r P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s l a i n o r v a rni sh e d O r e on i e i it bl
'

.
p g p n s s u a e
.

Oa k us ed mo st fr equ e ntly n ext i n o r der , fo r s i mi l a r r e a so n s b u t n o t s o well ma rked ,

ma h o g a n y t ea k a n d p itchp in e
, , . in the g r a i n Ri g a fi r is g o o d ma teri a l for
.

l fo r m o r e Im p o rt a n t B u i d l r o o f ti mbe r s b u t di ffic u lt t o o bt a i n i n l o n g
i

D o o rs In t e rn a
—
,

in g s .Oa k ma h o g a n y te a k w a ln u t pitch
, , , , l en g th s F or tie bea m o f kin g p o s t r o o f
.
- -

p i ne .Othe r h a r dw o o ds a r e a ls o u sed ac , tru ss the sa me a s a b o ve o r p itchpin e

, , ,

c o rdi n g t o o r in keep i ng with o ther in tern a l

, ,
if it i s t o be w ro u g ht a n d va rni shed
fittin g s F o r o rdi n a ry b u il di n g s yello w
.
,
S h o p F ro n t s Ma h o g a n y i s the fa v o u rite
.
-

dea l fo r fra m in g a n d yello w p in e fo r p a n els . ma t eri a l a nd we a t he rs well if k e p t F r e n c h

,

F ool r B o a r d s — Oa k itchpi ne S t o ck li shed bl a ck w a l n u t a n d te a k a r e pe rh a p s

p p o -
.
, ,

h o lm o r Ge fi e yellow de a l ; a n d fo r u p p er n ext i n o r de r .

fl oors D ra m o r Chri stia ni a white de a l F o r

,
. T r e a d s o f S t a i rs — Oa k p itchp i n e M e mel , ,

c omm o n fl o or b o a rdin g S wedi sh o r N o r-

fi r o rdin a ry yell o w de a l
W e a t h e r b o a rd i n g —
.
, ,

w e g i a n yello w o r white de a l -
Oa k is be s t u n der a ll
—
. .

Fl o o r J o i s t s R u s sia n de a l s ma ke the
.
'

cir c u ms ta n ces b u t is exp en sive L a rch , .

be st j o ists a s they a r e stra i ght g ra in ed a n d

,
-
( L a ri at E u mp wa ) p erh a p s s ta n ds n ext a s ,

fr ee fro m kn o ts so u nd a nd t ou g h B a ltic , . it r esi s ts the wea ther well a nd be a rs n a ils

fi r i s che a per a n d n ext be s t Swe di sh a n d . with o u t sp litti n g Ordi n a ry wea ther b o a r d .
-

N orwe g i a n n o t r elia ble in g c o n s i s t s o f yell o w de a l fr o m v a ri o u s

r t s —sa
.

H a l f t i mb e r F ra mi n g — Oak i s be s t a s it
-
, p o y f o u r ou t o f a 2
, é i n by 7 i n -
.
-
.

r e s i s t s dec a y the l o n g e s t a n d c a n be o b ,
b a tten or 3 in by 9 in de a l ou t fe a ther-
.
-
.

t a in e d n a tu ra lly sh a ped in cu rves o r s tra i g ht ,

ed g ed F o r w o rk t o be w ro u g ht a nd
.

a s may be r equi r ed The c olo u r a nd tex . p a in ted Americ a n re d fir is cle a n g ra in e d

,
-

t u r e a r e a l s o s ui t a ble fo r a r chite c tu r a l eff ect . a n d che a

p F o r v e r y co mm o n r o u h w o rk
.
g
 J OINERY
'

52 C A RP ENTRY A N D .

W hi te p ru ce de a l ma y b e u sed a s bei ng the

s li
T h e l s t q u a t y ma y h a v
e d B on t he e nd

che a pe s t .
2 md J B N
W i n d ow s il l s —Oa k o r te a k fo r be s t w o rk
-
.
3 rd d B +N
-

4t h d B N
o cc a si o n a lly pitchpi n e i s us ed b u t it i s n o t _
,
5t h d —B N
s o d u ra ble a s eithe r o f the fo rme r
u n so r t e d n
‘
d N B N

B r a nd s a nd S h i p p i n g M a rk s on
or if i n s te a d o f firs ts a nd s ec o n ds a mi xe d
, ,

ra de i s s u b s titu ted ( c o n s i s ti n f m i xed

‘

g g o
Ti m b e r .
fi rs t s a nd s ec o nd s ) the ma rk will p rob a bly ,

S i mp l e t
E xp l a n a i o n . —A few b ra nds
a nd be d 15 8 J o h n B rown ma ke s n o s ecr et
.

ma rk s h a ve a lr e a dy bee n illu stra ted b u t o f the s e ma rk s a n d w o u ld l a dly i n f o rm

, , g
the su b j ect n eeds s peci a l expl a n a ti o n the r e ,
an
y i n q ui r er o f the s i n ific a n ce a s t o q u a lity
g ( )
bei n g a very g en era l i g no ra n ce a s t o the o f a n y g ive n b r a n d In fa ct he i s a t mu ch .
,

re a s o ns fo r a n d m e a ni n g s o f the g r e a t
, ,
p a i n s t o a dverti s e the fa ct th a t the s e cl a ss e s
n u mber o f ma rks fo u n d o n i mp o r ted ti mbe r .
o f ma te ri a l a re ma nu fa ct u r ed by h i m a n d ,

The di ffi cu lty o f identifyi n g p a r cels o f th a t the a b o ve a rra n g e men t o f i nitia ls is

ti mber c on si g n ed in the s a m e frei g ht o r ,
t o be t a ke n a s a n i n dic a ti o n o f the c o mp a ra
s to r ed in the s a me pl a ce b u t bel o n g i n g t o
,
tive qu a litie s o f the s tu ff The t w o r e a l .

diff ere n t o w n ers w a s n o d o u bt the o ri g in a l

,
exa mple s g iven bel o w will sh o w h o w the
r e a s o n fo r the i n tro d u cti o n o f a ma rki n g ma tter w o rk s o u t i n p ra ctice .

s y s te m ; the extensi on o f the s ys tem t o H o l m s u n d s M a rk s — The H o l ms u nd s Ak

ma rk s th a t indic a te qu a lity w a s the n a tu ra l t i e b o l a g ( H ol msu n d s S h a r e Co mp a n y ) ma n u
s equ el t o the ma rk s o f o w n er ship Ther e .
fa ctu r e a nd exp o rt s a w n g o o d s a nd pla n ed
is n o thi n g o f a my s teri o u s o r c ryptic n a tu r e o o d s fr o m H o l ms u n d s S weden a n d the
g , ,

in thi s s ys te m o f ti mber ma rk s n o r sh ou ld ,
fo ll o wi n g is their a dverti s ed qu a lity c o de
the va ri o u s ma rks be r e g a rded in the li g ht
S AW N G o ons
o f a s ec r et c o de ; the g r e a t i n c r e a s e i n the

n um b er o f ma n u f a c tu r e rs a nd the c on s e
qu e n t mu ltipl ic a ti o n o f b ra n d s a r e the o nly
c a us e s t h a t h a ve b rou g ht a b o u t a ny o b
s c u ri t th a t ma y b e th o u g ht t o e xi s t The re
y .

i s a ls o g en era ll y a n entir e w a n t o f o rg a ni s a
ti o n e a ch n e w ma nu fa ctu r er b ein g a b s o
,
P L A N E D G o o ns
l u t e l y a t libe rty t o a d o pt a ny b ra n d o r
ma rk th a t he ma y thi nk fit t o a d o pt ; a n d F i rs t s H 8 g N D
S e c o nd s H S * N O
th ou g h i n mo s t c a s es r e spect i s p a id t o ol d
,

e s ta bli shed ma rk s plen ty o f ex a mples o f

,
Th id
r s H L N D
~

,
F o u rt h s H L D
r epetiti o n a n d o verl a ppi n g exi s t Red u ced .

U n s or t e d ( Sa wn or P l a ne d) H S U N D
t o s imple terms the s ys te m ( if s y s te m it c a n
,
'

b e ca lled ) r e so lve s its elf i n t o a p a ra llel o f H er e , bvi o u sly the w o rd H ol ms u nd s h a s

o ,

the i ma g i n a ry c a s e de s cribed b el o w J oh n . b ee n ma de u s e o f a s the b a s e fo r qu a lity

B row n i s a s a w mill p ro p riet o r a n d fo r e s t va ri a ti o n s .

o w n e r i n S wede n H e ma n u fa ct u r e s s a w n
. W i fs t a W a r i s M a rk s — The Wi fs t a W a r fs
w o o d g o o d s fo r the E n gli sh ma rket a n d in ,
B o l a g a s a w milli n g fi rm in the S u n d s w a ll
,

o r de r t o di s ti n g u i s h the g o o d s p ro d u ced a t di s trict o f S wede n exp o rts u nder the fol l o w

,

h is mill s fro m the g o o d s o f o the r s a w mill e rs i n g mark s ( a l s o ve ry cle a rly derived fro m
, ,

he s ta mp s o r s te n cils o n the e nd o f e a ch the n a me )

p iece a m o r e o r le s s a bb r evi a ted fo rm o f h i s

o w n n a me ; a nd a t the s a m e ti me
, u s es ,

v a ri a ti o n in the a rra n g e men t o f the letter

in g i n o rde r t o i ndi c a te diff e r en ce s in qu a lity .

Thu s he ma y exp o rt six g ra des o r qu a lities

o f ma te ri a l 1
 TIMB ER . 53

A fa ct th a t sh o u ld be n o ted wi th r e sp ect t o initi a l s a n d symb o ls th a t a re pec u li a r t o

Swedi sh g o o d s i s t h a t wher e a mi xed g ra de
W
the p r o d u cti o n s o f e a ch Su ch a li s t h a s
.

is shipped u s u a lly n o s ep a r a te fir s t s a n d been c o mp iled a nd is in g en era l u se by

,

s ec o n d s a r e exp o r ted a s the s e be s t qu a litie s

, ti mber merch a n ts a n d a ll c o nn ected in a n y
a r e n o t so rted fro m o n e a n o ther . w a y with the ti mber tra de ; it c o n t a i n s
L i st o f M a rk s . In the s a m e w a y n e a rly
-
u pw a r d s o f t w o th o u sa n d m a rk s a n d b ra n ds .

al l o the r fir ms i n the B a ltic a n d N o rw a y t ra de On e o f the ess en ti a l s o f su ch a w o rk i s th a t

ma ke u se o f so me si mp le meth o d o f s i g n i fy it sh o u ld be kept u p t o d a te a s n e w firms
,

in g qu a litie s in which the i niti a l s o f the

,
a n d s y mb o l s a r e c o n s ta n tly a p pe a rin g o n
he a d o f the fir m o r o f the c o mp a n y ( wher e the ma rket while o thers fa ll off fr o m ti me
,

a c o mp a n y i s in p ro p rietorship ) fo rm the t o time . L a stly the ma rking when a pp lied

, ,

chief di stin g ui shi n g fea tu r e s Obvi o u sly

.
,
t o l o g s a s su m e s s evera l n e w ch a ra cters ;
,

ther efor e n o u niversa l key c a n exi s t th a t

,
it ma y be s a id th a t frequ ently g rou p
will a t o nce ma ke cl e a r a ll deta ils a s t o n u mbers , cu tti n g n u mbers p riva te su b
,

qu a litie s p ort o f ship m en t etc excep t it

, , .
,
o w n e r n u mber s a n d m a rks c o n t e n t s ma rk s
, , ,

be i n the na tu r e o f a lo ng li s t o f n a me s a n d a n d eve n d a t e s a re
, so meti me s pl a ced o n

a dd r e s se s of ma n u fa ctu r e rs a n d o f the
,
the e nd s a nd s ides of lo g s
 JO I N T S .

In t r o d u c t i o n —F ul l in stru cti o n s
etti n g on s to p ro vide a c o llecti o n o f ill us tra ti on s h a n dy
o u t f c u t t in g
'
a n d fitti n g mo s t o f the j o i n t s
,
fo r r efe r e n ce so th a t the p r e s en t tr e a t me n t
,

u se d i n c a rpe n t ry a n d j o i n e r y a r e g ive n i n o f tech n ic al w o o dw o rki n

g m a y n o t b e i n

the c o mp a ni o n v o lu me , c o mp lete .

F ig . 1 78 —St.
ig h t ra H a lve d F ig . 1 80 .
—A g 1 n e H a lv ed F ig . 1 81 .
—
C r os s - h alv d e

Ji t o n . J i t Ap
o n , art . Cr o s s L a p ) Jit o n .

Pi g 1 82 —D v o eta il L ap

1 8 3 —B e v e ll e d 1 8 4 —S h o
. .

Ji o nt F ig F ig u l d e re
-
d
—S ing l e
. . . .

H a lvi ng v t il H lvi i
.

. Do e a a ng . F ig . 1 85 . N ot c h ng .

P ig . 1 86 .
—D ou b e l i
N ot c h n g .

F ig . 1 88 .
—Dove t a il N ot c h n g i .

a nd the r e a de r i s a s s u med t o be fa mi li a r with Jo int s in C a r p e n t ry .

a ll thes e p ro ce ss e s The o bj ect o f the . Ha lv e d —

J o i nt s The si mples t j oints us ed
p re s en t ch a pter i s me rely t o p r e s e nt b rief in c a rp entry a r e the va ri o u s fo rms of

p a rticu l a rs o f the j o i nts i n g e n e ra l u se a nd h a lvi n g : si mple h a lved j oi n ts ( Fi gs . 1 78

 JOINT S .
55

F ig . 1 89 .
—T re dg ol d F ig 1 91 —B i ’
r d s- mou t h e d
i
. .

N ot c h ng .
Ji
o nt .

F ig . 1 90 .
—C i
og g n g .

—B id l e Joint —D
1 92 . r .

F ig . 1 94 . ow e ll ed

P ost a nd S ill .

F ig . 1 93 .
—ob liq ue Br d i l e

F ig 1 95 —S t u mp
‘

or St ub
1 9 6 —S h o l d e ivi d
. .

T e n on . F ig . . u re d T e n on . F ig . 1 97 .
-
D ed T e n on .

N o t ch e d a nd Oth e r J o in t s — Of t h e m a n y
fo rms tchin g ther e a re : s i n g le n o tch
of no

in g ( F i g d o u ble n o tchin g ( F ig
.
.

d o vet a il n o tchi ng ( Fi g s 1 8 7 a n d a nd
.

T r e d g o l d n o tchi n g ( F i g ? Co g g in g i s
1 90 t h e b i rd s m o u thed j o in t
’
s h o w n by F i g
-
.
,
’

b y F i g 1 9 1 the b ri d he j o i n t by Fi g s 1 92
.
,
.

a n d 1 93 a n d d o welli n g o f w o o d t o s t o n e by
,

F i g 1 94
. .

Te non J oint s -
Of t en o n
j o i nt s there is the st u mp o r stu b te no n ( F i g ,
.

1 98 —
F ig . I. n s e r t ng i T e n o n i n Ch a s e M or t i se .
1 95 ) the sh o ul d e red te n o n ( F i g 1 9 6) .

the di vided ten o n ( F ig the ch a s e .

to d o veta il h a lvi n g ( F i g bevelled . mo rtis e ( F i g in the s ide o f a t i mbe r

. ,

h a lvi n g (F ig . a n d s h o u lde r ed d o vet a il with o n e cheek c u t a w a y a nd t h e dep t h

h a lvi n g ( F i g r a d u a lly t a e r i n g o u t t o the f a ce o f the
.
g p
56 C AR P E N TRY AN D J OIN E RY .

F ig . 1 99 .
-
S e ct i on T e n on Jo int .

F ig . 2 00 .
—P a rt s of Tus k
t e n on e d J o i nt .

timbe r It i s u s ed in i fr a me d a n d
.

d ou bled fl o ors fo r en a blin g sh o r t ,

j o i s ts s u ch a s ceili n g j o i s t s between
, F ig . 2 01 .

t h e bi n ders t o b e g o t i n t o pl a ce a f te r
, We d g e d Tu s k T e n on Ji o nt .

the l a rg e r ti mb e rs a r e fixed a s sh o w n ,

i n the i l l u stra ti o n The tu sk t e no n is sh o w n .

Toe J o in t s — Simple toe j o in ts a re s h ow n
by Fi g s 1 99 t o 2 0 1 ; s tru t s ten o n ed in t o
.
by Fi g s 205 . a nd 2 06, a nd a t oe j o i n t with
t h e he a ds o f kin g V p t ’

ten o n by F ig 2 07
'
o r e n
q u e os s a re
-
. .

sh o w n by Fi s 2 02 t o 2 04
g . .
Ga n t ry S t ru t J o i n t s — B i rd s mo u th
.
’
-
an d

F ig . 2 02 . F ig . 2 03 . F ig . 2 04 .

F i g 2 05 —
T oe o nt Ji P i g 2 06 T oe — o nt Ji
—S t i i l i l
. . . .

F ig 2 02 ru t T e non e d i nt o Ki ng or Qu e e n P ost
-
b e t w e e n P r nc p a b e t we e n Ve rt c a
2 03 —
f
. .

P i i p l R ft i nt o Q u e e n R a t e r a n d S t ru t P o s t a n d S t ru t
F ig T e n on e d
. .
r nc a a er

ii g B m l i
. .

P t St
os ra n n ea J og g e d nt o sa me
2 04 —
, .

F ig . P i i p l R ft
. r nc a a e rs T e n on e d i nt o Ki ng
mit r ed b u tt j o i n ts fo r a gt y s tru t a r e
a n r

P o st .
s h ow n by Fi g s . 2 08 a nd 209 r e sp ectively .
 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

Pig . 222 .
—
T bl a ed S c ar f w it h K e ys a nd P l at e

F ig . 2 23 .
—F i sh e d J int K ey
o , ed ,
a nd l
Bo t e d .

F ig . 2 24 .
—F i sh e d Ji o nt w th i H a r d w ood Key

F ig 225 —S p l S c ar
a ye d f w it h l
F o d i ng We d g e s
i h Pl
. .

a nd Ir on F s at e s .

226 .
—
D v t il
o e a Sp l a ye d

F ig . 227 .
—D v o et a il S carf .

F ig . 228 .
—R k i a ng u se d for R d g e s , i et c .

F ig . 2 29 .

Ve rt i l ca S c ar f .

F ig . 2 34 —S i g l F i h
. n e s e d F ig 2 35
. .
—D ou b el Fi sh e d

F ig 230 But t J i t wh P
o n en os t B ut t Ji
o nt f or D e t a c h e d
l H lv d
. .

D ou b e a e
i s Br a c e d . P o st
0 r D b l o u e

F o r k 1 Ji t e ( o n F1g . 2 33
fished keyed a n d b ol t e d § ( F ig 2 2 3 ) fis hed
F ig . 2 30 T og e t h e r . Sp l a ye d S car f
. , ,
.
,

with h a rdw o o d keys ( F i g a n d the .

s tr a i n i s t h e fi shed j o in t wi t h o bliqu e keys s pl a yed s c a rf with i ro n fi sh pl a t e s a n d b o lt s

F i J o i n ts s ui ta ble fo r t e n s i on , F
( g i which i s u s ed i n the w a r eh o us e s
( g .

the S ou th We s t I n di a D o ck L o nd on
.

mgi res s i o n a nd cross s t ra i n a r e a s fo ll o w s at -

co : , .

Fi shed a n d t a bled ( Fi g s 2 20 a n d .
Othe r j o int s u s ed fo r leng theni n g p l a te s
ta bled sc a rf with keys a n d pl a te s ( F i g . 2 22) a n d rid g e s a r e s h o w n a t Fi g s 2 2 6 2 2 7 a n d .
, ,
,
 JOINT S . 59

2 28 . J o i nts fo r bea ms a nd p o s ts a r e : the sa

y 1 0 i n . by 3 in The joint ma y a ls o
. .

a r —
ve tic l sc a f a h a lved j o in t ( F ig
r . s he a r a cro s s Bc or G F ther efo r e s ecti o n a t
,

do u ble h a lved j o int ( Fi g s 2 3 0 a nd 3 60

G F mu s t equ a l —
.

p a ra llel s c a rf with j o g g led ends ( F i g B C or 2 77, sa y 2 8 in .

.
13
s pla yed s c a rf ( F i
g s i n g le fi s.hed b u tt by 1 0 in . The j oi nt ma y a l so be c ru shed
j o int when the p os t i s b ra ced ( F i g . at B D or G H ther ef o r e s ecti o n a t B D o r G H
,

a nd the d o u ble fi shed b u tt j o i n t F i 3 60

( g 2 35 ) .

mu s t equ a l 3 6, sa y 1 0 in by 3 5 in
when the p o s t is det a ched fi
. .

F ig . 236 .
—T b l a ed S car f Ji o nt .

“
R ule fo r P r o p o rt i o n in g P a rt s of S c a rf . Thu s the b e a m sh o u ld b e a b o u t 1 0 in by .

Tr e d g ol d g ives the f oll owi n g p r a ctic a l ru le s 1 0 ih with wed g e s a s s h o w n b u t in o rdi na ry

.
,

fo r p ro p o rti o ni n g the di ff er en t p a r ts of a p ra ctice the fo ldin g wed g e s d o n o t exceed

s c a rf a cc o rdin g t o the s tr en g th p oss es s ed o ne fou rth the depth o f the be a m a nd a re
-
,

by the ki n d o f timber in which it i s fo rm ed , u su a lly pl a ced s qu a r e t o the ra ke o f the

t o r e s i s t te ns i o na l c o mp r e s si o na l o r she a r
, , s ca rf the s c ar f bein g fu rther s tre n g then ed
,

in g fo r ce s r e s pectively In F ig 2 3 6 c (l . . by b o lts a nd p l a te s .

mu st be t o c b in the ra ti o th a t the fo rce S t re n g t h of J oint s i n S t ru t s a nd B e a ms .

y
’
t o r esi s t detru si o n be a r s in the di r ect If t w o de a l s a r e b olted t o g ether wi t h di s ,

c he si
o o n o f —
the ma teri a l th a t i s in o a k , , t a n ce piece s between they will be s tro ng er ,

a sh , elm e d mu s t be equ a l t o fr o m ei g ht
, th a n a s olid timber s tru t o f the sa me s e c
t o t e n time s 0 b i n fi r a n d o ther s tra i g ht t io n a l a rea bec a u s e the di mensi on o f
,

r a i n ed w oo d s e d mu s t b e equ a l t o fro m
“
g le a s t width in the formu la for c a lcu l a
s ixtee n t o twe n ty ti me s 0 b The su m o f . ti o n o f str en g th will be i n cr e a s ed ; Ther e
t h e depth o f the i n den t s sh o u ld be equ a l t o
o ne a nd o n e thi r d depth o f be a m The
-
.

len g th o f s c a r f sh ou ld be a r the fo ll o wi n g
p pr o o r ti o n t o t he depth o f the be a m

W oo d U se d
Wit h b lts
a n d in d e n t s
o
F ig . 2 37 .
—S p 1 a ye d Scar f w it h li
Fo d ng We d g e s .

w ou ld b e n o a pp r eci a ble a dva n ta g e in

2 t me s i ma ki n g the di s t a n ce p iece s of di ffer en t thick
n ess e s t o s well o r r edu ce the mi ddle di a
‘

meter they sh o u ld b e a ll a li k e a n d en ou g h ,

t o ma ke the c o mbin ed thickn ess n o t les s

Ca lc u l a ti o n of a s arc fed j oin t with fo ldi n g th a n th r ee fo u r th s of the width o f the dea l s

-
,

a n d the di s t a n ce a p a r t in feet s h ou ld be
wed g es as F ig 237
equ a l t o the leng th of the de a l in feet mul
.

W o r ki n g i
r e s st a n c e t o t e a ri n g t ip l i e d by i t s thickn e s s i n i n che s a n d di vi ded
c o m p r e ss1 o n
sh e a n n g
by the width in in che s Sin g le g in b o lts .
a
.

a r e o f n o u se in r o u g h c a rpe n try except fo r

.

L o a d equ a ls , say , 3 60cwt dir ect ten s i o n

. very s ma ll w o rk ; in s te a d t wo in b olts ,
-
.

bey o nd tha t ta ken by b o lts or p la tes The .

s h o u ld be pl a ced di a g o n a ll y thr ou g h e a ch

j o in t ma y te a r a cro ss A B or D E F
( gi . blo ck H o ri zo n ta l
. c on n ecti n g ro ds in
3 60 ma chi n ery a r e s o meti mes swelled in the
ther efor e s ecti on a t A B mu t eq l I2
s ua 30,
middle t o a ll o w for the cross s tra i n u p o n
60 C AR P EN TR Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig s 2 3 8. a nd 2 9 2 .
-
Con
n e c t in g P os t an d B e a ms
b y T e n on ng i a nd C og

F ig . 245 .
—Upp er P or t i on of

F r a m ng i of i
Or d na ry S t a g i ng .

F ig . 238 .

F ig 240 F ig 241
—S
. . . .

F orm
i
P g s 2 4 0 a nd 2 4 1
. e c u r ng o nt s . i Ji F1g . 2 46 .
-
De t a 1 1 Of Of

S t a g i ng “1 01 1 8 3 ? t ha n t h a t
b e t w e e n P os t a n d B e a ms b y S t r a p s a nd 1
Bo t s l s h own by F1 g 245. .

90 58 BE A MS

F ig 2 44 —l
A t e rn a t e iv
i
. .

M e t h o d b y u s ng T w o
Cr o s s B e a ms .

F ig . 2 42 .

—J i F ig 247 Up p er P ort i on of St ag i
ngS u p p ort
i i H e a vy L oa d s ; H e a d H a lv l
. .
'

P g s 2 4 2 a nd 2 4 3
. . o nt s a n d F a st e n ng s be i ng Be a m e d and B o t e d
t w e e n P o s t , C or b e l a nd B e a m f or H e a vy S t ag e . to C or b e l .
 JOINT S . 61

t he m dditi on t o thein a e nd -
lo ng s tra in , th e pieces a r e pu t t o g ether the j o i nt is
while ve rtic a l s tru ts h a ve no c r o s s s tr a i n ma sked by the be a d a n d t h e t o n g u e p r e , __ _

t o meet . ve nts d u st a nd d ra u g ht fro m p a s si n g

thro u g h a s in F ig 2 63 A slip fe a the r i s
, . .

a
p iece o f w o o d i n s e r ted i n p l o u h
g g r o o ve s ,

a s in F i 2 60 t t e the l ed j i t
g o s r n g . n a g u o n
, ,

o r t o kee ou t the d u st
p .

It ma y be o f s o ft w o o d ,

a n d is t he n i n sh o r t le n g ths ,

ma de by c u tti n g p iece s
1 i n wide o ff the en d o f
‘

,
.

a
p l a n k t u rn i n
g the p iece s ,

o ve r a n d c u t t i n g the m i n t o ,

thi n s tri p s with t h e g ra in ,

a c ro s s t hei r le n g th If h a rd .

w o o d is u s ed the g ra i n ,

ma y r u n in the di r ecti o n
o f the le n th The s li p fe a the rs ma y a l s o
g .

b e d o u ble or d o vet a iled ,

.

F ig 2 48 . Con e nt ona — v i l
i i i H
.

V e w o f S t a g ng w t h e a d
1 B e am a H
e d a nd B o t e d lv l
J o i n ti n g B e a ms to P o st s a nd S t ru t s .

The u su a l metho d s o f formin g j o in ts between

bea ms p os ts s tru ts a n d b ra ces a s u s ed i n
the c o n
, , ,
F ig F ig 250
‘

2 49
st ru cti o n o f g a n t rie s s t a g i n g s j ett ies
—S t t
. . . .

b rid g es etc a re illu stra ted by Fi g s 2 3 8 t o

, , ,
F ig 24 9 ru P ost o nt
a nd S u p p or t e d b y Ji
Cl i
. .

e at S p ke d t o P os t
. .
,

250 —
.

2 54 The in s c rip t i o n s t o the illu s tra ti o n s

.
F ig B r a c e a n d P os t o nt B r a c e T e n on e d Ji
i ik
. . .

ma ke the meth o d s qu ite cl ea r t o u n der nt o P ost e d i n a nd S p

Cl e a t J og g I
’
e d t o P os t .

s ta nd
— F o u rteen
.

J o i nt s in J o i n e ry
R ig h t An g l J e o int s s tyle s of
.

a ng le j o ints h o wn by Fi g s 2 66 t o 2 79
a re s

Ob t u s e An g l e J o i n t s —F o u r kin d s o f t he s e
. .

J o int s — E leven j o int s

v

E dg e ed in c o n
us
'
n e c t in g b o a rds edg e to ed g e a re sh o w n by j 0 1 nt s a r e illu s t ra ted b y Fi g s 2 8 0 t o 2 8 3 . .

F ig 251 F ig 252 F ig 253 F ig 2 54

—M it d B t t d T
. . . . . . . .

F ig . 251 re d J i t b tw
u an e n on e o n e een F ig 25 3 Tr e b
-
l A b u t me nt
e o nt b e t w e e n S t ru t Ji
i i i
. .

i i g Pi
.

—D b l Ab t m t J i t b t w S t
B d St an ra n n a n d S t r a n ng P e c e

254 —
ra c e e ce . .

P ig . 252 . ou e u en o n e een ru t , F ig T e n on e d a nd B i ’
r d s- mou t h S h ou d e r e d l
i i i J i t b tw i i i
. .

He a d , a nd St r a n ng P e ce . o n e e en S t ru t a nd St ra n ng P e ce .

Fi g s . 2 55 to 2 65 .
iMa t c h b o a rd in g i s thi n D o ve t a i l J
k no wn i n o i nt s — Thes e a re

s t u ff with a t o n g u e a n d be a d w o rked o n o n e g r ea t v a r iety b u t it will be s u fficie n t t o ,

a n d a g ro o ve o n the o the r s o t h a t w h e n s h o w a few k nd s o n ly o rdi n a ry d o ve

e dg e , i t h e
62 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

F ig . 255 .
-
E d g e Bu t t Ji
o nt .
F ig 256 .
—R e b at e d J oi nt .

7— ill Ji “ i nt
F ig R e ba t e d a nd F F ig 258 and T °n g u e d
. 25 . et e d o nt .

F ig . 259 .
—R e bat e d , G v roo e d, an d T on g u e d Ji o nt .
F ig . 2 60 .
—P l '

ou g h e d a nd Cr os s T ong ue d Ji o nt .

F ig . 2 61 .
—D ove t a il S lip f -
e at he r Ji o nt . F ig . 2 62 .
—M at c h e d a nd Be a d e d Ji o nt .

F ig . 2 63 .
—M at ch e d a nd Ve e Jio nt e d .
F ig . 2 64 .
—
Sp1 a y- r e b a t e d Ji
o nt .

ch a ra cteri s tic s The d o vetail led g ed a nd

.

the di mi ni shed d o veta il led g ed a re sh o w n

F ig 2 65 —D ow e ll ed Ji o nt r e spectively by Fi s
g 2 91 a n d 2 92
D o w e ll e d J o i n t —The o rdi n a ry d o w elled
. .
. . .

t a ili n g Fi
( g s l a pped d o veta il
. 2 84 a nd j o in t is r ep r e s e nted by F i g 293 ; secti on s .

F
( gi . t w o s ec r et o r d o u ble l a p o r -
sh o wi n
g a d o wel fitted i n c o rr ectly a nd c o r

r eb a ted d o vet a il s ( Fi g s 2 87 a nd a nd re c t l
y a r e i r e r e s e n t e d by Fi s 2 94 a n d 2 95
p g
.
.

the s ec r et mitred d o vet a il ( F ig . re s pectively A ri g ht a n g le d o welled j o in t

.
,

The b o x p in j oin t ( F i g 2 90) is n o t a . i s s h o w n by F i g 2 96 Al lied t o the d o wel

. .
—

d o veta il j o int b u t h a s s o me o f the l a tter s ,

’
j o int i s the s cr ewed stra i g ht j oin t ( Fi g s 2 97 .

EF i g . 2 66 .
—
Pl i a n Bu t t Ji o nt . F ig . 2 67 —R . e ba t e d Ji o nt . F ig . 2 68 .
—P l i
a n M t re i

—R nd M t r e i
—B
e bat e d
—M it
F ig . 2 71 . a

Pi g . 2 69 . ut t Ji o nt T ong u e d . Pig . 2 70 . re Ji
o nt T on g u e d . J oi nt .
 JOINT S .
63

F i g 2 72 F i g 2 73 Pig 2 74
“

F1g 2 75
G v
. . . .

M i t r e d 9 roo R e b a t e d 2 M i t re d 9 a n d R e b a t e d 9 T on ue d ,
0

e d , a nd

igi?fidil diifig
a nd RG ve d
%
u
T ong ue d J ow t . l
Dou b e t ong ue d
-
Ji
o nt . S t a fi B e .a d e
‘

J o i r1 t .
‘

F i g 2 76 F i g 2 77 F i g 2 78 F 1 g 2 79
Gl i l
.

G v
. .

u e d B l oc k mg s Bu t t J omt w t h F u sh R e b a t e d a nd S t a ff B e a d e d R e b a t e d , r oo ed a nd
Ji
.

J o mt S t a fl Be a d e d
‘

Be a d s ,
.
o nt .

Fig . 282 .

Obt u s e An g l e
F ig 2 84 —B ox v t il J i
Do e a o nt for me d
i G v
.

M tre d ,
roo e d,
by S e v l B d
e ra oa r s .

a nd T on g u e d
Ji o nt .
64 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

F ig . 287 -.
i —
S
e c re t L a p Do v e

Ji
o nt .

i
M t r e d Do v t il
e a .

F ig . 2 88 .
—S e c re t L a p Do v t il J i
e a o nt .

F ig . 2 90 .
—B ox P in Ji
o nt .
F ig . 2 91 .
—D v t il
o e a Le dg e d .
66 C AR P ENT RY AN D J O IN E RY .

F ig . 3 01 .
—H ou s e d Ji
o nt .

F ig . 3 03 —T . e n on M ort i se Ji
o nt .

F ig . 8 05 .
—Do b l e
u or Twi n
T e n on s .

F ig . 3 04 .
—P a i r of S i gl
n e T e n on s .

Fig 3 0 6 —P i a r of i l
S ng e T e n on s i
w th G v
r oo es F ig . 3 09 . F ig . 31 0 .

i il
. .

li
a nd S p F e a t h e r s . P nn e d T e n on . F oxt a T e n on .
 JOINT S . 67

H o us i ng —The s i mple ho u s in g j o i n t is t ff i s u s ed i n fra ming t o g ether p ieces o f

s u ,

s ho wn by F ig . 3 01 . the s a me s i z e the morti s e bein g j u st lon g

,
'

Te no n J o int s —S o me ten o n e n o u g h t o a ll o w o f a wed g e bein g d riven i n

j o in ts h a ve a lre a dy bee n sh o w n u n de r the o n e a ch s ide o f the t e n o n t o s ec u r e it A
he a d i ng “
J o in ts in Ca rpentry ” f
.

, (p .
p a i r o s i n le ten o n s u su a lly c a lled a d o u ble
g ,

F u rthe r ten on j oi n ts mo r e e sp eci a lly u s ed , t en o n i s u s ed fo r c o nn ecti n g t he middle

,

in j o in e ry a r e : the s i mple o p e n teno n a n d

,
r a il o f a d o o r t o the s tile s A h a u nched .

mo rti s e ( F i g 3 02 ) clos ed mo rt ise a n d

. ten o n fo r c o n n ectin g the t op r a il o f a d o o r
te n on ( F ig p a ir o f si n g le te n o n s
.
, t o the s tile s ; the te n o n bei n g h a lf the width
c ommon ly c a lled d o u ble ten o ns ( F i g . o f the t o p r a il le a ve s a h a u n ch o r h a u n chi n
g
d o u ble o r twin ten o n s ( F i g . t o p r eve n t the ra il fro m twi s tin g A s t u mp .

p a i r o f sin g le ten on s with g ro o ve s a n d s lip l

o r s t u b te n o n i s u s ed a t the fo o t o f a
p o st t o

fe a thers ( F i g h a u n ched ten o n ( F i g

. .
p r eve n t m o v e me n t A t.u s k te n o n i s u s ed
d o veta il ten o n ( F i g pinn ed .
,
in fra mi n g t rimm e r s t o t ri mmi n g j o i s ts t o ,

te no n ( F i g S tu mp o r s tu b te n o n s
.

a n d t u s k te n o n s a r e a l so u s ed i n j o i n e r y ,

a n d h a ve a l r e a dy bee n illu s tr a ted ( Fi g s 1 95 .

F ig . 31 1 .
—F oxt a il T e n on s w t h i a nd i
w t h ou t
H ou s ing .

a nd2 00, pp 5 5 a nd . The f o xta il ten o n

Fi
( g 3 0 ) i o d j i n t a lte rn a tive meth o d s
s a g
. o o ;
( with a n d with o u t h o u s i n g) o f a pp lyi n
g F ig . 31 2 .
—Ha mm e r- h e a d e d K ey Ji
o nt .

t hi s i n fitti n g r a il s i n t o a n o a k g a te p o s t a r e _
-

s h o w n by F i g 31 1 . .
o bta i n the ma ximu m su pp or t with t he
P ro p o rt i o i g T e o n s
n n n — Ther e is n o u ni . mini mu m r edu cti o n o f s tr e n g th A ten o n .

vers a l ru le for p r op orti o ni n g ten o n s b u t ,

with o n ly o n e s h o u lde r i s u s ed in fra m ed
_

the p ra ctice i s t o g ive from h a lf t o the wh o le a n d b r a c ed b a t t e n d o o rs a n d i n s kyli g h t s

, ,

o f the width o f the ra il whe n thi s d o e s ,

when the ra il requ ir e s t o b e kep t thin fo r
n o t e x ceed 5 i n fo r the wid t h o f the ten o n s .
,
. o the r p a r ts t o p a ss o ve r ; t hi s i s kn o w n
If mo r e sp a ce th a n h a lf we r e g ive n t o a a s a b a r efa ced t e no n A p a ir o f d o u b le
.
*

h au n ched t en o n t h e e nd o f the s t ile w o u ld ,

te n o n s i s u s ed fo r the l o ck ra il o f a thick
b e l ia b l e t o be d riven o u t in wed g i n g u p
'
d o o r t o r eceive a mo rtis e l o ck
—A
.
, ,

a n d il t h e r e i s n o r e a s o n why mo r e sp a ce H a mme r h e a d e d K e y
-
J o i nt c on v e n

sh o u ld be g iven Wide t en o ns a re o bj ec t i o n . t i o n a l view o f a h a mme r he a ded key j o i nt -

a ble o wi n g t o thei r li a bi li t y t o s h ri n k fr o m a p a r t i s p r e s e n ted b y F i g 31 2 . .

,

t h e wed g e s o r t h e s ide s o f t h e mo r t i s e s . S p e c i a l J o i n t s — Ma n y o t he r j o i n t s a d a p t ed
Ap p l i c a t i o n s o f T e n o n J o i n t s — Wi t h r e . t o p a r t ic u la r p u rp o s e s a re de s c ribed i n
r d t o the a p lic a ti o n o f the v a r i o u s te n o n su b s equ e n t s ecti o n s Refe re n ce t o t he se
g a p .

j o int s a few o f the s e a re n o ted bel o w :

,
ma y e a s ily be fo u n d by c o n s u lti n g t h e
A simp l e te n o n o n e thi rd thick n e ss o f the i n dex
“
-
.
,
 F LO O RS .

Ge n e ra l Co n s i d e ra ti o n s .
—
The r e ma rk s in wet for a s lo n g a peri o d a s p o ssible b efo r e
,

this p a ra g ra ph will be fo u n d a pplic a ble t o they are r equ ir ed for u s e Wh er e su c hl a n .

a ll so r t s o f fl o o r s The j o i s ts sh oul d b e la id
.
g z
a rra n e me n t i s p os s ible it i s w ell t o h a v e t h e

a c r os s the n a rro we s t p a r t o f the r o o m a n d , b oa rd s la id fa ce d o w nw a rd s fo r so me mo nth s

'
i de r s a n d bi n ders s h o ul d b e so a rr a n ed in the p o siti o n they a re t o o cc u py befo r e
g r
g
a s t o t a ke a b e a r in g o n a so lid pie r o r w a ll they a re fi n a lly n a iled
“

, .

F ig . 31 3 .
—M e t h od of S u p p ort i ng J oi s t s r ou n d k
B r i c w or k F e n d e r in B a s e me nt .

a nd not o ver d o or o r wi nd o w o pe ni n g s In .
m e n t or G r o u n d F l o o rs
Bas e .

c a s e s wher e a l o n g di s t a n ce h a s t o be t ra The flo o r in a b a se men t st o r ey ,

or on

ve rs ed by a j o i s t which i s su pp o rted by
,
o n e o r mo r e i r de rs i n the le n th it s h o ul d
g g
the gro u n d level wher e ther e is n o b a s e
m en t is f o rmed o f j o i sts la id o n w o o de n
, ,

b e ma de a s l o n g a s p o ssible B y thi s m e a n s . sleepe rs the ms elve s bedded o n dw a r f w a ll s

,

t h e s tr en g th o f the j o i s t i s g r e a tly i n c r e a s ed , ( Fi g s 3 1 3 a n d
. The w a ll s a n d sleepers
a s a l s o i s i t s u s efu l n e s s a s a tie t o the w a ll s . a r e u su a lly 4 ft o r 5 ft a p a r t a n d the j o i st s
. .
,

Fl o ori n g b o a rd s sh o u ld b e c u t a nd p rep a r ed
-
,
4 i n t o 6 i n deep
. .Occ a si o na lly the w a ll s
.

a n d s t a cked i n the o pe n a i r with fr ee ve n til a

,
a nd sleepe rs a r e f u rthe r a p a r t a n d the n ,

ti o n a l l ro u nd with p roper p ro tecti o n fro m

,
j oi st s 6 in o r even 8 in deep a re u sed F i g
. . . .
 F L O OR S .
69

3 1 3 is a c o n ve n ti o n a l view a nd F i g 3 1 4 a , . S ing le F l o o rs .

sec t i o n th r o u g h a fl o o r o f thi s de sc ri ti o n
p , The i mple s t flo o r c o nsi s ts o f a ro w o f
s
cl e a rly sh o wi n g h o w t h e j o ists a re su p p o rted be a ms o r j ois ts v a ryi n g in thickn e ss a n d
,

by t h e b rick fe n de r r o u n d t h e fir e l a ce dep th with the width o r be a rin g betwee n

p .

Oa k is c o n sider ed be st fo r sleepe rs a n d t o , the w a lls o n which they a re su p p o rted .

e n s u r e o f i t s bei n th hly e a ed To the u ppe r side s o f the s e j o i s ts i s n a iled

g o r o u g s s o n ,

F ig . 31 4 .
—S t i
ec on t h r ou g h B a s e me nt or G ro u n d F l o or .

F ig . 31 5 .
—P l an of S i gln e F l oor i
s h ow n g Tr immi ng to F i pl
re ace s, We ll -
ho l e, etc .

hi p
s oak is so meti me s e c ified F o rm e rly
sp the fl o o r b o a rdi n g a nd t o the u nde r side
-

it w a s the p ra ctice mo r e so th a n a t p r e s e n t
.
,

, , the l a th s which c a rry the ceili n g Thes e .

to n o tch o r c o g the j o ists t o t h e sleep e rs . j o i st s sh ou ld no t be pla ced a t a g re a t er

Whe n t h e j o i st s a r e dee p en ou g h ro w s o f , di s ta n ce th a n 1 5 i n fr o m cen tr e t o ce n tre
. .

he rrin g b o n e s t ru t t i n g a r e i n t r o d u ced as , An o rdi n a ry exa mp le o f a s i n g le fl o o r is

indi c a te d a t B ( F i g c u t a n d fixed a s
. sh o w n at F ig 31 5 thi s fi g u r e b ei n g
.
,

sh o w n l a te r by F i
g 3 1 7 . . t h e pl a n o f the ti mbe r o f a flo o r o f t w o
70 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

ro o ms ,
well h o le fo r s ta ir c a s e fo r a
a nd -
7 ft wide a n d 1 2 ft l o n g The fl o o r is c o n
. . .

dwellin g h ou s e 3 4 ft fr om fro n t t o b a ck
-
,
.
,
s tru cted t o c a r ry t w o fra m ed p a r titi o n s o n e ,

a n d 2 0 ft wide i n the cle a r

. it sh o w s a l so the 1 8 ft fr o m a nd p a ra llel t o the fr o n t w a ll
.
, , ,

trimmi n g fo r t w o 6 ft chi mn ey b re a st s i n a n d the o the r exte n di n fr o m thi s p a rtiti o n

g
- -
.

fla nk w a ll a n d fo r well h o le a t o pp o s i t e
-
,
-
t o the b a ck w a ll a l o n g the well h o le The
-
.

fl a n k n ext the b a ck w a ll The well h ole i s .

-
middle be a ri n g i s r equ i re d t o be u nder t h e

F ig .
—Vi w f T k T
31 6 . e o us e n on

an d K y d J i t t T imm
e e o n o r e rs

Jit o s s .

F ig . 31 8 .

31 7.
—H e rr i ng b o n e S t ru t t i ng .

F ig . 31 9 .
 F L O OR S .
71

fi r s t me nti o n ed p a rtiti o n
-
The tri mmin g .

j o i s t i s 1 1 i n by 3 5 in , a nd i s pla ced 1 8 in
. .
.

fr o m the chimn ey b re a st
The sh o rt tri m
-
.

me rs a r e 1 1 in by 3 i n a n d r e r e s e n ted n o t
.

p .

a s r e s tin
g i n the p a rty w a ll b u t a s bein g ,

su o rted o n i r o n c o rbel s b ui lt i n the w a ll

pp .

F i g 3 1 6 s h o w s t o the left a n i so metric

.
, ,

vi e w o f the tu sked a nd keyed j o int t o the

tri mmin g ro u n d chi mn ey b r e a s t ; t o the -

ri g ht it sh ow s a s ect i o n a l i s o m etric view

,

thro u g h j o i n t o f trimme r a nd t a ilin g j oi st .

It a lso r ep re s ent s the kind o f j o in t th a t

F ig . 321 .
—C r o ss S e ct i on t h r ou g h
Coa c h H e a d Ar c h T ri mme r , ,

H e a rt h e t c , .

F ig . 322 .
—Vi ew s h ow n
g i
Und e r S d e i of Ar c h , T r im
m ng i , a nd Tie Bo t l .

F ig . 3 24 .

F ig . 323 .

i
F g s 3 2 3 a nd 3 2 4
.
-

—l
A t e r na t e M e t h o d s
. iv .

J o i s t s t o T r mme r s
of H ou s i ng Z I i .
72 C AR P ENTR Y A N D J OINERY .

w o ul d be u s ed t o c o nn ect the s ta i rc a s e p a ra llel with the chi mn ey b r e a st a nd the -

trimm er a nd j o is t s sh o w n in well F i g 3 1 7 . .
tri mme rs which c a rr y the j o i sts a re a g a i n s t
( p . 7 0) g ive s a vie w o f the he rri n b o n e
g the side s o f the b r e a s ts F i g 3 2 0 is a re . .

s t ru tti n g ( 2 i n by 1 5— fou r ro w s o f which

. ve rse c a s e the r e bei n g o nly o n e tri mme r
, ,

a re in di c a ted o n the pl a n The j oi s ts . which i s p a ra llel t o the b re a st b u t t w o tri m ,

i n fro m b a ck t o fro n t a r e r equi r ed t o b e min g j o i sts the s e bei n g a t ri g ht a n g le s t o

g o g ,

i
F i g 3 2 7 - S e c t on t hro u g h B nd e r s h ow i ng i
i i Ji l iv
. .

Br d g ng c s t s C og g e d , a n d A t e r n a t e M e t h od s
F ig . 325 .
—P 1 a n of i
B nd e r or D ou b l e F l oor . o f C onn e c t on w t h C e i
ng i
oi s t s ili J .

34 ft 9 i n lo n g therefo r e a ll o r the g re a ter

. .
,
it . F ig .ecti o n thro u g h the t ri m
3 2 1 is a s

p a rt w o ul d h a ve t o be f o rmed o f t w o leng ths

,
me r he a r t h c o a ch he a d b rick a r ch etc
, , ,
.
,

a n d h a lved o n the middle be a r i n a lte rn a s h o w n i n pl a n a t F i g 3 20 S ( F i g 3 2 1 ) is

g . . .

tive meth o ds o f d o i n g thi s a r e s h o w n by a fe a the r ed ed g e p iece o f b o a r d ( a s p ri n g i n g

-

Fi g s 3 1 8 a n d 3 1 9
. . piece ) n a iled t o t h e tri mme r fo r the a r ch t o

S PL A D
YE r1 E AD l N G

TO U E L E F L O OR 0 ? W IT H B l N DE R S A A D
F R ME F LO O R

F ig . 326 .
—S t i ec on t h r ou g h Ji o st s, s h o w ng i i
S de of B i
nd e r s up p o rt e d b y Wa ll .

Tri m m in g Ro u n d O p e n i n g s .
b u tt a g a i nst F is a fil let na iled t o the tri m
In p r o j ecti o n s wher e fir epl a ce s a n d fi u e s mi n g j o i sts s o a s t o su pp o rt the piece o f
( u s u a lly k n o w n a s chi m n ey b r e a s t s ) o cc u r s c a n tli n g t o which the l a th s a re na iled .

i n w a ll s it is n ecessa r y t o tri m r o u n d the m ,

Thi s co n s tru cti o n is cle a rly s h o w n a t B
s o tha t the n e a r e s t ti mbe r i n fr o n t sh a ll be F
( g i . W he n a t r i mm e r h a s t o su pp o r t
a t le a st 1 8 i n di st a n t whilst th a t a t the
.
,
a n a r ch t o p r eve n t a n y likel ih o o d o f the
,

side s m a y be o nly a n i n ch o r so In the . a r ch f o r ci n

g it b a ck o n e o r t w o i ro n b o l t s
,

p l an F
( gi 3 1 5 ) the
. t ri mm i n g j o i s t r un s a re i nse rted o n e e nd bei n g bedde d a nd
C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

which they a re c o nn ected s h o u ld a lw a ys be

thicker th a n the o rdi n a ry j oi st s A c o mmo n .

r u le i s t o ma ke the t ri mme rs a n d t ri mm in g
j o i st s in thicke r fo r e a ch j o i st c a rri ed
. .

S i n g le fl o o rs ma y sp a n a s g r e a t a di st a n ce a s
1 8 ft by u si n g l l i n by 3 i n j o i st s sti ff en ed
.
-
.
-
.

wi t h t w o o r t hr ee ro ws o f herr i n g b o n e o r -

s o lid s tr u tti n g .

D o u b le F l o o rs
Whe n the di st a n ce between the su pp ort
1n
g w a ll s exceed s 1 4 ft o r 1 5 ft it i s u s u a l . .
,

t o pl a c e bin de rs o r g i r de rs o f w o o d o r i r o n
a t i n te r va l s o f fro m 6 ft t o 1 0 ft a nd o n . .
, .

t he s e t o su p p o r t the b rid g i n g j o i sts Flo o rs .

s o c o n s t ru cted a r e kn o w n a s d o u ble flo o rs ,

h a vi n g t w o s ets o f j o is t s the l ow er s e t
.

h j i s ts) bein g sma ller a n d us ed so lely

.

( c e 1 n g o ,

t o su p p o rt the ceili n g Thu s the ceili n g

'

.
,
O

be1 n g su pp orted i n dependently o f the flo or

j o ists a b o ve is n ot li a ble t o be j a rr ed by
,

LAT H A
P L ST E R S EC T l ON A C RO S S S TS
JO G

—S t i
c c uu uc

F ig . 332 . ec on a cr o s s i i Ji
B r d g ng o st s s h ow ng i M e t h od of F x i i ng

C e ng ili J i t
c s s .

the tra ffi c o verhe a d a n d the c onn ecti on ,

between the ceilin g a n d flo o r being b ro ken

by the S p a ce between the t w o s ets o f j o is ts ,

sou n d fr o m a b o ve is n o t s o a u di ble bel o w

a s whe n the fl o o r i s s i n g le
—
.

W o od n B
e i n d e r s The ou tli n e pl a n o f a
d o u ble flo or i s g iven a t F i g 3 2 5 a n d F i g .
,
.

3 2 6 i s a s ecti o n t h r o u g h the j o i s t s fl o o ri n g , ,

a n d ceili n g sh o wi n g the s ide o f the bi n der

,

a n d a l so the m eth o d o f s u pp o rti n g it F ig . .

3 2 7 i s a s ecti o n th ro u g h the bi n de r sh o wi n g
a lte rn a tive w a ys o f c o nn ecti n g the ceili n g

j o i sts with the bi n der by mo rti se a nd ten o n

j o ints Ceilin g j o is ts which h a ve t o be g o t
.

i n t o p o s iti o n a fte r the bin ders a r e bui lt in

h a ve thei r t en o ns i ns erted a t o n e e n d in t o
a n o r di n a r y mo r ti s e wher e a s the ten o n a t ,

t h e o the r e n d h a s t o s lide i n t o a ch a s e
mo rti s e a s i n dic a ted a t F i g 3 2 8 To a vo id . .

we a keni n g the bin der so meti me s a fill et is ,

n a iled o n so a s t o su p p o r t the ceili n g j o i st s ,

which a re n o tched t o it a s sh o w n a t F i g .

32 9 F ig 3 0
. 3 ill u s
. t ra t e s the c a s e whe re
 F L O OR S .
75

ceilin g j o i s ts a r e n o t u s ed The bi nder is

.
s o n o f so u n
i d w o u ld be le ss e n ed by s o u nd
w ro u g ht a n d s t o p p e d ch a mfer ed t h e l a t h s a n d p u g g i n g a s sh o w n
b o a rdi n g .

the ceili w ld b e iled t the n de r i

Iro n B d e
n r s —Tw o sec t i o n s th r o u g h a
fo r n g o u n a o u .

edg e s o f t h e b rid g in g j o i st s The tra n s mi s

.
d o ble fl
u o o r a r e p e e ted by Fi g
r s n s 3 3 1 a n d .

3 33 —
.C v ti on en on a l Vi ew of D ou b l e F l o or .

3 34 —Vi U i l im
F ig . . ew of P a rt of nd e r S de of F oor Ch ne y Br e a s t .
76 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINER Y .

F ig . 335 .
-
M e t h od of i i
F tt ng Oa k
B or d e r t o F l oor B oa r d s .

F ig—Vi w f
. 338 . e o

U d S id f F l h w
n er e o o or s o

i g C
n d St l Bi d
a se ee n er

p j ti g
ro e c it Wh ln s o e
'

D pt h b l w J i t
e e o o s s .

F ig . 3 36 .
—S t iec on ta k en P a ra ll l
e St e e l Bi nd e r D ou b l e F l o or .

F ig . 337 .
—S t i ec on ta k en at i
R g h t A ng l es t o S e ct i —F i g
on . 336 .
 F L O OR S . 77

332 a b o ve the l a th a n d p l a s te r ceil

J u st F ig 3 35 s h ow s a m eth o d of mi t r e in g a nd
- -
.
.

in g a re t h e c e ili n g j o ist s a n d r un ni n g p a ra llel

,
fitt in g an oak
b de or r to t he flo o r -
b o a rd s
,

wit h t he se is a 1 0 in by 5 in r o lled i r on -
.
-
.
-
e dy
r a to r e ceive the he a r th . F i g s 336. a nd

Fgi
3 3 9 —S t l B in d
ee er j i
P r o e c t ng P a r t of it s ( F ig 340 —S t i
ec on i
s h ow n g Arr a ng e me nt t o a v id
o
l J i i
, . . .

De p t h b e ow oi s t s . B nd e r S h ow ng .

j o ist ( the bin der ) F i g 333 s h o w s the

. . 33 7 a re s ecti o n s t hr ou g h a s o m ewh a t s i mil a r
g e n e ra l c o n stru cti o n o f thi s fl o o r the s p eci a l ,
flo o r , b u t of a mo r e o rdi n a ry cha ra cter, the
fea tur e o f whi ch i s th a t the ceilin g j o i s ts ceilin g j o i st s bein g fixed to e a ch b rid g in g

F ig . 34 1 .
—
Pl an of a F r a me d F l oor , i
s h ow n g G i rd e rs , B i nd e r s, Ji
o st s, Tr immi ng , et c .

a re not ched to a nd su o rt ed by every j o i s t The bin ders a r e o f r o lled i ro n o r

pp
-
.

fourth b ri d g in g j o i s t whi ch a re s t o u ter , a nd s t eel 1 1 i n deep a n d 4% in wide in t h e

. .

deep er a s sh ow n a t A a n d B ( F i g
, . fl a n g e s a n d 1 0 ft a p a r t F i g 3 3 8 illu s
. . .
78 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O IN ERY .

F ra m e d F l o o rs .

The pl a n o f a fra med flo o r 45 ft by 2 6 ft ,

. .
,

i s sh o w n a t F i g 3 4 1 Thre e g i rde rs sup

. .
,

p o r ted a t thei r ce n t r e s by i r o n c o l u mns ,

c a rry the bi nd e rs a s sh o wn The si ze s o f .

t h e va ri o u s me mbe rs a re : G i rde rs 1 4 i n , .

by 1 0 i n sa w n r eve rs ed a nd b o lted with

.
, ,

a E in r o lled fli t c h i n the cen t r e ; bi n de rs

i
l -
.
,

F ig . 342 .
—S t i
ec on t h r ou g h Gi rd e r a nd Ji
o st s .

F ig . 34 3 .
—
C v ti
on en o na l Vi ew ofGi d r e rs,

i
B nd e r s, Jito s s, a nd He a d of C l m
o u n .

t ra tes a c a s e whe r e t h e b rid g in g j o i st r ests

di r ect o n the i ro n bi n der s o lid s tru tti n g ,

bei n g i n serted betwee n t h e j o i st s t o keep

t he m ve rt ic a l The ceili n g i s fo r med o f ei t he r
.

l a th a n d p l a ste r o r ma tch b o a rdin g fixed -

di r ec t t o t h e j o i s t s t h e bi n der bei n g c a s ed
,

r ou n d a s sh o w n F i g 3 3 9 illu s tra te s a n
. .

a rra n g e me n t o f c a s i n g the u n de r s ide o f a

g i r de r o r bi n de r whe n it i s deepe r th a n t h e

j o i s t s If c o n s tru cted a s s h o w n a t F i g 3 40 a
. .

fla t ceili n g c a n be o bt a i n ed u n de r the bi n de r
b u t thi s c o n s tru cti o n c a nn o t be a d o p t ed
whe n the i ro n me mbe r h a s t o se r ve a s a
i r de r fo r fl o o rs h a vi n g he a vy l o a d s t o c a r r y
g
—G
,

a s a s i n g le bi n de r w o u ld n o t be dee
p e n o u gh . 344 . e ne ra l Vi ew F r a me d F l o or .
 F L O O RS .
79

id g i n g j o i sts 6 in by
r , . cle a r Fi g s 3 44 t o 3 46 a re deta ils o f a d ou b l e
. .

t s 3 i n by 2 i n
,
.Fi g s . . fl o o r fo r a s ma ller s p a n Fig s 3 45 a nd 3 46 . .

will ma ke the c o n st ru cti o n a re view s ta ken a t ri g ht a n g le s t o ea ch

B l N D E R

F ig . 345 .
—S e c t i on ta k en t h r ou g h Gi rde r a nd Jit o s s .

F ig . 34 6 .
—
S tiec on ta k e n at i
R g h t An g l es t o F ig . 345 .

F ig . 347
.
—Vi ew U nd e r S de i of F ram e d F oor , w t h l i Wo o d Ce ili ng a nd B e a ms Wr ou g h t
a n d M ou d e d l .
80 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

o the r F i g 3 47 i s a c o n ven ti o na l view

. . ends o f the bi n de rs a n d thu s they a re well ,

s h o wi n g
g i r de r 1 2 i n by 1 0 in ; bi nde rs
, . .
,
s u pp o rted with o u t t h e
g i rde r bei n g we a k
8 i n by 6 i n ; b rid g i n g j o i sts 8 in by
. .
,
. e n ed Tw o di ff er en t forms o f ma llea ble
.

2 } i n ; a nd ma tchb o a rd ceili n g
. Th e r e . i ro n sti rru p s a r e illu stra ted by Fi g s 3 48 .

F ig ; 3 4 8 —B i n d e r s s u pp ort e d Gi rd e rs Ma ll l
e ab e Ir on S t i rr u p .

F ig . 35 0 .

Wr ou g h t -
i
r on St i
r ru p .

Fig . 349 .

A not h e r F or m of St i rru p .

F ig . 35 1 .
—M e t h od of H a ng i ng Ce ili ng Ji o st s fro m Br d g i ing J oi s t s .

bei ng n o ceilin g j o i sts the g i rders a n d binde rs ,

a nd 3 49 , a nd w ro u g h t i ro n by F i g
o ne of .

h a ve thei r u nde r ed g e s mo u lded To i n ter

-
. 3 50 A syste m o f su pp o rti n g ceili n g j o i s ts
.

cept so u nd the flo o r ma y be p u g g ed a s
,
by c o nn ecti n g t he m t o the b rid g i n g j o i s ts
sh o wn The s tr e ng th o f w o o den g i rde rs
. by n a ili n g the m t o strip s o f w o o d i s s h o w n
o fte n bei n we ke n ed t the exte n t f n at Fi 3 5 1 b u t i t h a s bec o m e o b s o lete
g a o o o e g .
,
.

F ig 352 F ig 353
—B
. . .
.

F gs i . 3 5 2 a nd 3 5 3 . ea m T ru s s e d w it h O ne T e ns i on R od .

ei g hth by bei n g m o rti s ed a n d h o u sed t o F l o o rs w i t h T r u s s e d B e a ms

r eceive the bi n de rs v a ri o u s f o r ms o f s ti rru ln w a r eh o u se s a nd fa cto ries whe r e ther e
, p
i ro ns h a ve been i n tro du ced t o c a rry the a re he a vy l o a d s a nd vib ra ti o n the gi rde rs
82 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

of w a r eh o u s es etc if a w ro u g ht i ro n b a r o r
,
.
,
-

p e r f oo t s p a n The trimmi n g j o i s t is ma de .

t u be i s p a ss ed th ro u g h e a ch j o i st a little in thicker fo r eve ry c o mmo n j o i s t c a rried

.

a b o ve i t s ce n t r e The b a r mu st h a ve a
. by the tri mmer A rou g h rul e u s ed s o m e .

th r e a d a nd n u t a t e a ch e n d w o rkin g a g a i n st ye a rs a g o w a s t o fix the depth o f the j o i sts

a n i ro n pl a te so th a t the s t ru t s a n d j o i st s a t o n e s ixtee n th o f the cle a r s p a n o r
,
-

g i n t o , .

ma y be ti g hte n ed pe rfectly cl o s e t o e a ch e a ch fo o t between the be a ri n g s The .

o the r A view o f thi s a rra n g e me n t i s g ive n Eccle sia s tic a l Co mmi ssi on ers p r e s c ribe the
~

at F i g 3 60 . . s i z e o f j o i s t s t o be 9 i n by i n fo r 1 2 ft . .
-
.

s p a n s a n d 1 2 in by 3 i n fo r 1 8 ft s p a n s A -

W a l ls
. . . .

S u p p o r t in g J o is t s by .
metro p o lit a n a u th o rity h a s fixed u p o n 8&
J o ist s a r e n o w o ften su pp o rted di r ect by in by 2 % i n a n d 1 1 5 in by 2 —
.
5 i n fo.r the
,
. . .

the b rickw o rk o r ma so n ry o r they ma y t a ke ,

thei r be a ri n g o n a t a r a n d sa n ded o r g a l
v a ni s e d i ro n b a r Fi g s 3 61 t o 3 64 s ho w
. .

fo ur g e n e ra l meth o d s o f beddin g pla te s fo r

j o i s t s i n o r u p o n the w a lls F i g 3 64 sh o w s . .

the pl a te su pp o rted by i ro n c o rbel s b ui lt

i n the w a lls S o th a t the p l a te ma y n o t
“

p ro j ect bel o w the ceili n g s o meti me s the ,

j o i s ts a re n o tched d o w n t o b ri n g thei r l o wer

ed g e s level with the u n de r s ide o f the pl a te
b u t o f c ou rs e thi s wea ke n s the j o i s t s
, , .

F ig 3 61 —J i t o s s s u p p or t e d by Wa ll P l at e bu t il
Wa ll
. .

in .

sa me e pective be a ri n g s B y the ro u g h
r s .

r u le o f o n e s ixteen th the di s ta n ce between

-

the b e a ri n g s the depth fo r a n 1 8 ft s p a n ,

-
.

s h o ul d be

If h o weve r the thickn e ss o f the j o i s t i s

F ig . 3 60 —Vi ew of li
S o d S t ru t t i ng a nd Bo t l .
, “
,

t a ken t o b e 3 in the s tr en g th o f the j o i s t will .

,

a ll o w fo r
D e t e rm in i n g S ize s of J o is t s .

x 3 x
Co mm o n j o i s ts a re sp a ced 1 2 i n a p a rt .
, 76 c wt .

18
with herrin g b on e s tru ttin g eve ry 4 ft .

D i men si o n s fo r c o mmo n j o i s t s a r e a s fo ll o w cen tra l b r e a ki n g l o a d ,

or

76
1 2—
5 cwt .

D e p t h i n In c h e s
6
cen tra l s a fe lo a d w
.

Span Le n g th
or
o f B e a rin g i n
hich i s c o n sidera bly mo r e ,

Feet .

th a n i s r equ ired ( s e e the c a l c u l a t 1 on g 1 v e n

bel o w ) .

W e i g h t o n Jo is t s .

The wei g ht o n o rdin a ry j o i s ts o f s a y , ,

1 8 ft sp a n 1 2 i n deep a n d 3 in th l ok a nd
.

-
.
,
.
,
.
,

1 ft 3 in ce n tr e s ma y be t a ken t o be a s
. .
,

fo llo w s — The su p erfici a l sp a ce c a rried o n

the j o i s t i s 1 8 ft by 1 ft 3 in 22 5 sq . . . .

The n e a re s t a v a il a ble s i z e sh o u ld b e u s ed ,
ft . a n d thi s c o ve r ed wi t h pe o ple a t
,
say , ,

a n d 2 i n ceili n g j o i s t s s h o u ld be 4 i n dee p
-
. . 8 4 lb p e r s qu a r e f o o t a mou nt s t o 22 5 ft
.
.
 F L O OR S .
83

by 8 4 lb .
lb . 1 2} cwt p e r ft s u pe r ch u rche s a n d p u blic
. . .
,

b u ildin g s 1 % cwt a nd w a reh ou s es 2 5 cwt—

The s ou nd b o a rdin g a nd p u g - .
,
.

i
g gn m a y b e t a ke n a t 1 00 lb p e r .
The wei g ht o f the s tru ctu re mu s t be a llowed
yd su per , a nd the l a t h p l a st e r
. .
,
.
,
fo r in a dditi o n t o the a b o ve l o a d s a nd thi s ,

etc a t 8 0 l b g ivi ng a t o ta l
.
,
.
,
i s mo s t i mp o r t a n t t o be a r in mi n d in c o n
wei g ht of 1 80 lb p e r yd o r p e r . .
n e c t i o n with fir ep r o o f flo o r s F o r dwellin g .

h o u s es the 1 3 cwt i s u s u a lly ma de t o in clu de

1

3
1 9 :
.

ft . su per . 20 lb . Thi s the wei g ht o f the fl o o r it s elf .

mu ltip lied i n to the ar a e g ive s

22 5 lb x 20 .

The flo orb o a rds

will be 1 8 ft by .

1 5 i n by 1 5 in . . 28 1 ft c u be
.

t h e j o i s t s 1 8 ft .

by 1 ft by 3 in . . 4 5 0 ft . cu be
7 31
'

a nd t h e t o t a l wei g ht o f ti mber
will be 7 3 0 ft by 35 lb '
. .

Thu s the t o ta l di s trib u ted

wei g ht i s
2 5 97
Thi s is equ a l t o lb cen tra l lo a d
.
,
2
or ow n The s tr en g th O f the I
o i s ts F ig . 3 63 .
—
W a 11 Corb e ll ed Ou t t o c a rr y Wa ll P l at e .

un der thi s lo a d will be by the fo rmu l a ,

12 2
X 3 X B rid g i n g J o is t fo r 1 8 = ft . S pa n, Loa d
l e dy
a r a g 1 v e n ,
1 cwt ft supe r
.
pe r .

b re a kin g l o a d Or 10 cwt sa fe l o a d .
L et it be r equ ir ed t o determin e the s1 z e o f

b rid g in g j o i st su ita ble for a sp a n o f 1 8 ft ;

.

a d
n c a p a ble o f c a rr yi n g a l o a d o f 1 cwt p e r .

Est ima t i ng L oa d on F l o o rs .

ft su per the j o i sts fixed 1 2 in cen tr e t o

' . .
,
.

Fl o o rs sh ou ld be estima ted fo r a cc o rdin g

to the n t
a u r e o f the b u ildi n
g a n d the p r o b a ble

Fi g 3 62 —J i t o s s su p p ort e d
by Wa ll F ig . 3 64 —P l at e c a rr e di by Wrou g h t -
i r on Cor b e l s bu t il
l Wa ll
. . .

P at e b e d d e d o n S e t o ff -
. in .

l o a d A cro wd o f p erso n s i s va ri o u sly e st i

. centr e The p r elimina ry c a lcu la tio n will
.

ma ted t o wei gh fro m 41 lb t o 1 47 4 lb p e r .

'
. be a s fo ll o w s ( l ) The t o t a l wei g ht o n o n e
s qu a r e f o o t o f the su r fa ce c o ver ed P rob a bly . j o i s t is equ a l t o the lo a d o n the h a lf sp a ce
a sa fe a ver a e w o u ld be 1 cwt e r ft s u pe r o n either s ide o f t h e j o i s t— th a t i s 6 in
g p . . .
,
.

c on side r ed a s a live lo a d D wellin g h o u s e s . o n e a ch s ide Then the t o t a l lo a d

. 18 x
a re us u a ll y de si g n ed fo r a de a d l o a d o f 1 ft x 1 c w t . 1 8 cwt ( )
2 The l o a
. d .
_
84 C AR P ENT R Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

th a t ma y b e s a fely c a rried o n the j o i s t i s a d 2

z /
1 1 08 0 1 0 in . n e a r ly ,

certa i n fra cti o n o f the b r e a ki n g wei g ht and b z

‘

3 X X 10 3 1 12
—th a t is o f the l o a d th a t w ou ld b re a k t h e
2 .

j o i st Thi s fra cti o n va rie s fo r the di ffere n t

.
L et b e the c o n s ta n t
c 4 cwt ; b t he .

p ur p o s e s fo r whi ch the s c a n tlin g i s t o be u s ed b r e a dth i n in che s ; cl t he depth i n i nche s :

fro m o n e fift h t o o n e ten th In the c a s e

- -
.
,
L the leng th in fe e t ; B W the b re a ki ng ‘

. .

wei g ht 1 1 4 cwt Therefo r e a j o i s t 1 0 in

o f fl o o r ti mbe rs whe r e the j o i s t h a s t o su s
. .

t a in a live lo a d it sh o uld n o t exceed o n e by 3 i n w o ul d b e su it a ble fo r a sp a n o f

.

1 8 ft a n d w o u ld c a rry a l o a d o f 1 cwt
,
e r
s eve n th o r o n e ei g hth the b r e a ki n g wei g ht
-
.
.
,
p .

In the exa mple g ive n a b o ve the j o i s t h a s t o ft su per The fo llo win g r ule is g ive n by
. .

Tr e d g o l d fo r fi r j o i s t :
,

c a rry a l o a d o f 1 8 cwt H en ce the b r e a ki n g .

wei g ht i s equ a l t o 1 8 x 8 1 1 4 cwt ( )

3
x
.

The b r e a dth o r thi ckn e ss o f the j o i s t mu s t 22

be a r a certa in p ro p ort i o n t o the depth s o a s
t o b e s a ti s f a ct o ry a s r e g a rd s s tr en g th a n d
In thi s c a s e a b r e a d t h mu s t be a ssu med ,

ec o no my L et this p r o p or ti on for a b rid g

.
w hich 1 s in mo s t c a s e s a di ffic ul t a nd ver y
, ,

i n g j o i s t b e decided by the f o rmu l a B 3 D

' u n ce r ta i n p ro ceedin
g h o weve r a s s u mi n g ,
,
fo r the p r e s en t ex a mp le the b re a dth t o b e
whe r e B the b r e a dth a nd D the depth
a l l i n i n che s
3 in
It i s eviden t th a t the j o i s t
.
.
,

i n su ch a c a s e mu s t b e c o n sider ed a s Then
s tru tted The p r eli mi n a ry c a lcul a ti o n s a s
.

r e g a rd s the j o i s t h a vi n bee n m a de f
g a o r ,

mul a a pplica ble t o every c a s e fo r c a lcul a ti n g

‘

the s tr en g th of timber n o ma tter where o r ,

9

fo r wh a t p u r p o s e the s c a n tlin g ma y b e r e
qu i r ed mu s t b e decided o n A piece o f
, .

w o o d o f the s a m e kin d a s th a t u s ed fo r the The r esul t i s very mu ch the s a me a s in the

j oi st a nd 1 ft l on g by 1 in s qu a r e l o a ded
, . .
,
p r evi ou s exa mple b u t the a dva n ta g e o f the ,

a t the cen tr e till it b r e a k s will b e the c o n ,

fir s t m eth o d will b e o bvi o u s whe n de a lin g
s t a n t fo r a l l p u rp o s e s o f c a lc u l a ti o n whe n
with fu rther c a lc u l a t i o n s a s it i s a pplic a ble ,

de a l in g with the s a me ma teri a l It will be .

t o o the r b e a ms th a n fl o o r timbe r .

fo u n d th a t the str en g th va rie s dir ectly a s

D e t e rmi n in g S ize of B ind e r
the b r e a dth directly a s the s qu a r e o f the
,
.

depth a n d in ver s ely a s the le ng th ; thi s

, Sa y it i s r equi r ed t o determi n e the s1 z e
ma y b e p r o ved by i n cr e a si n g the b r e a dth , o f a bi n de r 1 0 ft l o n g a n d fixed 6 ft . a p a rt .
,

len g th a n d depth a n d c a refull y n o tin g the

, ,
c a p a ble o f c a rryi n g a flo o r wei g hin g 1 cwt .

d i ff er ence i n the l o a ds r equ i r ed t o b r e a k p e r ft su p e r . M a ke a s befo r e the n e c e s

.
, ,

the b e a m in e a ch c a s e B riefly the fo rmu l a .

, s a r y p r eli mi n a r y c a lc u l a ti o n ( )
1 T o t a l loa d .

d
— 10 x 6
i
a c a rried by the bin der 60 cwt
ma y be W
.

s a t ted thu s : B th t
. . a
( )
2 B r e a ki n g wei g ht ( s a
y ) s eve n ti m e s s a fe
i s , for centra l lo a d B u t a fl oo r j oi s t
a .
- lo a d 60 x 7 42 0 c w t ( 3 ) L et t h e ra t i o .

c a rrie s a di s trib u ted l o a d a n d thi s lo a d will o f the b r e a dth a n d the depth be a s 6 i s t o

,

b e fo u nd t o be equ a l t o twice the l o a d it 1 0 th a t i s 6 D which i s a ve ry su it a ble r a t i o

,
’

will c a rry when ce ntra lly l o a ded Then the .

fo r a l l p urp os e s wher e s ti ffn e s s i s r equ i r ed .

fo rmu l a will be ( )
4 L et 0 the c o n s t a nt 4 c wt The n .
,

u si n g the sa me f o r mul a a s befo re ,

B . W . 2 c bd 2

b r e a ki n g wei g ht
L

10
 F L O OR S 85

”
.

Tr e d g o l d fo r fi r
’

fi be di s c u ss ed ; le
"

d t as n early no t s ru
,

i rde r i s
and l) '
6d '
6 x g

Ther efor e a bi nder 9 5 in x 5 7 in w ou ld

,
. . x 4 2 .

c a rry a flo o r wei ghin g 1 cwt p e r ft su p er

L et the b re a dth ( which
. . .

o ve r a s p a n o f 1 0 ft Th e fo llo win g ru le i s .
mu s t be a ss u med )
ive n by T r e d o ld
be 1 2 in Then
g g
.

x 4 2
x 3 42 .

In thi s c a s e , a g a i n the b r e a dth mu s t , be

a ss u med L et thi s be ta ken a s 5 5 in
. .
,

t he n D x 3 42
32 x 4 2
z y 1 4 in . e
n a rl .

It is eviden t from thi s th a t a g irder 20 in .

d X
1
deep is by fa r t o o l a r g e o r th a t a g irder o f_ ,
ea rl y
n ,
1 4 in i s mu ch t o o s ma ll
. If the fo rmu l ae .

which c orr e s p ond s ver y n e a rly with the in e a ch c a s e a r e e x a mi n ed it will be fou n d

firs t c as e . t h a t the firs t i s b a s ed o n the s tr en g th o f a
s m a ll be a m dete r mi n ed by t ri a l while t h e
D e t e rm i n i n g
,
S ize of G i rd e r fo r
s ec o n d i s d o u bt ful It i s c ert a in h o weve r
.
, ,

S u p p o rt i n g F loor .
th a t a g irder 1 2 i n by 1 4 in a nd 2 0 ft . .
,
.
,

Girders 1 0 ft a p a rt fro m centr e t o cen tr e

. l on g is n o t c a p a ble o f c a rr yin g a l o a d o f
,

c a rry a fl o o r wei g hi ng 1 4 c w t p e r ft . . 2 50 cwt a s dete rmi n ed by t h e r ec o g n i s ed

.
,

su pe r . Requi r ed the b r e a dth a n d depth ,

fo rmu l ae It ma y be m ent i o n ed fu rt her
.

fo r str en g th s p a n 2 0 ft ( )
1 The t o t a l l o a d . th a t the l o a d s a re c o n sider ed a s di strib u ted
c a rr ied by the g irder i s 2 0 x 1 0 x 1 2 5 l o a ds while in r e a lity they a r e l o a ds pl a ced
2 5 0 cwt —th a t i s t h e len g th mu ltip lied by
,

.
, a t ce rt a i n fixed p o i n ts n a m ely the p o i n t s , ,

h a lf the b a y o n either s ide mu ltip lied by wher e the bin ders a re c o n n ected t o the
the lo a d p e r ft s u p er ( 2 ) L et B W . 7 . . .
g i rde r ; c o n s equ en tly the di me n s i o n s o b

t i me s the sa fe l o a d 2 50 x 7 cwt . t a in e d by the f o rmu l ae a r e s li ghtly le ss th a n

( 3 ) L et b r e a dth be 6 cl ( 4) L e t 0 the they o u ght t o be
'
. .

c o ns t a n t be 4 c w t Th u s
T h en 2 c bd
L
B . W .

2 x 4 x 1 15 x x
20
1 75 0 cw t .

which i s le s s th a n t h e a c t u a l b r e a kin g wei g ht '

c a lc u l a ted fo r n a m e l y f1 75 0 cwt The

, , ,
.

s t ro n e s t flo o r f r the qu a n ti t y o f ti mb e r
d V 72 62 5
-
1 9 2 5 in
-
. n e ly ar g o ,

u s ed i s g iven in the fir s t c a se while the

,

6
,
6cl 1 1 5 5 0 11 1
,
° -
6 x 1 9 25 -

a pp a r e n t str e n g t h sh o w n i n the s ec o n d a n d
.

Ther efo r e the b r e a dth a nd depth o f a

, third c a s es r esu lts in a ctu a l we a kn ess B u t .

s u it a ble g i r de r fo r the r equi r ed p u r o s e mus t s i n g le flo o rs sh o u ld n o t be u s ed fo r s p a n s

p
be 1 1 5 in wide a nd 1 9 2 5 i n deep It is
. . . exceedi n g 1 6 ft ; a n d th ou g h they a re .

n eedle ss t o r ema rk th a t a w o o den i rde r s o meti me s u s ed fo r sp a n s u p t o 2 4 ft in

g .
,

2 0 in deep i s i mp r a ctic a ble a n d a w ro u g ht

.
, s u ch c a s e s deflecti o n i s c o n s ide ra ble r e s ul ti n g ,

iro n g irder w oul d b e su b s t itu ted fo r it b u t in c r a cked ceili n g s etc It ma y n e v e rt h e

,
.
,

a s the a b o ve i s me r ely a n ill us tra t ive ex le s s b e s ta ted th a t e a ch fl o or h a s it s a d v a n

,

a m le the c o ns tru cti o n o f the g irder n eed t a g e s a nd it s di sa dva nta g es The a b o ve

p , .
86 CAR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

c a lc u l a ti o n s a r e n o t w o rked o u t exa ctly Shippe rs Ma rks Flo o rin gs ( c onti nu e d )

’
, on
the n e a re s t fra cti on b ei n g t a ken in e a ch
H Q H l st H u di k s w a l l
ca se .
.

Fl oor - B o a rd s .
H T A B 3rd .

— Ma n y va rie J C K l st D o m sj o
T i mb e r Us e d fo r F l o o ri ng .

tie s o i w oo d a re ma nu fa ctu r ed i n t o fl o orin g .

J D ( it C o . 2n d . S od e r h a m n
F o r el a b o ra te p u rp os e s w ai n s c o t o a k te a k , ,
J F J u s
j . F r e d rik st a d
etc a r e e mpl o yed ; b u t for le ss expen sive
.
, % K H B a E xt ra 1 st . G e fle
w ork c o n ife ro u s t i mber i s u sed o f which
K K 3 rd D o m sj o
,

there a re s evera l ki nd s P itchp i n e is the mos t

.

.
“

ele g a n t a n d du ra ble ; o ther kin d s a r e : M Q H l s t . S od e r h a m n

Ri g a ( re d a n d white ) B j o rn eb org ( r e d a n d , N W l st . S u n d s w al l
white ) Swedi sh a n d N o rwe g i a n white w o o d
, , N W 2nd
a n d Q u ebec r e d W hite de a l is a ti mbe r
.

NW
.

3 rd
t h a t i s s eld o m if ever kep t u n de r c o ver ; it
.

i s g en e r a lly s a w n a n d w r o u g ht di r ect fr o m Q P A Ta -
l st . H u di k sw a l l
.
—
exp o s ed s t a ck s Red d e a l e speci a lly flo o r é
Q P P Q 2n d
—
.

i g b a tten s a n d de a l s is i n va ri a bly kept

n
“

S A F 2nd G ot he n bu r g
P itchpi n e i s n ever i mp or ted
.

u n de r c o ve r .

in b a tte n s b u t in l o g s de a l s a n d i rr e g u l a r
S A L 2 nd .

, , ,

s i z ed s c a n tli n s which c a n b e with s a fety S Q B E x t ra l st S k o n vik

g ,
.

s t a cked whe n pi n n ed in a n exp o s ed pl a ce

, ,
.
S B S l st .

F o r fl o o ri n g etc white de a l i s u s ed t o a fa r
S A B 2 md
.
, ,

r e a te r exte n t th a n r e d de a l o r pitchpi n e
.

g
Go t he n bu r g
,

o n a cc o u n t o f i t s che a p n e s s a n d a d a pt a bility .
S a F l st .

L i s t o f S h ip p e rs M a r k s o n F l o o ri n g s
’
.
S F A l st F r e d r ik sh a l d
The fo ll o wi n g i s a li s t o f fl o o rin g s with S FB 2nd .

the ship pe rs ma rks sh o wi n g the qu a lity

’

,
S W 3rd .

a nd p o r t
Q S K BQ E x tra l s t . S k u t sk a
Q
(
A A 3rd . I g g esu n d S K B l st .

B S S C l st . S a n da rn e S U N D l st . S u n dsw al l
B C 2n d .
S V Q V I K 1 st . S w a rt w ik
B B B 3rd S V V I K 2 nd .

B —Cd S D D 3 rd .

O K W 8: 0 0 . 2u d . F r e d r i k s ha l d
D M W D ( it Co . l st .

O M D W IES E Co . l st . F r e d r ik s t a d
Ea E S u n dsw a ll 3 rd . G e fle
E E E u s
/
F A S — The s i z e s o f flo o r
S iz e s of F l o o r B o a rd s- .

GL I N G E
in g g e n e ra lly t a ken fro m white de a l a r e
3 i n by 4 i n , 3 in by 1 4 in , 3 i n by 1 4 in ,
. . . . . .

5 4 i n by 4 i n , 6 in by 4 in , 64 i n by 4 in ,
. . . . . .

5 4 i n by 1 4 in , 6 i n by 1 4 i n , 64 i n by 1 4
. . . . .

in , a n d 64 i n by 1 4 in
. The s e si z e s d o n o t
. .

i n cl u de the t o n g u e o r fe a t her c on s equ en tly , ,

the s tu ff i s 4 in b ro a der i n the r ou g h th a n

.

whe n w r o u g ht The mo s t s u ita ble b a tten s

.
 F L O OR S . 87

fo r flo orin g a r e 6 in by 2 i n 6 in by 2 4 in . .
,
. .
, t a ke 4 i n o ff Wi t h evenly s a w n w o o d
. .

64 i n by 2 4 in 7 in by 2 4 in a nd 7 i n b y
. .
,
. .
,
. he a vy c u t t in g h a s s eld o m t o be r e so rted t o .

3 in When 3 in by 4 in flo o ri n g i s bein g
.
-
.
-
. The le a di n g a dva n ta g e o f the s c u tchi n g
c u t a n d w ro u g ht the mo s t s u ita ble s i z ed ,
bl o ck c o mp a r ed with fi xed c u tters i s th a t
b a tten i s 7 in by 3 in which g ives s ix . .
,
the bl o ck ma ke s a n i rr e g u la r su rfa ce p a ra llel ,

pieces thr ee s aw cu ts bein g su ffi c i e n t

,
whe re a s fixed c u tters fo ll o w the u n eve n
n a t u r e o f the b o a rd a n d d o n o t a lte r a n
y ,

i rr e g u l a rity which it ma y h a ve Ther e a r e .

ma n y c u tte r he a d s fo r t h e forma ti o n o f the

t o n g u e a n d g ro o ve The fa ce iro n side o f .
-

the g ro o ve a n d t o n g u e sh o u ld p ro j ect a little

F ig . 3 65 .
—O d i r na ry i
D r e c t on i of G i ra n in F l oor
mo r e th a n the sc u tched s ide by t hi s m e a n s
B oa r d s .
t h e fa ced s ide o f the flo o ri n g when d rive n ,

h o me a n d pl a ced in p o siti on h a s a bette r ,

na m ely deep a n d o n e fla t This i s

two j o in t th a n it o therwi s e w ou ld h a ve The
”
.
, .

when w ro u g ht si n g le with the flo o ri n g Shi mer p a te n t he a d s m a ke t h e fi n e s t

ma chin e Wh e n ru n d ou ble with the
.
w ork ; with a feed s p eed o f 60 ft o r 80 ft . .

m a chin e t w o s a w cu ts th r o u g h the dep th p e r mi n u te u n d u e chi

pp gi n i s ve r y r a r e with

a re s u fficie n t The fla t c u tt in g in t hi s .
the S hi mer p a te n t A g o o d m a chi n e .

i ns ta n ce is d on e with the flo o rin g ma chi n e .

c a n r u n fr o m to su p ft o f 6 in . .
-
.

The d ou ble w o rkin g o f flo o ri n g a n d li nin g o r 64 i n by 1 4 in fl o o ri n

-
.
g p e r da -

y o r.
,

with ma chin ery th ou g h mu ch the qu icker , su p ft o f n a rro w fl o o ri n g All 1 4 in

. . .
-
.

w a y i s n o t s o s a ti s f a ct ory a s the s in g le
, ma teri a l i s ta ken fro m 2 4 in b a t t en s -
.
,

meth o d fo r e a ch a ltern a te b o a r d h a s t o be
. whether b ro a d o r n a rro w Flo o rin g a b o ve .

r eve rsed beside s the fu rthe r di sa dva nta g e

, , 1 4 i n thick i s s o meti me s r u n with t w o
.

if t he b a tten s a r e w a n ey o f the g r o o ve bein g ,

g ro o ve s i n s te a d o f o n e a n d s li p fe a the r s ,
s

a lw a y s o n the w a n ey ed g e S i mil a r s i z ed .
a r e e mpl o yed i n pl a ce o f the s o lid fo rm ed

fl o o ri n g ( 4 in ) c a n a l so be c u t fro m 7 in .
-
.
to n g u e Thi s p la n s a ve s 4 in o n the
. .

by 2 2 in b a tten s Tw o b o a rd s ma y be
-
. .
b r e a dth o f e a ch b o a rd
'

c u t 4 i n i n thickn e s s a n d o n e 4 i n
-
. ther eb y .
, S t a c k i n g F l o o r B o a rd s Fi ni shed flo o rin g
- .
-
,

u tili s i n g the wh o le b a t t e n ; 5 4 2 i n by 4 i n .
-
.
n o ma tter h o w well i t ma
y b e s t a cked a n d
b o a rd s a r e t a ken fr o m 6 in by 2 in ma te ri a l ; -
. .

p i nn ed i s a lw a y s li a ble t o bec o me t wi s ted

,

3 i n by 1 s4 i n fr o m 7 1 n by 2 i n
-
.
-
3 in
.
-
.
-
.
,
-
.
whil st bei n g s e a s o n ed To o bvi a te t hi s .
,

by 1 4 in fro m 7 1 n by 3 1 n -
.
-
.
-
.
the ma teri a l s h ou ld b e s a w n p in n ed a nd , ,

O p e ra t i o n o f F l o o r B o a rd P l a n i n g M a chi n e -
s t a cked i n the ro u h L et it e n f i x
g s a s o o r s
—The fixed cu tters o r fa ce i ro n s o f a fl o o r
.
.

or ei g h t weeks ; t hen fin i sh it with

in g ma chi n e p r o du ce the be s t a n d s mo o th ma chi n ery Wo rk d o n e in thi s w a y c a n
.

e s t w o rk The s e t o o l s o p era te o n t h e u n der

.
b e s t o red i n b u lk u nde r c o ver with o u t
s ide o f the b o a rd s ; t her efo r e the fr eshly bein g p inn ed o r ven til a ted ; Flo o rin g
s a w n s ide sh o u ld be p l a ced d o w n w a rd s t o

r eceive the fin i s hi n which t h e f a ce i ro n s

g ,

a cc o mp li sh The r evo lvi n g t o p s cu tchi n g

.

b l o ck i s n o t s o mu ch u s ed fo r d r e s sin g a s
fo r b rin g i n g the b o a rds t o a n e x a ct thick
ne ss S o l o n g a s o n e s ide o f t h e b o a r d i s
.

F ig 3 66 —Di i
r e c t on of G i ra n f or L e a st S hr ik n ag e
l
.

well dr e s s ed a n d o f a ccu r a te t hickn e ss it i s

.

, of F oor - B oa r d s .

n o t i m o r t a n t t o h a ve the o the r side s o well

p
d o n e S o me m a chi n es h a ve fix ed p l a n ers
. w r ou g ht o n thi s p ri ncip le d o e s n o t twi st ,

o n th e u e r side b t ch c a n n o t b ri n g c a s t o r s hrink like ma teri a l fini shed a n d

pp u s u , ,

the s t u ff t o a n a ccu ra t e thickn e ss like the s t a cked a t o n e o e ra ti o n

p it is mo re o ver , , ,

r ev o lvi n
g s c u t ch b l o ck I t i s he a vy w o rk -
. mu ch m o r e e a sily l a id Thi s ru le a p p lies .

fo r fix ed c u tte r s t o r edu ce b o a rd s 4 4 i n ; 1
. a l s o t o li n i n g Red de a l flo o ri n g i s n o t s o
.

t h e s cu tchi n g bl o ck h owever c a n e a s ily e n e r a lly w r o u ht fo r s t o ck a s white fo r

g g
-
-
, , ,
88 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

t he e th a t r e d de a l b a ttens a r e a s a
r a so n
L a y ing F l o o r = B o a rd s .
,

ru le kept u n der c o ve r ; o rd e rs c a n be
,
F old e d F o or l
Flo o rs t o . be l a id f old
exec u ted a n d de sp a tched with o u t the n e c e s l u g w 1 t h the j o i n t s b r o ke n m e a n s th a t
sa ry s e a s o ni n g th a t white de a l r equ i re s .
the he a di ng j oi n ts of the b o a rds a r e n o t

F ig 3 68

—L yi
. .

i
F gs 3 67 a nd 3 68 a ng
‘

—C
. .

F o de d Fl l oor s . F ig . 3 69 . ra mp i ng F l oor -
B oa r d s w t h Dog i a nd Fo d l i ng We d g e s .

Red de a l i s mo r e e a sily ma n u fa ctu r ed th a n to be in li n e w he n

la id b u t a re t o be cros sed ,

w hi te It is t o a cert a i n de g r ee s o fte r a nd i n a s lo n le n t h s a p o s s ible f ro m j o i s t

.
g g s

n o t s o t o u g h i n the r eed a s S p ru ce . t o j o is t The sys te m o f l a yin g the b o a r ds

.

D i re c t i o n of Gra i n in F l o o r - B o a rd s . with a su cce ss i o n o f j o in ts in lin e c a u se s

If a pecific a ti o n d o e s n o t i n si s t o n a n y
s u n eve nn e ss whe n the b o a r d s s h ri n k and ,

p a rtic u lar p o siti on o f the g ra i n o f the w o o d ,

we a ken s the flo o r The term l a id fold .

it will b e c o mplied with by either o f the i ng i s a n o l d o n e a nd w a s a pplied whe n ,

ex a mples sh ow n in Fi g s 3 65 a n d 3 66 If . . mech a n ic a l me a n s w e re n o t a va il a ble fo r

the g ra in i s i nten ded t o S h o w a nn u a l ri n g s b ri n g i n g t h e j o i n ts ti g htly to g e t her In
”
.

p a r a llel with t h e ed g e s w o r d s t o th a t ,
the a b s en ce o f a flo o r c ra mp the b o a rds
e ff ect sh o u ld be i n s e rted in the specific a ti o n ,
ma y be l a id with fa i rly ti g ht j o i n ts by
o r it s h ou ld b e s t a ted th a t a l l b o a rd s a r e j u mpi n g t he m in a s S h o w n in F i g 3 67
”
. .
,

t o be c u t r a di a lly fr o m the tr ee N o d o u bt . The fi rs t b o a rd n ext the w a ll is l a id a n d

t h e pl a n k sh o w n i n F i g 3 66 w o ul d b e le s s . n a ile d i n it s pl a ce ; then o ther b o a rd s
li a ble t o w a rp th a n th a t sh o w n in F i g 3 65 ; .
( y
s a five ) t o m a ke
,
a wi d th o f a b o u t 3 ft a r e .
,

—F l F ig 3 71 —O d i na r y P a t t e rn F l oor Cra mp
F ig 3 70 o or i
w th Ji
o nt s br o k e n at 3 - ft
. . r .

vl
. . .

Int e r a s .

l a id d o w n The fin a l p o siti o n o f the fift h

.

b u t t o o bt a in a ll like thi s w o u ld me a n p ick b o a rd h a vi ng been a s certa in e d the fifth ,

in g o ver a very l a r g e p a r cel o f b o a rd s in b o a rd i s n a iled do w n 4 i n i n side the li n e .

o r der t o g e t the qu a n tity r equ i r ed a n d it ,

it t a ke s whe n o nly h a n d ti g ht The fou r .

ma y b e l o o ked u p on as i mp ra ctic a ble . o the r b oa rd s a r e the n j u mped i n a nd na iled .

90 C AR P EN T R Y AN D JOINERY .

o cc u r o ver a j o i s t a nd i n fl o ors l a id with the,

or fo r ced t o g ether by i
us n piece of qu a r a id o f a c r a mp c o n ti u ou s b o a r d s sh o ul d h a ve
g a
g ,

t eri n g a s a leve r .
their he a din g j oin ts o n differ ent j o i sts
tha t i s sh o u ld b r e a k j o int The a ctu a l
F loo r B r a ds , .

j o in t is ma de i n differ en t w a ys In c o mmo n
.

Na il s u s ed in fl o orin g a re c a lled flo o r , flo ors the b o a rd s s i mp ly b u tt u p a g a ins t

b ra ds ( F i g . a n d they a r e d rive n th r ou h
g e a ch o ther A ( F i g 3 75 ) i n b etter w ork the .

hea di n g j o in t s a r e spl a yed B ( F i g 3 7 Even .

with pl a i n he a din g s it i s u su a l s li g htly t o

u n der c u t the e n d s so as t o p r e s e n t a s cl os e

a s u r fa ce j o i n t a s p o ss ible S o meti me s the .

he a di n g j o in ts ar e g roo ved a nd t o ng u ed i n
t

a s i mil a r fa shi o n t o the l o n itu di n a l j o in t s

g
de s cribed belo w In very expen sive w o rk .

the en d s o f the b oa rd s a r e c u t into a s eries

o f Sha r lie t d r e e n teri n o tche s
"

p s a n ,
a n g n -
,

wh os e rid g e s a r e p a ra llel t o the su rfa c e o f

the flo o r The s e n o tche s fit o n e a n o ther
.
,

a nd form a ti g ht j o in t Su ch j o i nts a r e .

s o m eti m e s u s ed i n o ak fl o o rs ; t hey a re
extremely tro u ble so me a nd expen sive t o
ma ke a n d the p o in t n e a r es t the su r fa ce o f
,

the flo o r i s ver y lia ble t o b r e a k a w a y even

in h a r d w o o d .

E dg e J o i nt s — The o rdi n a ry stra i g ht j o in t

fo r the l o n g itu di n a l ed g e s o f flo o r b o a rd s -

i s s h o w n in s ecti o n by F i g 3 76 the reba ted .

j o in t ( F i g 377) i s a n o ther c o mmo n meth o d

.
,

a j o i n t r equ i ri n g mo r e w o rk bei n g the r e

b a ted a nd fill e t e d ( F ig The r eb a ted .

,

g r o o ved a n d t, o n g u ed j o i n t ( F i g 3 7 9 ) i s .

u s efu l fo r s ecr et n a ili n g The j o in t s h ow n .

i n F i g 3 80 h a s a n i r o n t o n g u e a n d F ig 38 1
.
, .

s h o w s the d o welled j o i n t The pl ou g hed

Ji o nt .
.

a nd cro s s t o n g u ed j o i n t with slip fea ther

-

F
( g i .2 60 p 6 2 ) i,
s a l s
. o u s ed I n a l l fl o or s .

which a r e ceiled u n dern e a th me a n s sh o u ld ,

be t a ken t o p r even t du s t o r p a rticle s o f a n y

kin d fr o m fa lli n g between the b o a rd s Any .

a cc u mu l a ti o n o f o r g a n ic ma tte r o n the u ppe r

su rfa c e s o f the pl a s te r i s ce rt a i n t o d e c o m

p o s e . The c e i l in g b e i n g m o r e o ve r a lw a ys, ,

t h e flo or
_

-
b o a rd s i n t o the j o i s t s t w o a t e a ch
, mo r e o r less p o ro u s thes e p a rticles g ra d u ,

p i
a ss n
g, a b o u t 1 in fro m the ed g e
.
.
a lly w o r k thei r w a y t o the u n de r s u r fa ce ,

a n d p ro d u ce a s t a i n ed a pp e a r a n ce which n o
J o i nt s fo r F l o o r = B o a rd s ,

a mo u n t o f whitew a s hi n g o r s c r a pi n g will
.

H ea di n g J o in t s — The p o i nt s of c o n ta ct
.
r e mo ve The u su a l meth o d o f p r even tin g
.

b etween t h e e nd s o f t w o fl o o r -
b o a rds a r e thi s is t o fo rm a p l o u g hed a n d to n g u ed
c a lled he a din g j o i n ts ( F ig A (F i
g.
3 75 ) .
flo o r E a ch b o a rd i s g r o o ved o n e a ch ed g e
.
,

s h o w s the s ecti o n o f a b u tt he a di n j i t bu t
g o n , a n d thi n slip s o r t o n g u e s eithe r o f w o o d o r
, ,

s li htly le ss si mple t h a n the s l a yed he a d

g p o f g a lv a ni s ed i ro n a r e the n i n s e rted ( s e e
,

i n g j o i n t sh o w n i n s ecti o n by B ( F i Fi g s 2 60 a nd If o f i ro n the t on gu e
g .
.
,

T he s e j o i n t s sh o u ld a lw a ys be a rr a n ed t o s h o u ld b e g a lv a ni s ed The t o n g ue sh o u ld
g .
 F L O OR S . 91

b e fixed n e a r er t o the l o wer ed g e o f the feltin g re mo vin g e ntir ely the p rop erty whi ch
b o a rd th a n t o the u p per , s o th a t a s mu ch t h e s l a g w o o l p oss es s e s o f emi tti n g s u l
w e a r a s p o ssible c a n be h a d ou t o f the fl o o r p h u re t t e d hyd r o en
g a n d a l so r ed u ci n g ,

b efor e the t on g u e i s exp o s ed Ano ther . t h e wei g ht o f the ma teri a l Sla g ma teri a l .
,

meth o d o f a tta inin g the s a me o bj ect i s bei n g fir ep ro o f i s t o be p r eferred t o sa wdu s t

,

kn o wn a s r eb a ti n g a nd fil l e t in g ( s e e F i g . a n d o the r c o mb u s tible ma te ri a l s s o meti me s

3 78 ) a r eb a te i s c u t o n the l o wer ed g e o f

e a ch b o a rd , a n d a fill et o f o a k o r s o m e o the r
h a rd w o o d fixed in the sp a ce t hu s formed .

F o r s u peri or w ork , a d o welled flo o r ( F i g .

3 8 1 ) h a s the a dva n t a g e o f sh owi n g n o n a il s

on the su r fa c e ; the b o a rds a r e pinn ed t o
ethe r betwee n the j o i s ts with o a k d o wels
g ,
F ig . 382 .

a nd na iled o bliqu ely o n o n e

. ed g e o nly .

D o welled b o a rd s s h o u ld n o t be mo r e t h a n
3 i n wide a n d n o t le s s th a n 1 4 i n thick
.
,
.

when fini shed The P a v o d il os j o in t is

.

a s sh o w n by F i
g 3 8 2 a s li g htly .m o dified ,
F ig . 383 .

form bein g th a t sh o w n by F i g 3 8 3 which .

, , F gs i 3 8 2 a nd 3 8 3 Pavo d i l o s Ji
o n t in
l i
. .

a lth ou g h the s ec o n d key i s l o s t ma y p o s ,

F o or n g .

Sibly be p r eferr ed o n a cc o u n t o f t h e da n g er ,

When na ili n g d o w n the flo o ri n g j o inted a s us ed F i g 3 8 4 sh ow s the s ecti on o f p a rt o f

. .

in F ig 3 8 2 o f d a ma g i n g the fe a the r ed g e - a co mmo n fl o o r sh o wi n g 9 i n by 3 in j o i s ts - -

a n d 1 4 m b o a rdi n g with a r eb a ted he a di n g

. .
. , ,
,

o f the b o a r d th a t i s bei n fixed

g
.
.

j o int In a dditi o n
. p u g g in g a nd a l a th ,

D Ou b l e = b o a rd e d F loor .
a n d pl a s te r ceilin g a r e s h o w n
-
The o bj ect .

An pp er l a yer o f thin o a k b o a rds i s so me

u o f the p u g g i n g i s t o r ed u ce the tra n s mi s s i o n

t i me s fixed o ver a ro u g h de a l flo o r fo r the o f s ou n d The fil lets fo r su pp o rtin g the p u g

.

s a ke o f a e r a n ce a n d a l s o i n s o me c a s es i n g n eed n o t be o f the s h a p e i n dic a ted i n

pp a , g
t o o bt a i n a n a l mo s t i mp er vi o u s s u r f a ce F ig . An o ther me a n s o f a tta ini n g the
A flo o r o f thi s ki nd w a x p oli shed a n d well ,
des ir ed e nd i s t o n a il s trip s o f felt o n the
l a id i s mu ch t o be c o mmen ded fo r t h e e a s e u p e r ed g e s o f t h e j o i s ts u n der the floo r
, p ,

with which it c a n be clea n ed a nd fo r it s n o n ,

b o a rd s B y t hi s me a n s the c o nn ectio n
.

a b so rben t n a tu r e between the j ois ts a n d b o a r di n g is broken .

Thi s a rra n g emen t cr e a te s s ome difficu lty in

S ou nd =
p ro o f F l o o rs .
fixin g the b o a rd s which c a n be o verc o me b y ,

O n e m eth o d p eve n ti n
g of
the s o u n d fr o m
r n a ili n g a l a th a l o n g the t o p o f the felt .

o n e r o o m b ei n a u dible i n a n o ther r o o m
g
immedi a tely bel o w i s t o n a il fil le t s t o the
j o i st s a n d o n the s e n a il a la yer o f ro u g h
,

b o a rd s a n d t o fill in o n t h e t o p o f the s e
,

b o a rd s a s tra t u m o f li m e a n d h a ir mo rt a r - -
.

S la g felt a p r ep a ra ti o n o f S l a g w o o l which
, ,

i s a ma teri a l p r o du ced by bl o wi n g o ff w a s te
s te a m i n t o the s l a g o f i r o n fu rn a ce s i s a l s o F ig 3 84 -
S e ct i on of S ou n d p r oo -
f Fl oor w thi
i
. .
,

u s ed fo r thi s
P u g g ng
u r os e In the c e f t h e sl a
p p a s o g
.

felt the p r o ce ss i s a s fo ll o ws On t h e u n der

s ide o f the j o i s t s fil let s a r e n a iled t o w o o de n
F i r e p ro o f W o o d e n F l o o rs .

bl o cks 1 in thick a n d t o t hes e fil lets the

. P ro t e c t e d W l
o ode n o f the F o o rs — On e
,

la thin g fo r the p l a s ter ceilin g i s a ffixed . simp le st a n d mo s t ec o n o mic a l m eth o d s o f

The sl a g w o o l ( kn o wn a s p u g g in g is then c o n s tru cti n g a fi r e re si s tin g flo or i s t o p ro-

l a id o n the u p p er s u r fa ce o f t h e l a th s a n d ,
t oot a n o rdin a ry w o oden fl o or wi t h sl a b s
is felted by a p a ten t p r o ce ss thi s p r o cess o f , o f a sbe s tic p l a s ter o r o f sl a g w o o l ( s ilic a te
92 C AR P ENTRY AN D JO INERY .

c o tt on ) b o th o f which c a n be o bta i n ed
, by Me ssrs Eva n s a nd Sw a i n between 1 8 70
.

c ommerci a lly i n sl a b s a s cl o th o r in the , , a nd 1 880 The j o i st s i n s te a d o f bei n g

.
,

fo rm o f l o o s e fib re o r w o o l The l o o s e w o o l . pl a ced a t s o me di s ta n ce fr o m e a ch o the r ,

i s u s efu l fo r fillin g u p the sp a ce s betwee n wer e l a id cl os e to g ether so th a t a ir c o u ld ,

the j o i sts a s a p u gg i n g t o de a den s o u n d ( a s not pen e tra te b etwee n them the p la nk s ,

a l r e a dy des c rib ed ) a s well a s a ff o r di n ro bei ng then Spiked a s sh o w n in F i g 3 87 As

, g p . .

t e c t i o n a g a i ns t fir e A c o n venien t m eth o d
. a n a lte r n a tive m eth o d the S pikes c o ul d b e ,

d riven in di a g o n a lly a n d if th o u g ht n e c e s , ,

s a ry , the u nder side o f the pl a n ks c o u ld

b e p r o tected with a p l a s ter ceilin g keyed
i n t o gro o ves formed in the pl a nk s As a .

tes t o f the c a p a bility o f thi s sys te m a b ui ld ,

in g w a s er ected 1 4 ft s qu a r e i n side o f 1 4 in
l
.
-
.

385 —
F ig . A . s b e st o s S la b s u nd e r W ood e n F l oor .
b rick w a lls a nd me a s uri n g 7 ft fr o m the
,
.
_

g ro u n d t o the c eilin g The fl o o ri n g w a s .

of a tt a chin g the sla b s i s sh ow n in F i g 3 85 . . l a id a s des cribed a b o ve Of dea l b a ttens 7 in ,

.

The sl a b s a r e f ormed by e n cl o sin g s ilic a te deep by 24 in thick spiked t o g ether side by

.
,

c o tt o n b etween sheets o f g a lva ni s ed wir e s ide . On e third of the u n der s ide w a s pl a s

-

n etti n g a n d a r e ma de o f thick n e ss e s va r yi n t e re d the j o i s ts bein g g ro o ved fo r thi s

“

, g ,

fro m 1 in t o 3 in They a re s ec u r ed t o
. . p u rp os e ; o n e third w a s pla s ter ed o n na il s
-

t h e u n der s ide o f the j o i s t s a s s h o w n a t A , ,

p a r tly driven i n t o the pl a nks a nd the ,

by w o o den fil lets B B n a iled u n dern e a th t h e r e ma i n i n thi r d w a s left u np r o tected The

, g .

n a il s p a ss i n th r o u h the s l a b s T the s e
g g o .

fil le t s a r e s ec u r ed the l a th s whe n a l a th a n d ,
-

pla s ter ceili n g C i s desir ed Additi on a l .

s ec ur ity c a n b e o bt a i n ed by pl a ci n o the r
g
sl a b s b etween the j o i sts r es tin g o n t ri ,

a n ul a r fil let s a s s h o w n in F i 3 8 6 Owi n
g g g . .

t o the c o mp a r a tive che a p n e ss o f the s e

F ig . 3 7 8 .
—F l oo rs of li W
So d oo d .

meth o ds o f c o nstru cti o n a n d the me a s ur e ,

o f s ec ur ity they a ffo r d they a re w o rthy o f ,

ch a mb e r u n dern e a th w a s p a cked a lmo st full
mo r e g en era l a d o pti o n in dwelli n g h o u s e s o f ti mb e r which w a s then li g hted a nd it ‘

-
, ,

a n d o ffice b u ildi n s
’

g . w a s n o t u n til a fter five h o u rs c o nti nu ou s

S o l i d W o o d e d F l o o rs — W o o dw o rk whe n .
,

u s ed i n s o l id ma s s e s i s a n excelle n t ma te ri a l
,

fo r fi r ep r o o f c o n s tru cti o n It i s extr emely .

difficu lt t o de stro y ti mb er in b u lk by fir e ,

a n d i n Am e ric a p a r tly o n thi s a cc o u n t a n d

, ,
a nd in o ther b u ildin g s .

a l s o o n a cc ou n t o f the che a p n e ss o f ti mbe r ,

Othe r S ys t e m s — A mo
s ys tem j u s t de s cribed h a s
M ess r s Hi n t o n a n d D a y
.
,

i n F i g 3 88 .The j o is ts .

i n the o

F ig . 386 .
—A s b e s t os S l abs b e t we e n Ji o st s .

fl o o rs a nd w a ll s a r e c o n stru cted o f p l a nk s tween them i s p r event o

n a iled t o g ethe r s ide by s ide The w a ll s o f .
c a rried by fillets n a iled
ma n y o f the l a r g e g ra i n eleva t o r s a n d s ta t i o n j oi s t A te s t o f thi s sys
.

b uildi n g s a r e c o n s tru cted in thi s w a y The . ma de a t We stmi n s ter .

s y s te m o f f o r mi n g fl o or s by cl o s e ti mbe ri n b ri c kw o rk wer e er ected

g ,

i n ste a d o f the o rdin a ry u s e o f j o i s ts a nd o f the fl o o r t o be te s ted

fl o o ri n g b o a rd s w a s i n tr o d u ced i n t o E n g l a n d
,
94 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

w o o d bl o ck fl o o r the g rou n d sh o u ld be t a ken

-
, h o weve r b e s wept th oro u g hly o ff befo re
,

o u t fr o m 8 i n t o 1 1 i n ( a cc o rdi n g t o the r u nn i n o n the m a s tic The bitu men i s

. .
g .

thickn e ss o f the bl o ck s ) bel o w the i n ten ded so m eti m e s l a id i n t w o c oa t s the fir s t bei n

g ,

flo o r li n e ; the s u r fa ce sh o ul d be r o u hly
-
a ll o wed t o s e t befo r e p r o cee di n with t he
g g
levelled a n d ra mmed s o lid l ft 6 in s t a kes -
.
-
. s ec o n d ; the p u rp o s e o f thi s i s t o e n s u r e a
a r e the n d rive n i n t o the b o tt o m a b o u t 6 ft . s u b s t a n ti a l l a ye r o f bit u m e n betwee n t h e
a p a rt a n d levelled o ff t o 6 i n
, a b o ve the . blo cks a n d the ce ment b u t thi s is o nly ,

g r o un d the s ite i s the n filled in with c o n n ece ss a ry o n ver y d a mp s ite s The o bj ects .

c r ete t o the dep th o f the st a ke s a nd the , o f the th r ee diffe r e n t l a ye rs u n de r the fl o o r

su r fa ce be a te n s mo o th A blu e li a s lim e . a re : The c o n cr ete i s to fo rm a su b s ta nti a l
,

o r P o r tl a n d ce m e n t s h o u ld b e u s ed fo r the a nd u n yieldi n g fou n d a ti o n a nd a l so t o

, ,

c o nc r ete i n the p ro p o rti o n o f 1 ceme n t t o 6

, p r even t the g ro un d a ir a ri sin g ; the cement
-

a g r e a te
g g The c o n cr ete bed sh o u ld b e
.
la yer i s t o fo rm a h a rd a nd r e g ul a r s urfa c e
a ll o wed t o s ettle a nd d r
y bef o r e p r o cee di n g t o which the ma tri x c a n a dhe r e ; a nd t h e
with the n ext s tep which is the flo a tin g , ma trix is a d a mp pro o f l a yer th a t will e ff e c t u
-

o f the t o w i th a 4 in l a yer o f P o rtla n d a ll p r eve n t a n m o i s tu e th a t ma p

p
-
.

y y r y a s s
ce me n t a n d s a n d 5 t o 1 ; p r ep a ra t ory t o , th ro u g h the ce men t fr o m r e a chi n g t h e
bl o ck s a n d a l so bei n g s tro n g ly a dhe s ive
, , ,

it keep s the bl o ck s a tt a ched t o the cemen t .

V a ri o u s mixt u r es a r e u s ed fo r ma trice s t h e ,

bes t h a vi n g min era l bitumen a s a b a s e ;

b u t fr eq u en tly a si mple mixtur e o f S t o ck
h olm t a r a n d pitch in the p ro p o rti ons o f
,

2 o f t a r t o 1 o f pitch i s u s ed ( n o te g a s t a r
, ,

i s u n su it a ble ) . When thi s is l a i d in a sin g le

c oa t s cr eeds o f w oo d a b o u t 4 in o r 4 in
, .

thick a r e n a iled li g htly t o the cemen t t o fo rm

b a ys a b o u t 4 ft o r 5 ft s qu a r e t w o of thes e
. .

s h o u ld b e filled i n with the m elted ma trix ,

whi ch sh o u ld b e b o ili n g h ot a nd the firs t ,

filled in will be r ea dy for l a yin g the blo cks

F ig 3 91 .
—H i g b e rr n on e P a t t e rn of Wood -
B l k
oc
by t h e tim e the s ec o n d i s filled The bes t .

Fl w it h l k
.

c o n s i s te n cy o f the ma trix fo r l a yi n i s w he n
oo r 1 8 i n B oc
-
. s .
g
it is t hick en o u g h t o r eceive the wei g ht o f
thi s sc r eed s o f cemen t a b ou t 3 in w ide . the blo ck with o u t a llowi n g it t o sink i n a n d ,

s h ou ld b e ru n a r ou n d t h e ma r i n s n d yet w a rm e no u g h t o a ma lg a ma te p ro perly
g a ,

a c ross the r o o m every 6 ft o r 8 ft the s e . . with the mixtu r e a dheri ng t o the bl o ck s .

sh ou ld b e a cc u ra tely levelled a n d s tru ck S c a ff o ld b o a rd s sh o ul d b e l a id a cro s s t h e

s t ra i ht with a l o n
g g fl o a t a n d whe n s e t will ,
b a ys r e s tin g on the s cr eed s fo r the me n t o
, ,

bec ome levelli ng p o in ts fro m which t o kn eel o n whils t la yi n g .

s trike o ff the s u r fa ce o f the ce m en t ; befo r e L yi g t e W o d

a n h o B o c k —
l s The ma s tic a s .
,

the l a tter h a s bec o me h a rd it sh ou ld b e the fum es a r e su ffo c a ti n g sh ou ld b e he a ted ,

b ru shed o ver with a birch b roo m t o s c or e i n a l a r g e i r o n c a u ldro n in the o pe n a i r ,

t h e s u rf a ce ; it mu s t then b e a ll o wed ti me a nd b ro u g ht i n t o the b ui ldi n g i n i ro n p a il s .

t o bec o m e pe rfectly d ry a s a ny tra ce o f ,

The bl o cks sh o u ld b e s ta cked in the ro o m
mo i s tu r e will b e fa t a l t o the a dhe si o n o f the n e a r the d o o rw a y e a ch c u t t o i t s p rOp e r
,

bitu men c o a t n ext t o be l a id F rom s even . s i z e a n d e a ch s erie s s t a cked by it s elf To .

t o fou rteen d a y s a cc o rdi n g t o the s t a te o f

, j
d o the w o rk p ro perly t w o me n a t le a s t will
t h e a t mo sphe r e will b e r equ i r ed fo r thi s
’
,
be r equi r ed t o l a y w o rki n g i nt o e a ch o ther s
,

p u rp o s e ; a n d a s a n a dditi o n a l p r ec a u ti o n h a n d s a n d o n e t o deliver the bl o cks a s r e

,

j u s t bef o r e l a yi n g the bitu men o r ma trix a s , ,

qui r ed The o rde r o f delivery a n d o f l a yi n g
.

it i s termed d u s t a little fre sh li m e o r s o me

,
will depen d o n the de si gn a s will b e me n ,

fi n e d ry a she s o ve r the su r fa ce the s e mu s t ,

t i o n e d p r e s en tly The bl o cks a re di pped t o
.
 F L O OR S . 95

h a lf their dep th i n to the p a il o f mixtu r e c a re , p a irs o f c o n ti g u o u s bl o cks sh ou ld be la id firs t

bein g ta ke n n o t t o a llo w a ny t o g e t o n the ri ht a l o n
g g th a t s ide — th a t i s a l l o f th o s e ,

s u rfa ce a nd ,
li g htly t a p ped int o pl a ce h a vi n g mi t r ed e n d s a s the s e p ro vide the
,

when a b a y i s c o mpleted a p iece o f qu a r terin g s t a r ti n g p o i n t s o f the p a tte rn then foll ow ,

a b o u t 5 ft l o n g with o n e side p l a n ed s tra i g h t o n a lte rn a tely left a n d ri ht a s de s c ribed

.
, , g .

s h o u ld be s t ru ck o n the f a ce o f the bl o ck s t o A be g inn in g sh o u ld a lw a y s be ma de a t t h e

—
0
D bl H e rr i n g b on e i
F ig . 392 . ou e
1 2 ih -
. B l k oc s .
De s g n wi t h
F ig . 3 94 .
—Ch q e ue r i
De s g n w t h 9 i n i -
. B l k
oc s .

b rin g them t o a uni fo rm level In l a yi n g . w a ll pp o site the d o o r w o rki ng to w a rds the

o ,

the herri n g b o n e de si g n ( F i g beg in with . la tter so th a t n o tra ffic ma y p a ss o ver fr e sh

the ma rg in l a yin g thi s a s fa r a s the ma s tic
, l a id w o rk ; a nd a fter a ll the bl o ck s a re
ru n s ; then t a kin g t w o bl o cks p l a ce the m , d o w n sa wdu s t sh o u ld be fr eely s tr ew n o ver
,

in the left h a n d a n g le a n d ma ke a ma rk o n
-
, t heir su r fa ce t o a b s orb a ny ma s tic th a t ma y
the ma r g in wher e the ed g e o f the s ec o nd h a ve dro pped ther e o n a nd s c a ffo ld b o a rds ,

bl o ck r e a ches This will be the p o in t fo r

. l a id o n sp a r e bl o ck s from the d o o rw a y,
fixi n g the sma ll tri a n g ul a r p iece ma rked , sh o u ld it be n ece ss a r y t o p a s s th a t w a
y .

N o 1 ; n ext fix the bl o ck ma rked 2 a nd

.
, At le a s t twenty f o u r h o u rs sh o u ld ela p s e
-

then N os 3 4 5 6 7 in d u e o rder Thi s

.
, , , , ,
. befo r e be g innin g the clea ning off t o a llo w ,

a rra n g e men t ma kes the i n s erti o n o f t h e the ma stic ti me t o s e t h a rd a nd in cle a nin g ,

to n g u e s o r pi n s e a sy H a vi n g re a ched N o . . o ff p le n ty o f t a ll o w sh o u ld be u s ed It will .

7 either mo ve t o the ri g ht o r let the s ec o n d

, , b e fou nd a n a dva nt a g e t o the w o rkmen t o
ma n t a ke u p the ru nni n g with bl o ck N o 8 .
, h a ve a pa il o f whitin g h a ndy whils t they ,

wh o se p o siti o n i s fo u n d by me a su rin g fro m a r e l a yi n g the bl o ck s into which they c a n ,

N o 6 with t w o bl o ck s a s befor e ; then let

. o cc a s i o n a lly dip their h a n ds a s t h e t a r ,

F ig . 3 93 .
—T il e i
De s g n w t h 1 2 i n
°

i -
. B l k
oc s .
F ig 3 95 —P a ne l a nd i
F ra me De s g n w t h M xe d i i
l
. .

B oc k s .

h im foll o w o n with N o s 9 t o 1 4 c o n s oou .

t iv e l y , when th e fir s t ma n will l a y N o s 1 5 . b u rns s ever ely the u np r o tected ski n As .

a nd 1 6, a n d the s ec o n d N o s 1 7 a n d 1 8 , a n d . befo r e me n ti o n ed the bl o cks sh ould be,

so on The S h a ded p orti o n in F ig 39 1

. . a l l c u t t o si z e bef o r e be g inni n g a n d thi s ,

repr es en ts the r ece ss between a chi mn ey n ece ss it a tes the s ettin g o u t o f o n e r epe a t

b r ea s t a nd the w a ll If a be g inni ng wer e . o f the des i g n fu ll s i z e u p o n a l a r g e b o a r d o r

ma de a g a i ns t a s t ra i g ht w a ll a l l the th r ee a cle a n fl o o r The a ctu a l bl o cks sh o u ld be

.
 96 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

us ed fo r
thi s p u rp o s e , fixi n g d o w n the width o f the ro o m will sh o w the qu a n tity
ma rg i ns a n d c u tti n g a n d fitti n g in a b a y
, r equ ir ed It ma y be menti on ed th a t the s e
.

a s s h o w n by the d o tted li n e A F
( gi . blo cks a r e u su a lly s o ld by t he h u n dr ed .

O n ce the Sp r e a d o f a b a y is k n o w n it is e a s y ,
J o i n ti n g a n d F ixi n g W o o d B l o ck s F i g .
-
.

t o S p a ce o u t the qu a n tity fo r a r o o m a n d 3 96 sh o w s the s ecti o n o f a w o o d bl o ck b a s e -

—S t i H e rr ing b one
3 93 —
Fig 396 ec on o f P a t t e rn s s h own
l k Fl
. .

’
in F ig . 3 91 ,
F1g . D u ff y s P a t e nt B oc oor .

as cer ta in h ow m a n y o f e a ch len g th a n d .
m en t flo o r with g ro o ved to n g u ed j o ints a nd .

F i g 3 97 r ep r e s en t s a s ecti o n Of T u rpi n s
’

sh a pe a r e r eq u i r ed It i s be s t t o l a y d o w n .

p a ten t i nterl o cki ng s ys tem her e a ta peri n g

.

a ll r ece s s e s like the o n e s h o w n a n d c u t in ,

a ll the bl o ck s speci a lly ma rki n g the m

, .
t o n g u e with a n u n derc u t sh oul der o n the
l ower s ide i s s tu ck o n the solid a ll rou n d o n e
'

T o o bt a i n the si z e o f the r eces s l a y d o w n ,

the ma rg in bl o ck s ti ght b etween the w a ll s blo ck a n d a c orr esp o n di n g g roo ve in the

o the r a n d when the t w o c o m
,
,

o r fr a m e a ro u gh templ a te t o the o peni n g .

,
e t o g ether they
The herrin gb o n e p a ttern mu s t a lw a ys b e fo rm a d o veta il g ro o ve in t o which the ma s tic
—
l a id s qu a r e th a t i s c u t e n d s mu s t b e a ,
i s p r e ss ed when l a yi ng th u s fo rmi n g a so l id ,
’

mi tr e o f f o rty fi v e de g r ees - key with the bed D u ffy s p a tent i s sh o w n .

D e s i g n s o f W o o d B l o ck F l o o rs —D e s i g n
.

- i n F i g 3 98 a nd c o n si s ts in the c o nn ecti o n
.
,

o f the bl o ck s by me a n s o f d o wel s ; the s e

F ig 3 92 is l a id s i mi l a rly be g i nn i n g with the
.
,
a r e su pplied with the bl o ck s a n d drive n i n
blo ck s N o 1 a n d fo ll o win g o n with 2 a n d
.

a s the bl o ck s a r e l a id The h o le s a re b o r e d
3 etc
, F i g 3 93 i s a n e a sy de si gn t o l a y
. .
.

when o n ce the c o rn er is p a s s ed the nu mb ers by ma chin ery a nd a r e a t ex a ctly the s a m e

i ndi c a te the o rder o f l a yin g the bl o cks Ca r e .

mu s t be t a ken t o keep the s ides o f e a ch tile

in a s t ra i g ht li n e a n d they S h o u ld b e te s ted
,

o cc a s i on a lly with a s tr a i g hted g e F i g 3 94 . .

i s a n e a s y des i g n t o l a y a n d l o o k s ver y well ,

in pitchpi n e F i g 3 95 i s mo r e el a b o r a te
. .
,

b u t ve ry effective i n t w o c o l o u r ed w o o d s the ,

d a rke r o n e fo r the fr a m e s a nd the li ghter fo r

F ig 3 97 — i l k Fl F ig 3 9 9 —G l k Fl
’ ’
. T . ur p n s P a t e nt B oc o or . . . e a ry s P a t e nt B oc o or .

the p a n el s All o f thes e de si g ns a r e b a s ed

. di s t a n ce a p a rt whether o n the e nd o r side
, ,

o n the ri g ht a n g led tri a n g le a n d ive n the a n d the r ef o r e the bl o cks c a n be l a id i n

g
-
, ,

s i z e o f the bl o ck they c a n be r e a dily s e t o u t

, s eve ra l c o mbin a ti o n s In Ge a ry s p a ten t .
’

t o fit a n y r o o m ; e a ch p a t t e rn b ei n g a r e F
( gi . 3 99 ) e a ch bl o ck i s fixed t o the m a s tic
e at o n e b a y m u l t ip lied by the le n th a n d b y me a n s o f t w o m et al keys d rive n i n t o the
p , g
 F L O OR S . 97

ll
z dS of the bl o ck ; the s e p ro j ect fr o m the l a r g er p orti o n s o f the p a ttern s the n a tu ra l ,

) O t t O I[I a n d a r e b u r ied in the b ed ma ter i a l

,
. c o l o u rs of the w o o d a ffo rd su ffi cien t c o n
Th e key i s dra w n t o enl a rg ed s c a le i n F i g . tra st b u t fo r b a n d s in the b o rders a n d fo r
, ,

:00 ; it is e a sily kn o cked o u t when a bl o ck ed g in g s fo r the g e om etric fig u r e s mo r e vivid ,

a s t o be c u t a n d i s r e i n s er ted in a s ma ll c o lou rs a r e s ometime s desi ra ble a n d t he s e

-
, ,

no r t i s e A h a lf d o vet a il g ro o ve i s a l s o
. a r e o bt a i n ed by dyei n
g s o m e li g ht c o l o u r ed -

vo rk e d o n the S ide o f e a ch p iece which , w o od su ch a s a sh o r syc a mo r e t o the re

, ,

orms a n a dditi o n a l key t o the bl o ck In qu ir ed ti n t The th ree f orm s o f p a r qu etry in

s
. .

Fa wcett s s y stem sh o w n i n pl a n a t B F
( ig
’
o r di n a r y u s e a r e k n o w n r e s ectively a s thi n
,
.
p ,

91 p , . a nd i n i s o m etr ic p r o j ecti o n by m edi u m a nd S o lid , The t w o fo rm er which .

,

40 1 the en d s o f the bl o ck s h a ve a 4 in
,
-
. a r e r e s ectively o u t o f
p 4 i h a n d 4 i n s t u ff -
.
-
.
,

I O OV O c u t a c r o s s the m a t a n a n g le o f f o r ty a r e g l u ed t o
4 i n o r
4 in de a l b a cki ng s in
-
.
-
.

iv e de g ree s a n d the s e when the bl o ck s a r e

, ,
s qu a r e s o r
p a n el s fro m 1 0 i n t o 1 8 i n . .

ai d i n herri n g b o n e p a ttern lie i n a c o n tin u s qu a r e a n d the s e p a n el s a r e r o o ved a n d

, ,
g
lus s tra i g ht lin e . In to the s e g ro o ve s a t o n g u ed a ll ro u nd or so metimes d o welled , ,

in by 4 4 in s teel t o n g u e i s i n s erted a s
1 -
a n d a r e a tt a ched t o the c ou n ter flo o r eithe r -

with s cr ew s which a r e a fterw a rds pellet ed

. .

ho w n in F i g 401 the su cceedin g r o w o f

.
, , ,

bl o CKS fitti n g o ver a n d c o mpletin g the

‘

o r by
g l u i n
g d o w n The f o rm e r m eth o
. d i s

F ig
“

. 4 00 .
—Vi ew of Meta l Key . F ig . 4 01 .
—F awcet t s
’
P a t e nt B l k Fl
oc oor .

ro o ve . Thi s s y stem i s very e fi e c t u a l in e mp l o yed when it i s in tended t o r emo ve the

e n t in g the r i si n g o f i n d ivid u a l bl o ck s
i s mu ch u s ed o n fir e r esi s ti n g c o n cr ete
,
p a r qu et a t s o m e fu tu r e tim e ; a n d the
-
l a tter when the p a r qu et i s t o be perma n ent
, .

The letter r efer en ce s in Fi g s 3 91 t o . The s olid p a r qu et i s a b ou t 1 in thick a nd .

,

t me n ti o n ed in the text a re : 0 the va ri ou s p iece s a r e u su a lly g lu ed dir ect

D ma s tic E cem en t F c o n c r ete G t o the c o u n ter flo o r a nd t o e a ch o ther in -
, , ,

o n e o per a ti o n the de si g n bein g formed a s

,

t h e w ork p r o ceed s In thi s meth o d a l l

P a rq u e t F l o o rs
.
,

piece s mo r e th a n 1 4 in wide a re d o welled

.

.
,

P a r qu etry is a meth o d
c o verin g a flo o r o f o r i n a che a e r cl a s s o f w o rk a r e n a iled t o
, p ,

a nd richly c o l o u r ed w o o d s ar , e a ch o ther wit h wir e n a ils B o rders a r e .

va ri o u s fa n cifu l a nd g e o metric fixed fir s t a n d a s fa r a s p o s s ible t hes e a r e

, , ,

the eff ect o f the de si g n bein g ma de wide en ou g h t o b rin g a l l s ma ll r ece ss e s

a nd p r o j ecti o n s i n t o li n e s o a s t o c a u s e n o , _

i nterru p ti on in t h e p a ttern ; b u t l a r g e
o peni n g s m u s t h a ve t h e b o rders b r o ken a n d

r et u rn ed a r o u n d the m .
 T I M B E R PA

Co mm o n S t ud P a rt i t i o n s .

Thi s ch a pter will c o nsi s t chiefly o f illus

t ra t i o n s s h o wi n g the c o n s tru cti o n o f ti mb er
p a r titio n s : Su ch p a rtiti ons a r e b ui lt in a
va riety o f s tyles the sim e st bein g the ,

c o mmo n s tu d p a rtiti on which i s su p p orted

m
,

F ig 4 02 —P a rt E l v ti
e a on o f C ommon S t u d P ar t i
i f l
. .

t on su p p ort e d r om b e ow .
1 00 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .
 TI M B ER P A RTITION S .
1 01

no tched o r c o g g ed t o it The ends o f .

b o th he a d a n d sill a re su pp orted by st o n e
c o rbel s b u ilt in t h e w a lls The sill h a s a n .

i n termedi a te su pp o rt o n a p a ssa g e w a ll A .

The fo o t o f the ki n g p o st S h ou ld be c o n
-

n e c t e d t o the sill by a b o lt o r s tr a Fi s
p g . .

408 t o 4 1 0 S h o w the f o r m o f the thr ee p ri n

c i a l j oints The tru s sed p a rtiti on illu str a ted
p .

by F ig 4 1 1 is de si g n ed t o a n swer the fo llo w

.

in g r equi r em en ts A tru ss ed fra m ed

p a r titi o n betwee n the fro n t a n d the b a ck
r o o m a n d the l a n di n f the m e h e
g o s a o u s ,

p r o vidi n
g a d o o r o pe ni n
g o n t o the l a n di n g
7 ft hi g h by 3 ft 4 in wide a n d o pen i n g
. . .
,

fo r f o ldin g d oo rs t o b a ck ro o m 9 ft hi g h , .

by 9 ft wide ; t h e s to r ey i s a ssu med t o be

.

1 1 ft hi g h cle a r o f the j o i s t s
. P a rticu l a r s o f
.

t h e v a ri o u s j o i n ts a r e g iven i n Fi s 4 1 2 t o
g .

41 6 Thi s bei n g a n exa mple o f c a rpen try th a t

.

r equ i r e s a fa i r a mo u n t o f j u d m en t t o de s i n
g g
F ig . 41 0 —
Ji
o nt b e t w e e n S t r u t a nd S ill in
r o e rly it will p r o b a bly s e r ve a s a n exa mple
p p ,

ii
.

T r u s s e d P a rt t on ( s e e F i g.
fo r r efer en ce if it i s fu lly w o rked o u t bec a u s e ,

a 000 9. 9 031 4 x4 i

i
F r a me w t h T w o O p e n i ng s a nd to su p p ort Upp er F l oor .
1 02 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

'
t h is ki nd ofp a rtiti o n frequ ently f o rms the F i g 41 3 , j o i n ts b etween p a rtiti o n he a d a nd
.

s u pp o r t o f fl o o rs a s sh o w n i n F i g 4 1 1
, It . . t op o f d o o r p o s t a n d s t ru t ( s e e B , F i g .

h a s sb e e n a s s u med th a t the sill i s s up p o rted F i g 4 1 4, j o i n t s b etwee n d o o r p o s t , d o o r

.

F ig 41 2 —J i o nt at ( F ig . F ig . 41 5 .
—J i o nt at D

F ig . 41 4 .
—J i o nt at C ( F ig .

on a b rick p a rtiti o n w a ll except a cro ss the ,

F ig . 41 6 —J oint s at F oot of S t rut a nd Do or P os t

p a s s a
g e whe
,
r e the s ill i s s h o w n r e s ti n
g o n ( P ig 41 1 )
a li n tel . The e nl a r g ed det a il s a re expl a i n ed
a s f o ll o w s : F i g 4 1 2 j o i n t s between d o o r
.
,
he a d a n d s t ru t ( s e e
,
0, F ig . F i g 41 5
.
,

p o st d o o r he a d a n d b ra ce ( s e e A F ig
, , ,
. j o i n t a t n F i g 41 1
i ,
. . F i g 4 1 6,
. j o i nt between
1 04 C AR P E NTRY A N D J O IN E R Y

sill b ra ce a nd d o o r p o s t ( se e F i g
, ,
. F i g 42 1
. h o w s the pl a n o f the c ro ss
s

a l s o sh o wi n g s ill n o tched t o r eceive the j o i s t . a n d st a i r c a s e p a r titi o n The s t a irc a se p a r

.

Fi g s 41 7 t o 42 1 illu stra te a p ra ctic a l exa mple

. t it i o ns a r e 6 ft fr o m the fl a n k w a ll s o th a t
.
,

o f p a r titi o n i n g t o the u p e r st o r ey s o ve r a
p the u pper st a i rc a ses ma y b e fo rmed o f t w o
_

g ro u n d fl o o r which i s u s ed for b u s i n e ss fli g ht s . The cro ss p a rtiti o n ( F i g 41 8) h a s

. .

F ig . 41 8 —E l v t i
e a on of Cr o s s P a rt t ii on s .

p u rp o s e s S ketch p l a n s o f the gr o u n d a n d
. a d o o rw a y B le a di ng fro m the sta i r c a s e
s ec o n d flo o rs a r e g ive n by Fi g s 42 0 a n d
. l a n din g a n d a n o peni n g 0 i s p ro vided fo r
,

42 1 . In t h e g ro u n d p l a n ( F i g . a fo l di n g d o o rs The he a d o f thi s p a rtiti o n

.

p r iv a te e n t r a n ce
,
3 ft
. wide ,a n d the s t a i r i s p r ep a r ed t o a c t a s the mi ddle be a ri n g fo r
c a s e a r e en cl o sed by a 44 in b rick a n d
-
. the s ec o n d fl oor j o i st s a n d it S erves a lso a s
,

stu dded p a r t i t i o n ,
which i s i n dic a ted in a sill fo r the ma i n me mbe rs o f the c r o s s

s ec t i o n a n d eleva t i o n a t A ( Fi g s 41 8 a nd
. p a rtiti o n t o the sec on d flo o r which i n tu rn
,
 TI M B E R P ARTITION S .
1 05

S u pp o r ts the thi rd or g aet flo o r j o is ts a s

rr su
pp ted
or by the m O n e e n d o f the s e p a r .

sh o wn . F i g 41 9 s h o w s the s t a i r c a s e p a r
.
,
t i t i o n s i s c a rried by t h e b a ck w a ll a n d the ,

t it i o ns t o the first a n d sec o n d flo o rs h a vi n g o t he r i s c o nn ec t ed t o the c r o s s

p a rt i t i o n s

do o r o p enin g s E a n d F It mu s t be n o ted
,

. by me a ns o f 4 in b o l t s which ar e i n dic a t ed
-
.
,

th a t these p a rtiti o ns a re n o t dir ectly o ver a t a b c d e f a nd 9 ( F i Owi n

g
, , , , g , ,
.

F ig . 41 9 -
E l v ti
e a on of St a i rca se P a rt t ii on s .

the g rou n d flo o r p a rti t i o n A ( F i g a nd. to the sill m ( F i g 41 9) o f the l o we r c ro s s .

ther efor e d o n o t r eceive a ny dir ect su p p o rt r titi o n h a vi n t o c a rr y the e n d s o f the

p a g
f ro m it Thes e p a rt i t i on s a r e de s i g n ed t o
. j o i s t s the s tro n g es t m eth o d d o u btless w o u ld
,

c a rry thei r o w n wei g ht The l o wer o n e

. b e t o fix the m t o fi llet s a s S h o w n a t l ( F i g .

su p p o rt s o n e e n d o f the firs t flo Or j o i s t s o f 4 1 9) The fille t s w ou ld be Sp iked o r b o lted

t h e b a ck r o o m a n d l a n di n g wher e a s o n ly
,
t o the S ill m o rti s in g a n d h o u si n g fo r t u sk
the l a nd in g o f the s ec on d flo o r h a s t o be ten o nin g etc o f the j o i s ts w ou ld g r e a t ly
,
.
,

*
5
1 06 C AR P ENT RY A N D JOINE RY .
1 08 C AR P ENT RY A N D J OINE RY .

e x 44

F ig . 424 .
—J i 0 nt s at H ,
J K
, , a nd L
( F ig .

F ig . 4 25 .
—T ru ss e d ii
P a rt t on f
ra me d f or One Doorwa y a nd to su p p ort Tw o F l o or s .
 TI M B ER P ARTITI O N S . 1 09

we a ken the sill The feet o f the s tu d s o f

. a re t a p p ed a t e a ch e n d for n u t s F i g 42 6 . .

t h e u pper p a rt iti o n ( F i g 4 1 8 ) ma y ru n d o w n . sh o ws a p a r ti t i o n which s u

pp o r t s si mil a r

a n d be fi x ed t o t h e he a d 0 o r t o a thi n sill l o a d s b u t h a vi n g t w o o p en in g s The sill o f

,
.

n s ec u r ed t o the t o ps o f the j o i s t s a s s h o w n . the p a rti t i on h a s t o a n swer a s a g irder a lso ,

In the c o n ven ti o n a l view ( F i g 41 7) the . a n d ma y h a ve t h e j o i s t s c o nn ected t o it by

s t u d s h a Ve bee n o mi tted so th a t the m a i n , me a n s o f tu sk ten o n i n g h o u si n g , ,

ti mbers o f the fra mi n g ma y be cle a rly s een . fo rm erly th a t w a s t h e g e n era l meth o d b u t , ,

The fro n t s ec o n d flo o r j o i s ts h a ve a l so bee n o f c o u rs e the be a m i s t h u s r e a tly r ed u ced

, g
o mitted fo r a si mil a r r e a s o n i n s ecti o n a l a r e a a n d s tr en g th A mu ch‘

. .

Q u a rt e r P a rt i t i o n T h rou g h Tw o S to r e y s . b ette r w a y is t o fix a fillet eithe r by n a ils o r ,

F i g 42 2 i s the eleva ti o n o f a qu a rte r p a r titi o n

. c o a ch s cr ew s t o s u p p o rt the en ds o f the
,

1 8 ft wide a n d 2 4 ft hi g h ru nni n g thr ou g h

. .
, j o i s ts a s cle a rly sh o w n in F i g 42 7
,
. .

F ig . 426 —T ru s e ds P a rt t ii on f
ra me d for T w o Do or wa y s a nd to act as i l
M dd e Be a r i ng for
l
.

T w o F oor s .

t wo t eys a n d s elf su pp or tin g o ver the

s or -
F u rt h e r D e s i g n s of T ru s s e d P a rti ti o n s .

g ro u n d flo o r O n .the fir s t fl o o r i s a ce n t r a l As su me th a t a ro o m 1 5 ft wide a nd 1 1 ft . .

d o o rw a y 6 ft 6 in wide by 7 ft 6 in hi g h
. . . . hi g h i s t o be di vided by a qu a rter p a rtiti o n
o n the s ec o n d fl o or i s a d o o rw a y 3 ft wide h a vi n g a cen tra l op en in g fo r a fo ldin g d o o r
'

a n d 6 ft 6 in hi g h 3 ft 6 i n fro m o n e side
. .
, . . 7 ft wide a n d 8 f t hi g h
. A s uit a ble tru ss ed
. .

w a ll ; a nd a n o ther 4 ft wide a nd 6 ft 6 in . . . p a rtiti o n w o u ld b e the o n e sh o w n by F i g .

hi gh 2 ft ? fro m the o ther w a ll Fi g s 42 3

, . . 42 8 in which a l l n ece ssa r y s c a n tlin g s a r e
,

a n d 42 4 g ive det a il s o f j o i n t s a n d sh o w the , g ive n a

,
n d the m e mb e r s n a m ed W he n a .

n ece s s a r y i r o nw o rk j o in ts A t o G in the l o wer

, timber p a rt iti o n in a s t o r ey 1 2 ft hi g h h a s .

s t o r ey b ei n
g s h o w n by F i g 4 2 3 a n d j o i n t s .
,
a be a ri n g o f 2 1 ft a n d h a s t o c a rry it s elf
.
,

H t o L i n the u p er s t o r ey by F i
p g 4 2 4 . . a n d t h e fl o o r a b o ve the desi g n ma y be a s ,

A p a rt it i o n wi t h o n e o p en i n g a n d s u pp o rtin g in F ig 42 9 which sh o w s p r o vi s i o n fo r a
.
,

t w o flo o rs i s s h o w n by F i g 42 5 It is . . d o o r in t h e cen tr e a nd ta kes c o n sidera ti o n

,
/

s t r e n the n ed by t w o i r o d s which
g 4 i h r o n -
.
, o f the f a ct th a t the bi n de r s o f the fl o o r a b o ve
1 10 C AR P ENTRY AN D JO INE RY .

will res t o n the t op o f the p a r titi o n Al l . c o mb u s tible ma teri a l ; the o bj ec t bein g t o

s c a n tli n g s a nd n a me s o f me mb ers a r e i n di p r event fire p a ssing thro u g h the p a rtiti o n
c at ed . fro m o ne r o o m t o a n o the r In a c a s e whe r e
.

F ig 4 2 7
. .
—Vi ew of Ji o nt at F oot Qu e e n
P ost , l
a so s h owi ng . M e t h od of i
s u p p ort ng

E nd s of Ji o st s on F ill et fix d e to S ill .

F ig . 423 —T ru sse d ii
P a rt t on

to c a rr y it s ow n W e ig h t a nd

p r e p a r e d for F o d l i ng Door s .

F i re p r o o f P a r t i t i o n s .
the s tu ddi n g s a re s t u ff b rick s w ou ld
o f 3 in -
.
,

S o me bye l a w s r en der it c o mp u l s o ry t o
-
be l a id on ed g e The p a rtiti o n c an b e
.

fil l i n the s p a ce s i n a ti mber p a rtiti o n with a —

c o ver ed in a ny s u it a ble w y l a th a nd
b rickw ork , c o n c r ete , p u g g i n g , o r o the r in pla s ter w a insc o ting etc
, ,
.
 T I MB E R RO O Fs .

R O O f P i t °h °
la p h o ul d a l so be i n cr ea sed Wher e a
s .

F or the ro o fs dina ry b u ildin g s either

of or ,
2 4 in l a p w o u ld d o fo r a p it c h o f
-
. a
° °
3 0 o r 2 64 i s a d o pted fo r the pitch the ,
4 in l a p w o u ld b e des i ra ble fo r a pitch o f
-
.

fo rmer h a vi n g a ri s e o f h a lf the len g th o f 2 25 When the sp a n a nd ri se a re g iven

3
.

a n d the l a tter h a vin g a ri s e o f o n e

'
1 188
r a fter ,
the pitch ( a ) will b e ( f o r e xa mp l e ,
fou rth the sp a n k n own a l so a s s qu a r e ,

ARRI S F I L LE T
our or

F ig . 430 .
—S t t i
e ng o ff i
P t ch of R oo f .

AD
BO R

‘ '
3 xz 5 1 u F ig . 431 .
—L e a n- t o R oo f for S h e d .

p itch . S o meti me s fo r l a rg e shed s with 6

i ro n ro o f tru s s es the p itch i s r ed u ced
,
24 ft S pa n 6 ft u se
1
I p l t0h
, 24
s till mo r e — t o s a y a mi nimu m o f
, ,
4 sp a n
F o r Go thic w o rk a n d fo r exp o s ed p o s iti o n s ,
or ( 6) will be a l pe
s o of
i e
r s
to 1 ( fo r
°
hi g h pitched ro o f s a re u s ed s a y 45 o r
-

a n d o cc a s i o n a lly mo r e c o ve r ed with shi n g le s

,

4 x 24
, ,
e xa mple ,
in the g ive n 0 4 44 2 to
s l a te s o r pl a i n tile s
, The fl a tter the ro o f .
,
6
the he a vier the sl a te s sh o u ld be a nd the ,
or ( c ) the pitch in d e g rees will be the
112
 TI M B ER ROOF S
‘

.
1 1 31

of the sp a n C s e t u p the perpendicu l a r o D

an
g le wh os e t a n g e n t is 1 ( fo r exa mple equ a l t o o n e p a rt j oi n A D Th e n A 1) will
’

2 s pan , .

b e the r equi r ed pitch Thi s i s t h e fla t t e s t

.

6
which is pitch a t which tile s sh o u ld be l a id
the [
c ase
.

1n g 1 v e n
4
d
x 24

ta n g ent o f a n a n gle o f 2 6 To se t
° L e a n =t o R o o fs
t he
.

o ff th e s l o pe o f a r o o f
°

sa y a t o n e thir d
, ,
- L ea n -
tof in their si mp le st fo r ms a re
ro o s

itch d ra w the S p a n A B ( F i g divide u sed fo r c o ver i n g shed s a n d fo r t e mp o r a r y

p
-
.

it into thr ee equ a l p a rt s a nd a t the centr e u r p o se s sh o w n i n s ecti o n by F i g 43 1

p .

,
114 C AR P E NTRY AN D J OINE RY .

Th e y ja r e a l s o l a rg ely u s ed fo r c o ve ri n g the
b a ck s;a n d s ide a dditi o n s t o a ll kind s o f
b u ildi n g s the sp a n s va ryin g
, fro m a few
f eet u p t o 2 0 ft o r mo r e F i g 43 2 i s a
. . .

c o n ve nti o n a l view o f a n o rdina ry le a n t o -

r o o f o ve r a b a ck a dditi o n The he a d o f t h e .

r a f t e rs ma y fit o n t o a pl a te fixed i n t o the

m a i n w a ll o r the pl a te ma y be su pp orted o n
,

i ro n c o rbel s a s sh o w n a t A
, Wh en t h e .

S pan mo r e th a n 8 ft a pu rl in sh o u ld be
v
.
,

F ig . 433 .
—S t i ec on t h r ou g h T ru ss e d Le a n -t o R oo f Span

intro du ced The S p a n fo r the se i s u nli mited

.

w ithi n r e a so n b u t a s i n o the r f o rms o f

, ,

ro o fs,
the ra fters sh o u ld be su pp orted by
u rli n s a t a b ou t eve ry 7 ft In the l r e
p a g r . .

s p a n s fo r i mp o r t a n t w o r k fra med tru sse s ,

f ro m 8 ft t o 1 0 ft a p a rt w o u ld be i n t ro d u ced
. . .

A secti o n throu g h a r o o f o f thi s d e sc rip

T
t i o n i s g i v e n a t F i g 433 which it will be .
, ,

' ’

25 o

F ig . 4 34 .
—S t i ec on t h r ou g h Tru s s e d Le a n t o
-
R oo f for Lar g e Span .
116 C AR PE NT RY A N D J OINE R Y .

t hi s ro o f
be e i ely self S u p p o rted the
to nt r -
B u t t h e mo r e c o mmo n meth o d is t o in
p o st w o u ld h a ve t o be well b edded in the t r o d u c e p u rli n s ,
on e o n e a ch s ide o f t h e
rou n d ro o f s o a s t o s u pp o r t the ce n t r e o f the
g .
,

ra fte rs If the p u rli n s a r e su fficien tly

e am
.

S pa n, C o u p l e =c l o s e a nd Co l la r b -

s tr o n g a n d b e dded i n the ble w ll e ch

~

,
g a a s a t a
R o o fs .
e nd a n d the r a fte rs n o tched o n t o the m
, ,

Next the le
to an-t o , the s i mples t fo rm o f ther e i s very litt le o u tw a r d thru st o n the
ro o f c o n s t ru cti o n is th a t kn o w n a s the sp a n w a lls a t the feet o f the ra fters A secti o n .

F ig . 4 39 .
—S t i
ec on t h r ou g h S p a n R 0 0 f w t h i
Co ll a r Br a c e s .

or c o u p le r o o f c o n s1 st in g o f t w o ra fters
,

fixed a t the r equ ir ed p itch o r i n cli n a ti o n a n d ,

fa ste n e d a t the feet t o p l a t e s e mbedded o n

the t o p s o f the w a ll s while t hei r he a ds a r e ,

eithe r h a lved a n d p i n n ed t o g ethe r o r n a iled ,

t o a rid g e b o a r d -
S u ch r o o f s a r e l a r g ely u s ed
.

fo r g r ee n h o u se s a n d s i mil a r
—
°
l
u r o se s ( S e e

F ig
p p i
S g §i 44o H lfa S e ct i on t hr ou g h Cou p l e R oo f
To r e medy t h e o bvi o u s te n de n cy i li
. .

W t h P ur n s
.

o f s u ch a r o o f t o S p r e a d a t the f o o t a n d

thru st o u t the w a ll s which te n de n cy in ,

thro u gh a little mor e th a n o n e h a lf o f a r o o f
c re a se s wi t h the in c re a s e o f Sp a n va ri o u s , o f thi s de scripti o n i s g iven a t F i g 440 a .
,

me a ns a r e a d o pted . c o n venti o n a l view bei n g s h o w n by F ig 441 ’

. .

Wher e it i s de si ra ble t o h a ve a s mu ch The n u mber o f p u rlins S h o u ld be in cr e a s e d

S p a ce i n the r o o f a s p o ss ible t hi s s r e a din
p g , a s the S p a n i s i n c r e a s e d s o th a t the c o mmo n
,

ma y be o bvi a t ed t o a g r e a t exte n t by fixi n g r a fte rs d o n o t h a ve a g r e a te r be a r i n g th a n

c o ll a r b ra ce s a s sh o w n a t F i g 43 9 $ 934 . . 6 ft t o 8 ft
. .
 TI M B ER RO OF S .
117

a d o p ted fo r ro o fin g s ma ll h o u s es a n d is a n ,

enla r g e men t o f t h e p r evi o u s c a s e Alt ern a .

t ive m eth o d s o f fi xi n g t h e p u rli n s a r e S h o w n .

At A the s ides p u rli n ve r t ic a l

F ig .
—C v t i l Vi w on en on a e

of Ha lf C p l R f w it h
a ou e oo

P li ur ns .

F ig . 44 2 .
—
S ti
ec on t h r ou g h Cou p e l -
Cl os e R oo f
.

The c o u p le c l o S e r o o f ( F i g 442 ) o ver a

-
.

s m a ll b u ildin g c o n si st s o f r a f t e rs which a r e ,

b ir d s mo u thed a d fixed h w ll pl e
’
-

_ n t o t e a a t s

c eili n g j o i st s a r e fixed t o the w a ll p l a te s

a nd a c t as ties a nd c o u n t era ct t h e o u t
w a r d thru st o n t h e w a ll s The ceili n g .

j o i st s a r e u su a lly su p p o rted a t the cen tr e

b y bein g n a iled u p t o a be a m which i s
t ied t o t h e r idg e by p l e c e s o f b o a r d 5 ft .

o r 6 ft a p a rt ( F i g
. .

A c o lla r bea m is a h o ri z o nta l be a m o r

-

b ra ce g en era lly o f the S a me sc a n tlin g

,
F ig 443 —V i ew of M e t h od of Ty i ng Ce ili ng
t h e ra fter s pl a ced fr o m o n e t hi rd t o h a lf w a y
. .

,
- -

Ji o st i
t o R dg e .

S p a n r o o f a n d c o n n ected t o t h e r a f t e rs
u
p a -

a t e a ch s ide t h e r o o f n o w bec o mi n g a c o ll a r
,
an d t h e r a fte rs a r e n o tched o n ; whe r e a s
b ea m ro o f . a t B t h e p u rh n i s fixed with i t s s ide s a t

F i g 444 i s a fo rm o f r o o f frequ e ntly

. r i h t a n le s wi t h t h e p i t ch o f t h e ra f t e rs
g g ,
1 18 C AR P E NTRY A N D J OINE RY .

t hi s bei n g p ro b a bly t h e s tro n g e r meth o d . F ig .h o w s the j o i n t betwee n the

450 s

This ro o f is a ddi t i o n a lly s tr en g then ed by p ri n cip a l ra fte r a n d tie be a m which a re -

,

i nse rtin g a c o lla r t o eve ry thi rd o r fo u r th a dditi o n a lly s ec u r ed by a n i ro n st ra the

p ,

ra fte r a s Sh o w n by d o tted li n e s F ig . . e nd s o f which a re p r ep a red fo r bo lts a nd

447 ( p 1 1 9) s h o w s a c o mmo n a pplic a ti o n
. nu t s s ec u ri n g a heel pl a te A It a lso sh o w s -
.

F ig . 4 44 —S t i ec on t hr ou g h S p a n R o o ff or a S ma ll H ou s e .

of t hi skin d o f ro o f l g ely a d o p ted ,

ar fo r a 44 mw ll pl a te B o n which the c o mmo n
. a -
,

dwellin g s fro m the c o t t a g e t o t h e vill a

,
r a ft e rs a r e bi r d s mo u thed
’
The ra fters p ro -
.

cla ss ; t h e c o lla rs n o t o nly S e rvi n g a s t ie s j e c t bey o n d t h e w a ll a n d be a r e r s C a r e fixe d ,

t o s tr e n g then the r o o f b u t a l s o a s ceili n g

,
t o thei r e n d s a n d a l s o i n t o the w a ll S o th a t
, ,

j o i sts In thi s fi g u r e t h e c o lla rs a re sh ow n

. the so ffi t b o a r din g a n d fa s cia b o a r d ma y b e
d o vet a il n o tched F i g 445 s h o w s a n o the r
. . fixed A c a s t iro n g u tter i s sh o w n fixe d
.
-

f o rm o f d o vet a il n o tchi n g F i g 446 S h o w s . . t o t h e f a s ci a b oa r d a n d a tiltin g fil let D i s ,

.

a f o rm o f n o tchi n g When t her e i s n o. a ls o sh o w n .

F ig . 4 4 5 —F orm of D o v ilet a N ot c h ng i . F ig . 446 .

—N ot c h n g i Co ll ar i nt o U nd e r E dg e
of Ra ft ers .

ceilin g a c oll a r i s u su a lly fixed to e very

thi rd p a i r o f ra ft e rs F i g 45 1 . h o w s the j o in t between p rin cip a l
S

p u rlin cle at a n d c o mmo n

.

ra fter a n d s t ru t , ,
.

Kin g =
post Tru s s e s .
ra fte r a r e a l so ill us tra ted The cle a ts a re .

A kin g p os t tru s s i s s u it a ble fo r a ny sp a n

-
u s u a lly fixed with S pike s o r c o a ch b o lt s .

u p t o 30 ft a n d the s i z e s o r s c a n tli n g s o f
.
, F i g 45 2 s h o w s the j o i nt s a n d thr ee w a y
.
-

i t s memb e rs a r e sh o w n i n the t a ble g ive n i ro n s t ra p a t the he a d o f t h e ki n g p o st a ls o -

on p 1 21
. A c ro ss secti o n o f a little more
. the rid g e a nd i t s j u n cti o n with the c o mmo n
t h a n o n e h a lf o f a 2 8 ft S p a n r o o f r e sti n g
- -
.
ra fte rs F i g 45 3 i s the j o i n t a t the f o o t
. .

o n s t o n e te mpl a te o n 1 4 l n b r ick w a ll s with o f the ki n g p o st wi t h s t i rr up i r o n g ib a n d

- - -
.
, , ,
.

9 in piers i s p r e s e nted b y F i g 448 a n d

-
. .
, c o tters F i g 45 4 is a vertic a l S ecti o n
. .

a r t l o n g it u di n a l s ec t i o n a t F i g 4 4 9 The t h r o u g h thi s j o i n t sh o wi n g st ra p s g ib s
p . .
, , ,

c o mmo n ra fters me a su r e 4 in by 2 in The . .

a n d c o tte rs cle a ra n ce in mo rti se a t C a nd
, ,
.

e a ve s o verh a n g a nd a re fin i shed wi t h fa sci a cle a ra n ce in stra p a t D .

a n d e a ve s b o a rdi n g Ce rt a i n det a il s o f c o n
.
F i g 455 sh o w s the fo o t o f a p ri n cip a l
.
.

s t ru cti o n r equ i r e t o b e Sh o w n s ep a ra tely r a fte r a n d tie be a m c o n n ected wi t h a w a l t

-

o n a l a r g e r s c a le . h a vi n g a c o rn ice a n d p a ra p et with a g u tte r ,

C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY .
 TI M B ER RO OF S . 1 21

F as 45 3 Ps 4. 5 4m

Pl 3
c

. 3 _ De u n
u at
E
l 00t o f
K i ms mn “
.

v
.

F ig . 454 —S t iec on ta k en t hr oug h

C e nt r e of S t ra p a nd gK i n g p os t
-
.

F ig . 455 —D t il e a at F o ot of T ru s s i n C onn e c t i on P a ra p e t .

S CA N T L IN G S F OR T IM B E R RO O F S .

Th e t a bl e b e l ow sh o w s at a gl ance th e r e sp e c t iv e sc ant li ng s f or co ll ar, ki ng -

p o st , an d

q u e e n - p o st ro o f s .

3
X 2 2 x 2 7 x 1
3 2 2 l4 x 2 7 x l
3 2 3 sz x 2 7 1 42
x
4 2 4L2 x 2 9 x 1 l2
4 2 5 x 2 9 x l2 1
_

4 2 0 12 x 2 9 x 1 42

0
4 x 4 4 x 3 7 x 4 4 4 A A x 2
5 x 4 4 x 3 42 A
7Z x 4
0
0
0
X 4 4
X A

A
A
A

A
L x 2
6 x 4 4 x 312 8 x 4
O
O 5 5 A
I
A
A
I
x
I
.
2
7 x 4 5 x 3A2 0
0 x fi
0
0 5 5 A
I
A
A x 2
7 x 5 5 x 4 0
0 x 5 8 514 5 A
A
A
A x 2
7 x 6 6 x 4 8 x 5 0
0 6 5 A
I
A
A x 2
0
0 x 4 6 x 5 8 x 6 9 5 6 A
I
4
x 2
0
0 x 6 6 x 6 8 x 6 9 6 6 A
A
R
u x 2
1 22 C AR P E NTRY A N D J OIN E R Y .

456 .
-
E l v ti
e a on o f F o ot of T ru s s su p p ort e d Pi g . 451 —P ar t L ong it u d ina l E l vat i
e on F oot
b y Ir on C o l u mn . T r us s , P o l e P l at e , etc .
, B oa r di g
n re mo v e d.

F ig . 45 9 .
—
H l ee S t rap
a nd Bo t l .

F ig . 458 .
—C v t i
on en on a l Vi w e s h o w i ng J oi nt s F oot Tr u s s ,
l Pl t f
_

Po and R a t e rs
‘

at e a e, .
1 24 C AR P E NTRY AN D JO INE RY .

fo rmed behi nd the l a tte r In thi s c a se . of fa steni n g fo r tru sses W her e h a lf tru ss e s -

the j o int between the tie be a m a nd p rin cip a l -

h a ve n o t t o be a tta ched t o the m b u t when
ra f t e r i s f a ste n ed by me a n s o f a b o lt . thi s l a tte r i s the c a se the stirru p iro n ,
-

F ig . 4 65 .
—
S ti ec on t h r ou g h Ma i n T ru s s s h ow n i g P ig . 4 66 .
—P a rt E l v ti
e a on o f Ma in T ru s s s h ow ngi
M e t h od of c onn e c t ngi T i e - b e a m, Ki ng - p os t , a nd Ki ng - p os t a nd S e ct i on of T i e -b e a m of

H ip s i
t o R dg e . H a lf Tru s s .

F i g s 456 t o 4 5 9
. h w the e n d of a tru ss s o le a ds t o ra ther a clu ms y c o nn ecti o n ther e
s u p p o r ted by a n i r o n c o lu mn Thi s c a se . for e the b o lt a nd nu t meth o d sh o w n at Fi g s .

illus t ra te s the u se of the p ole pla te a n d a lso -

4 61 a n d 462 i s a d o pted fo r sec u rin g the
the o bli qu e b ridle j o int The p o le pl a te .
-
be a m kin g p o s t to g ether
-
.

s er ves t w o p u rp o ses vi z t o c onn ect the , .

en d s o f the tru sse s l on g itu din a lly a nd t o

su p p or t the ra f t ers The tie be a m a n d .
-

p ri n cip a l ra fter a r e secu r ed t o g ethe r by

t h e s tra p sh o w n a t F i g 45 9 Ob vi o u sly . .

thi s fo rm o f stra p h a vi n g a n a dj u st a ble ,

pl a te a t t h e t op which c a n be f or ced cl o se t o
the heel o f the p ri n cip a l ra ft er is ra the r a ,

bette r kin d t h a n when si mply in the fo rm o f

a s t i rru p i ro n -
.

H i pp e d E n d o f K in g p o st R oof A - .
-

c o n ven ti o n a l V iew o f a p o rt i o n o f a ki n g
p o st r o o f wi t h hipped e nd i s sh o w n a t
F ig 460
. The meth o d of c ons t r u ctin g
.

the t ru ss a n d h a lf trus s a s s h o w n a t F i g -
.

460 i s illu stra t ed by Fi g s 4 61 t o 467 . .

U n d ou btedly for mo st c a ses the stirru p

, , P ig . 4
i ron with g ib s a nd c o tters i s the best form
 TI M B ER RO OF S .
1 25

D ra g Ti e at F oot of H i p R a ft e r
'

on
F i g 463 sh o w s p a rt pl a n o f tru sse s ,
.

id g e , a nd hip s F i g 464 sh o w s the meet

. . A dr a g g in g tie dra g on tie o r be a m
, or

n g o f the p ur li n s, whi ch a r e n o tched ou t Fi

( g s
. 4 68 a n d i s a fr a m ew o rk a t the

o r the hi p When thi s 1 s dee p ther e is n o

.
lo wer e n d o f a hip ra ft er in the a ng le of the ,

1 o t c h in g , t h e full en ds o f the p u rli n s b u t b ui ldi n g c o nn ectin g it with the w a ll pl a te s

,
-

;in
g a g a i n st it F i g 465 sh o w s the tu sk
. . in su ch a w a y a s t o r esi st the thru st o f the
e
3 non j oi nt betw een the tie be a ms with -
,
hip ra fter The foo t o f the hip ra fter i s
.

1 e c e s sa ry str a p s a nd b o lt s ; a ls o the c o n h a lved n o tched stepped o r tenon ed int o

, , ,

l ecti o n o f ki n g p os t s a n d s tra p s a n d b o lt s

i t he a d a nd a t c F i g 466 1 s p a rt eleva ti on
. .

> f m a i n t ru s s F i g 4 67 s ho w s t h e l o wer e n d s
. .

> f ki n g p o sts a n d p o r ti o n s o f tie be a m

- -
.

F ig . 4 69 .

F ig . 4 68 .

ig s . 4 68 a n d 4 69 .
-
P 1a n S e ct i on a l El v t i e a on

s h ow ng i Dr a g on T i e , Ang e Ti e , l a nd H i p for
Ang l e f i
o f R o o w t h O e r h a ng v i ng Ea v es .
1 26 C AR P E NT RY AN D J OINE R Y .
1 28 C AR P E NT RY A N D J OI NE RY .

the dra g g i n g tie which i s n o tched a t o n e , sh o u ld be n o ted th a t "

in the pla n the hip is
e nd on t o the w a ll pl a te s a t the a n g le -
, n o t sh o w n .

wher e they a re h a lved t o g ether a n d a t the ,

o the r e n d i s a tt a ched t o the a n g le tie o r Q ue e n =post Tru s s e s

The q een p o s t tru sses a re sui ta ble for
u -

s a n s o f 3 0 ft a n d mo r e S u it a ble sc a n t
p . .

hn g s o r s i z e s for the di ff er ent me mbers a re

F ig . 481 .
—v Con e nt on a i l Vi ew of St i rru p - Ir on,
Gib s a n d Cot t e r s at A ( F ig .

s h o w n in the t a ble o n p 1 2 1 F i g 4 73 . . .

F ig 4 78 —C v on i
e nt on a l Vi ew of Ji o nt s a t A
i s the elev a ti o n o f a qu een p o s t tru ss fo r -

Ma n y o f the det a il s
. .

a cle a r s p a n o f 3 4 ft
.

(F i g .
.

o f thi s tru ss a r e the sa m e a s th o s e o f the

b ra ce by m e a n s o f a tu sk ten o n s ecu r ed by ki n g p o s t tru s s a lr e a dy fu lly illu s tra ted

-
.

a
p i n o r wed e
g the a n g le tie b ei n
, g n o tched The p rin cip a l di ffer en ce s a r e th a t in thi s
o ve r the w a ll pl a te s t o keep it i n pl a c e
-
. c a s e a h o ri zo n ta l stra ini n g be a m h a s t o b e
Ther e i s mo r e th a n o n e meth o d o f c on stru ct j o in ted t o the qu een p o s t s ; the j o in t i s -

in g thi s j o i n t The dra g o n piece a nd a n g le

. cle a rly sh ow n by Fi g s 474 t o 476 the iro n .
,

tie sh o u ld b e u s ed in a ll hipped ro o fs a l ,
w ork bein g i llu s tra ted s ep a ra tely by F i g .

t h ou g h i n sm a ll r o o f s it ma y b e o f a si mpler 477 . The j o in t a nd stirru p a t t h e f oo t o f

c o n s tru cti o n su ch a s a b a tten n a iled di a g o n
,
the qu een p o st a r e illu stra ted by Fi g s 478
-
.

a lly a c r o ss the pl a te s the hip r a fter n o tchin t o 480

g ,
.

F ig . 4 79 . F ig . 48 0 . F ig . 482 . F ig . 48 3 .

i
F gs . 4 79 a n d 4 8 0 —
E l n a rg e d De t a il s of i
F gs 4 8 2 a n d 4 83 l
E n a r g e d De t a
-
il of F oot of
Ji
. . .

o nt s at A ( F ig . T ru s s , B (F ig .

on to it . F ig . 470 i s
c o n ven ti o na l V iew a F ig . c o n venti o n a l Vi ew o f the
48 1 is a

sh o wi n g t h e p a r t s s ep a ra ted . sti rru p i r o n g ib s a n d c o tters

-

, ,
.

Fi g s 471 a n d 472 illu stra te a c a s e W he r e

. The j o i n t of t h e p ri n cip a l ra fter a t i t s
fo o t with the tie be a m is sh o wn in e l e va t l on
.

the hip d o e s n o t o ve rh a n g the w a lls It .

-
 TI M B ER RO OF S . 1 29

a nd s e cti on by Fi g s 482 a nd 48 3 a nd c o n .
, a nd where the pu rlins a re sh own
v e nt i o n a l l y by F i g 484 the heel stra p .
,
mitr ed t o g ether a n d a l so n o tched o u t t o
being sh o w n by F i g 48 5 . . r eceive the hip This l a tter w o u ld a lso be
.

F ig . 484 .
—C v t i l Vi w on en o na e of Jio nt b e t we e n
Pr i ip l f
Ra t er a nd Ti e -b e a m
—C v t i
nc a .

F ig 486 on en ona l Vi ew of Ji
o nt s a t He a d
ggi g li
. .

of S t r u t , Co of P ur etc
The j o i nts between p rin cip a l ra fter stru t , ,
n n, .

a nd p u rli n a r e illu str a ted by F i

g 48 6 . .

At F i g 48 7 is sh o w n the hipped e nd o f a
.

F ig 48 5 —C v t i l
on e n on a
qu een p ost roo f a nd Fi g s 488 a nd 489 sh ow
. .

i H l St p d
-

V ew of
.
,
ee ra an
p a rt secti o na l eleva ti o n a n d pla n of sa me .
Pl at e for f t i g Pi
as en n r n
The u p per p u rlin a t the e nd p a rtly rests on c ip al f
Ra t e r t o Tie b e am -
.

F ig . 487 —C v t i on en on a l Vi e w s h ow i ng
'

g e ne r a l Cons t ru c t i on Que en p ost-

R oo f Tru s s
i Hi
.

w th p p e d E nd .

the t i i
s ra n n g be a m The u pper e nds of
. no tched ou t p a rt of it s depth so a s t o fit in
th e qu een p o sts a re -
c u t t o r eceive the p u rli ns , with the p u rlins in this c a se .

The meth o d of c onn ectin g the h a lf tru ss

'

co nv e nt io na l V iew ( F i g s 490
'

i s sh o wn b y t he
'
-
.

*
6
1 30 C AR P ENT RY AN D J OINE RY .

F ig . 4 88 —P art S e ct i ona l ( Fig . 4 89 ) Q

ue e n- p ost Truss

F ig . 4 89
.
—P art Pl a n of Que e n p ost Tru s s wi t h H i
-
pp e d E n d , s h ow ng Timb ers i —A , Ma in Tr u s s ,
B H a lf T ru s s b ot h b e i
, , ng c onne c t e d a t C .
1 32 C AR P ENT RY A N D J O IN E R Y .

Othe r f ms j i t he a d of qu een
or of o n s at h a ve on ly a t w o w a y stra p ,
-
as illu stra ted
p os ts etc a re sh own by Fi gs 497 a nd
,
.
,
. at F ig . 50 1 .

498 the l a tte r r ep r e sen ti n g the bette r

, S e c u r i n g P r i n c i p a l Ra ft e r t o T i e =b e a m .

de si g n bec a u se the ma i n stre sse s a re

,
Tw o w a y s o f s ec u rin g the p ri n cip a l ra fter

F ig . 4 98 .

F1 g 4 97 .

i
F g s 4 97 a n d 4 9 8
. .

l iv
A t e r na t e M e t h od s of

50 o
»
f mi g J i
or n o nt s a t He a d s
of Q u e e n p os t s
-

—H lf E l v t i —
.

F ig . 4 96 a e a on of Ki ng a nd Qu e e n -
p os t f
R oo Tr u s s for 5 0 F e e t S p a n .

b ou nded by the tie be a m by the p rin -

,
to the tie be a m a r e in o cc a si o na l u se The r e
-
.

c ip a l r a fte r s u p t o the s t r a i n i n g b e a m a n d ,
ma y b e a b o lt a s in F i g 45 5 o r a heel stra p
.
,

by the s tra ini n g b e a m its elf The p orti o n . a s i n F i g 499 The b o lt a n d nu t a re better
. .

o f the t ru s s a b o ve the s t ra i ni n g b e a m h a s

o n ly a ve r y s ma ll s t r e ss u p o n it a nd it i s ,

the r efo r e u nn ecessa ry t o ma ke the u pp er

e n d s o f the p rin cip a l ra fters of su ch l a rg e
s c a n tli n g a s the l o we r e n d s which f o rm ,

a n e ss e n ti a l p a r t o f the t ru s s .

Fi g s 499 a n d 5 00 illu stra te a form o f heel

.

stra p thi s ha vi n g been fixed with a b o lt a nd

‘

nu t a h a r dw o o d o r m et a l wed g e i s d rive n
,

in betwee n it a nd the p rin cip a l ra fte r a s

W E DG E

HE EL S T RAP

F ig 4 99 F ig 5 00 F ig 5 01 .
—T w o- w a y H e a d of Ki ng - p o s t .

—
. . .
. .

F ig 4 9 9 H l ee S t ra p c onn e c t e d t o Ti e b e a m by -

B lt d t i g ht i ip l f
. .

o an e ne d t o P r nc a Ra t er by e dg e W th a n t h l s fo rm o f heel stra p wh l c h c a nno t be ,

F i g 5 00 —
.
,

. G . e ne r a 1 V i e w of S t ra p a nd Bo t l .
p ro perly ti g hten ed ; the b o lt ma y be ti g ht
en ed b u t it w e a kens the timbers a trifl e by
,

sh ow n ; thi s is no t qu ite su ch a g o o d
bu t l o s s o f s ecti o n a l a r e a which h ow ever is n o t
, , ,

fo rm a s th a t illu stra ted a t F i g 45 9 p a g e 1 22 .

,
. s e ri o u s the s tirru p we a kens the timb er
Occ a si o n ally the he a d of a kin g p o st ma y -
le a st a n d c a n be ti ghten ed u p re a dily
,
.
 TI M B ER RO OF S . 1 33

Jo int b e t w e e n P r in c i p a l Ra ft e r a nd bi ndin g o f a be a m so th a t it s centr e is ra i s ed

Ti e = b e a m . a b o ve the e n d s c a u s in g it t o a s su me a n ,

In desi g ni n g the j o i n t between the p ri nci p a l a r c o r a r ch like f o rm the o bj ect bein g t o

-

ra fte r a n d the tie be a m the o bj ect s h o u ld be-

,
p r even t sa g g in g o f the mi ddl e bel o w the
t o o bt a i n the be s t f o rm o f r e si s t a n ce it bei n g ,

n o ted th a t the p ri n cip a l r a fter a n d the

p o rti o n o f the tie be a m beyo n d th a t r a fter -

a r e in c o mp r e ss i on If thro u g h fa ul t y roo f .

de s i g n it wer e p ossible for the p rin cip a l

ra fter s t o s a
g i n the c a s e,o f F i g 5 02 the .

F ig . 5 04 —U su a l F orm of Ji o nt at T oe of

Pr i ip l
nc a Ra t er f .

s ra g li n e j o i ni n g the e n d s whe n the

[ t i ht
be a m i s f ully l o a ded The foll owin g i s a .

g o o d ex a m ple o f the o bj ect t o b e o bt a i n ed

F ig . 5 02 .
—Imp r op e r Wa y of f or m ngi Ji o nt at
by c a mberin g : When a kin g p o st tru ss i s -

T oe of Pr i ip l
nc a Ra t er f .
being p r ep a red the kin g p os t i s ma de a ,
-

little sh o r t t o the exten t o f a b ou t in fo r

,
.

ra fter w o u ld ride o n the heel A ( F i g a nd .

every 1 0 ft o f sp a n Then when the truss . .
,

the t o e B w o u ld ri s e a n d split o ff the a b u t

tin g piece C no t a dmitting the p ossibility
o f sa i n eve the the e te t th t
gg g n n
, g r a s r us

w o u ld be t o the p o in t a nd ther e w o ul d s till ,

be the d a n g er of she a rin g o r splitti n g In .

the c a s e o f F ig 5 04 ( wher e the a b u ttin g .

s u rf a ce i s a t r i ht a n le s t o the b a ck o f the
g g
F ig .
—0 p i g
5 05 . en n of Ji o nt c a u se d b y S a g g ng i of

Pr i ip l R ft
nc a a er wh e n ma d e as a t F ig . 5 04 .

is p u t t o g ether the tie be a m is for ced u p t o ,

-

the sh oul ders o f the kin g p o s t a n d held fa s t -

by mea ns o f a b olt or stirru p stra p with g ib s

a n d c o tter s a l r e a dy sh o w n The obj ect i s
—R lt
.
,

F ig . 5 03 . e su
'

of f
or m ng i Ji o nt a s at
tw o fo ld Thi s bendin g o f the tie be a m
.
-

F ig . 5 02 .
s h o rten s it t o a s li g ht exten t th u s b ri n g i n g ,

the feet of the p rin cip a l ra fters a little

p ri n cip a l ra fter) s a g g in g w ere it p ossible
, , ,

w o u ld c a u s e the ra ft er t o ride o n the heel

D ( F i g 5 05 ) a n d the t o e t o s lide a l o n
.
g F G ,

a n d the r e w o ul d be n o te n de n cy t o s plit o ff

the a b u ttin g piece H Re g a rdi ng the thru st .

o f a perfectly ri id r a fter
g the a b u t m e n t ,

sh o w n in F i 504 i s bette r th a n th a t sh o w n
g .

in F i g 5 02 .The c o mp ro mi s e ( F i g
. .

F ig 5 06 —B e st l
An g e for T oe of Pr i ip l
nc a
in which the a n g le is bi s ected is the bes t fo rm
.

f
.

, Ra t er .

fo r a p r o perly des i g n ed r o o f th er e bei n g ,

a n equ a l a b u tme n t o f fib r e s B o lts a n d . e e to g ether a nd tig htenin g u p the j o in ts

n ar r ,

pl a tes or s tra p s a ffect t h e sh a pe of the j o i nt o f the tru ss so th a t e a ch sh a ll ta ke i t s r o er

p p
Cam b e ri ng o f Ti e b e a m —The term c a m
.

be a ri n g a nd a l s o ma ki ng e a ch r espective
”
- .
,

berin g a s a pplied t o c a rpentry mea ns the

, ,
member ta ke it s sh a r e o f the l o a d with o u t
1 34 C AR P ENTRY A N D JO INE RY .

i
sa g g n g o r di s t o rti o n ln s h ort ma ki n g the
,
de s i red hei g ht fo r the ceili ng line which ,

tru ss ri g id a nd fi rm . is s h o w n a s 8 ft F ro m 0 D s e t o ff a n g le s
.

a t 3 0 de r ee s meeti n
g g i n G w hi ch is the
M a n s a rd Ro o f T r u s s e s
,

o u tli ne o f u ppe r p o rti o n o f the roo f If

.

The Ma n sa rd f orm o f r o o f t a kes it s n a me it is de s ired t o ra i s e the hei g ht o f the s to rey ,

fro m F ra n coi s Ma n s a rd a F r en ch a r chitect , a s s h o w n a s 1 0 ft the u p per p a rt o f the

.
,

wh o w a s b o rn in 1 5 98 a n d died i n 1 666 It . r o o f bec o me s s ma l l e r the mai n s p a n r e ma i n

,

i s e ss e n ti a lly a r o o f with t w o pit che s a nd , i ng the s a me a s d o e s a l so the l o wer pitche s .

i s u s u a lly empl o yed a s a me a n s o f e c o n o mis On e o f the u su a l w a y s o f c o ns tru cti n g a

i n g sp a ce Ther e a r e o n e o r tw o r e gu l a r Ma nsa r d tru s s is illu s tra ted by F i g 509
’

.
.
,

which a ctu a lly s h ow s a qu een p o s t tru s s -

su r mo u n ted by a ki n p t t F i 5 1 0
g os rus s g
-
. .

is a c o nven ti o n a l V iew o f a Ma ns a rd ro o f ,

F ig . 5 07 .
—B l i d e or s
’
M e t h od of

S ett i ng Ou t M a ns ar d R oo f .

F ig . 5 08 .
—P ra c t c a i l M e t h od of

d e t e rm n i i ng Ou t li ne of M a n sar d
R oo f i
a c c or d n g to H e ig h t of

S t ore y .

meth o d s o f g etti n g the t w o sl o pes F i g 507 . . s h owin g the c o mplete ti mberi n g It ill u s .

s h o w s B e l id o r s s y s te m On the li n e equ a l
’
. tra te s a c as e whe re the ro o f is desi gn ed
t o the sp a n de s c rib e a s e mi ci r cle D ivide . t o p ro vide a r oo m with a s l a r g e a flo o r
the cir c u mfer en ce in t o five p a rts nu mb eri ng ,
ar e a a s p o ss ible ,
thi s being o fte n des ira ble
the p o in t s 1 2 3 4 5 6 a s sh ow n J o i n
, , , , , ,
. fo r tra de p u rp os e s An enla rg ed deta il o f
.

p o i n ts 1 a nd 2 a nd 5 a n d 6 D ivide the the fo o t o f the ma in tie be a m p ri n cip a l

“

-
.
,

s p a ce b etwee n 3 a nd 4 equ a lly n u mberi n g ,

ra fte r a nd qu ee n p os t w ith s ecti o n thr ou g h
-
,

the p o i n t 7 then j o i n 2 t o 7 a nd 7 t o 5 . p a ra pet g u tter a nd w a ll is g iven a t Fi g s

, ,
.

The hei g ht o f the st o r ey is o ften the p ra ctic a l 5 1 1 a nd 5 1 2 . There sh ou ld be a s ta nchi o n

c ons ide ra ti o n a n d therefo re the a b o ve
;
or s i mil a r s u pp o r t A ( F i g 5 1 0) i n the eve n t .

meth o d is no t a lw a y s s o a pplic a ble a s th a t o f the fl o o r bei n

g l a de n a b o ve the o rdi na r y .

shown a t F i
g 5 08 S e t ou t the
. s p a n a nd . A d o rme r is p ro vided the ti mbe rs o f w hi ch
,

the o u tli ne fo r the l o we r p a rt o f the ro o f a re c o nn ected with the ra fters etc a s ,

.
,

a t a n a n g le o f 60 o r 70 de r ee s ( A a nd B )
g s hown . The ceili n g j o i s ts a re fi xed t o the
the n d ra w the h o ri zont a l li ne 0 D a t the t o p ed g e o f the u ppe r tie be a m ; the ma i n -
1 36 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OIN E RY .

tie be a m a cts a s a binder fo r the flo o r

-

the j o is ts bein g su pp orted by it Tw o .

g o o d m eth o ds o f d o ing thi s a re s ho w n

by Fi g s 5 1 2 a nd 5 1 3 ; the j o is ts a t A a re
.

no tched o u t t o fit o n the tie be a m a nd -

thei r lo we r ed g e s a re further su pp orted

by a fil let fi xed t o the be a m ; fillet a n d

F ig . 51 3 .

F ig . 51 5 .

F ig 51 1 —J i o nt of -
i i l f
Ti e b e a m a n d P r n c p a R a t e r a s o S e c t on
—J i l . i
G
. .

F ig 5 1 2 o nt a t F oot o f
t hr ou g h P ar a p e t a n d ut t e r
— i
. . .

Q
u e e n p o s t a n d Ti e b e a m
- - F ig 5 1 3 S e c t on t h r ou g h Ti e
U
. .

Ji ill l
.

b e am A , nd e r E d g e o f o nt s u p p ort e d on F e t ; B, A t e r
iv H i L H lf J i i
o nt nt o Ti e b e a m
—v i l i
e M e t h o d of
na t ou s ng ow e r a of -
.

Con e nt on a V e w s h ow ng Ti e b e a m i
F ig 5 1 4
—J i H
ou s e d t o
-

iv J i
. .

re c e e c s t ( a s a t B, F i g F ig 5 1 5 o nt s a t F oot
. .

U i i l l W
.

—l v i
F ig . 51 1 .
of pp e r Tr u s s w t h S e c t o n t hr ou g h P o e P a t e o o d en .

Gu t t e r, F a sc i a a nd De nt a l Bra c ket s . F ig 5 1 6. G
E e a t on of
. u t t e r , F a s c a a n d De nt a i l
Bra c e t s k .
 TI M B ER RO OF S .

be a m ma y be fini s hed o ff with Z mo u l di n g

as a tie be a m a nd p rincip a l ra fter a lso s ecti o n
-
,

s ho w n .At B the j o is ts a re n o tched o n thr o u g h p o le pl a te w oo den g u tte r fa s ci a

, ,

t o t h e tie be a m a nd thei r l o wer h a lve s

-
a nd den ta l b ra ckets ; a n eleva ti on o f a

F ig . 51 7.
—M a nsa r d R oo f c on s t ru c t e d i
w t h ou t T ru ss e s .

hou s ed in , will be s een by r efer en ce t o p o rti o n o f the la tte r is g iven F ig 5 1 6 . .

F ig 5 1 4
. . The deta il fig u r es sho w g en era l The he a d o f t h e qu een p os t a nd u p per t i e
-

s i z e s , whi ch o f c o u rs e , w o u ld be in c r e a s ed o r
,
di mi n i shed a cc o rding t o the l o a di ng F i g
b e a m ma y be s tra p ped t o g e t he r a s i ndi c a t ed
by t h e d o t t ed lin e s in F i g 5 1 5 o r the
“

.
. .
,

5 1 5 s h o w s t h e c o nn ec t i o n a t t h e he a d o f a rr a n g e me n t a s s h o w n by F i g 5 20 ( p 1 3 8). .

t he p ri nci p a l ra fter , qu een p o s t , u pp e r

-
ma y be a d o p ted .
1 38 C AR P E NT RY A N D J OINE RY .

M a n sa rd R oof w it h o u t — Oi T ru s s e s . fixed t o the j o i s t s The u ppe r ra fte rs .

l a te ye a rs the cus to m h a s i n cr e a s ed t o h a ve a centra l be a ri n g o n p u rli ns a n d ,

di s pen s e with t rus s e s i n r o o fs o f mo de ra te t h e ceili n g j o i s t s a re c o nn ected t o a bin di n g

s p a ns The ends o f the p u rlins 1 5 ft
. . piece whi ch i s tied t o the p u rlin s a s s h ow n ,

t o 3 5 ft l o n g c a n be c a rried o n p a r ty o r
. t h e j o i s ts a l s o bei n g fix ed t o the p a r titi o n
divi si o n w a lls a n d the t o p s t or ey is divided
, he a d Altho ug h t he r e is n o t ru ss clea rly
.
,

i n to ro o ms by p a rtiti o ns F i g 5 1 7 re p re . . t h e wh o le i s tri a n g u l a ted a n d su pp o r ted t o

s e nt s su ch a n exa mple the flo o r j o is ts a re fo r m a su b s t a n ti a l r o o f .

fixed t o pl a tes a t e a ch e nd a nd r es t a t , P ri n c ip l e s i n D e s i g n i n g a M a n s a rd T ru s s
—In c o ns ide rin g the s tre ss es b orn e by the
.

me mbers o f a Ma ns a r d t ru s s it mi g ht A

be th o u g ht th a t the qu ee n p o s ts a re
n o thi n
g m o re th a n m e r e ve r tic a l p o s t s

F ig . 51 8 .
—D e t ai1 of J u n c t oni at L ow e r a nd
Up p er f
R a t e rs .

thei r centr es o n the p a rtiti o n w a ll bel o w thu s ,

a cti n g a s tie s t o the b a ck a nd fro nt w a ll s A .

pla te w hi ch r eceive s the l o we r e nds o f

t h e r a fte rs is fi xed t o the t o p ed g e s o f the
j o is ts The t o p e nds o f thes e ra fte rs a re
.

F ig . 520 .
—C i
on s t r u c t on a t t he He a d Low e r
a nd Up p er T ru s s .

c a rryin g a ki n g p os t t ru ss wher e a s the

-
,

o bj ect o f a ki n g o r qu ee n p o s t i s t o s u pp o rt
-

the tie be a m a n d p r eve n t it fro m s a g g in g

-
,

ther eby s u s ta ini n g te ns i o na l s tres s Actu a lly .

,

h o weve r n o c o mp re s s i o n wha teve r is thro w n

,

o n the qu ee n p o s t s h o wever they ma y be

-
,

pl a ced a s the l o wer p rin cip a l ra fter t a ke s

,

a l l the th r u s t fro m the l o a d a b o ve whethe r ,

th a t l o a d b e a le a d fla t a n o rdin a ry p urlin ,

F ig 51 9 —W k ea M e t h od of i
C on s t ru c t on a t He a d ro o f o r the ki n g p o s t t r u s s o f a Ma n sa r d
,
-

i n ma ny
. .

of Q u e e n p os t -
in M a n s a r d R oo f .
ro o f ; a n d a s a m a tter o f fa ct ,

Ma n sa rd ro o f s o f s ma ll sp a n the qu ee n p o s t s -

fixed t o a pl a te u p o n w hich the e n ds o f the

, a re o mi tted a lt o g ethe r a s they a r e o n ly ,

u pp e r r a fte rs a n d the e n ds o f the ceili n

g n ece s s a r y when the l o wer tie be a m h a s t o -

j o i s ts a r e fixed the l a tter t yi n g in the

,
be su pp o rted n e a r i t s mi ddle fo r the p ur
pl a te s a n d thu s p r even tin g a n y fo r cin g o u t -
p o s e o i c a rryi n g a flo o r etc Q u een p o s ts ,
.
-

a cti o n o f t he ra fters The he a d s o f the . a r e o mi tted fo r i n s ta n ce when the p urlin

, ,

s tu d s a re a l s o fixed i n t o thi s pl a te the l o we r , o r pl a te which t a ke s the t op e n d s o f the

e nd s o f the s tu ds bei n g c onn ected t o a s ill lo wer c o mm on ra ft ers a nd the b o tt o m ends

1 40 C AR P E NT RY A N D J OINE RY .

of the u pper ra fte rs i s su pp o r ted by ma i n the wh ole o f the lo a d c a rried by the u pper
w a ll s i nterm e di a te w a ll s or p a r titi o n s n o t
, ,
tru s s w o u ld h a ve t o be su pp orted by the cle a t
mo r e th a n a b o u t 1 5 ft a p a rt thi s a rra n g e .
,
s piked t o the qu ee n p os t a n d the s t u b te n o n
-

o n the e n d o f the u ppe r tie be a m F i

( g
-
.

DE T A IL a mo s t i n e fficie n t s u pp or t
; the effect or
s t r e ss o f the l oa d w o ul d o f c o u rs e be w ith
, ,

s t o o d by the s tru t o r p ri n cip a l ra fter so

l o n g a s the c onn ecti o n s held g oo d a s the ,

he a d o f the qu een p o s t mer ely fo rms a c on

-

v e n i e nt a b u tm e n t fo r c o n n ecti n the t
g w o
tr u ss e s The desi g n er of the tru ss sh own
.

DE T A IL

527
.
—D et a il s of R oot Tr u s s
for 4 0 ft -
. S p an ( F ig .

DE T A IL

D A ET IL

F ig . 5 26 .
—o t li u ne of R oo f T ru s s
for 4 0 ft -
. S pan .

' "
4 0 O

men t e deri n g
r n t he the c o n s t ru c t i o n
F
o f by F i g 5 1 9 p ro ceeded o n the fa l s e a ssu mp
.

l o we r tru ss u n n ece ssa ry They h o weve r .

, ,
t i o n th a t the qu een p os t s o f the o rd l n a ry
-

a r e a n a dv a n t a g e c o n s tru ctively i n a n o the r Ma n s a rd we r e in c o mp r e s si o n a nd h is s y s tem ,

w a y a s t hey a ff o rd a m e a n s o f t ri a n g u l a ti n g
,
w a s a n a ttempt t o a v o id thi s H o wever i n .
,

t h e e n cl os ed fi g u r e a nd th u s r e n deri n g the
, an o rdi n a ry Ma n s a rd tru ss the he a d o f ,

t ru ss i mm o v a ble by wi n d p r e ssu r e L e st . t h e qu een p os t i s o f c ou rs e a di r ect s u p

-
, ,

a n y s t u de n t sh o u ld b e te mp t ed t o c o py a p o rt t o the ki ng p o st tru ss a n d ther efo r e

-
,

f orm o f t ru ss ( F i g 5 1 9) which h a s been . c a rrie s the wei g ht o f th a t tru s s a n d roo fin g ,

ed n i m ro ve m e n t o n the o rdi n a r y a n d th u s fro m the he a d o f the qu een p o s t

r o o s a s a p
-
p p ,

M a n s a rd tru s s i t ma y b e p o i n ted o u t t h a t
,
t o t h e b o tt o m o f t h e j o i n t ( s e e A F i g ,
.
TI M B ER RO OF S . 1 41
 1 42 C AR P E NTRY AN D J OINE RY .

where it is c o nn ected with the l o wer p ri n s h o rt ; the the tie be a m i s fo r ced t o the
n -

c i a l r a fter
p i s,i n c o mp r e s s i o n —b u t o n ly s h o ul ders o f the qu een p o s t s a nd s ec u r ed by -
,
thi s p orti o n The c omp r essi o na l s tr ess i s
.
s tra p s or b o lts a nd thi s cle arly p ro du ce s
,

then tra nsmi tted t o the l o wer p ri n cip a l tens i o n in the qu een p osts from their c o n -

ra fte r the r ema i nde r o f the qu een p os t

,
-
n e c t i o n wi th the tie be a m t o the s h o ul de rs
-

o f the p ri n cip a l ra ft er F It
( A i g i s , .

a l so t o b e n o ticed t h a t the c o nn ecti o n

betw een the qu een p o st a nd tie be a m p re - -

vents a n inw a rd tu rnin g a cti o n whi ch w o u ld

F ig . 532 .
—G e ne r a l i
Ou t s d e V i ew of Ap s e E nd of Co ll ar B e a m Tru s s R oo f
.

b ei n g i n te n s i o n ; t hi s ma y b e c u ri ou s , o therwi s e t a ke pl a ce ( a s i ndi c a ted by the

b u t i s n e ver t hele s s a fa ct The o bj ect o f
. a rro w i n F i g 5 2 0) a b o u t the t op o f the
.

the tie be a m i s t o exten d fr o m w a ll t o

-
qu een p o s t ( B F ig
-
by the inw a r d
, .

w a ll , ta ki n g the en ds o f the p rin cip a l ra ft ers , thru s t On it by the l o wer p rin cip a l ra fter .

a n d th u s p r eve n ti n
g the o u tw a r d th ru st of Thi s qu ite r efu te s a ny s ta temen t th a t the
the p rin cip a l r a ft er s o n the w a ll s , which qu een p o st s in s te a d o f su p p o r tin g the tie
-
,

w o ul d o ccur if a t i e be a m wer e no t u s ed
-
. b ea m a d d their l o a d t o it
,
.

Then t o p r even t the tie be a m s a g g ing the-

M a n s a rd R oof o v er a R o om with an
—Fi g s
, ,

qu ee n p o st s ru n d ow n t o it a n d su pp o rt it
-
. A r c h e d Ce i i n g l . 52 1 t o 5 25 s ho w a

W hen the s e tru ss e s a r e p ro perly ma de , Ma nsa r d f de si gn ed fo r a s p a n o f 3 4 ft

ro o .
,

it is u su a l t o h a ve the qu een p o s ts a little -

the roo m h a vi ng a n a r ched o r c o ved cei l i n g
1 44 C AR P ENT RY A N D JOINE RY .

p u rlins w ou ld be ma de o u t o f t w o thi ck ecu r ely l a shed t o the p ri n cip a l t o p re v e n t

‘ ‘

n e s s e s w ith j o i nt s b r e a ki n g The le a din g . i t s bei n g s tra i n ed du ri n g the o pera ti o n o f

di me ns i o ns will b e fo u n d clea rly s ta ted i n h o i stin g T r eble she a ve bl o cks will be a mple
.
-

'

the fi g u r es . fo r the ose ,s eei n g th a t e a ch r o pe Will

H a mm e r B e a m R o o fs — Fi g s 5 3 9 t o . .

5 5 4 ful ly illus tr a te the ro o fi n g t o a chu r ch .

Th e ro o f t o the na ve is s u pp o rted by
be a m t ru s s es o f s imple c o ns t ru cti o n The .

dime ns i ons o f the ma in me mbers a re a s

foll o w z—P ri n cip a l ra fters ha mme r be a m , ,

p u rli ns a nd c o lla r 1 0 i n by 7 in
, rib s o u t
. .

of s tu ff 4 in thick . A ha mme r be a m
.
.

tru ss o f a g o o d o rn a me nt a l de si g n is s h o w n

F ig . 5 34 —
.
L ong i t u d na i l S e ct i on

t h r ou g h Ap s e E n d o f C o ll ar

B e a m T ru s s R oo f
.

o ur O F‘
4 T HI C K

by F i g 5 5 5 D eta ils o f c o ns tru cti o n

. .
illu s tra ted by Fi g s 5 5 6 t o 5 60
a re h a ve t o lift o nly a b o u t h a lf a t o n if d o u ble
. . she a ve bl o ck s a r e u s ed ,
the time o cc u pied
in h o i s ti n g will be less en ed b u t mo r e th a n
,

Ra i s i ng '
Ro o f P r i n c i p a l .
o n e ma n mu s t p u ll a t e a ch r o pe . A 3 ,z in
1 -
.

F or i n to p o siti o n a h a mme r be a m
i i
ra s n
g g o o d qu a lity hemp ro pe will lift 1 1 t .

p rin cip a l w ei g hi n g a b ou t 1 t o n t w o u p ,
e a sily with a n a mple ma rg in o f s a fety A .

ri g ht p o le s ma y b e u s ed ; a n d a h o ri z o n t a l meth o d r ec o mme nded by a n experien ced

p o le a s i ndic a ted in F ig 5 61 sh o ul d be
,
. c a rpen te r fo r ra i sin g i nto p os itio n a h a mmer
 A
1 46 C AR P ENTRY A N D JO IN E RY .

F ig . 5 38 .

F ig . 5 38 .
—I r on

F ig . 5 37 .

F1g —A J i t b t w K i g l t d H d f P i ip l R ft B J i t b tw F t f U pp
133? d C ll B m C J i f b t w C ll B m d P i ip l R ft d i S t p D, J mt
, o n e een n os an ea o r nc a a er .
, o n e een r on o er
an o ar ea o ns e een o ar ea an r nc a a e r an r on ra o
ti f P i ip l R ft E J i t ing R ib
. .
,

f L w f M t mg d J g g l mg t
F g 5 37 —
at F r on o r nc F V w o n n
a a er
a o o er s ie o or 1 s o o
iv P i ip l R ft t U p p E d f Ki g p t t M m d H lf T
,
:
.
,

re c e e r nc a a e rs o er J
n to n -
os o a an a ru s s e s 1 . . 01 n s
f Ki g p t d H lf C ll w it h C ll ( G)
.

at B tt m E d
o o n o n -
t M m T
os an a o ar s o ar o a r us s .
TI M B ER RO OF S . 1 47
1 48 C AR P E NTRY A N D J O IN E RY .

F ig . 550 .

F ig . 5 45 .

F or Insc r ip t i ons se e

F ig . 5 54
.
1 50 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .
TI M B ER RO OF S .
1 52 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E RY .

F ig . 5 85 .

Fig . 5 85 .
—S t i ec on t h r oug h R oo f T ru s s e d
‘

for
Le a d F l at .

F ig .
—D t il f J n t i t A (Fi g
586 . e a o u c on a _ .

F ig 5 8 7 —S ti th g h B B ( Fi g ec on r ou

F ig 5 8 8 —
. . .

. D t il : f F t
. f P i i p l R ft
e a o oo o r nc a a er at

c ( F ig .
1 54 C AR P E N T RY AN D
-
J OINE RY .

the le a d fla t with d ow n pipes le a di n g t o

,
B e l fa s t , I ri s h o r B o w s t ri n g T r u s s, .

ce ss p o o ls a t the l o we st level s of the b o tt o m The B elf a s t I ri sh o r b o w stri n g ro o f ( F i g

, , .

g u tters The .le a d a p ro n i s c o pper n a iled -

5 91 ) i s a che a p fo r m o f c o n s tru cti o n exten
u nde r the l a p o f the ro o f sheeti n g Thi s -
. s i v e l y u s ed fo r l a r g e s p a n s The tru s s c on .

b oa rd ma y be ro u nded o n the ed g e a nd re s i s t s o f the s o le piece A ma de d o u ble a s

-
, ,

b a ted o u t t o the thickn e ss of the le a d a p ro n sh o w n of t w o,

pieces o f 9 i n by l é i n ,
-
.
-
.

a lte rn a tively a thi n n e r o u t s ide b o a r d pitch pi n e ; the b o w s B a l so d o u ble a re o f

“

or, ,
-
, ,

ma y b e u s ed A fa s ci a b o a rd . in ) i s . 3 i n by l g i n p itch pi n e ben t t o the c u r ve

-
.
-
.
-
, ,

n a iled t o the e n d o f the r a fters t o s er ve a s a n d s tru t s o r l a ttice s o o f 3 in by in ,

-
.
-
.

b a cki n g when d r e ssi n g the le a d a p ro n which s p r u ce p a s s i n betwee n the o le piece s a nd

g s -
, ,

F ig . 5 91 .
—S i
e c t on t hr ou g h B e lf a st

F ig . 5 93 .
—l En arg e d De t a il of F oot at G F ig . 5 94 .
—E ln a rg e d De t a il Ve n t il a t or of

( Fi g . Be lf
a st R oo f .

c omes d ow n o n th e tile s a su ffi cie n t di st a n ce b o ws a nd clippi ng the p url in s They a re

,
.

t o c o ver the j o i n t s a t the l a p The side . u s u a lly p u t t o g ethe r with w i r e n a il s one ,

2 4 in by 5 in a r e bi rd s mo u thed h a lf bein g l a id o u t a nd n a iled t o g ether a nd

’
ra fte rs , . .
,
-
,

o n t o the p o le p l a te which i s s ec u r ed t o the , the o ther h a lf o f b o w s a nd tie be a m o r s ole -

tie be a m with f o ur c o a ch s cr ew s ( e a ch 9 in
-
. piece p u t o n t o p a nd n a iled t o g ether R o u g h .

l o n g ) a n d h a s a be a ri n g o n the b rickw o rk
, timber i s g e n era lly u s ed The p u rli ns D .
,

o f the ma i n w a ll The s c a le o f F i g 5 8 5 . a t 2 ft ce ntr e s a re u su a lly d o u ble a b ou t

-
,

—
. .
,

is T 3 in t o 1 ft a nd the o ther illu stra ti o n s 3 4 in by 1 2 i n a n d a r e c o ve r ed with g i n

3 1 -
.
. .
, . .
,

Fi
( g s 5 8 6 t
. o 5 90 ) a re r ep ro d u ced t o a s c a le r eb a ted o r t o n g u ed a n d g ro o ved b o a rdi n g

o f 4 in t o 1 ft . . E a n d ro o fin g felt w ell l a pped a t the j oi nts

, ,
 “
TI M B ER RO OF S .
1 55
1 56 C AR P ENTRY AN D .
J OINE R Y .

F ig . 5 99 .

F1g . 5 98 .
—P a rt C onv t i l Vi w
en on a e of R ib
b uilt p u

—Vi w
.

F ig . 5 99 . e h wi g t h T w S
s o n e o e p a ra t e

Th i kn
c e s s e s of Rib
—P
.

F ig . 600 . a rt of i
In s d e of P l nk
a T ru s s R oo f
.

F ig . 60 0 .
1 58 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINE RY .

w ell c o a ted with va rni sh a nd sa n ded The

, .

tru ss e s a re mo st u su a lly ma de by the l o c a l

felt ma n u f a cture rs o f which the r e a re
,

s eve ra l l a r e fi rms i n B elf a s t The tru ss es

g .

F ig . 606 .

F i g 606 — C i lv i i
S e c t on s h ow ng E e a t on of
—
. r os s

H lf T L i i l
.

a ru s s F ig 60 7 P a rt ong t u d na
S ti
. . .

ec f T
on o r us s t h r ou g h C C F i g 608 . .

H d f Ki g ll
.

ea o
— v i l i
n p os t a nd C o a r ( D a n d E F i g
-
.
,

— v i l iF ig
G
609 Con e nt ona
. .V ew at F .

— v i l i
F i g 61 0 C on e nt ona V e w a t F i g 61 1
. . .
.

H
Con e nt on a V e w a t .

a re us ed fo r
p a n s u p t o 70 ft sp a c ed a t
s .
,

ft t o
-
. cen tres ; th a t sh ow n by F i g
9 ft
-
. .

5 9 1 i s s u it a ble fo r a sp a n o f fro m 3 0 ft t o .

40 ft with a ri s e o f 6 o f sp a n the sole

.
, 1
1
,

piece t o c a mber 4 in The s ole piece sh oul d .

-

F ig . 608 . be c a mbered n o t le ss th a n 1 in t o 1 0 ft F i g . . .

5 92 i s a ve rtic a l s ecti o n o n the d o tted li n e in

 T I M B ER RO OF S . 1 59

F ig . h owin g the be a ded c o ver b o a rd F

5 91 , s 8 in . cen tre t o cen tr e F ig 5 97 illu stra tes
,
. .

un de rn e a th the s ole piece F i g 5 93 i s a n -

. . the meth o d o f b ra cin g the tru ss es t o g ether .

enl a r g ed deta il a t G ( F i g H bei n g a . If a n e a t a pp e a ra n ce in s ide is de sir ed g r o o ved ,

w o o d blo ck su p p o rt in g the g u tter F i g . . a n d t o n g u ed b o a rdi n g 1 i n thick w o u ld b e .

5 94 is a n enl a rg ed det a il o f the ve ntil a t o r , mos t su it a ble a s a n i n n er c o veri n g The .

the l ou vres J bein g of 6 i n by 1 i n s tu ff ; -

.
-
. ou ter c o v e r1 n g sh ou ld b e o f felt c o rru g a ted ,

K i s a n o a k r o d fo r o peni n g the l ou vr e s L ,
iro n o r si mi la r ma teri a l F i g 5 98 i s a c o n
,
. .

the rid g e r oll o f 2 4 in by 1 4 in s tu ff ; a n d -

.
-
. v e n t i o n a l V iew o f a little mo r e th a n h a lf o f

M the rid g e o f 6 in by 1 4 in s tu ff -
.
-
. . a c o mpleted tru ss F i g 5 99 bei n g a c o n v e n ,
.

t i o n a l view o f the t w o s ep a ra te thick n e ss es ,

L ig h t Trus s w it h B e nt Ri b .

a n d o f the n ece s s a r y b r e a ki n g o f the j o i n t s ,

The p ri n ciple o f the tru ss sh ow n i n F i g .

etc The s evera l p a rt s o f the tru ss e s mu s t
.

5 95 w a s a pplied in the B ri s t o l Exhibiti o n be na iled t o g ether .

B ui ldi n g s in 1 8 93 The ben t rib i s b ui lt .

P l a n k T r u s s Ro o f t o C o v e r L a r g e
u p with s tu ff o f 1 in o r 1 4 i n thick n e s s e a ch . .
,
A re a
bent s ep a ra tely int o p ositi on ; the wh o le i s .

held to g ether with iro n b a n d s Thi s meth o d .

A pla nk tru ss ro o f t o c o ver a la rg e a r e a
su ch a s a d rill h a ll o r s1 mi l a r b u ildi n g i s

F ig . 61 3 .
—E l v t i f
e a on o Irr e g u l ar

Hipp d R f e oo .

F ig . 61 2 .
—P1 a n of Irr e g u l ar Hip p e d
R oo f .

is peri or in ma ny r e spects t o ben din g a

su illu st ra ted by Fi g s 600 t o 605 Thi s . .

s o lid ri b di strib u tin g a n y wea kn e s s in t h e

,
ro o f ha s been de si g n ed t o sp a n 60 ft , .
,

sh a pe o f c r o ss g ra i n kn o t s etc th a t o ther the tru ss e s bei ng 1 2 ft a p a rt The p ri n ci

-
.
, , , . .

wi s e w oul d end a n g er the so lid rib a nd p a l r a fte r s c o ll a r s a n d rib s a r e b ui lt u

p i n , ,

c o u ntera ctin g a ny excess ive s tra in o n the t hr ee thickn e ss e s the centr e pla n k s bei ng ,

c onvex a nd c on c a ve su rfa ces o f a ny timber 1 1 i n by 3 in a nd the t w o ou ter o n e s . .

s o ben t the su r fa ce s bei n g in len g th a s r e

,
1 1 i n by 2 in ; the b r a ce s a nd stru t s a r e . .

qu ir ed by the sweep F or the s a me r e a s o ns 44 i n by 3 i n a nd a r e n o tched i nt o the

. . .

the rib w o u ld h a ve li ttle o r n o tenden cy t o centra l p la nks a s sho w n by the c o n venti o n a l

r eve r t t o a s tra i g ht p os iti o n view ( F i g The who le i s b o lted
. .

to g ether by 7 in by g i n b olt s a nd nu t s -
.
-
.
,
C i rc u l a r R o o f c o n s t r u c t e d o f B o a r d s as illu stra ted The feet o f the tru ss e s .
.

At F i g 5 97 i s sh o wn a tra ns vers e s ecti o n a r e fixed i nt o a n l l in by 4 in o a k sill w hi ch

.
-
.
-
.

a n d a l s o a p a r t o f a l o n g it u di n a l s ecti o n run s the wh o le len g th o f e a ch s ide o f the

throu gh a cir cu la r ro o f ma de che a ply of b u ildi n g The p u rli ns a r e 8 i n by 3 i n
'

. .
,
.

b o a rds The rib s o f the tru sses a re ma de p la ced a b o u t 3 ft a p a rt a nd a re c o nn ected

.
.
,

o u t o f t w o thickn e ss e s o f 9 in by 1 4 in t o the p ri n ci p a l ra fters by bei ng h o u s ed

- -
. .

b o a rds a nd a r e fin i shed t o a p a ra llel width a n d no tched a s sh o wn i n F i g 605 ; 1 4 in

, .
-
.

o f 6 in The tru ss b ra ce s a l s o a r e ma de o f g ro o ved a nd t o ng u ed a n d be a ded b o a rdi n g

.

6 in by 1 4 in s tu ff
-
. F o r a b u ildin g a b o u t
-
.
i s fixed t o the p u rli n s t o fo r m the ceili n g
.
,

47 ft l o ng eleven w o u ld be a s u ita ble nu mber a n d so i s c a rried a c ross level with the t o

.
,
p
o f tru s s e s sp a cin g them ou t a t a b ou t 4 ft
, o f the c o ll a r . .
1 60 C AR P ENT RY AN D J OINE RY .

R o o f fo r L a r g e O p e n S h e d .
which is perh a p s the o n e th a t is mo s t g en er
The c o n st ru c t l o n o f a roo f fo r a l a rg e s pa n a lly u sef u l ma y b e a d o pted In thi s c a s e
the r o o f is tru n c a ted—th a t i s it i s tr e a ted
, .

shed i s illu stra ted by Fi g s 606 t o 61 1 . .

,

In c o n st ru cti n g su ch a r o o f the a i m sh o u ld ,
a s if the u pper p o r ti o n c o n t a i n ed withi n t h e

F ig . 61 4 .
—M e t h od o f Ob t a i i n ng ii
P os t ons of Hip s .

be t o a vo id c o mpli c a ted j oi nt s Ther efor e .

,

the c oll a r A a n d tie be a m ( F i g 606) a r e-

—
.

made o f t w o thi ckn e ss e s the fo r me r bei n g , Fig . 61 6 . El v t i

e a on o f Cor b e ll e d W ll a .

b o lted t o the kin g p o s t b ra ce a n d p ri n cip a l

-
,

ra fte r a n d the l a tte r bei n g b o lted t o the

,
d o tted o u tlin e in F i g 61 3 w er e c u t o ff ; .

b ra ce a nd he a d o f the p o st The g en era l . then a fla t i s f o rmed o n the t op a s sh ow n ,

fu rther c o n stru cti o n i s cle a rly sh o w n by in the pl a n by the tri a n g le A B o the in

"

"

the deta iled view s ( Fi g s 608 t o To . c lin a t i o n o f the l o wer p o rti o n bei n g every

pr even t the shed bei ng lifted by wi n d t he , wher e a like a nd the len g th s o f the ra fters
,

p o st sh o u ld be let s o me di sta n ce i nt o the bei n g the s a me on e a ch o f the fo u r sides .

r o u nd a nd the re c o nn ected by tie s as S e tt i n g O u t t h e R o o f In s etti n g ou t a

g
-
.

i ndic a ted a t K ( Fi g s 606 a nd . ro o f o f thi s de s c ripti o n the first pro ce ss , ,

a fter the pl a n o f the r o o f i s d r a w n l n o u t

I rre g u l a r H i p p e d Ro o f .

lin e i s t o a s cert a i n the p o siti o n o f the hip s .

,

Ther e a re s evera l w a y s o f c o veri n g a b u ild

in g er ected u p o n a n i rr e g u l a r site s u ch a s ,

th a t sh ow n in the pl a n ( F i g Fi rs t the .

r id g e ma y be kept level a n d the ra fte r s ,

thro w n i nt o win din g ; s ec o ndly the pl a n e s ,

o f the s ide s o f the r o o f ma y b e kept t ru e ,

a n d the rid g e th r o w n o u t o f level a s i n di ,

c a t e d by the d o tted o u tli n e in F i g 61 3 ;

’

M e t h od of Corb e lli Wa ll to
—D t il
F ig . 61 7 .
-
ng c a rry

F ig . 61 5 . e a of Irr e g u l ar Hipp e d R oo fT ru s s .
P l at e .

thi rdly the rid g e ma y be ke pt l e v e l a n d

,
, The meth o d is s h ow n in a s ep a ra te di a gra m
the incli na ti ons o f the v a ri ou s sides o f the t o l a rg e r s c a le ( F i g E a ch o f the a n gles
.

ro o ma
f de t o diffe r a n d l a s tly the m eth o d , , formed by the w all pl a tes is bi s ected a s
h
s o wn i n the a cc o m p a n yi n g ill u s t ra ti o n s , sh o w n ,a nd the bi s ect ors ( which a r e the
1 62 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY

the ou tli n e of c o mmo n

fters a nd be a re rs
ra , be a r e rs fra med i nto it a nd a c e ntra l be a re r
,

a s sh o w n i n F i the tru ss i s d ra w n t o
g 61 5 .
at B , t o c a rry the o the r e nd s o f the c ro s s
the sa me sh a pe b u t withi n the o u tlin e s a s
, ,

s h o wn . It will be n o ticed th a t the tru ss a t

the n a rro w e nd i s a ki n g p os t truss the-
,

re ma i nd e r bei n
g qu een p os t tru s s e s The
-
.

c o mmo n ra fters a few o nly o f which a re

,

s h ow n s h o u ld be d ra w n a t r i ht a n le s t o
, g g
the w a ll s ; if l a id o therwi s e their ed g e s ,

will no t lie in o n e pl a n e a n d the b o a rd s o r

,

b a ttens will no t sit s olidly o n them The .

j a ck ra fters a r e ou t a g a i ns t the hip s in the

u su a l ma nn e r The thick li n es in F ig 61 3
. .

rep r es ent the trus s es the thi n lin e s the

,

F ig . 62 0 .
—P l a n of Comp l et e d ill
V a R oo f
.

F ig . 62 1 .
—T imb i e r ng fo r V ill a R oo f.

ra fters F ig 61 5 r ep r es en t s a n enla rg ed
. .
be a r ers ; thi s is so meti mes ra i s ed t o gi ve
deta il a t the he a d o f o n e o f the tru ss e s , a fa ll t o either side o f the le a d fla t Fi g s . .

s h o wi n n f the rid g e b o a rd s B with c ro s s 61 6 a n d 61 7 s h o w a meth o d o f c a rryi n g t h e

g o e o
,
 TI MB ER RO OF S . 1 63

the wide e nd o f the b uildi ng

at c on tinu ed A stou ter ra fter a s s ho vVn a t
.

the ro o f i s pitched fro m a n exis t i n g D t o meet o n the o p o site s ide o f the rid e
, p g
Three c ou rs es o f b ricks a re c o rbelled wher e the va lley ra fter a nd the hip ra fte r
ou t t o ta ke the w a ll p la te a nd a b ou t eve ry ,
B a n d 0 meet w ou ld be a dva n ta g e o u s
, . .

S e c o n d E xa mp l e — In F i g 61 9 A i s g a bl e .

e nd B le a n t o o v a lley r a f t e r
,
-
,
The a rra n g e .

men t o f t he va ri o u s me mbers o f the r o o f

i s sho wn The si z e s a r e a s fo llo w s : Oo m
.

mo n ra ft ers 4 i n o r 44 in by 2 i n rid g e
, . . .
,
'

1 1 i n by 1 4 i n ; p u rli n s 9 i n by 4 i n ;
. .
, . .

va lley ra ft er 1 1 in by 1 4 in w a ll pl a te s
, . .
,

4 4i n by 3 i n At G is sh o wn a va lley ra fter
"

. .

a t F i s a n a lte rn a te meth o d in which t h e ,

c o mmon ra fters c o ntinu e t o the w a ll p la te ,

a n d a va lley b o a r d i s n a iled t o th em
”
to ,

F ig . 62 2 .
—S t i
ec on t h r ou g h G ut t e r i
b e h nd
which the feet o f the sh or t ra fters o f t h e
c o veri n g t o the b a y a re n a iled a s in dic a ted
P ara p e t
.

T h i rd E xa mp l e —F o r the villa ro o f s h o w n
.

8 ft . h t pie i s b ui lt ou t res ting u p on a

a s or r by F i g 62 0 the a rra ng e ment o f ti mbers will
.
.

s t o n e c o r bel This is d o n e in or der t o o bta i n

.
be a s in F ig 62 1 Th e ou tside di men si o ns
. .

the n ecessa ry we i g ht t o pr event the u pper o f the wh o le r o o f a re ro u g hly 42 ft b y , ,

.

c ourse s o ver tu rn i n g .
45 ft S u i ta ble si zes for the ro o f ti mbers
.

a re a s fo ll o ws : P u rli ns 7 in by 4 i n
Su i t
.
,
A rra n g e me n t of Ro o f T i m b e r s t o v a lley r a fters 1 1 i n by 2 i n ; c o mmo n a n d .
, .

Gi v e n P l a n .
j a ck ra fters 3 4in by 2 4 i n rid g es 7 in b y .
, . .
,

F i rs t E xa mp l e — The a rra ng e men t o f the

. 1 4 in The thickn ess o f the extern a l w a lls
.

ti mbers fo r a ro o f o f the pla n s h o wn s ho u l

d be b rick a n d a h a lf
( 4
1 3 The
i n te rna l w a lls which a re c onn ected with t h e
,

62 3 .
—A r r a ng e me nt of Be are rs b e h i nd P a ra p e t F ig . 62 4 .
—C r oss S e ct i on t h r ou g h G ut t e r

Wa ll . s u pp ort e d b y Ir on Co l u mn .

F ig . will be a s s h o wn in th a t illu s tra

61 8 chi mney b re as ts mus t be a t le a st 9 in ; ,
.

ti o n The va lley ra fter B a n d the hip

. the o ther intern a l w a lls sh ou ld be 9 in fo r .

i f
r a ft e r 0 w ou ld fit to g ether a g a i nst the d s b s t n ti l w rk b t f r o rdi n a ry
g o o u a a o u o ,

rid e A
g a n d the h
, i p r a fte r 0 n eed n o t be p p
u r o s e s the w a ll s a r e m o r e f r equ e n tly o n l y
1 64 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

h a lf a b rick thick ( 44 Of c ou rs e the ,

b e st meth o d c o ns tru cti o n a lly i s t o b u ild u p

t h e i nte rn a l w a ll s t o c a rry the p u rli ns b u t ,

thi s is s eld o m d o n e a s the p u rlins c a n be

,

s u pp o r ted by s t ru ts r e s ti n g o n pl a te s bedded

o n the w a ll s The feet o f the ra fte rs a l o n g

.

A A c a n be c a rried by bi rd s mo u thi n g the m

’
-

o n t o t w o 9 in by 3 in de a ls b o lted t o
-
.
-
.
_

ethe r the n the V g u tte r i s fo r med betwee n

g ,

t h e ra fte rs i n the u su a l ma nn e r with t w o d ri p s

a nd f a l ls a s i n di c a te d o n the pl a n ( F i g .

G u t t e rs b e h in d P a ra p e t , b e h ind
C h i mne y , a nd to
“
M Ro o f .
F ig . 62 6 —P l an i
of T r mm i ng a nd B e ar e r s f or
F i g 62 2
. ho w s a s ecti o n throu g h a g u tter
s
G ut t e r t o Ch im ne y .

b ehin d a p a ra pet : A i s the tilti ng fil let ,

B the be a r e r ; d rip s a n d fa ll a re
s ho w n The c o n ve nti o na l view ( F i g 62 3 )
. .

cle a rly sh o w s a meth o d o f c on stru ctin g

a nd fixi ng the be a r ers ; th o s e a t A a r e
a rra n g ed t o fo r m a d rip Gu tte r b o a rd .

i ng i s sh o w n a t B F i g 62 4 i s a c ro s s
. .

s ecti o n thro u g h a trou g h g u tte r i n a n

M r oo f s h o wi ng fa ll s d rip s a n d ce ssp o o l, ,

a l so o u tl e t in a c a st i ro n c o l u mn ; the -

c o l u mn a ss i s t s in su pp o rti n g the r o o f .

F ig 62 7 —
V ti l
er ca i
S e c t on o f T r mm ng i i
G i i
. .

ut t e r b e h n d Ch mne y .

T he c on ve nti o n a l s ecti o na l V iew ( F i g 62 5 ) .

m a ke s cle a r the g en e ra l c o n stru cti on The .

be a ms A a c t a s the s ide s o f the g u tters a nd ,

A a s p o le pl a te s fo r the feet o f the r a fte r s

-

B i s the u tte r b o a rd 0 be a r e r D ce ssp o o l

g , , ,

a nd E he a d o f c o lu mn Fi g s 626 t o 62 8 . .

s h o w the t ri mmi n g a n d c o n st ru cti o n o f a

g u tte r be hi n d a ch i m n ey The g u tte r i n .

F ig 62 8 is f o r med t o di sch a rg e the ra i n

.
F ig 62 5 -
Conv e nt i ona l S e c t i ona l V e w o f i
G l
. .

w a t e r o n b o th s ide s . u t t e r s u p p ort e d b y Ir on Co u mn .
1 66 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

s to n e c o rbelli ng b u ilt in the chi mn ey a s O

W ith t wo p u rli ns a n d the l a tter b eing a
,

illu s tra ted a t F i g 63 0 In the c a s e whe n V iew o f the hip a n d p u rli ns t a ke n r llel
. .
p a a

the p o siti on fo r the p u rli n h a s n o t been t o the p u rli n A ( F i g F i g 63 3 is a . .

a n ticip a ted a n d th u s n o c o rbelli n g h a s bee n

,
View o f the hip a n d p u rli n B Thes e views .

cle a rly s h o w a g en e ra l meth o d o f a b u tting

,

the p u rli ns a g a ins t the hip s .

F ig 63 2
. .

F i xi n g Va l l e y a nd J a c k Ra ft e rs .

F ig . 63 4
h o w s the va lley ra fter n o tched
s

o ve r the w a ll pl a te a n d ou t betw ee n the ,

r id e s The j ck fte s l s h w n
g . a r a r a r e a o s o

fixed t o the va lley ra fte r a n d rid g e s .

B e v e ls a nd L e n g t h s fo r Hips a nd

_
Ra ft e r s .

The foll o wi n g i s a si mple meth o d o f o bta i n

in g t h e le n g th s o f ti mber a nd bevels o f hips

F ig . 63 4 .
—F ixi ng Va ll e y a nd J k ac

f
Ra t e r .

F ig . 63 1 .
—P l an of J int
o s of li
P ur ns
a nd Hip .

F ig . 63 2 l v ti
.
-
E e a on; V ew i ta k en
.

p a ra ll l t P li
e o ur n A ( F ig .
F ig . 63 4 .

F ig . 63 3 .
—E l v t i e a on ; V i ew ta k en

para ll l
e to Hip .

p ro vided ,
a g o o d pl a n i s t o ra ke o u t a j o i nt a nd fters Fi rst se t u p
ra . eleva ti o n o f
a nd fix i ro n c o rbel with ce ment itch a s s h o w n in F i g 63 5 a n d in the pl a n
an .
p .
,

i n Fi g 636 . To o bta i n the leng th o f the hip

.

J o int s b e t w e e n P u rl i n s a nd H ip s
se t u p 0 E a t ri g ht a n g le s t o B c a n d ma ki n g
.

, ,
'
The p ro per w a y t o su pp o rt the p u rli ns a t C E equ a l t o the hei g ht 0 D j o i n B E which , ,

t h e h ipped e n d o f a n o rdi n a ry roo f i s s h o w n g ive s the le n th r equ i r ed

g The bevel s fo r .

by Fi g s 63 1 a nd 63 2 the fo rmer bei n g a

.
, a pplic a ti o n t o the s ide o f the h i p a r e s h o w n
“
l a n o f t h e h i p a n d the meeti n g o f the h ip a t 1 a nd 2 f The bevel fo r the ed e i s sh o w n
g
p .
 TI M B ER RO OF S . 1 67

at .
3 This bev el i s o bt a i n ed a s fo llo ws :
.

P ro d u ce the rid g e li n e a s s ho w n by 0 F
‘

F ig . 63 5 . ,

ma ki n g it a ny le ng th p ro j ect F G H a t ,

ri ht a n le s t o B o a n d H K a t ri ht a n le s
g g g g
to B E ma ke H K equ a l t o F G j o i n E K
, , ,

which g ives t h e bevel sh o wn a t 3 T a ke .

a n y p o i n t L i n the pl a n o f the hip a nd d r a w

L N a t ri ht a n les t o B E the n fro m L d ra w

g g ,

L M a t ri ht a n le s t o B c ; then with L a s
g g
c e nt re j a n d N a s r a di u s d ra w the a re N o ;
x
,

j oi n M 0 then the bevel sh o w n a t 4 is fo r

,

t h e b a cki n g o f the hip The bevel fo r the

,
.

t o p e n d o f the j a ck ra ft e rs is sh o w n a t 5

F ig 63 6
—B v l
. .

i
F gs . 63 5 a nd 63 6 . e e s a nd
Le ng t h s f or Hi p d R ft
s an a e rs,
l
a s o sh ow ng i B ki g f
ac Hip
n or s .

F ig . 63 8 .

F ig . 63 7 —B ki
ac ng Hip R a t e r f .

to get this u se B a s cen tr e a nd E a s ra diu s

, ,

F ig . 63 9 .
a n d c u t the rid g e li n e i n P ; j o in A P a nd ,

dra w R 8 a t ri g ht a n g les t o A B If R X
‘

_ .

is the pl a n o f a j a ck ra fte r R s will be i t s ,

t ru e len g th An o ther meth o d o f o bta ini n g

.

t h e len g th o f the s e ra fters i s a l so s h o w n .

L et T U a nd V W be the pl a ns o f t w o ra fters ,
’ ’ ’
j ec a nd W W a s sh o w n the
’

p r o t U U n A U ,

ive the le n th o f the r a fte r sh o w n i n pl a n

g s g
'
r U a nd A W
,
th a t o f V W The bevels t o
’ ’
.

a pply t o the s ide s o f ra fte rs a r e sh o w n a t

6 a nd 7
63 8 —Li i f B a c k in g of The bevel sh o wn
H i p R a ft e r
—l
F ig of P t ch of R oo at A B C
-
. . ne .
.

F ig . 63 9 . P a n of R oo f at D E F G .
at 4 ( F ig . 63 6) is fo r the b a cki n g o f the h ip
1 68 C AR P ENT RY A N D JOIN E R Y .

t h a t is , pla ni ng the u ppe r ed g e i nto t w o is the fo rma ti o n o f the t o p ed g e i nt o mt w o

su rfa c e s so th a t e a ch i s i n the s a me pl a n e
, p l a n e s a s,
s h o w n a n d de s c ribed a b o ve T h e .

a s the a dj a ce nt t o p ed e s o f the ra fte rs

g thi s follo wi n g meth o d c a n be a do pted for fin d
will be cle a rly u n de rs t oo d by refe rri ng t o in g b a cki n g t o hip s S e t ou t t o s c a le t h e .

F ig 63 7
. The o bj ect o f the b a cki n g is t o
. li n e o f the pitch o f the roo f a s sh ow n a t

F ig . 64 0 .
—B v l e e app li ed

t o H ip .

F ig . 64 2 —Di ag ra m s h ow ng i p i c t or a i lly h ow t o
“

i vl J k ft
.

ob t a n Be e s for ac Ra e rs .

A B c F
( gi . the pla n a nd a p o rt i o n o f
D E F G ( F ig
639) E G will be the pl a n o f
.

the hip At ri g ht a ng les t o E G se t u p G H

.
,

ma ki n g it the sa me len g th a s the hei g ht

B c then E H is the pitch o f the hip
, In E G .

ta ke any p oi n t a s K a nd a t ri g ht a n g les t o
, ,

thi s lin e d ra w D F throu g h K With K a s .

centr e d ra w the a rc L M t a ng ent t o E H a s

sh o wn j oi n M F which is the a ng le o f the
, ,

b a cki n g S e t the bevel t o the d ra wi ng a s

.

sh o w n F i g 640 is a sketch sh o wi n g the

. .

b evel bei ng a pplied t o the hip A d ra wi n g .

a s s h o w n a t Fi g s 63 8 a nd 63 9 c a n be sketched .

o n a b oa rd t o a b ou t l in s c a le o n a b u ildi n g -
.
,

a n d it will be fo u n d t o t a ke u p mu ch le s s

ti me th a n the ru le o f thu mb metho d o f g u e ss - -

a n d t ri a l If w o rk i s t o be d o n e p ro perly
.
,

F ig . 64 1 .
-
G eo i l M th d
me t r ca e o of i i
ob t a n n g a n d w i th o u t mi st a ke s ti me mu s t b e a ll o wed ,

Be v l f J k R ft
e s or ac a e rs .
t o s e t it o u t Ther e is no o ther p ro pe r wa y:
.

p rep a r e a di rect b e a ri ng fo r the b oa rdi ng o r B e v e ls fo r J a c k R a ft e rs .

s l a ti ng b a tte ns The te rm b a cki ng o f hi p

. The ma ki n g o f a c a rdb o a rd mo del a s ,

is s o meti me s u s ed t o den o te the di s t a n ce des cribed in thi s p a ra g ra ph will gr ea tly ,

fr o m the b a ck o f the hip t o the ed g e o f the help t o ma ke cle a r the meth o d o f d e t e rmin
pl a te b u t the p ro per mea nin g o f the te rm
, i ng the bevels fo r j a ck r a fte rs On a piec e .
1 70 C AR P E N TRY A N D JO INE RY .

Be v e ls fo r H ip s , e tc .
, to R o o fs o ve r bevel sho w n a t M i s for a pplic a ti on t o the .

O bt us e or Ac ut e A n g le s
ed g e s o f the j a ck ra fters To o bta in the ,

devel op me n t o f the hi p e nd A G B p ro d u ce
.

‘
,

The fo r e g o i ng c a s e s o f o bta i ni n g bevel s A B a n d d ra w a:

y a t r i g ht a n g le
“

s p r o j ect
fo r hi p s a n d r a fte rs h a ve bee n fo r r o o fs fro m G a n d ma ke x G e qu a l t o E F “ J o i n
,
’

with the w a ll pla te s a t ri g ht a n g le s a nd the G t o H so o bta i ni ng the i n clina ti on o f the

’
,

pl a n o f the hi p bi s ecti ng t he a n g le betwee n hipped e n d o f the ro o f With H a s ce ntre .

the m Man y s tu de n ts a re a ble t o de a l

j

a n d G a s ra di u s o bt a i n the p o i n t K
’
.
F ro m,
’
.

r e a dily with s u ch exa mple s b u t whe n a c a s e G pro j ect d o wn a t rig ht a ng le s t o the

i s p re s e n ted a s s h o w n by F i g 647 whe r e the .
, lin e A B ; thi s g ive s the p o i nt K The n .
_

p l a n o f the
p l a te s a t A m a ke s a n o bt u s e the bevel s sh o w n a t K will be for the j a ck

F ig . 64 7
.
—M e t h od of ob t a n n g i i Be vl e s for F e e t a nd i
S d e Cu t s , a nd l
a so t h e Ba c king of H ip s .

a ng le a n d a t B a n a c u te a n g le a n d the p l a n
, ,
ra fte rs o n e a ch side The bevel s fo r the .

o f the hip s d o e s n o t bi s ect the a n le s t hey s ide t o p c u t s a r e s h o w n a t E a n d G a n d fo r

’

g , ,

o fte n c a n n o t g e t a c o r r ect r e sul t a lth o u h the feet a t c D a n d H To o bta i n the bevel s

g , , ,
.

the g e o metric a l p ri n ciple s a re si mi la r a s ,

fo r the b a cki n g o f the hi p a t A G a t a ny ,

will be sh o w n At C D E se t u p the pitch

. p o i n t in i t s pla n dra w a b a t ri g ht a n g le s t o
o f the ro o f t a ke n a t ri g ht a n g le s t o the A G . S e t u p G c a t ri g ht a n g le s t o A G ,

p l a te s p r o d u ce F C a n d F D i n defini tely fr o m ma ki ng it equ a l t o E F J o i n A c On the li n e . .

C with o E a s ra di u s o bt a i n p o i n t N ; f ro m A 0 s e t u p e d a t ri g ht a n g les t o A 0 c u tti n g ,

D ,
with D E a s ra diu s o bt a i n p o i n t 0 ; , A G in d With d a s ce ntr e dra w a n a rc
.
,

d ra w N L p a ra llel t o A o o bta i ni n g the p o i n t

,
t a n g e nt t o A c with ra di u s d e a nd so , ,

L . Join A L then cle a rly A L N c i s the o bt a i n p o i n t i J o in a f b i . the n the

devel o p me n t o f the side o f the ro o f A o F G , bevel s s h o w n a t i will be fo r the b a cking o f
a n d the bevel a t L i s fo r the t o p c u t s o f the the hi p tha t a t 0 will be fo r the vertic a l c u t o f
,

j a ck ra fte rs The devel op me nt o f the side

. the hi p whe re a s t ha t a t A will b e for the
,

o f t he ro o f B G F D h a s bee n o bt a i n ed i n fo o t If thi s w o r ki n g ha s bee n c a refu l ly

.

exa ctly si mila r ma n n e r a t B D o M a n d the ,

fo llo wed no di ffic ul ty will be fo u nd in s ettin g
 TI M B ER RO OF S .
1 71

o ut fo r the a c u te a n g l e a t b
the bevel s The . the n fro m d, d
i g ht a n g le s t o a c fro m
c at r ,

p l a n A C D B h a s bee n r ep ro d u ced i n F i
g . 6 a n d 0 s e t u p the pitche s o f the r o o f su r
648 with the c o mp lete s etti n g o u t o f the fa ce s a s s how n by lin e s 6 e a n d c f S e t o u t
, .

ti mbers , a n d a l s o the develo p men t o f the the s ecti o n s o f the p url in s fro m 6 a n d c a nd
s ide s o f the ro o f which g ive the t ru e le ng th a t ri g ht a n g le s t o the li n e s I ) e a nd c
f P r o .

o f e a ch ti mbe r a n d the bevel fo r the t o m the s ecti o n a t g a nd k t o

j t d w f ’ ’
p e c o n ro

ou t a g a i n s t the hip A c a rdb o a rd mo del

.
g ,
a n d so o bt a i n the pla n o f the t o p ed g e a nd
s e t o u t o n t hi s p ri n ci p le , a n d fo lded u p , i nner su r fa ce o f the p urlin fro m p n t o 1 ’ ’

w ou ld p ro ve the w o rki ng The bevel s . a n d 2 the pl a n o f the ed e a n d s ide o f the

g
s ho w n a t 1 2 3 a n d 4 a r e si mil a r t o the
, , , a dj a ce n t
p u r li n i s o bta i n ed To ma ke the .

c o rre sp o n di n g o n e s a t F i g 647 . .
w o rkin g cle a rer a ssu me tha t the e n d o f the
,

F ig . 64 8 —P l a n of T imb i e r ng of Hipp e d E nd R oo f w it h W ll P l t m ki a a es a ng Ob t u s e and A c ut e

l l vl h S id f
,

Ang es ; a so De e op me nt f o e acf R e o oo .

B e v e l s fo r P u r li n s ur lin whi ch fit s a g a in s t the hip ha sl b e e n

p
.

The fo llo win g will be fou n d a g o o d g e n era l r e mo ved t o the p o s iti o n 91 o p ( w hi ch o f ,

metho d for o bta ining the bevels fo r p u rlin s . c ou r s e i s p a ra llel t o 1 a n d

Assu me tha t the pla n s o f the w a ll p la te s
are a t ri ht a n le s t o e a ch o the r
g g
, Co n ti nu e
d 6 ta kin g t hi s lin e a s a n X Y ; then with
, ,
’
b a s ce nt r e a nd p a n d n a s ra dii o bta i n
’
n d th t
a a , ,

th e pla n o f the hi p bi s ect s the a n g le b e o ints th c ru cti n the ed e d

’ ’

p g r u s o n s t
, g g a n
tween the p la te s To a n e n la r g ed s c a le
. side o f the p u r li n i n t o the h ori z o n ta l p l a n e .

se t o u t a p o r ti o n o f t h e
p l an as at A B C Then p ro j ect d o wn fro m q a nd 7 p a ra llel t o ’ "

(F ig . Se t ou t the p l a n o f the hip i t s ,

B o a n d fro m p a n d i t p a ra llel t o X Y thu s
, ,

ze nt r e li n e bei n B D a s sho wn Fix o n a ny o b t a i ni n g p o i n t s q a nd r Then the tru e

g . .

p o i n t a i n the ce n tr e li n e o f the hi
p a nd ,
s h a p e o f th e e nd o f the s ide o f the p u rli n i s

i ra w ( 1 b a 0 p a ra llel t o the p la n o f the lin e

, s h o w n by the b e v e l E a n d th a t fo r the ed g e
,

) f w a ll l t es A B B C At n y c o n ve nie n t at F The a pplic a ti o n o f t he s e bevel s t o the

p a , a . .

) o in t in a I ) d ra w I) d a t r i ht a n le s t o a b rli n i s sh o w n by F i g 6 5 0 The c a se j u st
g g p u . .
1 72 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY .

F ig .
—C v nt i l Vi
65 0 . on e on a ew s h o w ng i
A pp li t i f B v l t lin
'

ca on o e e s o P ur s .

F ig 64 9 —B v l f P li wh
e e s or ur ns e re t h e Cor n e r of the
B il d ing i s R ig h t A g l l
. .
‘

u a n e, a nd t h e P a n of t h e
Hip b i t it
se c s .

F i g 65 1
.
—Obt i i g B v l
. a n n e e s

f P
or li wh ur th
ns e re e

Pl f t h W ll P l t
a ns o e a a es

m k a A t
e an A gl cu e n e,

an d t h Pl f t h Hip
e an o e

d oe s t bi t it (
no se c as

at B, F ig .
1 74 C AR P E NTR Y AN D J OINE RY .
 TI M B ER RO OF S .
1 75

ve rtica l tra ce ; p ro j ect fro m d a nd o bta in

“

ing F i g 65 4 i s a c o n ven ti o n a l view o f the

. .

d
’
fro m c a t rig ht a ng le s t o the vertic a l
’
hi p s i n thei r p o siti o n s a g a i n s t the rid e , a n d
g
tra ce o bta in w hi ch i s equ a l t o c Fro m ’
.
i ndi ca te s the a pplic a ti o n o f the b evel s t o
a s e t o u t a t ri ht a n le s t o the ve rtic a l t he t o p ed g e a n d side o f hi , wher e the
, g g p
t ra ce ma ki n g a 6 equ a l t o a 6 j oin 6 t o ’ ’ ’
hip s mitr ed to g ether l b u tt
c
” a nd c
” ,

to d Then the bevel K i s for the ’

.
, a nd a so

ed g e o f the hi p tha t a t L o f c o u rs e bein g , , ,

fo r the side If c u ts be ma de a lo n g t h e
” ”
.

li n e s a b b c c d a nd fo ld s ma de a lo n g
’ ’
,
’
,
’
,

the li n e a d a n d a l so a l o n g the lin e X Y the

’ ’
, ,

F ig . 66o .
-
P l an of O c t a g ona l
P yr a m d a i l R oo f .

F ig . 65 9—E l v t i
. e a on of O c t a g on a l
P yr a mi d l R f w h
a oo en B oa r d e d .

tru e sha pe o f the ed g e c a n be ma de t o sta n d a

g ain s tthe e n d o f t h e rid g e a s s h own by ,

o ver i t s pl a n a s i n di c a ted by the c on v e n

, F i g 655
. .The g e o metric a l p rin cip le s o f thi s
t i on a l s ketch ( F i which be e ily a re exa ctly the s a me a s expl a i n ed i n the
g c a n a s .

follo wed a s the s a me lettering is a d o p ted a s

,
p r evi o u s c a s e a nd the w o rki n g i s sho wn a t
,

i n F ig 652 A mo del ma de a s su g g e sted

. .
F i g 65 6 whe r e M a nd L a r e the r equi r ed
.
,

in thi ck p a pe r o r c a rd w ou ld p ro ve the w o rk bevel s fo r the ed g e a n d N fo r the side F ig . .

,
1 76 C AR P E NTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

65 7 i s c o n ve n ti o na l view o f a mo del ma de
a is the li n e of
b o a rdi n g The o ther h a lf .
,

t o p r o ve the w o rki n g o f F i g 65 6 If the . . A 3 4 5 6 B it will be n o ticed i s a l ittle le s s

, , ,

meth o d sh o w n by F i g 65 2 h a s been ma s . thi s bei n g the l i n e o f ra fters To a void .

t e re d n o di ffi c ul ty wi l l be fo u n d i n thi s
,
c o n fusi n g the di a gra ms with a nu mber o i .

exa mple F ig 65 8 sh o w s the hi p s mi tr ed

. li n es the li n e o f the w a ll h a s been o mitted
it w oul d o f c ou rs e fo rm a sma ller p a ra llel
.
,

a n d b u tted a g a i ns t e n d o f rid g e .
, ,

o ct a g o n t o th o se s h o w n Next s e t o u t lin e .

Oc t a g o n a l P y ra m i d a l Ro o f a t t he
A B w hi ch i s the li n e o f fe et o f r a ft e rs a n d
, ,
A n g l e o f a B u il d i n g .

The meth o d o f o bta i ni ng the i n te rs ecti ons ,

a nd the meth o d o f c on s tru cti o n o f a n

o ct a g o n a l pyr a mid a l ro o f i n te rs ecti n g a t the

a n g l e o f a hi pped r oo f will n o w b e de s c ribed

,
.

_
sho w r e s pectively the , ,

F ig . 6 61 .
—P 1 a n of H ip s , f
R a t e rs,
et c .
, of O c t a g on a l P yr a m d a i l
R oo f ,
a nd a sol S e ct i on o f F oot

of Ma in R oo f
.

whi ch i s the li n e o f fa ce o f the fa s ci a

'

eleva ti o n a n d p l a n a n d a ls o the i n ters ecti o n s

, E F ,

whe r e the p yra mid a l r o o f meets the hi pp ed b o a rd o f the ma i n ro o f a l so the li n e o f ,

ro o f a s A B o D E
, , ,
F G, , B efo r e the i n te r
, , . t h e ma i n hip a s s h o w n a t G H
,
At ri ght .

s ecti o n s s h o w n by Fi g s 65 9 a n d 660 a n d .
, a n g le s t o 1 8 d ra w 0 P a n d a t ri g ht a n g le s t o
, ,

the ti mbers s h o wn by Fi g s 661 t o 663 c a n .

,
thi s li n e se t u p 0 R ma kin g it equ a l t o the ,

be p ro pe rly s e t o u t it will be n ece ss a ry t o

,
hei g ht J oi n P R whi ch i s the tru e i n cli n a
.
,

o bt a i n the i n te rs ecti o n s o f the b o a r ded su r ti on o f the s ides o f the py ra mi d a l ro o f At .

f a ce s g e o metric a lly The meth o d o f d o i n g

. a n y p o i n t a l o n g E F d ra w a: y a t ri g ht a n g les

thi s i s sh o wn by F i g 664 a n d i s a s fo ll o w s
.
,
to it a n d
,
s e t u p the pitch o f the m a i n r o o f
'
S e t o u t the h a lf o cta g o n A 2 1 8 7 B which ,
a s sh o w n by x 8 N o w t a ke a ny p oi n t r o n
.
C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .
 TIM B E R RO OF S . 1 79

6 p ro j ect up to meet the li n e P R i n b , ma ke

’
t he va lley ra fters s h o w n by 1 2 3 ( F i g 661 ) , , .

A 2 equ a l to P b,
the n th ro u g h z dra w li n e
’
h a ve thei r u pper ed g es in the sa me p la n e a s
9
’
z M p a r a llel t o A 3 n ext m a ke 3 L eq u a l t o the ma i n roo f ther efor e it will b e n ecessa ry
E 8 Then 2 L M K is the tru e s ha p e o f the
. t o o bta i n a bevel fo r the p r ep a ra ti o n o f the s e
s ide 1 E b 0 Fro m 9 d ra w a p a ra llel t o 7 8 edg es The g e o metric a l c on s tru cti o n fo r thi s
—
. .
,

meeti n g 8 0 in k then fro m the p o i n t 7 ,0 d ra w i s a s fo ll o w s F ro m a n y p o i n t i n t h e p l a n .

a li n e p a ra llel t o 1 8 a n d c o n ti nu e it t o ,
o f the v a lley a s H ( F i g ,
dra w the h o ri.

meet P R i n I N o w me a s u r e o ff o n z o n t a l li n e H K a n d d ra w H L a t ri ht a n les
.
g g
the li n e A K a di s ta n ce A x equ a l t o P l . to 2 3 then a t a ny p o in t in H L dra w X Y a t
Thro u g h x dra w a p a ra llel t o 2 3 meetin g 3 K ,
ri g ht a n g le s t o it a n d c u tti n
g ,
li n e H K i n K .

in p oi n t N J oi n N 9 then N g K i s the tru e

.
,
Fro m wher e H K cu ts the p itch o f the r o o f
sh a p e o f the s u r fa ce 9 6 0 F r o m G d ra w . a s sh o wn a t M dra w M N a t ri g ht a n g les t o
,

G 771 n 3 p a ra llel t o B 7 8 P Fro m 3 p ro j ect

. . H K . Then fro m L d ro p a perp en dicu la r t o
u p t o meet P R i n r Ma ke A u equ a l t o r P . . M N a s sh o w n Next p ro j ect L P a t ri g ht
.

Join N u an d u s ; then N u n K is the tru e

. a n g le s t o x Y a n d ma ke it equ a l i n le n g t h t o
,

develo p men t o f the su r fa ce J G g o .

, N 0 . N o w j o i n K P ; then with L a s cen tr e ,

B e ve l s o f P a rt s a n d B a c k i ng o f Hi p s , . dra w a n a rc ta n g en t t o K P meetin g x Y ,

The metho d o f o bta i ni ng the bevels o f the in R J oi n R H whi ch will g ive the b evel
.
,

s evera l p a r ts ma y no w be de s c ribed the ,

r equ i r ed a s s h o w n a t 2 5 The bevels fo r .

me a ns o f o bta i ni n g t h e b a cki ng o f the hi p s a p p li c a ti o n t o the s ide s o f the j a ck ra fte rs

”

a re s h o wn a t 2 0 a n d 2 1 ( F i g whilst the
'

bei ng first sho wn At ri g ht angl es t o o 4

“

. .

se t u
p 0 9 a n d m a ke it
,
eq u a l t o the hei g ht bevel a t 1 3 is fo r a pplic a ti o n t o the to p s o f the
j o i n 4 9 which g ives the tru e ra ke o f the
,
j a ck ra fters The meth o ds o f o bta i ni n g the
.

hi p s At 1 1 is sho wn the bevel fo r t h e

. bevels for the j a ck ra fters fo r the ma i n ro o f
vertic a l c u t o f the t op a nd a t 1 2 tha t fo r ,
a re sh o w n by 2 2 2 3 a n d 2 4 ( F i g 664) ,
.

the fo o t As will be s een o n e ed g e o f thi s

.
,
r es pectively .

bevel i s a dj a ce n t t o t h e pitch lin e the F u rt h e r Co n s t ru c ti o n a l D e t a s

i l — The hip
o the r bei n
g h ori z o n t a l i s d ra w n p a ra llel t o
, ,
o f the ma i n r oo f a s will be n o ticed r equ i r e s
, ,

o 4 . F o r the b a cki n g o f the hip s j o i n 3 5 , ,

s u pp o r ti n
g a t the l o we r e nd Thi s i s don e .

a n d fr o m whe r e thi s li n e meet s o 4 i n o i n t by pla cin g a be a m a c ro ss the o c ta g on a l

p
’
1 0 d r a w a n a rc ta n g en t t o the pitch li n e
, s p a ce a s sh o wn a t s a n d 8
,
Fi
( g s 66 1 a n d .

49 Fro m wher e the a rc meets 4 1 0 i n p o i n t Then the e n d o f the hi p is bi rd s ’

mou thed o n t o thi s b e a m a n is o metric

.

1 1 j o i n t o 5 a nd 3 a s sho w n
, then D i s the ,

bevel r equi r ed The bevel fo r where the . deta il o f whi ch i s sh o wn a t F i g 665 thi s .

hi p s meet e a ch o ther i s sh o wn a t 1 3 Refer . fig u r e a lso sho w s h o w the ma s t fo rks o ver

en ce t o F i g 662 will sh o w wher e thi s bevel
. the e n d o f the hip a n d h a s t wo s tu b ten ons ,

will be r equ i r ed a n d a lso tha t the u p per , fittin g in t o morti s es ma de i n the be a m s o a s ,

p a r t o f the ma s t o r centra l p os t i s o cta g o n a l . t o keep the wh o le s ec u r e The ceili n g .

This a ll ows the u pper cu t s o f the hi p s t o be j oi sts i n the o ct a g o n a l spa ce a r e b ui lt into

ma de s qu ar e thr o ug h thei r thickn ess a nd ,
the w a lls a s sh o w n in pla n ( F i g 661 ) a n d .

the refo r e no bevel is r equi r ed The develo p . s ecti o n ( F i g . Of c ou rs e a s is u su a l , ,

men t o f the i n ters ec t i o n sho wn a t the ceilin g j oists u n der the ma i n r o o f ru n

3 M N K 1) q 2 g ives u s the bevels fo r the feet p ara llel t o o n e o f the fron t w a lls The .

o f the hi s a n d ra fte rs A B o D E F a nd en ds o f fou r o f these ( U V W a n d z) c a n n o t

p , , , , , , , , ,

G The bevels 1 4 1 5 1 6 a nd 1 7
’
, , , b e c a rried t o a ny w a ll the r efo r e a tri mme r ,

( F i g 664) a re fo r the fe e t o f t h e hip s A B E

.
, , , i s p ro vided o f sto u ter sc a n tli n g t o c a rry
a n d F r e s ectively F i The e bevel the se ends a s s h o wn in the pl a n a nd s ecti o n
p ( g s s .
,

a re fo r a pplic a ti o n a fte r the hi s h a ve been Fi d The b di i cle ly

p ( g s 6 6.1 a n o a r n
g s a r

b a cked The bevels t o a pply t o t h e b a cks

. s h o w n i n Fi g s 65 9 a n d 660 a nd the r efo r e
.
,

o f the fe et o f the j a ck r a fte rs a t o a n d D d o es n o t requ i r e further des cri p ti on There .

( F i g 661 ) a re sh o w n a t 1 8 ( F i g
. whi l s t . a r e o the r little p o i n ts w hi ch a r e fu lly sh o w n

the bevel fo r the fo o t o f G ( F i g 661 ) is s h o wn . in the illu stra ti o ns b u t it i s n o t n ecessa ry,

a t 1 9 ( F ig It will be n o ticed tha t

. t o en l a rg e u p o n the m her e .
 F RAM E W O R K OF D O RME R W I N D OWS .

— A d o rmer wi n do w is a wi n d o w
In t r o d u ct i o n . fra mi n g e rected vertic a lly o n the ra fte rs .

fo rmed in a s l o p i n g ro o f the wi nd o w pie ro

,
. D o rme r wi nd o w s a r e mu ch i n us e i n mo de rn
i ng th rou g h the i n cli n e a n d h a vi n g i t s b ui ldi n gs t o g ive a dequ a te li g ht t o roo ms
,

F ig . 666 .
-
E l v ti
e a on of

G bl
a ed D orm e r .
1 82 C A R P E N TR Y A N D '
J OIN E R Y .

fo rmed in the roo f a nd t o a ffo rd a g o o d V iew G a ble d D o rme r

,

o f the s u rro u n di n g di s trict They a re a l s o . Fi g s 666 t o 672 sh o w the le a di ng deta ils

.

u s ed t o a d d t o the a rchitectu ra l eff ect o f o f c o nstru cti o n o f a d o rme r wi n d o w the ,

672 —E l n a rg e d
"

S e ct i on of Dorme r t h r oug h
F ig . 671 .
—S t i
ec on Th r oug h S ill , etc .
, of Dorme r .
( F ig .

F ig 673 —S t i
ec on Dorme r t h r ou g h P ort i on F ig 674 -
lv i
P a rt E e a t on of F r ame w or k , etc .
,

f f
. . . .

of O ne E nd of R oo . o f Dor me r i n M a ns a r d R oo .

the f The c onstru cti o n di ffe rs in va ri

ro o . lo wer p a r t o f which is i n the f ro nt w a ll o f
o u s p a r t s o f the c o u n t ry a s will be g a the r ed
,
the h ou s e ; the o a k sill o f the c a se men t
fro m the typic a l illu stra ti o ns g iven in thi s fra me r ests o n the s to n e si ll c o nnected t o ,

S ecti o n ; it by a w a te r b a r a s sh o w n The u pper,

.
 FRAM E W OR K O F D O RM ER W IN D O W S . 1 83

p a rt o f the wi ndo w is c on stru cted ma inly V iew ( F i g clea rly sh o ws the r ela ti o n
. 668)
of w o o d the exp o sed w oo dw o rk bein g
,
a nd a rra ng e me n t o f the s eve ra l ti mbers .

mo u lded a s s h o wn The ro o f a n d the s ides The tri mmi ng piece s h o wn a t C is ten o n ed

o f the d o rm
.

er a r e p r ep a red for c o veri ng with throu g h the t wo ma in ra fters a nd keyed .

lea d o r zi n c The a dva nta g e cl a i med fo r

. The t wo ra fters a t D a n d E a re s tu b ten on ed -

thi s ki nd o f do rmer, a s c o mp a r ed with th o s e into the tri mmer F i g 669 sh o w s the j oi n ts

. .

s itu a ted wh o lly i n the r o o f i s a l a r g e r wi n d o w

, a t F ( F ig At A in F i g 670 the c o ll a r .
.

675 .
—Ob liq ue j
P ro i
e c t on of F r a me w or k of Dorme r M a ns a r d R oo f
.

o p ni n g a nd a
e hi g he ceilin g t o the roo f n ext
r is sh o w n d o veta il la p ped i nto the ra fter
-
.

the fro n t w a ll ( s e e F i g The ro o f h a s

. At B a no ther meth o d i s sh o wn the c o lla r ,

o ve rh a n g i n g e a ves with the feet o f the

, bei ng h a lved a nd la pped o n t o the ra fter .

ra fters mo u lded a s s h o w n a n o g ee g u tte r,

F i g 671 s h o ws the o a k sill b o tt o m ra il o f
.
,

bein g fixed The fo rm o f the exp o s ed

. c a s e ment n osi ng c o nn ecti o n t o ston e sill
, ,

w o o dw o rk is sh o wn i n the eleva ti o n g iven etc At F ig 672 is g iven a n enla rg ed deta il

.
‘

( F ig
. F i g 667 is a s ecti o n thro u g h
. throu g h B B ( F i g sh o wi n g the j o i n t
.

A A ( F ig . which exhibits the c o ns t ru c betw een the fra me a nd the s til e o f the c a s e
t i o n o f most o f the p a rt s The i so metric a l
. ments a lso o f t h e b o a rdi ng na il e d t o t h e
,
 C AR P EN T R Y A N D JOINE RY .

f me a nd c o ve re d wit h le a d o r zi n c After t o 675 the fra mew ork the

Inc o ns tru cti ng
‘

ra
'
1 -
. .
,

thi s b o a rdi n g h a s been fixed the mo u ldi ng ,

fo ll ow i n g a re the p ri n cip a l p o ints r e qui ri ng
G i s a tta ched a s sh o w n The di mens io ns . a tte n ti o n The wa ll i s 1 8 i n thick a n d is
. .
,

s h o w n o f s o me o f the p ri n cip a l p a r ts sh o u ld fin is he d with a s to n e c o rn ice .

i
F g . 676 .
—G e ne r a l Vi ew of C omp l et e i
F r am ng Dorme r Wi nd ow .

be e g a rded
r a s su g g s e tive ra the r th a n a bso f ce o f thi s is h o ll o wed o u t o f the so lid
su r a

lu te .
s to n e ,a nd a fterw a r d s le a d i s d r ess ed i n so

a s t o fo r m the g u tte r ( s e e G F ig 673 which

ma l l D o r m e r W i n d o w i n M a ns a rd
.
, ,
S
sh o w s the b rickw o rk s t o n ew o rk a n d ti mber
, ,

Ro o f .
fr a mi ng ) The ma i n tie be a m is s u pp orted
.
-

Th e b a r e fra mew o rk o f a s mall d o rmer by a ston e c o rb el a s sh ow n This be am .

in a Ma nsa rd ro o f is ill u stra te d by Fi gs 673 . a lso a cts a s a g i rder t o s u pp ort the floo r a n d
1 86 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

ceili ng j o i s ts The fo rmer a re c o g g ed t o

. 68 1 su f ficie ntly sh o w the c o ns tru cti on a n d ,

the tie be a m b u t the l a tte r n eed o nly be

-
,
therefo r e o nly the le a di ng p o i nts n eed b e
n o tched o n The t w o ra fters A a nd B ( F i g
. . menti o n ed . The j oi sts r es t o n a w a ll pl a te
t o w hi ch the fra mi n g o f the d o r mer i s i n the u su a l ma nn e r a n d a s ec o n d pla te
, ,

a tt a ched a r e thicke r th a n the o the r r a fte rs

,
. s u pp o r ti n g the ra ft e rs i s fixed t o the u pper
,

The o peni ng between thes e t w o ra fters i s ed g es o f the j o i sts the ends o f the ra fters
,

fo rmed by the tri mmi n g pieces D a nd E . a l so bein g a tta ched t o the j oi sts The .

The l o we r w a ll pla te is held fa s t t o e a ch tie g u tte r i s o f w o o d s u pp o r ted o n w o o den

,

be a m by i ro n s tra p s a s sh o wn a t C ( F i g . be a r e rs b ui lt i n to the w a ll a s sh o w n a t Fi g s .

F ig . 68 1 .
—E l n a rg e d H ori zont a l
S e ct i on B a y Dorme r t h r ou g h
Wind ow s .

S e ct i on o f B a y Dorme r .

Su g g estive i e
s z s a re fi g u r ed o n the a nd 680 . At F igde r th a t
. 676, i n or

di ffe r e n t me mbers b u t , of c o u rs e thes e the c on stru cti o n ma y b e cle a rly sh o w n ,

w ou ld va ry a cc o rdi n g t o ci r cu ms ta nc es . the b rickw o rk i s c a rried u p level with the

l o wer pl a te o nly ; b u t o f c ou rs e the w a ll
W ind o w
,
D o rm e r
,
Bay .
when c o mpleted w ou ld be fini shed flu sh .

At F i g 676 a re sh o w n c o n venti o na lly

. with the to p s o f the ra fters The firs t .

the ti mbers c o nn ected with the fr a mi n g o f tri mmer fo r the d o r me r w ou ld b e fo rmed

a b a y d o rme r wi n d o w r e a dy fo r b o a rdi n
, g , by the t w o s t ou t ra ft ers h a vi n g a tri mme r ,

b a tteni n g sl a ti ng le a dw o rk etc The side

, , , . fixed a t the l o wer e n d o f the wi n dow a nd
li g hts o f the wi nd o w a r e fixtu r es the fr on t , a n o ther a t the ceili n g level o f it the s h o r t ,

c a s e me n t o pe n i n g o u tw a rd s Fi g s 676 t o . . r a fte rs bei n

g fixed t o the s e t ri m me rs a s sh o w n .
 FRAM E W O RK OF D ORM ER W IN D O W S . 1 87

N o r t h C o u n t ry S t y l e .
ro o f timbe rs a r e tri mmed t o g ive the n e c e s
The a rra ng e men t n ext s h o w n i s th a t mo s t sa r y o peni n g a n d t w o s t ou t ra ki n piece
,
g s ,

g e n e r a lly fa voured in the No rth o f E ng la n d , 9 in by 3 in. a re p ro vided t o c a rry the

.
,

sides o f the d o rmer whe r e the l a tte r i s o f

la rg e si z e Thes e ra kers a re n o tched ( pr efe r

.

l I
2 . 11 Moum

I
Monr o
‘
I
s
u at s a me soqa

J O I N T BOLT

s
' '
xs I N T ER ME DI
P U R LI N
A TE

fiqc xmc PIEC E

D ow Bee n

F ig . 68 3 .
—S id e Fr a me of Dorme r ,
N or t h C ou nt r y S t y l e .

Ha qo or Faun

: ”L
4 6

—F
.

F ig . 68 2 . r ont of Dorme r , N ort h Cou nt r y S t y l e .

a bly d o veta iled ) t o p u rli ns a s will be illu s

t ra t e d a n d a re fixed with j o i n t b o lts a t thei r
,

he a d a n d foo t An y in termedi a te p u rli n .

c a n be tri mmed i n t o the s e r a ke rs whe r e

F ig . 68 4 .
—J i o nt s i n Ang l e P o st . n ecessa ry a n d the de si n
g
, a s well a s the ,

di men sio n s c a n be e a sily a da p ted t o s u it

,

whe ide li hts an d c a s ement sa shes

re s l o c a l c on diti on s o r the S peci a l r equ i r e
g
-

r e qui r ed . In c onstru ctin g the win d o w ,

m ents o f a ny g iven c a se :
1 88 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY .

P URLIN al
“l

F ig . 68 5 .
—C on s t r u c t o n i N ort h Cou nt ry Dorme r W ind ow .

'
it c ne mms C o n s t ru c t i o n o f N o rt h C o u n t ry
D o rm e r W in d o w .

I
'
The d o rmer c onsi sts o f a fro n t ( F i g 682 ) .

a n d t w o S ide fra m e s ( F i g
Ba s e s B OARD 1 4
.the l a tter
b ein g ma de t o the S l o pe o f the ro o f a n d bein g ,

r eb a ted fo r the i n s erti o n o f a 2 i n sa s h fro m-

.
'

the o u ts ide The s tile o f the side fra me

‘
n e ons os
.

s e r ve s a s the a n g le p o s t a n d i n a s ma ll
,

d o rmer the he a d a n d sill o f the fron t fr a me

a re ten on ed di r ectly i nto it In a l a rg er .

d o rmer h o wever t h e meth o d her e sho wn i s

, ,

0 U
mu ch mo r e c o n venien t t o a d o pt especi a lly ,
6 1 4 HE RD
wher e ther e a re mu n ti ns i n the front fra m e ,

a s the l a tte r i s ma de a s a s ep a r a te fr a m e ,

with li g ht stiles ten on ed t o the he a d a nd

s ill which a r e te n o n ed t o the a n g le p o s ts a n d
F ig . 68 6 . En l ar g e d ,

S e ct i on of N ort h S ec u r ed a n d d r a w n ti g ht w ith bed b o lts a s

C ou nt ry D or me r s h o w n i n det a il ( F i g . Wh en fixed the ,

stile o f the fr o n t fra m e s h o u ld a l so be

s c r ewed th rou g h the r eb a te t o ma ke a p e r

4 2 2
"
on
fe c t l y cl o s e j o i n t between t h e a n g le p os t
a n d the fro n t fra me .The ro o f i n thi s c a s e
i s ma de t o o ve rha n g a ll ro u n d ( se e F i g .

The rid g e a n d he a d s o f the side fra mes a re

a ll o wed t o p ro j ect bey o n d the ble t o c a rry
g a ,

t h e o ve rh a n g i n g s p a rs b a rg eb o a rds a n d
, ,
I
R ‘s m mouw fin i a l The o verh a n g i n g sides a re formed
.

by the s p a rs p ro j ecti n g t o the r equi r ed

a mo u n t ; the sp a r feet a r e c o ver ed o n the
s o ffi t by a so ffi t b o a r d t o n g u ed i n to the
he a d o f t h e fra me a n d i n to a fa s ci a b o a rd
1 90 C AR P ENT R Y AN D J OINE RY .

F i g 69 1 —C v t i l Vi w f T immi g
on en on a e o r n a nd
mp l t l y f m d t g t h pl i
. .

D or me r co e e ra f e o e er or a c ng
in p it i
os d fix i g
on a n n .

w o o dw o rk ( excep t the s ills o f the fra mes

a n d sa she s ) i s O f fir st cl a s s re d o r yell o w
-

d e a l free fro m a ny defects e s peci a lly s a p

, , ,

a n d i s p a i n ted t w o c o a t s o f g o o d r e d le a d -

a n d o i l p a i n t befo r e bei n g fi xed The s ills .

o f the fra me s a n d s a s he s a r e o f S o u n d o a k .

The j oin ts o f the w o o dw o rk a re wed g ed a n d

pi nn ed with o a k pi n s e a ch j oi n t bein g ,

c o a ted with thick white le a d o r r e d le a d - -

p a i n t befo re i ns erti o n The c a s e me n t s a she s

.

h a ve b ra s s s h u tte r s qu a r e s a t thei r s a lien t

a n g le s t o p r eve n t a lte ra ti o n o f fo r m th ro u g h
,
 FRAM E W ORK OF D ORM ER W IN D O W S . 1 91

F ig . 693 .
—E l n ar g e d

S e ct i on t hr oug h C C ,

F ig . 69 0 .

F ig . 6 94 .
—
E l n arg e d De t a il He ad
of S dei Lig ht a nd F oot of

Ra terf .

F ig . 69 6
.
—C v t i l Vi w f J i
on en ona e s o o nt s

be t we e n P t S ill
os , d B t t m R il
, an o o a of

S i d Lig h t ( F i g
e .
1 92 C A R P ENTRY A N D
‘

JOINE R Y .

the w ei g ht o f the g la zi n g It i s n o t in . r ep r e se nt s the eleva ti on F i g 690 bei n g a

,
.

tended t o desc ribe the c o ns tru cti o n o f l o n g itu din a l s ecti o n It will b e s een tha t
.

sa she s 1 n t h 1 s ch a pte r th a t s u b j ect bei n g the fr o n t c on si st s o f a fr a me w ith c a s e me n t

.

— —
,

r e s e r ved fo r exh a u stive tr e a t me n t l a te r . S a s he s o pe n i n g o u tw a r d s a n d the side i s

F ig . 699 —Pl
. an of Na ke d F r a me w or k .

F ig 6 98 —E l v t i
e a on o f the Na ed k T imb er W ork of i
t h e F r a m n g f or a L
ar g e a nd a S ma ll Dorme r ,
. .

in t he S d e i a nd E nd of Hi pp e d E n d M a n s a r d R oo f
.

fra med with b a r s fo r g l a zi n g At F i g 691

N o rt h C o u n t r y D o r m e r
. .

Ano t he r
the t ri mmi n g i s cle a rly s ho w n ; o n e a ch
W in d o w ide f the pe n i n a s t o u t ra fte r 4 i n b y 3 i n
g
.

S o o ,
. .
,

The ki n d o f d ormer th a t i s u s ed whe r e is p ro vided ,

a n d a t t h e t o
p o f the o pe ni n g a

it i s de si r ed t o g a i n a s mu ch li g ht a s p o s m
t ri m e r i s te n o n ed th g h the fte
r o u r a r a n d
keyed ( g F i m m i m or s d
s ible i s s h o w n by Fi g s 68 9 a n d 690 F i g 68 9 Thi t i e ti e
.
. s r r s
.
.
FRAM E W ORK OF D ORM ER W IN D O W S . 1 93
1 94 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

to receive t h e u ppe r ra fte r s a s sh o w n a t A . or bed c ew s ma y be u s ed i fjfd e

s r
l
“

A deepe r piece o f stu ff i s u s ed fo r t h e tri mm e r ,

F i g 69 7 s h o w s the c o nn ecti o n s fo r t h e
.

B a g a i n s t w hi ch t h e l o we r ra ft e r s b u tt
,
Thi s . t h e he a d a n d t h e t o p ra il o f li g ht
,

t ri mm e r i s fixed t o the st o u t r a fte rs a n d i s , j o i n t s bei n g fir mly held t o g e t her by a b o lt

a ll o wed t o p ro j ect a s S h o w n s o a s t o s u p i n s e rted fro m the o u t side o f the t op ra il .

p o rt t h e sill o f the d o rme r F i g 69 1

. .
,
T hi s b o lt i s p a ss ed thro u g h i nt o the he a d in
which is a c o n ven ti o n a l view O f the d o rme r which ha s bee n m a de a mor tice t o r eceive a
fra med t o g ethe r r e a dy t o be fixed in i t s nu t , as i n dic a ted a t B F i g 697 The
,
. .

p pro e r
p o s iti o n, a l s o S h o w s h o w the s t ou t b o tt o m a n d t o p ra il s o f the side Ii
r a ft e rs a re su p p o r ted by a s hle r i n
g s t u d s c o n n ected by m o rtice a n d te n o n j o i n t s
which a r e fixed t o the m . thei r u p p er e n d The t o p ra il s a re ma de t

F ig . 70 1 .
—
Vi ew of S t on e Dor me r i n E n d l
of c omp e t e d M a n sa r d R oo f
.

C o n s t r u c t i o n a l D e t a il s .
p ro j ect bey o n d the p o st s so tha t the l o we r
The p p
r e a ri n
g O f a d or m e r o f t hi s d e sc rip e nd s O f the b a r g eb o a rds ma y be fixed t o
ti o n i s t h e w o rk o f a j o i n e r r a ther tha n O f a the m The rid g e a l so p r o j ec t s a n d is
.
,

c a rp e n te r A few le a din g p a rti c u l a r s O f

. t en o n ed i n t o the fin i a l t o w hi ch the u p per
the c on st ru c t i o n will n o w b e g iven The . e n d s o f the b a r g eb o a r d s a n d mo u l di n g
a n g le p o s t s a r e r eb a ted a n d be a ded t o r eceive a r e b u t ted a n d fixed .The t o p e n d o f t he
c a s e m en t sa she s ; they a re a l so cha m fer ed t o p r a il a nd e n d o f rid g e p iece a r e c o n
o n t h e o u t s ide a n d m o u lded o n the i n side a s n e c t e d by m e a n s o f t w o p iece s O f 4 i n -
.

s h o w n by t h e e n l a rg ed s ecti o n F i g 695 , . . b o a rd s . The ceili n g j o i st s O f t h e d o rme r

The s e a n g le p o st s a r e c o nn ected t o the d o u ble a r e n o t ched d o w n o n t h e t o p r a il s O f the

su n k o a k s ill i n t h e w a y r e p r e s e n t ed a t S ide li g ht s a n d n a iled The ra ft ers o r

.

F i g 696 a n d t o t h e b o t t o m r a il O f t h e S ide
.
,
s a r s a r e c u t t o fit t h e rid g e a n d a r e n o tched
p ,

li g ht by a b a r efa ced h a u n ched t e n o n a s on t o the t o p ra il s a s sh ow n The t wo .

S h o w n a t A i n the s a m e ill u s t ra t i o n The s e iece f b o a r d befo r e m e n t i o n ed r eceive

.
p s O

j o i n t s ma y be held t o g e t he r mo r e fir mly t h e e n d s o f t h e s ma ll j a ck r a fte r s The .

b y the i n s e r t i o n o f s t o u t s c r ew s 5 in l o n g a bled a r t o f the d o r m e r i s fo r med by a

.
, g p
1 96 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

re st u p o n a n d a r e fixed t o the st o u t ra fters S t one G a ble d Do rm e r .

,

a n d the fin i s h o n the i n side i s f o r med by A mor e i mp orta n t c a s e with r e g a r d t o

fixi n g a be a ded li ni n g a s S h o w n i n s ecti o n d o rme r s i s s ho w n by Fi g s 698 t o 70 1
. .

at E Fi, g. 6 93 . The le a di n g di m e n s i o n s o f the Refer e n ce t o Fi g s 698 a nd 699 will S h o w

.

va ri o u s p a rt s a r e fig u r ed o n the ill u stra t i o n s . tha t the S ide o f the hi p p ed e n d o f a M a n sa rd

 F R A ME W O R K O F D O RM ER W IN D O W S
-
.

ro o f h a s been de si g n ed t o pro vide l e fo r a a rg with o n e p iece o r sma ller sheet s ma y be u s ed

,

t n e bled d o r m e r i n the e n d a g e n e ra l with r oll s b u t the s e a r e n o t S how n T hi s .

s o g a - ,
,

view o f w hi ch i s g iven a t F i g 701 A . . i s a n i mp ort a n t exa mp le b o th a s r e g a r d s ,

d o rmer o f equ a l hei g ht b u t n a rro wer 1 8 r o o fin g a n d d orme r s ; b u t fur ther de s c r i p ti o n

p ro vided fo r o n the Side F ra mi n g fo r .

i s th o u g ht u nn ece ssa r y a s c a r efu l a tten ti o n
,

the s e d o rm er s i s o f su ch ma g ni t u de a s t o h a s been g iven i n the p r ep a ra ti o n o f the

n ece it
ss a te the p r o vi s i o n O f v a lley r a f t e r s ,
illu stra ti o n s t o S h o w cle a rly a l l the e ss en ti a l
A ,
B C
,
a nd D,
F i g 699,
The fra mi n g
. .
p o in t s o f c on stru cti o n a n d ther efo r e they
,

the m lle d m e i i m il t th t s h ou ld p r e s e n t n o di ffic u lty t o the c a r efu l

for s a r o r r s S a r o a

the l e the ef e it h t bee n r e a de r

fo r a g
r r o n e ; r o r a s n o .

F ig . 706 .
—F r o nt El v ti
e a on of co l
mp e t e d Dor me r
Wind ow a nd J tiu nc on of S dei a nd F l at .

Sh o w n in the c on vent i o n a l View F i g 700 , .

,

whi ch i s dra w n S O a s t o le a ve exp o s ed so me

o f the m a i n me mbe r s o f t h e r o o f It s ho u ld .

b e n o ted tha t in Fi g s 698 699 a n d 700 the .

, ,

ma s o nry i s o n ly c a rried u p le v el with t h e ;

w a ll p la te ; the p a ra p et a n d g u tter bea r er s

a n d b o a r di n r e o mi tted S O a s t o ma ke cle a r
g a

t h e mo r e i mp o r t a n t c o n str u c t i o n F i g 70 1 . . F ig .
70 7 .
—S t i
ec on a l El v t i e a on t h r ou g h B
F ig
i s a c o n ve nt i o n a l V I ?
OW o f the s t o n e g a ble ,
.
,
706 .

whi ch a l so sh o w s t h e t w o i n cli n ed su r fa ce s
D o rme r in H a lf M a ns a rd w it h F la t
o f the ma i n r o o f sl a ted a n d wi t h m o u lded

fa s ci a a n d g u t teri n g with a le a d a p r o n u n de r
, .
To p Ro o f .

The r o o f a n d side O f the d o rm er a r e sho w n Un like t h e Ma nsa rd r o o f p ro p er thi s ki n d ,

c o ver ed with lea d E a ch p a rt ma y be c o ver ed ha s r a ctic a lly n o u p per p i t ch n o r tru s s e s

.
p , ,
1 98 C ARP ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

ra ft er s etc t o the u ppe r p o rti o n a nd thu s

,
.
, ,
na il the b o a rdi n g fo r the fla t Thi s b o a rd .

t he r e i s n o l o s s o f s p a ce It i s u s ed l a rg ely . i n g sh o u ld be 1 4 i n thi ck g ro o ved a n d

.
,

wher e i ntermedi a te w a ll s or p a rtiti o n s fo r t o n g u ed a n d cle a n ed O ff s mo o th t o r eceive

,

s u p p o r t a r e a va il a ble t o a ssi s t i n c a rryi n g the le a d The b o a rdi n g sh o u ld a lw a y s b e

.

the fla t a n d a l so wher e it i s de si r ed t o g e t
,
a s l a r g e a r o o m s p a ce a s p o ssible
fixed ru nn i n g p a ra llel with the fa ll o f the
D o r me r s . fl a t S O th a t i n t h e even t O f a ny o f the b o a rd s
,

a re a l mo s t a lw a y s fr a med an d fo rm a n ,
c u rli n g u p a n d thu s fo r mi n g h o ll o w s in t h e
i mp o rt a nt p a rt o f the c o n stru cti o n o f thi s le a d the r a i n will n ot be r et a i n ed in
,

ki n d o f ro o f Fi g s 702 t o 707 fully S h o w

. . p u ddle s a s it s flo w is n o t i nte r fer ed with
,
.

the c o n stru cti o n o f thi s de s crip t i o n O f a r o o f '

Gro o ved a n d t o n g u ed l i n b o a rdi n g i s -
.

with d o r mer s etc The fo ll o wi n g a re the ,

. n a iled di a g o n a lly o n the ra ft e r s t o r eceive
e n e r a l p a r tic u l a r s The b rid i n j i t Of the le a d , a s S h o w n a t F i g 704 The c u rb
g g g o s. s . .

t h e fl oo r a re c o g g ed a n d n a iled o n t o a r e l te h vi n t p n 8 ft ve r the d o r me r
p a a g o s a o .
,

b a ted w a ll pl a te or w hi ch h a s a fillet n a iled ,

it i s s tr en g the n ed by a 6 in by 44 in li n tel
-
.
-
.

o n it . The pla te t o r eceive the l o wer e nd s b o lted t o i t s u nder side a nd su p p orted by the
o f the r a fte r s is n o tched a n d s ec u r ed t o a n g le s t u d s a s i n dic a ted a t F i g 704
,
The . .

the t o p ed g e s O f the j o i st s a s i n dic a ted the ,

fro n t eleva ti on a n d side eleva ti o n O f the
ra fter s bei n g n o tched i n t o thi s pl a te a s c o mp leted Ve n eti a n d ormer wi nd o w a re
sh o w n a t F i g 705 The cu rb pl a te i s su p
. . s h o w n a t Fi g s 706 a n d 707
. The ceili n g .

p orted by the ra fter s a n d a l so by the stu d ,

o f thi s i s a r ched the rib s t o c a rry thi s a n d
di n g a s sh o w n the l a tter o f c o u r s e te no n ,
the b o a r di n g a r e sho w n a t F i g 704 The . .

in g i nt o t h e u n der side o f the pl a te The . fra m ew o rk t o r eceive the c o mpleted wi n d o w

b rid g i n g j o i st s fo r the fla t a r e o u t o f 8 i n -
i s fu lly sh o w n a t F i g 704 The j u n cti o n
by 2 4—
. . .

i n a n d t o p r o d u ce the n e ce s s a r y fa ll
.
,
between the side a n d fla t i s fini shed with a n
the first 7 ft is ta p er ed fro m 6 in t O 8 i n. .
e
. u ppe r fa s ci a a n d a l o we r fa s ci a a n d so fii t ,

( s e e A t o
”
B F i g ,
the n the r e m .a i n i n
g 7 ft . b o a rd s mo u lded mo dilli o n s g u tte ri n g etc
, , ,
.
,

a s a fi rrin g piece 2 i n t hi ck i n c r e a si n g t o .
, a s S h o w n i n elev a ti o n a n d s ecti o n ( Fi g s 706 .

4 i n t hi ck n a iled o n a s S h o w n a t B t o C
.
, a nd The c o n stru cti o n o f the d ormer
F
( g i . the d r ip bei n
g p r o vided f o r a t fra me e a se me nt s etc will be tr e a ted o f in
, ,
.
,

B . S c a nt li n g s a r e n a iled o n t o the fi rri n g a s u b s equ e n t ch a pte r w h e r e a nu mbe r O f

,

de s c ribed fo rmi n g the j o i st s o n which t o

, deta il illu str a ti o n s will be g iven .
2 00 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

F ig 71 2 —A g l
n e P os t
—
. .

F ig . 71 1 . An g l e P os t s re ba t e d ou t f or me d Of TW O P i e ce s

of So d li to l v
ea e 44 m. Br i kw kc or but t i ng a nd l
bo t e d

Bac k .
t og e t h e r .

F ig 71 5 —M e t h od of conn ec t ing Win d ow F r a me s

71 4 —
. .

fii H a lf H a lf t imb e r e d W or k
’

F ig M e t h od of x ng Door F r a me -
.

i
. .

t mb e r e d
( Fo r Fi g . 773 , see

p r e vi o us pag e .
)

F ig . 71 6 .
—F r ont P ort i on of H a lf t imb e r e d
-
Cot t a g e .
 H A L F—
TI M B ER C ON S T RU C TI ON . 2 01

p a in ted re d le a d mixed with b o iled o il

,
-
en su r e s g re a ter w a rmth a n d dryn ess The .

bein g us ed fo r a ll j oi n ts Va ri o u s fo rms . fil lets a n d b a ttens a r e fixed t o the S Id e s

o f h a lf ti mbe r w o rk a r e
-
s h o w n i n s ecti o n a n d b a ck s o f the ti mbe rs t o r eceive the

by Fi g s 708 t o 71 3 ( s c a le
. 1 in t o . l a th a n d pl a s teri n g The i ntermedi a te s tu d s
.

1 In F i g 708 the a n g le p os t s s h o w n
. a re s h o w n t o be r eb a ted fo r the mi ddle c o a t

a re 8 in by 8 i n
. a n d the i n te rme di a te p o s t s
.
,
o f p l a s te r b u t thi s r eb a tin g i s n o t i n di s
,

8 in by 44 i n ved t the ide nd e n s a ble In the ex a mple r ep r e s en ted

.
g
. r o
,
o a s s a , p .

F ig . 71 7 . F ig . 71 8 .

F ig —F t E l v t i on of H a lf t imb e re d Cot t a g e
—P t S id E l v t i
. 71 7 . r on e a -
.

F ig . 71 8 . ar e e a on of H a lf t imb e re d C ot t a g e
- .

fil led in with 44 m: brickw ork whi ch is ,

by F ig .the t i mbers ar e fil led in with
71 0
r ender ed a t the b a ck with ce me nt while , 9 in b rickw o rk with ro u g hc a s t fa ce
-
.
,
The .

s ma ll fil let s fi xed t o the S ide s o f the u p a n g le p o s ts a re 9 in s qu a r e a n d the i n ter .

,

ri g hts keep the b rick work i n p ositi on . medi a te p os ts 9 in by 4 in spl a y g ro o ved . .

,
-

B a ttens a r e fixed t o the b a cks o f the ti mbers a l o n g the o u te r ed g e T hi s fo rm i s v e rg .

7

t o t a ke the la th a n d pl a ster w o rk S o meti m es su b st a n ti a l a nd so m e b ui ldi n g bye l a w s

- - -
.
,

the h ori zo nta l ti mbers a re c o ver ed o n the de ma nd it Acc o rdi n g t o so me bye la w s

.
-
,

u pper side with sheet le a d : F i g 709 sh o w s . ther e mu st be a t le a st 44 in o f b ric kw o rk .

the a n g le p osts 6 i n s qu a r e a n d the in ter

.
,
behi n d a ll ti mbe r ; then if t he a n g le p o st
medi a te o n es 6 in by 3 i n gr o o v ed a lo n g
. .
,
i s a b o ve 5 i n by 5 i n it mu st be r eb a ted a t
. .
,

the ou ter edg e fo r externa l s tu cc o o r rou g h the b a ck ( se e F i g o r it mu st be fo r med

‘

c a st A mi ddle c oa t o f pla ster sh o w n o f t w o p iece s b o lted t o g ethe r a s S h o w n i n

2 02 C AR P EN T R Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

s ecti on by F i g 71 2 o r mit red a nd b o lted H a l f = t 1 m b e re d Cot t a g e

.
,
.

t o g ethe r a s in F ig 71 3 ( p
.

. .

The a pplic a ti on o f ha lf ti mbe r w o rk t o a -

F 1 x1 n g Door = W m d o w = f ra m e s
a nd .
c o tt a g e i s sh o w n in Fi g s 71 6 t o 72 1 Fi g s
.
.
,
. .

Fi g s 71 4 a nd 71 5 ( sc a le
. 1 i n t o 1 ft ) . . 71 7 a n d 71 8 a re r ep ro d u ced t o a s c a le o f
S h o w c o mm o n m eth o d s o f fixi n g the d o o r 4 i ft The f ll i o u ld be the
“

n .t o 1 o. o w n g w

F ig . 71 9 .
—
C v ti
on e nl Vi w
ona e of n a k ed T imb W k fit t
er or ed t og e t h e r .

a nd wi nd ow -
fra me s in
ha lf ti mbe r w o rk The -
. le a di n g p o i nt s i n the specific a ti o n —
'
The
p os ts a re in e a ch c a s e r eb a ted fo r the fra me ,
t i mb e r ( o a k fi r o r pitchpi n e ) t o be o f s o u n d
, ,

a n d s o meti m e s exte n d the fu l l thick n e s s o f qu a lity with ou t defect s th o ro u g hly s e a

, ,

the w a ll . sone d a nd w ro u g ht o n the exp o s ed side s

,
.
2 04 CA RP E N TR Y AN D J OINERY .

the g a ble a mo u ldi n g bei n g pla n ted o n t h e

x

the refo r e the wi nd o w w o u ld ha ve t o be ,

b u ilt o f s t o n e with mu lli o n s s tro n g e n o u g h u ppe r ed g e The he a d s o f the side fra mi n g s

.

t o g ive the n ece ssa ry su pp o rt The sill s r o j ect a nd a re s u pp o rted by b ra cket s

.
p , .

( s h o w n a s m o u lded ) a r e s u pp o r ted a t the The s e he a d s a nd a l so the p u rli n s a nd rid g e

ang le s by w o o de n b ra cket p iece s wh o s e s u pp o r t the fir st ra fte r b a rg eb o a rd a n d

, ,

b o tt o m e n d s r e st o n sto n e c o rbel s In the

. fin i a l F i g 71 9 sh o w s a p a rt o f the n a ked
. .

be s t cl a ss w o rk the sill s a re mou lded o n the fra mew o rk fitted t o g e t he r a n d F i g 72 0

,
.

s o lid b u t mo r e fr equ e n t ly the mo u ldi n i s s h o w s the va ri ou s j o i n t s i n the fr a mew o rk

,
g .

pl a nted o n ( s e e A F i g
, .
the meeti n g F i g 72 1 i s a g e n e ra l view o f the b ra cket
.

s u r fa ce s s h ou ld be well p a i n ted A p ro j ect s u p p o rti n the n le a l s o the u n de r side o f

.
g a g ,

i ng t ra n so m i s s h o w n i n the u ppe r p o rti o n o f the j o i st s .

 H AL F -
TIM B ER CO N S T RU C T I ON . 2 05

wo o d fra mi n g , a nd the o pen p a n el s p l a ster ed

D e s ig n fo r H a l f t i m b e r e d
-
Ho us e .

o n t o l a thi n g , with ro o ve s i n the side s a n d

g
The so u th eleva ti on ( F i g wes t .
t o p o f the ti mber , s o a s t o g ive a key fo r
eleva ti on ( F ig s ecti o n a l elev a ti o n F i
.
( g . the pla ster . The fa ce of the pla ster is kept

F ig . 72 4 .

i l El v t i
S e ct on a e a on

of H lf t imb d H
a -
e re ou s e .

F ig .

E a st E l v ti
e a on of

H a lf t imb e r e d H ou s e
-
.

a nd e a s t ele va ti o n ( F ig 72 5 ) sh o w a . b a ck a b ou t 2 i n fro m the fa ce o f the w o o d

.

ha lf ti mbered h ou s e su ita ble for the c ou ntry

-

w o rk the i nsi d e is l a thed a nd p la stered , o r

o r s u b u rb s . Red fa cin g b rick is u s ed fr o m it ma y be o f w o o d fr a mi n g with ro u g h b rick
,

the b a s e t o the first flo o r the r e ma in in g , n o g g in

g between the p a n els a n d the n p l a s
,

p ti o n bei n g h a lf ti mber ed w o rk
o r The t e r e d o n the fro n t o f the b ricks a l s o o n the
-
.
,

l a s t n a med c a n be c a rried o u t with stron g

-
o u t s ide o f the fra mi n
g a s bef or e .
 2 06 C AR P EN TR Y AN D J OINERY .

s h o u ld be s e t b a ck 1 i n t o l g i n fr o m the -

O ld fa s h i o ne d H a l f t i m b e re d G a b l e
. .
- -

'
,
fa ce o f the p o st s The me mber s o f the .

Fi g s 72 6 t o 72 9 sh o w p a rt o f the h a lf
.
'
fra mi n g s h o u ld b e fg ro o v e d t o recei ve t he '

ti mbe r w ork fo r a h o u s e the d e si g n bei n g

'

l te r p a n el The ab l b r e b o a r d i s ou t
“

p a s g e a
g
‘

.
,

b a s ed o n ol d f a shi o n ed exa mp le s The -

. o u t o f 2 in -
s t u ff a n d ch a mfe r ed
. F i g 72 6 . .

a ble p r o j ect s a n d i s s u p p o r ted by the j o i st s i s a g e n e ra l V iew F ig 72 7 a fro n t elev a ti o n

g , , , .
,

which o ve rh a n g a n d a r e te n o ned i n t o the a n d F i g 72 8 a ve r tic a l secti o n

. .

F ig . 72 6
.
—G e ne r a 1 V i ew of H a lf t imb e r
-
G bla ed H ou s e b a se d on Ol d De s g n i .

s ill a n d s o me a dditi o n a l su pp ort i s re n der ed W o rk

,
S h a m Ha lf = t im b e r .

by the th ree so lid w o o de n b ra cket s t w o ,

bei n g b olted t o the p o st s o f the p o r ch a n d h

S am h a lf ti m be-
r w o r k Fi
( g s 7 30 a n d .

the t hi rd b ui lt i nt o the l o we r ma so nry A . 7 )

3 1 i s f o r m ed o f piec e s o f s c a n tli n g o n ly
s m a ll p r o j ecti n g o riel wi n d o w i s s u pp o rted 1 5 i n o r 2 i n t hick b u t a s wide a s the
-
. .
,

on b ra cket s a s sh o w n The wo o dw o rk ti mbe rs u s e d i n r e a l ha lf ti mbe r w o rk The -

.

s h o u ld be c u t fr o m s o u n d d ry b a lk ti m
.

be rs , p iec e s a re m o r ti s ed a n d te n o n ed t o g ethe r ,

mit red a n d te n o n ed t o g ethe r a n d s ec u r ed ,

a n d o fte np i n n ed a s s h o w n Often the wh o le .

with i in o a k pe g s which sh o u ld p ro j ec t
-
.
,
fra mi n g i s s e t u p in p o siti o n t h e b ri ckw ork ,
"

a b o u t 1 i n f ro m t h e fa c e
. The w o o d fr am .
c a rried u p a g a in st it a n d s trip s o f Wo o d o r,
'

i n g i s s h o w n b a cked wi t h b ri c kw o rk w hi c h
‘

w o od en b ri c s w
'

k hich a re fixed t o the b a ck s o f

, ,
2 08 C AR P EN T R Y AN D J O INE RY .

the me mbers a re b o nded i n P ro b a bly t hi s

, . the t cc o or ro u g hc a st
s u The sha m sill .

i s the be st meth o d An a lte rn a tive i s fi rs t is o fte n fi ni s hed o ff with a mou ldi n w hich
g
.

F ig . 73 0 .
—G e ne r a l Vi ew of

G bl f m d
a e or e of S h am
H lf t imb a -
er

F ig . 73 1 .
—C v t i l Vi w
on e n ona e

i B i kw k w it h S h m
s h ow ng r c or a

H lf t imb W k fix d t i t
a -
er or e o .

to b uild the b ric kw o rk u p a nd the n t o fix , i s s pl a yed o n i t s u ppe r ed g e for w e a theri ng .

the w o o de n fra mi ng t o w o o den b rick s o r F i g 73 2 illu stra te s a c a s e whe r e the side s ill
.

plu g s The ed g e s a r e bevelled in t o r eceive

.
B r uns forw a rd a nd ha s it s e nd c a rved The .
 H AL F -
TIM B ER C ON S T RU C TION . 2 09

F ig . 73 3 .
—C v t i
on en on a l Vi ew j
Pro i
e c t ng Wind ow s u p p ort e d on l
M ou d e d Br a c k et s .

fro n t sill C te n o n s i n t o thi s .

The j oi st s a re n o tched o u t
t o p ro j ec t un der t h e sill a n d ,

ha ve thei r en d s o rn a me nted
.

as sho wn The a n g le i s
.

s u p p o r ted by the mou lded

wo o den c o rbel A .

S u p p o rt i n g Up p e r
W in d o w s .

On e ofthe g en e ra l m eth o d s
o f su pp o rti n an u e
g pp r
p r o

j e c t i n g wi n d o w by s h a ped
b ra cket s fixed t o the p o st s
i s illu str a ted by F i g 73 3 . .

A c a r ved b r a cke t i s sh o wn
i n F i g 73 4
. The fixi n g fo r
.

the c o rb els o r br a cket s i s

o bta i n ed by h o u sin the b ck
g a

ed g e in to the p osts a b ou t
2 in ; w he re ther e a re n o
.

o st s bel o w the p ro j ecting

p
wi nd o w the b ra ckets a r e
,
Fig . 73 4 .
—P i e rc e d a nd Ca r v ed Br a c k et for
b ui lt in to the w a ll “

.
su p p or t ng i W i n d ow
21 0 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE R Y .

in F ig 73 6 In
the c a s e o f the t w o u ppe r
T re a t m e n t P a n e l l ing
. .

G a ble
s t o r ey s l n t h e p ro j ect i n g g a ble o f a h o u s e
: ,

B a rg e b o a rd s , e tc
F i the first flo o r ti i f o r m ed o f
( g
.

.
p o r o n s

F ig . 735 s h o w s the u ppe r p o rti o n o f a ti mber w o r k with b rick o r o n e o f the o the r

,

ble r t o f the s1 d e o f a h a lf ti mbe r ed e n e ra l filli n g s The o u t s ide i s c o ve r ed wi t h

.

a nd
-

g a p a g .

73 5 —D e i g n G bl S id H ou s e b a se d O l d E xa mp l
of es
F ig for E nd a nd e on .
. . s a e

h o u s e with p o st s s ill t ra n so m s a n d i nte rtie tile s w hi ch fixed l th (

a re to oak a s se e F ig
, , , , , ,

t h e p a n elli n g bei n g p a r tly fil led i n with H a lf ti mbe r w k i l

o r - s m i a r t o wh t
a

o rn a me n t a l w o o dw o rk The de si g n i s b a s ed
. h a s a l r e a dy bee exp l i ed f
n a n o r m s the w ll
a

The t re a t m en t i n g o f the a ttic o 7 3 9

u p o n a g o o d o l d ex a mp le ec d fl Fi g
r s o n o o r s . .
.

o f the u pp e r p o rti o n o f a s m a ll g a ble i s s ho w n t o 75 6 a r e de si g n s fo r b a r g eb o a rd s .

21 2 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINER Y .

F ig . 74 0 .

F ig . 74 2 .

F ig . 74 3 .
F ig . 74 4 .

73 9 —B a
r g e b o a r d O rn a me n t e d a n d C h a mf e r e d F ig — S e ct i
o f B a r g e b o ar d on A B
— i
F ig . 74 0 . on
i Ji lv i
. . .

( g
F i F i g 7 4 1 S e c t o n s h ow n g o n t o f B a r g e b o a r d. F i g 74 2 —E e a t o n o f B a r ge
’

l il i
.

—
. . . .

b oa r d M ou d e d a d D e t s
n n F i g 74 3 S e c t on o f B a r g e b oa r d t h r ou g h D D ( F i g F ig
— i Ji i
. . . . .

74 4 S e c t on o f
. o nt ng of B a r g e b o a r d ( F i g .
 H ALF -
TI M B ER C ON S T RU C TION . 21 3

F i g 74 7
. .
—H i
or zo nt a l i
S e c t on
t h r ou g h B a r g e b oa r d a n d Dr o p
P e n d a nt .

F ig . 74 5 .
—E le va t i on M ou d e d l a nd

Ch a m fe re d i
B a r g e b oa r d w t h P e n d a nt .

F i g 75 0 —
H i or z ont a l S ti
ec on t h r ou g h Hg n
iggi g;
74 8
i
. .
.

B a rg e b oa r d a nd P e n d a nt s h ow n g
of Go t h i c D
B a r g e b oa r d w t hi
P e n d a nt .

P ig . 75 1 .
—A p e x of S ha p e d a nd Ch a m fe re d F ig 74 9 —S e c t i o n t h r ou g h
G
. .

B a r g e b oa r d . H (F ig .
14 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 75 3 .
—H or i zont a l
S e ct i on t hr ou g h B ar g e b oar d
a nd F i il
n a .

F ig . 75 2 .
—
Ap e x E nd s of
B arg e b oa r d s
i
w t h D e nt il s l
a n d M ou d e d w t h i
D r op P e n d a n t .

F ig . 75 5 .
—
Se t i on l
c a

E l v ti
e a on of Ba r g e b oa r d .

F ig . 75 4 .
-
G i
De s g n
ot h c i
B a r g e b oar d .

F ig . 75 6 .
—
E nl a rg e d De t a il of Upp er

P ar t of G ot h c i B a r g e b oar d (p ort i on

of F ig .
21 6 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y

a re z— Fe n de r by 1 2 in ; s o le
A, 1 2 in . . ce n tres Th o se c o mi n g
.

pie c es B 8 i n by 4 i n u p ri g hts C a nd hea d s

,
. . t he u p ri g ht s a r e d o
gg ed
D , 8 i n by 8 i n. j o i sts E 9 in by 3 i n .
,
. .

s t ru ts F 4 i n by 3 i n ; s heeti n g G 9 i n
, . .
,
.

by 3 in o r 9 in by L; i n ( s e e H ) ; g u a rd
.
,
. .

fra m e J 4 i n by 2 in u a rd b o a rdi n g K
, g . .
,

6 i n by g i n
. cle a ts L 9 i n by 4 in by 3 in
.
, . . .

h a n d ra il M 4 in by 3 in a nd i mp os t N
,
. .
,

8 i n by 4 i n
. The d o g s a r e ou t o f fi i n
.
-
.

s qu a r e i ro n ( s e e Fi g s 760 a n d .

F ig . 75 9 .
—E nl a rg e d V i ew of Ini p ost P i e ce
Bu d e ril ’
s G a nt ry .

th o se sh own at F ig .
( m
761 eti m e s k no wn so
as The g a n try ma y n o w be
b ra ced as s ho wn in Fi g s . 75 7 a nd 75 8 , the

F ig — Do g us e d for F i g 761 —B t c h u s e d for i

ild G il G
. . .

’ ’
Bu er s a nt ry . Bu d e r s a nt r y .

l a tte r sh o wi ng thr ee di ffer en t meth o d s o f

c u tti n g the b ra ces i n g en era l u se F i g 75 9 . .

illu s tra tes a n i mp ost piece u s ed for the p u r ,

F ig . 75 8 .
—S e c t i ona l E l e va t i on of Bu il d ’
er s
F ig . 762 .

G a nt r y .

E re ct in g the e r ecti n g theGa ntry —I n

g a n t ry the , p r a ctice i s t o fi r s t l a y d o w n

the so le p iece s then s e t o u t the p o siti on o f,

the st a nd a r ds o n t he m Thes e sta n d a rd s .

a r e the n c u t o ff t o the r equ i r ed le n g th a ll o w , F ig . 763 .

i n g fo r the diffe r e n ce i n level o wi n g t o the

fa ll o f the fo o tw a y The u p ri g hts a re n o w
i i hi g E
.

F ig 762 -
M e t h od of F n s n nd of F e nd e r of
l ced i p iti d ed t the le piece .

B il d G ty
.

p a n os o n o g g o s o ,
s , ’
u er s an r
a n d te mp o r a rily b ra ced with s c a ffo ld b o a rd s
763 —E n
.

F ig l g d V i w f Cl
ar e e o e at f or Bu il d er s
’

G ty
. .

o r a n y o the r h a n dy ma te ri a l The he a d s . an r .

a r e n ext l a id o n the u p ri ht s a n d d o ed t
g gg o

the m the b rid g i n g j o i sts a re thro w n a c ro ss p os e o f g ivi n g a g r e a ter be a ri ng su rfa ce

t h e he a d s a nd S piked a t fro m 1 5 i n t o 2 ft -
.
-
. where a j oi nt o cc u rs i n the he a d F i g 75 7 . .
 GAN T RIE S ,
S TAGING , AN D S H ORING .

t wo meth o ds of s
heeti n g If the . c onta ct with it will g lide o ff ; thi s is a very
9 in by 3 i n sheeti n g be u sed the n the
~ -
de sira ble pr ec a u ti on
—
. .
, .

who le a r ea o f the pla tfo rm s h ou ld p r evi ou s ,

D og s F i g s 760 a n d 761 a r e the typ e s
. .

ts l a yi n g the de a l s be c o ver ed with t a rr ed

,
o f d o g s u s ed i n the a b o ve cl a s s o f w o rk .

fe lt t o p r event w a ter perc o la tin g throu g h

,
They ru n fro m 1 2 in t o 1 8 in in len g th . .
,
‘
t o t h e a nn o y a n ce o f the p u b l ic Or if .
, a n d with p o i n t s fro m 2 i n t o 3 in l o n g . . .

d ou ble s heetin g s ca ffo ld b oa rds be u sed t h e , Th a t sh o wn a t F i g 760 i s u sed for hea di n g

.
,

F ig . 764 .
—Conve nt i on a l Vie w of G a nt r y .

j o in t s , la tera l a nd hea di n g sh ou ld be ,
la tera l ,
a nd
ho u lder j o ints
s ,

la pped The pl a tform is then sa nded a nd

.
,
F i g 761 ( which i s ma de with i t s p o i n ts
.

the s a nd wo rked i n to t h e j oints with a b roo m . ri g ht a n g le s t o e a ch o th er a nd as , ,

Th e g u a r d fra me is then fixed a n d b o a rded r e ma rked i s so meti me s kn o w n a s a

,
bitch
i s u sed in p o siti on s whe r e it h o ld s mo r e
'

t o the hei g ht sh own a t Fi g s 75 7 a n d 75 8

.
. .

The fender ma y n o w b e la id in the g u tter effectively tha n the o ther su ch a s the fen de r ,

a n d d o gg ed t o the u p ri hts a n d the h a n d ra il t o the u p ri g hts a n d the j o i sts t o the he a ds

g , ,

fixed t o cle a t s between the u p ri g ht a t ,

etc They a r e ma de ri g hts a nd lefts o r a s
.
, ,

fro m 3 ft t o 3 ft 6 in fro m the g ro u n d

. . . . it i s o ften termed i n p a i rs F i g 763 i s a
, . .

Fi g 762 sh o ws h o w the e n d o f the fen der

. view o f a cle a t a s s piked t o the u p ri g ht t o
s h o u ld b e ou t s o th a t a n
-

y vehicle c o mi n g i n r eceive the th ru s t o f the s tru t .

1 0
21 8 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINERY .

"
If BO A R D IN G

S TAN D AR D S 9 x

F ig . 765 .
—E l e va t i on G a nt r y . F ig . 766
.
— S e c t i on t h rou g h G a nt r y .

A n o t h er G a n t ry .

Fi g s . illu stra ti o n s o f a g a n t ry
764 t o 766 a re
fo r u se o ve r a pa ve men t 8 ft wide a n d w ith .

s ta g i n g 1 2 ft fro m the g rou n d

. A c on .

v e n t i o n a l sketch o f t h e n t i s ive n at
g a ry g p

F i g 764 a nd view s o f the n eces sa ry j oi nts

.
,

by Fi g s 767 t o 769
. .

767 .
—Conve nt i ona l De t a il He a d of P os t .

F ig . 769 .
—i V ew of S t ra i i
n ng P i e ce a nd S t ru t 768 .
—
Vi ew i
s h o w ng l
C e at s s u p p ort ng i
but t i ng a g i
a ns t it . P ost s .
2 20 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .
 GANTR IE S ,
S TAGING , A N D S H ORING . 221

D e r r i c k T o w e r G a n t ry of b a u lk ti mber where a s the

'

A g en era l view o f on e o f the s e i s g iven a t a r e p ri n cip a lly b u ilt o f 7 i n

-
.

F i g 773
. Ther e a r e no w very ?few l a r g e
.

b uildi n g s e r ected withou t the a id o f thi s

form o f g a n try a n d it i s g ra du a lly su p er
,

s edi n g o the r f o r ms o n a cc o u n t o f the f o ll o w

,

in g c o n sidera ti o n s : Occu pyi ng a s ma ll

s p a ce by the dou ble mo ve me n t o f the jib
, ,

ma teri a l ra i s ed the g rou n d o n

F ig . 773 .
—Ge ne r a l V i ew of D e rr ik
c T ow e r Ga nt ry .

one s ide of
b ui ldi ng a n d dep osited
th e ,
b a tte n s o r 9 in de a l s There a re th ree o r
-
. .

direct in it s prop er p o siti o n o n a n o p p osite fou r t o we rs b u t u su a lly o nly thr ee They

, .

s1 d e The c o st o f er ecti ng i s l ow c o mp a red

. a r e a b o u t 6 ft s qu a r e a n d a re so a rra n g ed
.
,

w1 t h o ther kind s o f s t a g i n g s which a re ,

th a t li n e s j oini n g a t the cen tr e o f the pla n of
2 22 C AR P EN T R Y AN D J O INE RY .

e a ch t ower form a n i so s cele s tri a ng le E a ch . ma teri a l thu s the b a ck i s a n cho red d o w n .

t o we r ha s f o ur p o s ts f o rmed eithe r o f th r ee
, The fro n t o r ki ng t o wer ha s a s ta n da rd
7 i n by 2 i n b a tte ns o r thr ee 9 i n by 3 i n
-
.
-
.
,
-
.
-
. thro u g h the ce ntre o f i t s wh ole leng th whi ch ,

de a l s ( F i g 774) b o lted t o g ether the la yers o f

.
, ,
i s held t o the p o st s by b ra ci ng T hi s s ta n
.

c our s e b r e a kin g j o i n t T ra n so ms 8 ft t o 1 0 ft
, .
,
. . d a rd i s t o g ive a d di ti ona l str e ng th for the ,

a p a r t o f s i mil a r s c a n tli n g s c o nn ect the p os t s

, , s u pp o r t o f t h e ma chi n e r y o f the c ra n e e t c .
,

F ig . 774 .
—Vi ew of T imb er F ou n d a t i on a n d a B ot t om B a y of a n Anc h or T ow e r .

bei n g b o lted t o the m The sp a ce s b e . The u pper end s o f the t o wers a re c onn ected
twee n the tra n so ms a re b ra ced a s illu s by tru s sed g i rde rs a s illu stra ted the he a d s
, ,

t ra t e d E a ch t o we r re st s o n a d ou ble pl a n k
. a n d s i l l s bei n g a b o u t 9 i n by 4 i n a n d t he
. .

fo u nd a ti o n ( F i g In the t w o b a ck o r
. b ra ce s a nd stru ts 4 in by 4 in the who le
. .
,

a n ch o r to we r s the pl a tfo r ms a n d fo u n d a ti o n bein g held t o g ethe r by g in o r g i n b olt s

-
.
-
.

pla nk s ( S e e F ig 775 ) a re c o nn ected t og ethe r

. p a ss ing throu g h the he a ds a nd s ills a nd ,

by me a ns o f a s tro n g ch a i n the lo w er b a y ,
thu s c onn ectin g the m Th e to we rs a re o ft en
.

bei n g l o a ded with b rick s o r o ther he a vy t ied to g ethe r by b r a ci n g .

224 C AR P EN TR Y AN D JOINERY .

The s e a re tru ss ed w ith 1 % in te i d -

. n s o n ro s W in d o w S t a nd .

a s show n The ma i n me mbe rs a re 1 2 in

. . Fi g s . 778 a nd
h o w the c o ns tru cti on
779 s

by 1 2 i n b ra ce s A 1 0 in by 1 2 i n i n te rna l
. . .
of a sta n d fo r the wi n d o w o f a p riva te
, ,

b ra ce s 1 0 in by 8 in b ra ce s fr o m the r a il
. .
,
h o u se Thi s will s ea t thi rty pers ons in
.
,

be a ms t o the p o st s 8 in by 6 in sill s 1 4 i n . .
,
. a S p a ce o f 8 ft by 7 ft 3 in
. Every . .

by 1 2 in The p ri n cipa l j o in t s a re s ecu red

. p rec a u ti o n must be ta ken in er ecting these ,

t o g ether by st ra p s a nd b o lt s a s illu stra ted . st a n ds to, ensu r e a b so lu te sa fety a nd

The tra veller being e n g i n eer s w ork i s
,
’
,
sta bility Co un ty Co un cil a nd o ther o ffi ci a ls
.

o mitted . a re , qu ite j u stifia bly most s tri n g en t in ,

G a n t ry fo r T r a v e l l e r
thei r dema nd s for p ro pe r a nd sa fe st ru c
tu r es ; a nd n o fea r n eed be enterta in ed
.

F ig 777 ill u str a te s a fo rm o f g a n try u se

. u p o n thi s he a d if the stru ctur es her e de

fu l fo r lifti n g he a vy bl o ck s o f ma sonr y r e s c ribed ar e c a r e fully erected a s s h o wn .

F ig . 777 .
—Ge ne r a 1 V i ew of a G a nt r y for T r a v ll
e er .

qui red i n b u il di n g thi ck w a ll s To a llo w

S t a nds f o r S p e c t a t o rs
.

o f fr ee mo ve me n t o f the bl o ck s i n te rmedi a te
.

b ra ci ng i s n o t o bta i n a ble ther efo r e thi s ha s ,

In Fi g s . 780 a nd
which illus tra te a
78 1 ,
t o be a rra n g ed fo r a t the o u t side a s s h o w n . s ta n d t o a cc o mmo d a te a b o u t persons ,

T hi s ki n d o f g a ntry i s u su a lly b ui lt o f ba u lk the letterin g is expla in ed a s fo llo ws

ti mber fr o m 8 in by 8 in u pw a rd s a cc ordi ng
. .
,
A ,
B ra ce sh ou lde red o ve r h a lf thickn ess ;
t o the hei g ht a n d s tr e ng th r equ i red The . B ,
b ra ce s h a lved to g ether ; 0 b ra ce c u t in ,

feet o f the o u ter b ra ce s a re frequ e ntly b o lted between p rin cip a ls ; D sh o rt tenon ; E , ,

t o s ta ke s d riven fir mly in the g r ou n d a s te no n mo rtis ed th ro u g h a nd wed g ed ; F ,

i ndi ca ted in F i g 777 which g ive s a g e n e ra l

‘
.
, b ra ce b o lted o n face o f p rin cip a l G be a rers ,

V iew in whi ch the p ri n ciple s o f c o n s t ru cti o n

,
mo rti s ed a nd teno n ed to g ether a n d pi nn ed
a r e sh o w n with s u ffi cie n t cle a rn e ss t o r e n de r H ,
be a r er mo rti sed i nto ra king bea m a nd
fur the r des c ripti on su pe rflu ou s t o the p ra o pinn ed ; I ra il d o veta iled t o p o st ; J p os t
“

, ,

tic a l b ui lde r mo rti s ed t o r eceive tenon o n ra ki ng bea m

G AN TRIE S ,
S TAGING , A N D S H ORING . 225
220 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINERY .
2 28 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

F ig . 782 —P a rt E l v ti
e a on f or Gr nd
a S t a nd for S p ort s G r ound .

F ig . 78 3 .
—P l a n of G r a nd S t a nd for S p ort s Gr ound .

G ra n d S t a n d f o r S p or t s G ro u n d
’

F ig . 78 2 S t eleva ti o n F i g 783
ho ws p a r ,
.

a pl a n a nd F ig
,
78 4 a s ecti o n o f a st a n d
.
,
0
1 92 ft l o n g by 1 9 ft wide with s e a ti n g mg rg em
.

. . 6X4 -
, .

a cc o mmo d a ti o n fo r o n e th o u s a n d S pect a t o rs .

The s ta n d i s c o n stru cted en ti rely o f ti mber ,

t ru ssed a n d b ra ced a s n ece ss a ry t o ma ke a

pe rfectly sa fe s tru ctu r e Twen ty tru s s es .

a re fra m ed a s s h o w n i n F i g 78 4 a n d tie d .
,

to g ethe r with ra ki n g b ra ce s fo rmi n g the ,

e n ti r e len g th o f the s ta n d E a ch p o s t i n .

the tru s s s ta n d s o n a P o rtla n d ce men t

c o n cr ete b a s e 2 ft by 1 ft 6 in by 1 ft 6 in
,
. . . . .

The s e a ti n g a n d flo o r a r e c a rried u p o n 9 in -
.

by 3 i n de a l s s p a ced between the tru s s e s

-
.
, ,

a n d with 4 % i n by 3 i n-
fra med b ra cketi n g
.
-
. .

The flo or i s c o mp o sed o f 1 % i n w ro u g ht o n e -
.
-

s ide b o a rdi n the r i s e rs o f 1 i n flo o rb o a r d s

g
-
. .
,

The s e a ts a re o f 1 1 in by l é in w ro u g ht -
.
-
.

pitchp i n e b oa rd s with ro u n ded ed g e s The .

fro n t o f the s t a n d i s ma t c h b o a rd e d o n 3 i n -

—S t i
.

by 2 i n w rou g ht fr a mi n g with a mo u lded

-
.
, F ig . 78 4 . ec on S t a nd
c a p p i n g The u su a l o ffi ce s with r efr e sh
.
,
G AN TR IE S
’

,
S TAGIN G , AN D S H ORING . 2 29

me n t b a r etc ,
etc a re p ro vided ;
.
, .
,

a nd a S p a ce c a lled the p r e ss b
is se t a p a r t fo r r e o rters ;
p The
e t
s a s a r e r e a ched by fli ht s
g
ste p s ,
sh o w n ro o f .

F ig . 78 5 .
—Is ome t r i c V i ew

l G ll i G l
'

P ort a b e a e r y, s h ow ng e ne r a

A rr a ng e me nt of F ra m i ng .

c a rried o n steel sta n chi o ns c o n s tru cted a s ,

sh o w n .At F i g 78 4 a di a g o n a l b ra ce c on
.

n e ots the f ro n t a n d b a ck o f the st a n d i n

t h e ma n n e r s h o w n The is ma t c h l i n e d
.
,

F ig . . i
78 6 — S d e E l v ti
e a on o f P ort a b l G ll
e a e ry .
2 30 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

F ig . 78 7 .
-
Ba c k El v t i
e a on of P or t a b l G ll
e a e ry .

a nd fini shed with h a nd ra il t o the ra ke o f c ewed i n t o p o siti o n

s r In F ig 78 3 the . .
,

t h e se a ti ng The sta nd i s c o vered with

. letters R B 0 i ndic a te r e s erved b o x o ver ;
c o rru g a ted i ro n sheeti n g N o 1 6 g a u g e a n d P B 0 , p r e ss b o x o v e r
'

-
. .
, ,

P o rt a b l e G a l l e ry .

A p or ta ble g a llery su ita ble fo r a p u blic ,

h a ll o r o ther s i mil a r b ui ldi n g is illu s tra ted ,

by Fi g s 78 5 t o 79 1 T he stru ctu r e is o n e
. .

th a t c an be er ected a n d t a ken t o pieces with

little tro u ble a n d the ma teri a ls c a n be s to r ed
,

a w a y u n til a g a i n r equ i r ed Th e S i z e a n d .

fo r m o f the g a lle ry will o f c o u rse va ry with , ,

the r equ i r e ments t o be fulfilled ; b u t the

m eth o d o f fra mi ng s e t o u t bel o w sh ou ld be
s trictly o b s e r ved fo r the s a fety o f the st ru e
'

tu r e de p en d s o n the c a r e with which this p a r t

o f the w o rk i s c a r ried o u t The fra mi n g .

sh o u ld b e p ro pe rly mo rti s ed a n d ten o n ed ,

a n d i n s o me p a r t s l a p j o i n ted
. a s sh o w n i n
-
,

Fi g s 78 5 t o 78 9 The ten o n s th a t g o
. .

thro u g h s h o u ld be wed g ed i n to thei r r e Sp e c

tive mo rtice s ; in o the r c a s es the j o in t s ,

sh o u ld be S ec u r ed by b o lts a nd n u ts B u tter .

"

fly n u ts will be ve ry u s efu l a s they a re ,

r e a dily a dj u s ted The j o i n ts a t A a nd B

.

F i
( g 8 ) .7 6 a r e s h o w n i n det a il by Fi g s 788 .

F ig . 78 8 .
—
E nl a r g e d V i ew of M ort i ce a nd T e non a n d 78 9 r e spectively E a ch piece o f fra m
.

Ji
o nt s a t A (F ig .
i n g s h ou ld be p ro perly b ra ced ( S e e Fi g s 785 .
232 C AR P ENTRY AN D JO INERY .

F ig . 793 .
-
De t a il of He a d of S t rut .

de a d sho res E very o ther kind o f sh o ri ng

.

a p p e a rs t o be a n a d a pt a ti o n o f o n e o r o the r
F l g ' 79 2 —S mg l e
0

S t ru t R a k mg S h ore
o f the s e th r ee ki n ds In sh o ri ng a n d u n der
. .

i nn i n ro b a b l y a s mu c h a s i n a n y o the r
fe f d etc n c e f e r ec P ,g P
u ns a ,
or o r
g i r e rs , , I o
. u r s o

ti o n or r ep a i r The thr ee mo st typic a l

.

ki n ds o f s h o ri n g a r e ra ki n g , h o ri z o n t a l , a n d

79 4 —
F oot of S t ru t w t h i G v r oo e for
i i
.

T g h t e n ng U p .

F ig . 795 —
. T ip l r e S y st e m R a k ing S h or e . F ig . 79 6 .
—
R ki a ng S h or e .
 G AN T RIE S S TAGI N G , AN D S H ORING 2 33
‘

.
,

exp l a ins its el f in t h e li g ht o f the for e g o i n g

-

des cri p ti o n The t o p a n d mi ddle sh o r es a re

.

e mer a ny ca lled t op a n d mi ddle ra kers r espectively ;

e ; fo r it i s o nl y whe n the u ndern e a th o n e o f a ll i s the b o tt o m
s a ctu a lly c o mmen ced sh o r e . Thi s a rra n g ement h a s t o be s tr en g th
ible t o find ou t exa ctly en ed by mor e th a n o n e s ec on d a ry stru t ,

ha ve t o be me t The . o n a cc ou n t o f the le n th o f the t o

g p r a ke r

i mp orta n t— thi n g i s t o
,

a n d fo r thi s p u r o s e
p p iece s o f ti m be r a r e
s ecur e a S o lid b a s e t o s h o re fr o m If thi s i s . br o u g ht ri g ht b a ck t o the w a ll a n d n a iled
n o t o bt a i n ed t h e s upp o r t g iv en o r su pp o s ed
, , t o the sh o r es a n d w a ll p iece a s sh o w n a t A -

t o be g iven i s a deceit ,
There ma y be a . in F i g 795 . In the s till mo r e i ntric a te
.

cella r a t the p o i n t wher e the sho res h a ve syste m o f fou r sh o r es so m eti mes s een the ,

t o be er ected If a s trong w a ll o f the cell a r t op mo st s tru t is c a lled the rider sh or e

S c a ntl in g s o f S h o ri n g Ti mb e rs —The fo l
. .

is n o t a va il a ble a t a su it a ble p o i nt then t h e ,

p oint o f S u p p o rt mus t be fo u n d o u tside on lowin g ta ble o f sh o r es a n d sc a n tli n g s h a s

the p a vemen t o r ro a dwa y If it is ea rthy . been fou n d u se ful ( ta kin g the a n gle o f the
g r o u n d t ry,
it with a c r o wb a r It ; m a y be . sh o r e a t a b o u t
so li di fied t o a cer ta i n exten t by r a mmi n g ,

o r thi ck p l a nks ma be pl a ced t o f o rm a

y H e i gh t W a ll to
of
so l id pl a tfo rm
up S c a n tli n g .

R a k i n g Sh o re s —The mo st s i mple typ e o f

.

ra k n
i g s h or e i s th a t c o n si s ti n g o f o n ly o n e

p rin cip a l s tru t a s sh ow n in F i g 792 It is

er ected thu s —
. .
,

At a little w a y d o w n u su a lly ,

a t a b o u t 2 ft fro m o n e e n d o f the w a ll
”
.

p iece a h o le r ect a n g u la r i n S h a pe is c u t B eyo nd 50 ft if t h e di s ta n ce a p a rt between

” ,
.
, , ,
“
t o t a ke the n eedle ; a n d when the w a ll e a ch sys te m exceeds 1 2 ft the sc a ntling o f .
,

p 1 ece i s i n p o siti o n the n eedle fi t s i nt o a e a ch sh or e sh ou ld b e 1 2 in by 9 in

‘

E re cti n g a R a k i n g Sh o r e —L et it be
.
, _
.

h o le i n t h e w a ll ma de t o receive it by r e
mo vi ng a h a lf b rick Th e n eedle a lso pro . a s su med th a t a b u il di n
g r eq u i r e
. s S u pp o r t ,

j e c ts o n e a ch S i d e o f the w a ll piece t o r eceive -

a n d th a t r a ki n g s h o r e s a r e i n thi s c a s e mo s t

the hea d o f the p ri n ci p a l stru t To c ou nte r . sui ta ble The w o rk c a n be c a rried ou t

.

a c t the u pw ar d th ru s t o f the sh or e a cle a t i s a cc o rdi ng t o t h e fo ll o wi n di r ecti o ns ive n

, g g
n a iled o ve r the n eedle Thes e deta ils a re . by Mr H A D a vey in a p a p er r e a d in 1 8 99
. . .

sh o w n mo r e cle a rly i n F i g 793 A sec o n d a ry a t the B riti s h I n s titu te o f Ce r tified Ca r en

. .
p
s t ru t a s illus tra ted i s n ece ssa ry
, ,
The s o le . ters All the win d o w o peni n g s mu s t be
.

piece o r fo o ting blo ck 1 s a ti mber b a lk let tb

str u tted a n d c a r e mu s t be t a ken th a t the
,

i nto th e g ro u nd a n d a cle a t 1 s n a iled o n th a t brickw o rk i s n o t j a rr ed mo r e th a n is a b s o

m
,

a l s o t o kee the f t f the h e f sl ip l u t e l y u n a vo id a ble Next fin d o u t the

p o o o s o r r o .

p gi n . I n s o f t s o ils a little ti mbe r pla tfo rm i s hei g hts o f the flo o rs a n d the thickn ess o f the
p l a ced t o r ec e i v e the s o le p iece i n dic a ted In w a ll a nd ma ke a ro u g h sketch t o a n y s c a le
, , ,

F i g 795
. So meti mes wed g es a r e driven in
. o f a ve rtic a l s ecti o n o f h e w a ll
t The n ext .

a t the fo o t o f the p ri n ci a l s tru t bu t the s tep i s t o decide whe r e t o pitch the fo o t o f

p ,

hea vy ha mmeri ng n ece ssa ry t o drive them the sh o r es a n d g r ea t c a r e mu s t be ta ken

,

ho me 1 s likely t o defea t the p u rp o se fo r which i n ma ki n g thi s s electi o n ; fo r the s h o r e s ,

the sh o re is bei n g er ected Th e mor e . s h o u ld the foo t bl o c k yield t o thei r p r e ssu r e ,

a p p ro ved meth o d o f ti hteni n i t t w o u ld bec o me a sou rce o f da n g er i nste a d

g u
g p s o c u

a g ro o ve in the fo o t o f the sh o r e ( F i o f a su pp o r t Old dra ins a nd va u lts will

g . .

a nd
g ra d u a lly lever it i n t o p o siti o n The .
p r o b a bly gi ve m o s t t r o u ble i n thi s r e s p ec t ,

mo st c o mmo n type o f ra ki n g sh or e i s that b u t every t hi n g mu st be ma de s o lid befo r e

sh o w n i n F i g 795 Which IS r e a lly a t riple
.
, t h e sh o r e i s p u t i nt o p o siti o n In the c a s e .

sys tem o n the sa me p ri n ci le a s th a t sh o w n o f a va u lt Mr . D a vey fou n d the mo st s a ti s

p ,

by F ig 792 .
—
Th e illus t ra ti o n the r efor e
. fa cto ry tre a tmen t w a s t o run the sh o r e
2 34 C AR P E NTRY AN D J OINERY .

throu gh the c ro w n t o fir m g ro u nd Old .

( thi s is q u ite n e a r enou g h fo r a l l p ra ctic a l .

dr a ins c a n a s a rul e b e eithe r cle a r ed a w a y

, ,
p u rp o s es ) a n d fr o m E d ra w a vertic a l lin e
,

o r filled i n The a n g le the sh o r e S h o u ld

. i n te rs ecti ng D p ro du ced a t F a nd the re ,

ma ke with the ho ri zo n is g en e ra lly decided s u l t a n t H o f the fo r ce s D a n d G will h e b e

by the width o f the p a ve me n t b u t a ssu mi n g tween B a nd F a n d in the d i recti on o f the

th a t the re is n o di s ta nce g ive n then t o , ,
fo o t o f the sh o re ; s o a li n e d ra wn fro m G
o bta i n the ma xi mu m th ru st the sh o r e w o ul d ,
t o the ce n tr e o f B F will be t h e me a n o f the
h a ve t o be i n cli n ed a t a n a n g le o f 45 w ith °
di r ecti o ns the r e su l t a n t H will ta ke At G .

the g ro u nd b u t the re a r e t w o r e a s o n s d ra w a li n e a t ri g ht a n gl e s t o H a n d thi s ,

a g a i n s t so l a r g e a n a n g le : ( )
1 The s h or e lin e wi l l rep re sen t the fa ce o f the fo o t bl o c k .

w o u ld ta ke u p t o o mu ch s p a ce ( 2 ) i n c re a s ed It will jéb e s een by thi s tha t the fo o t b l o c k

le ng th s o f ti mbe r w o u ld be r equ i r ed It h a s . c a nn o t be a t ri g ht a n g les t o the sho re o win g
w
,

bee n decided the r efor e th a t In p ra ctic e the

, ,
t o t h e r e s u l t a nt o f the fo r ces a cti n g o u t side
i

3
c o nc H sc s s ws 0
cu m 5 x2

'
J O IN l

G RO U N D LI N E

F ig . 79 7.
—
Si gln e F yl i ng S h or e . F ig . 798 . Vie w
— of He a d of B ak e r and Need l e .

bes t a ng fo r the t o p ra ke r sh a ll be b etween

le the s h or e The sh o r e sh o u ldg b e lever ed
.

° °
60 a n d 70 ( s e e F i g D ra w the fa ce
. i nt o i t s pla ce with a cro wb a r a n d fixed t o ,

o f w a ll p o siti o n o f j o i s ts a nd w a ll pla te o n
, the fo o t bl o c k w ith i ro n d o g s The p ra ctice .

fa ce o f w a ll , d ra w a li n e fro m A ma ki n g a n o f d rivi n
g wed g e s i n with a sled g e h a mm e r -

°
a n g le o f 60 with the n d li n e n e ch i s mo s t d a n g ero u s a nd n o ma n u n de rsta n d
g r o u o a ,

s ide o f thi s li n e s e t o ff h a lf the thi ck n e ss o f i n g the n a t u r e o f the w o rk w o u ld run su ch

m
the sh o r e ( a ssu i n g wh o le ti mber i s bei n g a ri s k .S o meti mes when the b ui l di ng i s
us ed which sh ou ld a lw a ys be the c a s e )
, , ve ry hi gh it i s n ece ssa ry t o p u t u p t h e t o p
a nd whe re the ce ntr e li ne i n ters ects the ra ke r i n t wo piece s The t o p piece i s then .

w a ll pl a te a t B d ra w li n e s t o r ep r e s en t the c a lled a rider b u t it i s mu ch better i n o n e

,

n eedle a nd
, cle a t n a iled a b o ve it ; thi s piece if it c a n be ma n a g ed o n a c c oun t o f ,
'

fi ni shes the he a d o f the sh o r e fo r the p r esen t . the o bj ecti o n t o wed g i n g Th r ee o r g fou r .

a

N o w di sc o ver the a n g le the fo o t b l o c k s h o u ld pieces o f l in b oa rdi n g a re na iled t o the

-
.

ma ke with the sh o r e D ra w li n e s C a n d D . s ide s o f the sh o r e s a n d w a ll pl a te t o h o ld ,

t o r ep res e n t the h o ri z o n ta l a nd ve rtic a l the m to g eth e r a nd t o a c t a s stru ts a nd ties .

fo r ce s a cti ng a t the b a ck o f the w a ll a n d F o r thi s r e a so n a l l the s h o re s i n a s yste m

o pp o site the he a d o f the s h o r e a ssu m e the , sh o u ld be o f the s a m e s i z e The di st a n ce .

ce ntr e o f g ra vity o f the sh or e t o b e a t E between the s h o r e s sh o u ld n o t be mo re th a n

2 36 C AR P E N T RY AN D JOINE RY .

F ig 8 04 — F l y ing S h or e for H ou se s
pitchpi n e ma y be o bta in ed i n 70 ft le ng th s -
. .

H e ig h t s v
.
,
o er a N arrow
so th a t if flyi n g sh o r e s a r e the be s t fo r the
Space
p u rp o s e the re i s n o n eed t o trou ble a b ou t
,
.

the leng th Flyi n g sh o r e s a re su pe ri or t o

.

r a ki n g s h o re s bec a u s e thei r th ru s t i s i mme

,

di a tely o pp o s ite the di stu rbi ng fo rce The .

mo st c o mmo n type o f fly i ng o r h o ri zo nta l

s h o r e i s th a t sh o w n i n F i g 797 F o r d e t a il . .

o f t h e j o i n t betwee n n eedle a n d s tru t s e e

F i g 798
. In a c a s e whe r e t w o h ou se s o f
.

1 8 ft fro nta g e e a ch in a te rra ce h a ve b een

-
.
, ,

p u lled d o w n , a n d sh o ri n g is r equ i r ed fo r
'

su pp o rti n g the a dj o i n i n g h o u s e s o n e a ch

s ide the stru t j u s t sh o wn or p refera bly

, , , ,

the o n e sh o w n by F ig 799 w o u ld b e su it .
,

a ble The j o in t s h o w n a t Fi g s 798 a nd 800

. .

is t o be p r efe rr ed fo r thi s a nd fr equ en tly ,

the s tru ts a r e s i mply b u tted a g a i nst clea t s ,

a s show n a t F i g 8 00 ; thes e sh ou ld be .

h o us ed in a s well a s bei ng s piked t o t h e

-

w a ll piece a s i ndic ated

-
The meth o d o f . .

w ed g i n g a nd c onn ectin g the j o i n t s with d o g

i rons a n d stra p s is sh o wn by Fi g s 80 1 t o .

8 03 . It is best wher e p ra ctic a ble t o h a ve, ,

the h o ri zo n ta l s h o re s c u t j u s t ti g ht b e t w
the w a ll pla tes b u t s hou ld they b e a little,

s h o rt a p a i r o f fo ldi n g wed g es ma y be
,

d ri v en b et w een o n e e nd o f ea ch sh o r e a n d
t h e w a ll piece -
.

F ly ing S h o r e s fo r B u i l d i n g s of

U n e q u a l H e ig h t s .

The exa mple s o f flyin g sh ore s t ha t ha ve

j u st bee n illu stra ted a r e in g en era l u se fo r F ig . 8 05 .
— Dou b l e
F y ng l i
b u ildin g s tha t a re o f equ a l o r n e a rly equ a l , ,
S h or e i
w t h B ak e r a n d

hei g ht s When the b u ildi ng s a re n ot a b ou t

.
Br a c e .

the sa me hei g ht the shore s a re u su a ll y o f a

speci a l de si n mor e o r le s s c o m h c a t e d t o
g p
sui t e a ch p a rtic ul a r r equi r e me n t o f w o rk
the “

t o be execu ted Fi g s 804 805 a n d 806 . .

, ,

S h o w thr ee s y s te ms whi ch a re s o mew h a t

si mi l a r t o th o s e g e n era ll y illust ra ted a s su it

a ble fo r c a s e s wher e it i s n ece ssa ry t o su

p
p o rt a hi g h hou se by me a n s o f a flyin g shor e
a a i n st a l o we r h ou s e The p w ld n t
g s a n s o u o
.

be so g r e a t a s i s sho w n in F i g 807 w hi ch i s .
,

a typic a l c a s e o f s h o ri n the ide f

g p
u s o a

fi v e st or ey ho u s e s ta ndi n g in a n a rro w street

-
, ,

the t ra fli c o f w hi ch mu st n o t be o b stru cted

by ra king shore s On the o pp osite side o f
li i
.

the street is a h ou se tha t ha s t o be u sed fo r F y ng S h or e w t h

ed

su pp o rt thi s bei n g t w o stor ey s l ower c a r e ,

Ra ki ng St ru t a n d B r a c e s
.
 GAN TRIE S ,
S TAGING , AN D S HORING . 23

F ig . 8 07
.
—F lying S h or e s o v er T h or ou g h f
a re b e t w e e n Tw o H ou s e s of u n e q l H ig h t
ua e s .
 2 38 C AR P EN TR Y AN D J O IN E RY .

mu st be ta ken t o di strib u te as mu ch as
p o s i ng p o int s E F a nd G in the sa me wa y if
, , ,
s ible the thru sti ng force o f the s hore s so a s there i s a p re ssur e a g a in st a ny or a ll o f the
t o p reve n t i n j ur y t o the su pp o rti n h e p oin ts A B o a nd D the pr e ssure is a ls o
g o u s .
, , , ,
It will be s ee n by il lu stra tra nsmi tted t o the sa me p oints To c a rry .

ou t effectively t hi s sy stem o f di strib u ting

the pre ssur e la rg e clea ts a re b o lted t o the
,

ho ri zonta l ti mbers t o form a fir m a b u t ment

fo r the feet o f the stru ts The ti mber for the .

F ig 8 08 —E l e va t i on of D e a d S h or ig f n F ig —S e c t i on L i ne
or c on 8 09 on X Z ( F ig
. .
. .

v ti G S m ll H p
.

er ng r ou n d S t ore y of a o se

i nt o S ho p .

ma i n me mbers w ould va ry fr o m 5 In . to
ti on tha t the b ra cin g a nd stru tting ha s been 9 in by 8 in a cc ordi ng t o the sp a n a nd t he
. .
,

a rr a n ed s o tha t whe n the w a ll o f the hi he r

g g a mou n t o f the thr u st w o ul d be a n ece ss a r y

h ou s e exe rt s a p re ssure a t either o n e o f the fa cto r fo r speci a l c onside ra ti on i n e a ch c a s e .

p o i n t s A B c or D thi s p r e s sur e a a i n st the The b ra ce s a nd struts w o ul d be pro p orti o na te

, , , g,

l o we r ho u s e i s tra nsmitted t o the thr ee be a r t o the si z e o f the o the r me mbers .

2 40 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY .

flo o r i n to sho p p re mi se s The ra ki n g s hor e s . sh ou ld r e st o n a s o lid fo un da ti o n formed by

w o ul d fir st be e rected a nd it bei ng a hi g h , the s olid e a rth S ta n d a rd s marked A B
.
, ,

h o u se ther e w o u ld be t w o ra kers a n d a l s o a
, , w o ul d re st o n thi s sill a nd c a rry the hea d B .

ride r G t o K ( F i g the s e shore s w ou l d va ry

. In thi s w a y the g rou n d flo or w oul d be su p
in si z e fro m 6 i n by 6 in t o 7 i n by 7 i n
. . . .
, p or ted a n d in it s turn thi s w ou ld su pp o rt the
,

F ig . 81 0 .
—G e n e r a 1 V i ew of i
S h or ng t o l ar g e Pr iv t H
a e ou s e t he G
r ou n d S t ore y of i
w h ch
is t o be a lt e re d i t Sh
n o op .

a cc ordi n g t o the speci a l r equi re me nt s o f the s ill the sta n da rd s the he a d a nd in a

c, , , ,

p a rtic u la r c a s e To g ive the be st su pp o rt

. w ay the w hole o f the fir s t flo o r
,
Occ a sio n .

t h e n eedle s a t the he a d o f the ra ker s s h o u ld a lly the sh o ri n

g i s c o n ti n u ed thr o u g h the

be in serted j u st below e a ch flo or AS ther e i s . flo or a b o ve a nd thi s w o u ld ; t o so me extent

, ,

a n a r e a the feet o f the sh o r e s w oul d r equ i r e

,
r ed u ce the l o a d o n the n eedl e s Next ho le s .
,

t o ha ve a fo u nd a ti o n t o r e st o n E ( F ig 8 1 1 ) , . w o u ld be c u t i n the w a ll s for the i n s er ti o n o f

p l a ced a t le a s t 2 t o 3 ft fr o m the a r e a . the n eedle s then the first flo or D ( F i g 8 1 1 )
,
.

w a ll . The sill in the b a s e men t A ( F ig ,

. wo u ld ha ve a h o le c u t for the i nn er de a d
2 42 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

n g sh o u ld be ti mber s o f
s h ore t o p a ss thro u g h a n d thi s sho re w o u ld
,
an
g le o f the b u il di _
I
c a rry the e nd o f the n eedle The o u ter . mu ch g r e a ter s ec t i o n a l a r e a a s they ha ve t o ,

de a d sho r e L ( F ig 8 1 1 ) sh ou ld be l o n g su pp o r t a g r e a te r wei g ht a n d a ll ch a n ce s o f
“

.
,

n ou h t o r e s t o n a s i l l bedded fir mly i n the

g mo ve ment mu st be g u a rded a g a i nst F i g . .

a r ea a s sh ow n .As a s ta y t o the s e st a n d a rd s ,
8 1 2 i s t h e g e n e r a l view o f the of a
p

i
8 1 6 — S h or ng r e q mo vl i l
/

F ig . . ui r e d for t h e re a of a Ca p t a .

F ig . 8 1 7. —S h or ing n e c e s s ar y wh e n an Ar c h e d S t one h a s t o b e re ne w e d .

a ra ki ng stru t E c oul d be b ird smou t h e d ra ker a t it s c o nn ecti o n with the n eedle ,

o n t o a pl a te a n d i t s he a d ou t t o fit a g a i n s t t h e cle a t
“

a nd the w a ll pie ce F ig 8 1 3
,
. .

the sh o r e w hi ch w o u ld h a ve a cle a t fa s
,
s h o w s e a ch o n e o f the s e p a r t s s ep a ra ted .

ten ed t o it Wh en t he s e d o n o t fit ti g ht
. F i g 8 1 4 i s a n e nla rg e d det a il a t G ( F ig
.
.

a g a i n s t the w a ll s o f the a r e a bl o ck s s h o ul d s h o wi n g the wed g e s e t c a t the fo o t o f the

,
.
,
,

be pla ced between a s sh o w n a t M ( F i g . ride r F ig 8 1 5 g ive s enl a rg ed deta il s a t

. .

The n eedle s a nd the sta nd a rd s c a rryi ng the B ,

c a n d D r e s p ec t ively i n F i g
,
81 1 . .
 G A NTRIE S ,
S TAGING , A N D S H ORING . 2 43

va r y a c c o rdi n g t o the wei g ht a b o ve the

'

S h or in g an A rc a d e .

a r che s If there a r e ve ry hi g h a n d he a vy
.

F ig . h o w s t h e metho d o f s h o ri n g
81 6 s cle resto ry a n d r oo f a n a ddi ti o n a l s ho r e ,

r equ i r ed whe n it i s n ecess a ry t o r emo ve mi g ht be n eces sa r y b u t sh o ul d be kept ,

t h e c a p it a l o f a c o lu mn A S o le p l a te s . a l mo s t ve rtic a l F i g 8 1 7 s h o w s the ti mbe r

. .

a r e o u t between t h e b a s e s o f the c o lu mn s i n g n ece ssa r y whe n o n e o f t h e a r ch s t o n e s ,

on e a ch side o f the o n e fr o m whi ch the.

a s a t C i s t o be c u t ou t
, F i g 8 1 8 sh o ws a n . .

ca i s t o be r e mo ved Rib s c ut f ro m eleva ti o n a n d F i g 8 1 9 a s ecti o n o f the

p .
, .

6 in p l a nk s a r e
-
. fit ted i n t o the a r ch the , ti mberi n g n ece ssa ry fo r t h e r e mo va l o f the
e d g e s fi t t i n g pe rfectly t o the s o ffi t s ; the S h a ft D The c a p it a l i s kep t i n p o s iti o n by
.

b u t t j o i n t s c u t ra di a ti n g with the c e n tr e
, , the c o lla r E whi ch i s fitted r ou n d i t a n d
, _

mu s t a lso fit p er fectly a nd the p l a n ks a r e , b o lted to g ether a n d i n tu rn fixed t o the

,

held t og ether by i ro n do g s ; o r t h e j o in t s ho r es St ru ts F a n d sh o r es G a r e c u t ti g h t
.

ma y be c ro ssed with p iece s o f —

l i in de a l a s -
.
, u n de r the c o ll a r The c e n t e rIn g In e a ch
.

81 8 .
— E l e va t i on a nd S e ct i on of Sho
r i ng re q i
u re d f or t h e re mo vl a of a Co l u mn .

i n ma ki n g an y cen tr e S tr etche r
o r di n a r . c a s e ma y be ma de a d di ti o n a lly s ecu r e a nd
p iece s a r e c u t ti g h t i n betwee n the a r che s s tro n g by t h e fr ee u se o f b ra ce s a n d st ru t s .

a t the s p ri n g i n g S h o r es o f 1 2 i n by 6 i n
'

- -
. . .

S h o ri n g t h e A r c a d e of a C h u rc h
t i mbe r a r e then c u t u p a s s h o w n F o ldi n g .
.

wed g e s a r e n o t u s ed t h e s h o r e bein g p in ched

,
T hi s w or k c a ll s fo r the hi g he st s kill a n d
j u d g me nt The o n e exa mple her e illu st ra ted
'

u
p t i g ht with a n i r o n b a r ; a n d whe n it i s .

h o m e p iece s o f t i mb er a r e c u t i n between
,
a n d de s c ri b ed will s e r ve t o
g ive s o m e i d e a

a n d sp iked t o the s o le p l a te The s h o re s . o f the n a t ur e o f t hi s ki n d o f w o r k In t h e .

a re pi t ched t o a b o u t a nd s u fli c i e n t p ort i o n o f a chur ch a r c a de s h o wn b y F i g .

r o o m i s a ll o wed fo r t he r e m o v a l a n d the 8 1 9 ther e a r e c r a ck s in the ma so nr y i nd i c a t ,

r ei n s t a te me n t of t h e c a p it a l H o ri z o n t a l . in g a su b s ide n ce in t h e fo u n d a ti o n o f o n e o r
p iece s a r e fixed o n e a ch s ide o f t h e sh o r e s mor e o f the pill a r s it i s a s su med tha t it i s
t he s e a r e a ll o wed wide e n o u g h t o foun d n ece s s a r y t o r en ew t h e fo u n da ti o n
“

at B ; .

s c ri b e a r ou n d the s h a ft a n d s o h o ld i t ri g id,
The fir s t t hi n g wil l be t o c o n str u c t s t ro n g
'

d u ri n g the p r o ce ss o f r e mo va l a n d fixi n g . ce n t r e s In t h e c a s e i ll u str a ted the a r ch

.

The fr ee us e o f i ro n do g s i s r ec o mmen ded ,

mo u ldi n g s c a n b e su pp orted o n t hr ee cen t r e s
a n d the w o r k mu st be well d o n e t o e n su r e t h e mi ddle o n e i s c o n s t r u c t ed o f s t u ff 7 i n .

s u cce ss The si ze o f t h e ti mbe rs w o u ld

. - t hi ck a n d tho s e o n e a ch side o f s tu ff 3 i n
,
.
2 44 C AR P ENTRY AN D JO INERY .
2 46 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINE RY .

re mo va l o r the further s h ori n g o f it a n d t o , the l o a d o n the s h or e s a dj a ce nt t o the pill a rs ,

a ll o w su ffi cie n t s p a ce fo r the exc a va ti o n a nd o bvi ou s ly le s s e n the wei g ht o n the

n ece s sa r y fo r the n e w fo un d a ti o n The ro u n d n e a r t h e fo un d a ti o n In t h e c a s e
.
g .

F ig . 823 .
—Conve nt i ona l V i e w of J int
o s of C e nt re s .

ce ntr e s a re a l so su pp o rted i n the mi ddle by of or dina ry e a rths the exc a va ti o n fo r the

t r e stle s h ori n g whi ch will t a ke a ful l sha r e o f
,
fo u n d a ti o n w o ul d r equi r e t o b e ti mber ed
the l o a d a n d thu s t o a l a r g e exte n t r edu ce s tr o n g ly , so a s t o p r eve n t a n y mo ve me n t .

The s hori n g ha vi n g been pl a ced i n p o siti o n ,

t h e ce n tr e s c a n n ext be er ected a n d fo r ced

h o m e s o a s t o fit the a r ch by wed g i n g u p ,

b o rn t h e he a d piece s o f the s h o r e a s i n
di c a t e d i n the illu stra ti o n s a n d a l s o the ,

s eve ra l p a r t s o f the ce n tr e s the ms elve s by ,

t h e wed g e s S h o w n a t D E F a nd G ( F i g
, , ,
.

The ce n tr e s s h oul d be c o nn ecte d t o g ether

by fixin g bl o ck s between the m o r by b ra ci n g ,

the m t o g ether with piece s o f s c a nt hng A s .

t h e ce n tr e s mi g h t n o t dir ec t ly su pp o rt so me
o f t he s t o n e s r e s t in g o n t h e c a pit a l t w o ,

c o l l a r s sh o ul d be m a de the s e a re sh o wn in
p o siti o n i n Fi g s 8 1 9 t o 8 2 1 A c o nv e n
. .

F ig . 822 .
— C o nv e n t i o n a l V i e w of Co ll ar s to s u pp or t t i o n a l view o f the m i s g iven a t F i g 8 2 2 .
,

i i
t h e S p r ng n g of Ar c h e s . i n w hi ch the c o ll a r a t H s h o w s p iece s o f
 G A NT RIE S ,
S TA G ING , AN D S H ORING . 2 47

tho s e w
“

ti mber whi ch ha ve been a cc ura tely scribed s i mila r to hi ch ha ve been tr e a ted ,

t o fi t the sc fli t a n d mo u ldi ng s a dj a ce n t t o but of la rg er s c a ntli ng s .

it n ea r the spri n g ing o f the a rche s The .

c o l la r a t K i s a t ri g ht a n g le s t o H a n d h a s ,
S h o ri n g t o Ra i l w a y Arc h
ha d bl o cks s cr ibed t o fi t the mo ul di ng a nd
.

the fr o nt a n d b a ck i mmedi a tely a b o ve the The illu stra ti o n s ( F i g s 8 2 4 t o 83 0) sho w .

c a p it a l The s e blo cks a r e b o lte d t o the

. the ce nteri n g a nd stru t tin g e mpl o ye d for
ma in piece s o f the c o lla rs a s i ndi c a ted . s h o r i n g u p t w o a r che s o f a vi a d u ct o ve r a

The c o lla rs a re ma de t o g rip fir mly t o the s ha ll o w r iver A s c a ff o ld a nd st a g ing t o

.

F ig . 824 — P a rt l v ti
E e a on of S h or i ng , s h ow ng i F ig . 825 .
—P a rt Tr a ns v e rse S e ct i on

i ip l O
P r nc a , ne Ma i n S t ru t , et c . t hr ou g h A r c h a nd S h or i ng on Lin e 0 P .

t
s on ew ork by ti g hteni n g u p the iron b o lt s w ork u p on a re er ected h o le s a r e c u t int o ,

a s s ho w n In he a vy w or k o f c o ur s e it
.
, ,
the piers a t a b ou t 6 ft ce ntr e s a n d w o o d -
.
,

mi g ht be n ec es sa ry t o ha ve t w o b o lt s a t e a ch c or bel s 9 in by 9 in ( G a n d H Fi g s 8 2 4 a n d
. .
,
.

e n d so a s t o pr eve n t a ccide n t by the b r e a k 82 5 ) a r e s e t in fir mly by wedg in g a n d fil hn g

i n g o f o ne The l o wer c o lla r i s su p p orted
. in with P ortla n d ce ment On t h e u ppe r .

o n t h e he a d s o f the tr e stle s h or e s a n d it i n ,
c orbel s tra n s o ms K a r e p la ced their cen t r e s ,

i t s t ur n su pp or t s t h e u p per c o ll a r If it i s . bein g su pp orted by the s ho r e s L The c o rbel s .

de sir e d n o t t o r emo ve the c a pit a l t h e c oll a rs ,

G su p p ort a pla t e M fr o m whi ch the s hore s
w oul d be scribed t o fit the pilla rs i mmedi a tely a re wed g ed The ra dii a n d sp a n o f t h e
.

bel ow it in whi ch c a s e the c olla r w oul d be a r che s bei n g kn o wn a fu ll s i z e dra wi n g i s -

, ,

su pp o rte d by t r a n s o ms fixe d t o the tr e stle s . se t ou t .The te mpla te s for the s evera l

In t hi s ki n d o f sh o ri n g d o g s sh o u ld be freely p ie ce s o f r ib s a re n ext ma de they a r e u s ed

u s ed .In so me c a s e s it mi g ht b e n ece s sa r y fo r cu tti n g o u t by the b a n d sa w piece s o f

ti mber st u ff for the rib s The stru t s tie
'

t o s u pp or t the w a ll o f the a r c a d e o n e a ch .
,

s ide the se shor e s w o ul d be so mewha t bea m a n d o ther me mber s a r e n ext se t o ut

,
2 48 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINE RY .

fro m the d ra wi n g s a n d the va ri o u s j o i n t s fo rced u p a s cl o s e a s p o ssible t o the so ffit o f

ma de .The rib s a r e se t o u t a nd j o i nted the a r ch by drivi n g in t h e wed g e s o n the
with the tie he a d s o f s tru t s a n d ki ng p o st
,
“
-
. pla te N If a la gg in g d o e s n o t fit clo s e
.
,

E a ch p ri n cip a l i s n o w fitted t o g ether a n d ,

force it u p by drivi n g wed g e s u n der it on the
whe n fo u n d sa ti s fa ct o ry e a ch o f the p a rt s t op o f the ri b the o bj ect bei ng t o ma ke the
,

F ig . 826 .
—G e ne r a l V i ew l ki
oo ng f
ro m the U
nd e r S d ei s h ow
,
i ng t h e Arr a ng e me nt of t he
M e mb e r s o f t h e S h or ng i .

j o i ni n g t o g ether i s w o rked thu s a l l o w m g

,
l a g g in g s ta ke their p ro per s ha r e o f b e a r ing .

e a ch p ri n cip a l t o be t a ke n t o piece s a nd s e n t To keep the ce n tr e s u p r i g ht b r a ce s a re fixed

,

t o the j o b .I ro n s tra p s a r e p ro vided t o betwee n e a ch p a i r a s sho w n by Fi g s 8 25

,
.

s ec u r e the p ri n ci p a l s whe n r e e r ected Be -

. a nd 82 6 .The fo rmer fig u r e r ep res e nts a p a rt
t wee n the pl a te s N a n d the t i e be a ms o f the -
tra n s vers e s ecti o n thr o u g h a r ch a n d sh o rin g
ce ntr e s wedg e s a r e i n serted B a t t e n s a r e
,
. o n li n e 0 P ( F i g the la tter a g e n e ra l
.

n ext l a ced o n the r ib s t o f o r m the l a i n V iew ( l o o ki n g f r o m t h e u n de r s ide ) sh o win g

p gg g s .

E a ch p ri n cip a l a n d the l a gg i n g s a re then the a rra n g e m e nt o f the va ri o u s me mbe rs .

 AR C H C E NTE RI N GS .

S e t t i ng O u t fo r S e g m e n t a l A r c h e s .
the a rc is d ra w n a nd the centr e o f it ,

T H E w oo den cen terin g s o r centres u s ed m e a s u r ed o ff The s qu a r e is then a pplied

.

fo r s u pp o rti n g b rick o r ston e a rches u n til t o the ch o rd a s sh o w n a nd by me a n s o f a

, ,

the c o ns tru cti o n is c o mplete o r u n til the , stra i g hted g e a li n e i s dr a wn a t ri g ht a n g le s

mo r ta r o r ce men t i s d ry a re ma de by c a r , t o the ch o rd bi s ecti n g it a t i t s cen t re a nd
,
‘

p e n t e rs w h o fin d it n ece ssa ry t o be a ble t o

, i nte rsecti n g the perpen dic u la r lin e a t K ,

s e t o u t the p a r tic u l a r c ur ve r equi r ed befo r e which is the cen tr e o f the c u rve r equ i red .

Sta rti ng the a ctu a l c ons tru cti o n o f the w o o d Thi s m eth o d while c orrect in the ory i s u n
, ,

w o rk The c u rve s fo r c onstru cti ng the

. s cien tific in p ra ctice bei ng t oo dependent,
-

centres or tu rni n g pieces o r for s etti ng ou t o n c ru de m ech a nic a l a id s a n d is n o t c r edit

-
, , ,

a ble t o a n i n telli g e n t c ra fts man On the .

ri g ht h a n d side o f F i g
-
8 3 2 a bette r a nd.

mo r e expedi ti o us meth o d is s h o w n a s fol ,

l o w s z— Fi rst dra w the li n e A B a nd ma rk ,

o ff t h e s p a n th en with A a nd B a s cen tres

ma rk o ff e qu a l di s ta n ces a t E a n d F
__
With .

E a n d F a s cen tr e s a n d with a ny ra di us

g r e a te r th a n h a lf the di s t a n ce betwee n the m ,

dra w the int ers ectin g a rc s G a n d H th ro u g h

t h e p o i n ts o f i n te rs ecti o n d ra w the li n es o D .

Ma rk o ff a t o the ri s e a b o ve the li n e A B ,

a n d with c a nd B a s ce n tr e s d ra w i n te rsect
, ,

i n g a r c s ; a hn e d ra w n th rou g h the p o i n ts
F ig . 832 —D r a w ngi Cur v e s of Ar c h f
ro ma Ce nt r e .
o f i n te rs ecti o n will bi s ect equ a lly the li n e

B C a t J a n d bei n g c o n ti nu ed w ill i n te rs ect

,

the vou sso i rs o r me mbers o f s e g menta l a n d the lin e C D a t K which is the centr e re ,

c a mbe r ed a r ches c a n b e o bta i n ed by severa l

,
qu i r ed A li g ht de a l ro d a nd a fi ne b ra d a wl
.

diffe r e nt meth o ds The p ra ctice g e n era lly

.
, ,
fo r a pivo t cen tre will ma ke a n excelle n t
a mo n g e n g i n ee rs a r chitect s , a n d su r vey o rs ,
c o mp a ss fo r this p u rp os e a n d is c a lled a ,

i s m e r ely t o i n dic a te the width o f t h e o p en ra di u s ro d .

in g t o be S p a nn ed a n d the hei g ht o r ri s e,
F o rmu l a fo r Ar ch Cu rve s — F o r v a r1 o us .

a b o ve the level li n e o f the s ri n i n

p g g a t the r e a so ns su ch a s t h e a b s en ce o f a n ythi n g
,

a b u t me n ts a n d s o lon s the c mpleted u p o n which it c a n be w o rked o u t a n d the

, g a o ,

w o rk is i n c o nfo rmity with su ch i nstru cti o n s sma ll ro u n d u p o f the c u rve it i s n o t a lw a ys

-
,

the a rti sa n is a ll o wed t o p ro d u ce it by the c o n venie n t t o a do pt the meth o d j u st de

meth o d h e i s bes t a cqu a i n ted with F ig s c ribed a n d i n c a se s o f thi s ki n d the ma the
'
. . ,

8 3 2 sh o w s a s e g m e nt a l a r ch n e a rly a pp ro a ch ma t ic a l formu l a
i n g a s e mici rcle a nd o n the left h a n d side
,
-

o f the fi g u r e i s i n dic a ted a ve ry c o mmo n

method o f p ro d u ci ng it The ch o rd o f h a lf . is extre mely us e ful

25 0
 AR C H C ENTERING S . 251

S e g me n t l thes e divi si o ns ma y be su b
a nd
,

O bt a i n in g R a d i u s of of Ci r c e . in F i g 8 3 3 , .

To g e t the ra diu s o f any s e g m e nt o f a circle divided a s i ndic a t ed Th e o bject o f b i

m
.
,

the fo llo w i n g ru le Sh o u ld b e c o mitt e d t o s e c t in g the a r c s i s t o g e t t h e li n es r a di a l

—
, .
‘

me mo ry Given the sp a n or ch or d line

O u t C u r v e s fo r L a r g e A r c h e s
,
S e t t ing
.

a n d ve rs ed s i n e ( ri s e ) s qu a r e h a lf the ch o rd , ,

di vi d e b y the ri s e a n d t o the qu o tien t a dd of M o d e r a t e Ri s e .

the ri s e Thi s g ives t h e di a meter ; divide

.
.
Arches l a rg e sp a n a n d mo dera te ri s e
of

by 2 fo r ra di u s Referri n g t o F i g 83 2 a s a n
. . c a nn o t c o n venien tly be s tru ck o u t fro m
exa mp le h a lf ch o rd 2 ft 1 1 in 35 x a ce n tr e o wi n g t o t h e le n g th o f the ra di u s
—7
,
. .
, ,

2 n eithe r c a n s ma ll a r ches th a t h a ve b u t

91 i n . 7 ft . 7 in . ra di u s . very little ri s e F ig 8 3 4 s h o w s a meth o d

. .

F ig . 835 .

F ig . 833 .
—M a rking ou t Vou ss o i rs i
w t h ou t t h e aid

of a Ce nt re .

F ig . 834 .

F ig . 8 34 .
—Dr a w ing Cu r v es of i
Ce nt r e b y me a ns o f a F r a me
A r c h w t h ou t a .

F ig . 835 .
—E nl i
a rg e d V e w of A p e x o f F r a me s h ow n i n F i g 8 34 . .

F ig . 836 .
— l iv
A t e r na t e F r a me t o t h a t s h ow n i n F i g 8 3 4 . .

of drawing t h e c u rves with o u t the a id o f a

S e t t ing O u t C u rv e s w i t h Ra d i u s Ro d
cen tr e F o r the p u rp os e o f elu cid a ti o n t h e
.

Centr es fo r e g men ta l a rches o f l a rg er

s fi g u r e n eces s a rily s h o w s c o n sidera ble rou nd
di men si ons, a n d o thers o f irr e g u l a r p ro p o r up . The S p a n is ma rk e d o ff o n lin e C D ;
ti o ns S h ou ld be s tru ck o u t with a ra di u s ro d :
, the cen tr e lin e A B is dra w n a t ri g ht a n g les
After findi n g the ra diu s by c a lc u l a ti o n , t o it a n d the ri s e i s ma rked o ff a t A
,
Tw o .

me a su r e o ff the di s ta n ce o n the ra di u s r o d , Fr en ch n a ils a r e driven in a t o a n d D a n d a ,

a n d bey o n d thi s ma rk o ff the de p th o f the tri a n g u l a r fra me is made a s sh o wn u si n g de a l ,

fa ce o f t h e a r ch In s ert the b ra d a wl in . b a tten s a b o u t 1 in t hick fo r a very l a rg e .

thes e p o in t s a nd dra w the c u rves c u t o ff

, a r ch ; fo r a n a rch o f mo de ra te s i z e s l a te
o rt i o n o f t h e i nn e c ve th t i t b a ttens will d o ; the le g s t ou ch t h e n a ils
a
p r u r so a s

ch or d is equ a l t o the s p a n a n d dra w the , C D a n d a t the a pex a t the p o i n t o f the ri s e

,

vo usso i rs o r members Thi s ma y be d o n e . a s ma ll n o tch i s ma de t o acc o mmo d a te the

by dividi n g ou t either the i nn er or the o u ter p e n cil a s s h o w n a t A in F i g 83 5 The p e n cil . .

cu rve a n d bi s ecti n g the divi s i o n s a s sh o w n

, bei n g in p os iti on a t A t h e fra me i s m o ved ,
25 2 C ARP ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

ro u n d i n dic a ted by the d o tted li n es c a re

as , i e p a ra llel t o the ed g e o f the b o a rd a li n e
r s

bei n g t a ke n th a t it is a lw a ys in c on ta ct with i s then d ra w n fr o m p o i n t A u ntil it in ter

‘

the n a ils a t c a n d D a n d a t ru e s e g me nt o f a
,
s ects with t h e lin e o f a b u t men t a t c a nd ,

ci r cle i s then stru ck ( E u clid bk iii p ro p , . . .

The fra me mu s t be a lt e r ed a n d the n a ils ,

s hi fted t o E a n d F t o d ra w the o u te r c u r ve .

The v o us s o i rs o r m e mbers c a n be se t ou t a s
a l re a d y e xp l a i n e d ( se e F i g
_
F i g 83 6 . .

i s a mu ch bette r a pp li a n ce a n d i s a rra n g ed ,

t o s u it the a r ch Sh o w n in F i g 8 3 4 it i s n o t .
F ig . . i
8 3 9 — Ca mb e r or S t ra g h t A r c h .

s o cl u ms y t o w o r k a n d it r equ i r e s a thi rd
,

n a il a t D it is u s ed in the s a m e ma n n er a s
“

the tri a n gu la r piece from c B i s r emo ved .

the b o a rd Sh o w n i n Fi g s 8 3 7 a nd 83 8 a nd .
,
Thr ee n a ils a r e i nserted a t B c a n d D ( F i g , ,
.

i s identic a l with it .
a n d t h e b o a r d ( k no w n a s a c a mbe r

F ig . 838 .

F ig . 8 37 .
—
Dr a w ing Cur v es of Ar c h e s w t h i a B oa r d . 838 .
—B oar d u se d i n F ig . 837 .

shp ) is mo ved d ( the

ro u n pe n cil b ei n g held
S e t t ing O ut C u rv e fo r C a m b e r A r c h
in c o n ta ct with it a t p o i n t E ) a s sh o w n in
.

F i g 83 7 is
. an c a mber a r ch
exa mple of a the d o tted li n e s As i n the fo rmer c a se the
.
,

wh os e membe rs d o n o t ra di a te fro m the b o a r d mu st be a ltered a nd the n a ils Shifted

ce n tre o f c u rva tu r e b u t fro m so me p oi n t, i n o rde r t o d ra w the o u ter c u rve F G H , ,
.

withi n it The cen tr e lyi n g a t s o me c o n

. The c a mber sli p i s b a sed o n the p ri nciple
s id e ra b l e di s t a n ce the me mbers if ra di a t
, , th a t a l l a n g les in a s e g ment o f a ci r cle a re
i ng fr o m it w o u ld be s o n e a rly p a ra llel th a t
, equ a l t o o n e a n o the r ; so by h a vi n g a l ong
they w o ul d o ffe r n o k e y In F i g 83 7 it i s . . a nd w ide s lip t a peri ng b o th e n ds
'

the ,
’
,

p r e su med th a t the ri s e i s le ss th a n p l a nk mi ddle p in ma rki ng the ri s e c o u ld be di s

width n a mely 1 1 i n At the ce ntr e o f a
, , .
p e n s e d with b u t s u ch a s li p i s u n wieldy as ,

b o a rd ( F i g 8 3 8 ) ra the r l o n g er th a n the s p a n
. o n ly h a lf i t s le n g th i s o f us e i n ma rki n g a

r equ i red a li n e A B i s s qu a r ed equ a l t o the

, ce ntre .
25 4 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

F ig . 845 .
—
Vi e w of Ji
o nt

at A (F ig
"

F1g . 8 44 .
—Ce nt r e for a S t one Ar c h of 2 0- ft . S p an .
.

An o t h e r M e th o d —The s ec o nd meth o d of hea ds is n o w pl a ced in p osi t 1 0 n a s sh o w n in

,

s etting out ellip se illu stra ted by F i g

an , . the di a g ra m Thi s p osi ti on _is o b t a i n e d by
.
_ _

8 41 , i s p ro b a bl y the be s t yet devi sed : it is ma ki n g the di s ta n ce fr o m 2 t o 1 equ a l t o

h a lf the sh orte s t di a meter o f the elli p s e
G H a nd the di sta n ce fr o m 1 t o 3 equ a l t o
,

h a lf t h e lo n g es t di a mete r E F The p o i nt s .

F ig . 84 7
.
—D t il
e a of Ji o nt a t B (F ig .

F ig . 84 6 .
—Vi e w Ji
o nt at C ( F ig . a so l of the he a ds a r e in serted i nto the cen tre s o f
i
s h ow ng M e t h od i
o f s u p p ort ng We d g e s , et c .
the s lidi n g b a rs a t 2 a n d 3 a n d by mo vi n g ,

the ro d ro u n d ( t h e o u t ide h e a d h avi n g a

s

d o n e by m e a n s o f a tra mmel w hich g ives , p e n cil fitted i n it ) the ellip s e i s de s c ribed

a c u rve by o n e c o nti nu o u s mo ti o n The . by o n e c o nt i nu ou s li n e F i g 842 sh o w s the

. .

tra mmel c o n si s ts o f a w o o de n c ro ss A B C D , t ra mmel in p o siti o n W hile F i g 843 sh o ws

,
.

e a ch a rm o f which is sl o tted o r g ro o ved . a n e n l a r ed det a il o f o n e e n d o f the ba r

g .

In the s e g ro o ve s t w o s ma ll h a rdw o o d S lidi n g The fra me o f the tra mmel is u s u a lly ma de

ba rs a r e c a r efu lly fitted so th a t they c a n o f ma h o a n y o r so me o the r h a r d w o o d a nd
, g ,

be mo ved smo o th ly t o a n d fro A ro d 1 2 .

, , ,
the s lidi n g b a rs a r e o f eb o n y The he a d s .

3 p r o vided with th r ee a dj u st a ble tra mmel

, a r e si mil a r t o th o s e u s ed fo r b ea m c o m
 AR CH C ENTERING S .
255

p a sses a n d
,
a re a dj u s te d by a s r c ew p r e ssi n g
a g a i n st ra diu s

out or m3

848 .
—D t a il
e of i
R b s, a nd J int
o s at D a nd E (F ig .

The fra me o f the tra mmel i s held t og ether Ce nt e ri ng s fo r S e mi c i rc u l a r A r c h e s .

b y a sma ll w o o d sc r ew a t e a ch c o rn er It s . Centres emi ci rcu la r stone a rches

fo r s ,

s i z e depen d s o f c o u rs e
,
u p o n t h e si z e o f
, h a vin g g en era lly t o bea r a la rg e a mou n t o f
the ellip s e t o be described b u t o n e fra me ,
wei g ht a re u su a lly b ui lt u p o f pl a nk a nd
,

will d es crib e ellip ses o f v ari o u s di a meters . b a tten sc an tl ing s which a re rou g hly fra med
,

t i on of i
F our -r ng
a nd Ce nt r e .

OAK D
W E G E S GR E S E D A .
2 56 C A R P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

to g ethe r a nd fixed with b olts a n d d o g i ro ns

, ,
wed g es a re us ed fo r ra i si ng o r l o weri n g the
a s i n dic a ted i n the s ketches F ig 8 44 sh o w s
. . cen tr e sli g htly so a s t o a dj us t it to it s exa ct
,

a ce n t r e b ra ced s o th a t it i s o nly n ece ss a ry p o siti o n p re vi ou s t o b ui lding the a rch a nd ,

t o be su pp o rte d a t e a ch e nd le a vi ng a fr ee ,
s ec o ndl y , wh e n the a r ch is fin i shed t o c a s e ,

n r.
‘
INC 3 x1 1 :

F ig . 85 1 .
—Ce nt r e S e g me nt a l

F ig . 85 3 .
—
Is ome t ri c V i e w of C e nt r e
s h ow ngi S u p p ort We dg e s , etc .

the c e ntr e fro m the i ntra d o s by g ra du a ll y

s l a ckeni n g the wed g es Th ey a lso a ll o w o f .

F ig . 852 .
—S e c t i on i
t hr ou g h F g s . 85 1 an d 854 . the cen tr e bei n g ta ken d o w n with o u t u ndu e

F ig . 854 —Ce nt r e for an E llip t i l ca Ar c h .

p a ssa g e u n dern e a th The j o i nts u s ed a re

. vib ra ti o n which w oul d be o therwi se c a used
,

s h o w n by Fi g s 8 45 t o 8 48
. Wed g es a re . F i g 8 49 i s the p a rt eleva ti o n o f a four ri ng
.
-

pl a ced in p a i rs di rectl y be t wee n the t o p o f b rick a r ch w ith cente ri n g the stru ts o f t he ,

the s u pp orts a nd the b o tto m o f the ce ntre , l a tter fini shi ng a g a i nst the rib s a s sh own in
a s sh ow n by F i g 846 In the fir st pl a ce the
. .
, the ve rtic a l s ecti on ( Fi g :
2 58 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

at 8 5 9, the pl a n o f the r ib s a t A , the

F ig . the r ib s a n d so fli t a s in di c a ted a t A a nd B
pla n o f t h e l a g g i n g s a t B ( F i g a n d the
. F
( g i . In F ig 8 5 9 the li n e o f rib s i s
.

develo p me nt o f the so ffit a t C The sh a pe s . s h o w n o n the left w hi l s t the h n e o f l a

,
i
gg gn s

F ig . 85 7
.
—E l e va t i on C i l
rc e - on- C r c e i l O p i g w it h
en n ,

l v l t th C w
e e a e E
ro n .

F ig . 85 8 — P la n of S o fii t ( F ig :

of the i nn er a n d o u ter rib s a r e ide nt ic a l . is ho wn a t the ri ght In the eleva ti on

s .
,

H o w t o o bt a i n thei r s h a pe s will n o w be ex divide the a rc i nt o a n equ a l nu mber o f p a rt s ,

pl a i n ed Fi r st dra w the eleva ti on o f the

. as a b etc dra w o r di na te s t o the sp ri ng i n g
’
,
’
, .
,

ce n tr e a s s ho w n in F i g 8 5 9 a nd the pl a n s o f
.
, li n e a n d p ro j ect d ow n t o the pla n o f the
,
 AR CH C E N TERIN G S . 259

r ib s ,
as a, b
,
c, d ,
e , a nd
At ri g ht a n g le s t o
1 .
C e n t r e fo r C i rc l e = o n= C i r c l e A rc h w i t h
t h e pl a n o f the r ib s dr a w the o r di n a te s
Ra d i a l J a m b s Re v e a l s
, ,
or
ma ki n g the m o f the sa me leng th s a s th o s e i n
.

the eleva ti on thu s a s erie s o f p o i nt s i s Fi g s . 8 61 a nd

h o w the eleva t i o n a n d
8 62 s

o bt a i n e d as c,
to t hr o u g h w hi ch t h e pl a n o f a cir cle o n cir cle wi nd o w o r d o o r
- -

c ur ve for the rib s i s dra w n To o bt a i n the o p e ni n with r a di a l j a mb s or r eve a l s F i

.
g g . .

so ffit mou ld di vide the li n e o f l a g g i n g s i n t o

equa l p a rt s a s o t o
,
8 63 g ive s the eleva ti o n o f the fro n t a n d b a ck
a n d p r o j ect d o w n t o o f the ce n tr e a t the left a nd ri g ht re sp e c
’
,

t h e pl a n Throu g h p o i n t 0 in the pl a n t i ve ly The fa ce mou ld s for the rib s a r e

”
'

.
.
,

d ra w the ho ri zo nta l li n e 0 t o 1 a n d ma r k o bt a i n e d i n exa c t ly s i mi l a r ma n n e r t o th o s e

F ig . 859 .
—
E l e v a t i on of C e nt r e

f or Op e n i ng (F ig .

F ig . 8 60 .
—P 1 a n of Ce nt r e , a nd G eo me t r i l
ca

Sett i ng Ou t for F i g . 85 7 .

i n the c a s e illu stra ted by Fi g s 8 5 9 a n d 8 60 .

.

F or the devel o p me n t o f the s o ffit mo u ld , a

s ep a r a te dr a wi n
g m u s t be m a de a s s h o w n a t

F i g 8 65
. S e t o u t the eleva ti o n a n d pl a n o f
.

s c fli t a n d ra di a l li n e s meeti n g a t a n y c o n

o ff di s ta n ce s o n it equ a l t o the divi si o n s o , v e n i e n t p o i n t a , divide the eleva ti o n i n t o a

’ ’

etc , i n eleva ti o n Fr o m t he s e p o i nt s
. . n u mber o f equ a l p a r t s a s s h o w n fro m 1 t o

dra w li n e s a t ri g ht a ng le s t o 0 a nd
p ro 8 ( A ) , a n d p r o j ect the s e p o i nt s d o w n t o the
j e c t f r o m the c o rr e sp o n di n g p o i n t s i n the p l a n , g
ivi n
g c o rr e s p o n di n g n u m be r ed p o i n t s .

p l a n T.hr ou g h the p o i n t s th u s o bt a i n ed the Fr om thes e la st p o int s dr a w hn e s ra di a ti n g

devel o p ment o f t h e s o ffit ma y be dr a wn . . t o a , the s e bein g pl a n s o f g en e ra t or s o f t h e
’

Aft er t h e rib s a r e s a wn ou t , t h e edg e sho u ld c on o ida l su r face s whi ch a re s ho wn by t h e

be pla n ed in su ch a w a y tha t it i s level a t the c on venti on a l view ( F i g P r o j ect o rs .

t op , b u t g ra du a lly bevel s u n til a t the spr i n g ha ve n ot been dra wn fo r t h e ri g ht ha n d ha lf -

in g it i s a t the a n g le sh o w n i n t h e pla n . o f the pl a n , a s thi s 1 s exa ctly the s a me a s the

The c o n stru cti o n o f the ce ntr e i s cle a rly left ha n d ha lf F ro m p o i n t s 1 t o 7 i n t h e

-
.

s ho w n i n the illu s tra ti o ns . eleva ti o n dra w the eleva t i o n o f the g e n era t o r s

2 60 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

meeti ng the h n e a 8 in p oi n t s as s ho w n at devel o p me nt o f the fro nt edg e ,

se t a p a ir of

i g ht
r a ng le s to 1
’
a
’
dra w a 8 ’ ’
Ma r k o ff c o mp a s s e s t o on e o f the equ a l di sta n ce s of

F ig . 8 61 .
— E l e va t i on of C i l
r c e - on - C r c e i l Op e n i ng , i
w t h S ofi t at t he
a nd lvl
e e at t he Cr own .

F ig . 8 62 .
—
P la n of S oifi t (F ig .

d i s t a n ce s o n i t exa ctly equ a l t o th o s e o n the eleva ti on a n d a n o ther p a i r o r a ra diu s

,

8 a ( A ) which g ive t h e
, p o i n t s wher e the r o d t o t h e le n th o f the
g g e n e r a t ors.
( N o te
,

e n e r a t o r s s t a r t fr o m Thi s will be u n de r t he s e a r e a ll o n e len g th ) The n u si n g p o i n t 1

g .
.

s t o o d by r efe r e n ce t o F i g 8 66 F or the ce t e de c ibe with h om

. .
( )
B a s n r ,
s r a n a r c t e c
2 62 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

d ra w n hown F
in as mo st p ra ctic a l
s . or In a s eg m e n t a l
p l an-
ce n
ont re
-
su pp o
,
r t s

ur
p p o s e s h a lf w o u ld be s u fficie nt b u t the ,
mu s t be g ive n by st u r ts fix ed a t a n a n g le
w h o le h a s bee n sh o w n The meth o d o f o f 45 fro m the ve rtic a l Side p o s ts
° ’

. .

F ig . 8 65 .
— S e t t i ng O u t for D e vl e op me nt
S ofii t of Ar c h .

‘
I ig . 8 66 .
— C on v e n t i on a l V i ew

of C on o d a i lS f ur ace f me d
or

b y S offi t of Ar c h .

b u ildi n g u p the ce ntr e wi t h the rib s in t w o C e nt re fo r O p e n in g w it h C o n v e rg in g

t hi ckn e s s e s i s f u lly sh o w n a t Fi g s 8 63 8 64 .
, ,
Out e r Re v e a l s a n d P a ra l l e l In n e r
a n d 8 67 An d the l a s t n a m ed fi g u r e a l s o
.
-

s h o w s the g e n e r a l c o n s tr u cti o n o f the ce n tr e

Re v e a l s .

i t s s u pp or t wi t h wed g e s e t c
, A ce n tra l ,
. At Fi g s 8 68 a n d 8 69 a r e sh o w n in eleva ti o n
.

s u pp o r t i s n o t s h o w n b u t if by a n y m e a n s
, a nd pl a n t h e n ece s sa ry cen t eri n g fo r a n
thi s c a n be a rra n g ed for it will be fou nd o p e n i n g with c o n ve r g i n g o u te r r eve a l s a n d

a dva n t a g e ou s . p a r a llel ( cyli ndric a l ) i nn er r eve a l s The

.
 AR C H C E N TERIN G S . 2 63

t ru e g e o metric a l w orki n g fo r o bta inin g the

s ha p e o f the rib s a n d the devel o p me n t o f

h a lf t h e i n n er s o ffit i s S h o w n b u t n o t for the

,

F ig . 8 68 .

F ig . 8 70 .
-
Conv t i l Vi wen on a e of C e nt r e
fo r c on v g i g J mb (F i g
er n a s .

F ig . 8 71 . G e ne ra l
— V iw e of Inn e r C e nt r e s
for P ar a ll l
e Re v l ea s (F i g .

F ig . 8 68 — E l e va t i on of Ce nt e r i ng for an Op e n i ng

i
w t h E xt e r na v l l
v g i g th Re ea s c on er n , e

I t l R v l b i g p ll l
n e rna e ea s e n ar a e .

F ig . 8 69 — Pl
. f C t
an ig S t
o t i g O t en er n ,
e n u for

R ib t s, e c .

ha ve been so fu lly de s cribed Fi g s 8 70 a n d . .

8 71 which r e p re s e n t r e sp ectively a c o n
,

F ig . 8 69 .
v e n t io n a l view o f a ce n t r e f o r c o n ve r i
g gn

j a mb s a n d a g e n era l view o f i nn er ce ntr es

,

fo r c o n ve r i
g g n r eve a l s will c o n vey a cle a r
,

with the c o n verg i ng r eve a l s ; b u t ide a o f the m et h o d o f c o n stru c t i n g t he s e

little di fficu lty if cen tr e s w hen they a re for a sp a n o f a n
or di na r y s i zed o p e n i n g F i g 8 77 s h o w s . .

h ow a bl o ck ma y b e c u t t o c o n n ect the
 2 64 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

he a d s o f the rib s a s a t A ( F i g
,
a nd .

C e n t e ri n g fo r a G o t h ic =on = C i rc l e
the ce n tr e ma y be fu rther s tr e n g the n ed by
A rc h
fixi ng in a tie a nd b ra cing a s i ndi c a ted by
,

the d o tted li n e s The cl os e l a g gi ng sh o w n i s

. The eleva ti on a n d pl a n o f the s o t o f a n
mo st su ita ble fo r b rickw ork b u t i n the c a s e
,
a r ch o f thi s de s c ripti o n i s s h o w n a t Fi s
g .

F ig . 8 72 — E l e va t i on G i
ot h c - on- C r c e i l

F ig — P la n
. 8 73 . of S ofii t ( g
F i .

o f a s t on e a r ch t h e l a g g i n g s a r e u su a lly o f a 8 72 a nd The so ffi t o f the a rch a t t h e

8 73 .

s t o u te r ch a r a c t e r a nd t a t i n t e r va l s o f s p ri n i n c ve e b t fi i he i level
, p u
g g o n r g s u ,
n s s n a
2 in o r m o r e a p ar t s o a s t o s u p p or t the
.
, hn e .D et a il s o f the g e o m etric a l s etti n g
s t o n ew o r k a n d t i e t h e r ib s t o g ethe r o u t o f t h e rib s a n d e n e ra l c o n s tru cti o n a r e
.

g
2 66 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

C e n t e ri n g fo r a S t one A rc h a nd C e n t r e fo r G o t h i c A r c h t o t h e A rc a d e
B ric k B a c k Arc h . of a C h u rc h .

Fi g s 8 78 a nd 8 79 sh o w the a rr a n g e men t
. An exa mple o f cen teri n g o f t hi s de s cri p ti o n
o f ce n te ri n g o fte n u s ed whe n the fr o n t o f a n i s illu s tra t ed by Fi g s 880 t o 88 5 It will b e
. .

a r ch i s o f s t o n e a n d the b a c ki n g i s o f b rick s ee n th a t i n thi s exa mple wher e the mou ld ,

— G e ne r a l i i
'

F ig . 8 76 . V ew of w th

wi t h a 4% in r eve a l The centr e for t h e

-
. .
i n g s o f the a r ch a r e fo r the mo s t pa rt in
b rickw ork i s la rg er t o a llo w o f t h e 432 in -
.
cha mfer ed pla n e s the o r di n a ry cen tr e with
,

r eve a l wi t h l a g g i n g a s s h o w n whe r e a s a rib , la g g in g w o ul d be u n su ita ble a s i t w o u ld ,

ce nt r e b uilt u p o f t w o thi ckn e s s e s a s sh o w n o n ly g ive di r ect su p o r t t o the ce n t r e mo u ld

p
i s su fficie n t t o su pp ort t h e v o u s so i r if the i ng o r su r fa ce fo rmi n g t h e s o ffi t o f the a r ch .

c e n t r e o f g r a vi t y o f t h e s t o n e s fa ll s withi n A s t he s e a r che s a r e u su a lly b ui l t in a t le a s t

t h e rib s . When thi s i s n o t the c a s e a n o ther
rib w ou ld h a ve t o be ma de l a r e e n ou h t o
g g
be in c on t a c t with so me me mb e r o f t h e
mou l di n g .In t h e c a s e t h a t i s he r e s ho w n
t h e r ib mi g h t be a dj u s t ed a g a i n s t t h e fla t

p a r t o f t h e h o ll o w A o r a a i n s t the s qu a r e B
g . F ig . 8 77 .
— B l oc k for fii x ng be t we e n He a d of

The t w o p a rt s o f t h e ce nt r e a r e c o nn ected R bs i as s h own at A ( F ig .

t o g e t her b y n a ili n g o n bl o ck s a s s h o w n a t
C D a nd E ( F ig
, ,
. The bl o ck sh ow n a t t wo i g s o f c ou rs e s the ce n tr e w o u ld n o t
r n ,

F i s n e a rly b e h i n d t h e he a d a n d t o f t h di r ectly t o u ch the s ec o n d ri n g the r efo r e t h e

p o e ,

s t a n d a r d s i n t h e s a m e p l a n e a n d t h u s they
,
cen t r e s ha ve t o be c o n st ru c t ed so a s t o g ive
c a n be mo r e e a sily b ra ced . di r ec t s u p p o rt t o e a ch ri n g T hi s i s g en e r .
 AR CH C E N TERIN G S . 2 67

8 78 — Ha lf E l v ti
e a on s h ow ng i Ce nt e r i ng S t on e Ar c h ; a sol H lf E l v t i
a e a on of Ce nt e r i ng

t o Int e r n a l Br c ik
Ar c h .

a lly don e by su p p orting e a ch rin g up on o n e s ecti o n ( F ig 88 2 ) it will be s een tha t the

.

o r mo r e rib s the c a s e her e de a lt with bei n g

,
mi ddle cen tr e B i s sma ller It i s fo rmed o f
.

s o tr e a ted B y r efer en ce t o t h e h a lf s e c
.
-
t w o r ib s a n d g ive s su pp o rt t o t he s to n e s
,

t io na l eleva ti o n ( F i g 8 80) a n d the t r a n s ver s e

. fo rmi n g the so ffit o f t h e fir st rin g o f t h e a rch .

F ig . 8 79 .
— Con ve nt i on a l V i ew i
s h ow n g G e ne r a l A r r a ng e me nt
of C e nt e r i ng , We d g e s ,
M e a ns of S u p p ort , et c .
2 68 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .
2 70 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINER Y .

The t w o ou te r rib s sh o w n a t A ( Fi g s 880 t o .

C e nt e r in g f o r B a r r e l Va u l t ing
8 82 ) a re l a rg e r s o a s t o su pp o rt the s erie s o f
.

s t o n e s fo rmi n g the s ec o n d r i n g The c on . The i sometric a l view ( F i g 88 6) will c on vey .

v e n t i o n a l view ( F i g s h o wi n g p a r t o f the a g e n er a l ide a o f the cen t e ri n n d ti mbe i

.

g a r ng
rib s the wedg e s a n d t h e meth o d o f su p p o rt
, ,
r equi r ed i n the c o n st ru cti o n o f fo ur s e mi

i ng will ma ke the c o n stru cti o n cle a r E a ch cir cu la r b a rrel va u lt s whi ch i n ters ect a t
“

.
, ,

rib i s b u ilt u p o f t w o thick n ess e s o f 1 1 in -

. ri g ht a n le s in
g g r o i n s a s s how n To g ive a .

F ig . 887 .
— E l e va t i on of Cr os s
Rib for Va u t li ng .

F ig . 8 88 — P1an
. C e nt e r i ng at Int e r s e c t i on o f Va u t sl : C, P l an of Int e r me d i at e Pri ip l
nc a ,

or R ib . D , E l v ti
e a on o f S a me . E , T ru e F or m of H a lf D i a g on a l Pr i ip l
nc a . F, D v l p
e e o

me nt of L a g g i ng .

'

b o ard s fro m 1 i n t o i n t hi ck a cc o rdi n g

. .
, be t te r v 1 e w o f the cen te ri n g c o nn e c t e d w it h
t o the wei g ht t o be su ted n iled to the g r o i ni n g o f the va u lt s t h e r ib s A a nd B
pp o r a , ,

ethe in t he u su a l ma nn e r The s tru t s F h ve bee p p ely h w f a r t he r

g r .
( g i . 88 6) a n u r o s s o n
ma y a l so be o f b o a rd s t u ff o r 4 in by 3 in ,
-
.
-
. a p a r t th a n they s h o u ld be i n r e a lity a nd ,

t o 6 i n by 3 i n s c a n t lin m a
-
be ed d c o n s equ e ntly t h e sta n da rd s w o u ld be pla ce d
g y n
-
.
u
. s a
s h o u lde r ed t o t h e rib s a s s h o w n by Fi s 88 4 mu ch n e a r e r t o g ether t ha n sho w n All
g . .

a n d 885 The ri b s sh ou ld b e b ra ced t o g ethe r

.
ma i n m e mber s ha ve bee n sh o wn whe r e p ra c
a s i n dic a t ed i n the elev a ti o n s a n d s ecti o n . t i c a bl e b u t fo r cle a rn e ss s o me o f the mi n o r
,
 AR C H C ENTERIN G S .

t i mbe r s , ch a s b ra ce s ha ve b ee n o mi t ted
su ,
. qu a dra nt a t o h i n t o a n y nu mbe r o f equ a l
’ ’

F o r a si mi la r r e a s o n the w a ll s n e a re s t t o p a rt s a n d fro m t he s e dra w o r din a t e s a t

,

t h e sp ec t a t o r ha ve n o t bee n sh o w n a b o ve ri g ht a n le s t o 7 8
g P ro j ect e a ch o f the s e ,
.

t h e g rou n d level The st r en g th o f the rib s

. d o w n t o t h e pla n o f the dia g on a l 9 1 0 At ,
.

a nd o f t he s u pp o r t i n g ti mb e r s w o u ld be ri g ht a n le s t o thi s li n e se t u
g p o r di n a t e s a s

va ried a cc o rdi ng t o t h e ma teri a l they w o u ld show n a t H t h e le n g th o f e a ch o f the s e

,

h a ve t o su pp o rt Gen era lly in t h e c a s e o f

.
, bein g o f c ou rs e equ a l t o it s c o rr e sp on din g
, ,

s t o n ew o rk t h e wei g ht t o be su pp o rted
,
memb er a t G Thr ou g h t h e p oint s thu s ob
.

w ou ld be mu ch g re a t er t h a n in the c a s e o f t a i n e d dra w the cu r ve It will be cle a r t o the

'

b rickw ork t her efo r e a ll me mber s o f the

,
r e a de r t h a t t hi s i s a qu a dra n t o f a n elli se
p ,

t i mber s shou ld be p r o p o rti o na tely i n cr e a s ed . a n d th a t i n n e a rly eve ry p r a c t ic a l c a s e i t

The la g g ing s a t the i nt er s ect i o n o f the w ou ld be mor e c o n ve nie n t t o dra w in t h e

va ul ts w ou ld be su p p o rted p rin ci p a lly by
rib s a cr o ss t h e di a g o n a l s a s s h o w n i n the

c o n ven ti o n a l view ( F i g a n d in t h e
.

pla n ( F ig . On e prin cip a l Wo u ld be

fr a med u p o f s evera l thi ckn e s s e s s o a s t o
s p a n o n e o f the di a g o n a l s ; t hi s s h o u ld be

w ell su p p o r t ed by a he a d s t a n d a r d s b ra ce s , , ,

a nd sill The o t her dia g o n a l w o u ld be

.

s p a nn ed b t w h lf i n ci l the s e w o u ld
y o a p r p a s
-

b e fixed t o t h e ma i n p rin cip a l by st r a p s a n d

b o lt s a nd su pp o rted by a he a d s ta n d a r d s
, , ,

e tc It will b e n o t iced tha t t he s e p ri n ci p a l

.

r i b s a r e r e r e s en ted a s bei n b a cked th t

p g a

i s the ed g e o f ha lf t h e t hi ckn e s s o f e a ch
,

p r i n cip a l rib i s bevelled t o keep it i n t h e

s a me cyli n dric a l sur fa ce a s the l a

g g g it
i n

will ha ve t o su p p o rt s o a s t o a fford a fi rm ,

be ar in g t o the la t t e r As the sp a ce fro m .

o n e o f t h e o r din a r y r ib s ( s h o w n 1 n l n a t
p a

A F ig
, 888 ) t o t h e i n t er s ect i o n a t B w ou ld
.

be t o o g r e a t fo r the la g g in g s p a rt p rin , F ig . 8 90 . F ig . 889 .

c i p a l s w ou ld be c o n stru c t ed a n d fixed t o

t ho s e sp a nn in g the di a g o n a l s a s i n di c a t ed
F ig 889 — G i
me t r c a l S e t t ng Ou t f or ob t a
eo i i in ng
i l i i l
. .

T ru e F or m o f E d g e o f D a g ona P r nc p a .

in pla n a t c An eleva t i on o f o n e o f t he s e i s
— G e ome t r i c a l i bt i i
.

Fig 8 90 C on s t r u c t o n for o a n ng
p ro j ect ed a t D A ha lf eleva ti on o f o n e o f
.
-
.

De vl
.

e op me nt o f C u r e f or I nt e r s e c v ti
on o f
t h e di a g o n a l p ri n cip a l s i s sh o wn a t E Al so .
L a g g ing s .

develo p me nt o f p orti o n o f t h e la gg in g i s
s ho w n a t F The met ho ds o f s ett i n g o u t
. cu r ve by me a n s o f a n ellip tic tra mmel o r o the r
t h e c u rve s for the di a g o n a l p rin cip a l s i s o f t h e p r a c t ic a l m e t h o d s de s c r ibed o n p p 2 5 0 .

s h o w n s ep a r a t ely a t F i
g 88 9 a n d t h a t fo r
.
,
t o 2 52 T o o b t a in t h e deve l o p men t o f t h e
.

t h e devel o p men t o f the l a g g i n g s a t F i g 8 90 . . la g g in g s o n a level with 7 8 a t G dra w 7 8

f
, , ,

At G ha lf t h e t ra n s ver s e s ect i o n fro m t h e , a t K ( F i g 8 90 ) the n dra w in the qu a dra n t

.

s ri n i n
p g g t o t h e c r o w n o f t h e v a u l t i s s h o w n , 7 t o 0 equ a l t o 7 t o 0 a t G ; p ro j ect a cr o s s
,

fr o m 7 t o 0 To se t t hi s o u t ma rk o ff t h e
.
,
fr o m p oin t s 0 t o 7 a t G a n d o bta in c or ,

t hi ckn e ss o f t h e l a g g in g a n d d ra w i n t h e r e sp o n di n g p o i n t s o n the qu a dra n t a t K .

qu a dr a n t a s sho w n fro m a t o h ; t he n a t —
P ro du ce 0 8 o f c o u r s e a t ri g ht a n g le s t o 8 7
’ ’
, , , , ,

a n y c o n ve ni e n t p o siti o n b el o w d ra w li n e s , a n d a t a n y p o i n t 0 i n 0 7 a t L dra w 0 P a t , , ,
“

9 1 1 a nd 9 1 0
, , the fo rmer r ep r e s en t s t h e
, ri g ht a n g le s Obt a i n the st r et ch o u t o f the
.

pla n o f t h e lin e o f t ra n s ve rs e s ect i o n o f t h e qu a dr a n t a n d m a r k it o ff fr o m 0 t o 7

va u lt a nd t h e la t t e r t h e p l a n o f t h e li n e o f a t L dividi n g i n t o t h e s a me n u mbe r o f equ a l

,

i ntersect i o n o f t wo va u lt s D ivi d e t h e .
p a rt s a s t he qu a dr a n t P ro j ecti n g d own .
2 72 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINE RY .

fr o m the s e p o i nt s in the qu a dra n t a nd fro m ,

tu rn i ng mo ve me nt In the c a s e o f va ul tin g .

t h e c o rr e sp o n ding nu mbe r ed p o i n t s i n t h e s p a nni n g a g r e a te r di s t a n ce thicke r ma teri a l ,

h n e 0 7 a t L p o i nt s for the c u r ve a r e o b
, w ou ld be n ece ssa ry a n d in so me c a s e s it ,

t a in e d a nd thi s ma y b e d ra w n i n a s s h o w n
, ,
w ou ld be c o n sider ed n ece ssa ry t o fra me t h e
by w hi ch a p orti o n o f the la g g in g i s o bta in ed p ri n ci p a l s to g ether ou t o f b a t ten s a nd dea ls

F ig . 8 91 .
—
P a rt E l v ti
e a on of C e nt e r i ng a nd F ig . 8 92 .
—P art Long it u d in a l S e ct i on t hr ou g h A B
S u p p ort s .
( g
F i . s h ow ng i Br a c i ng c onn e c t ng i i i l
P r nc p a s .

as i ndi c a ted a t M The c o n stru cti o n o f t h e

. 3 in
,
by 4 in c on n ecti ng the j o int s to g ether
. .
,

rib s or p ri n cip a l s fo r va u lti n g di ff er s ve ry ,

by stu b tenon s d o g s a n d stra p s a s foun d
, ,

mu ch a cc o rdi ng t o the ma g nitu de o f the j o b . mo s t s e r vice a ble .

F ig . 893 .
—Con v e nt i on a l V i ew i
s h o w ng t he G e ne r a l A r r a ng e m e nt of t he Ma i n T imb e rs .

F o r s ma ll va u l t s sp a nn i n g n o t mo r e t h a n S e g m e n t a l B ri d g
C e n t r e fo r a e ,
8 ft o r 9 ft t hey w o u ld be ma de o f l i i n o r -

S pa n
.

ft
. .

=
30
l g in b o a rdi n g na iled t o g e t her in t w o
. .
-
.
,

t hi ckn e s s e s a nd s u pp o r t ed o n sta n d a r d s The a cc o mp a n yi n g Fi g s 89 1 t o 8 97 .

6 in b y 4 i n o r 6 i n by 6 i n the s e bei n g
. . . .
,
illu stra te the c o n st ru cti o n o f the cen t r e fo r
pe rly b ra ced to even t a ny a s t o n e a n d b r ick s e g m e n t a l b rid g e o f 3 0 ft
-
so as r
p ro p .
2 74 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .
AR CH C ENTERING S .
2 75
 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINE RY
F
)
6 .

F ig . . lv i
9 00 — H a 1 f E e a t on
Thi i
s s De s g n i
su g g e s t e d

F ig . 902 .
— En l a rg e d De t a il s of Ji
o nt s , etc .
, at F ig . 901 .
—L ong it u d i na l S e ct i on t h rou g h A B
c , D, a nd E ( F ig .
( F ig .
2 78 C AR P EN T R Y AN D JOINER Y .

is sh o w n by Fi g s 905 a n d 906
. .T hi s fo rm The ri g h t ha nd ha lf sho w s a n a lternative
-

is a pplic a ble w he re i n te rmedi a te s u pp o r t s meth o d wher e the he a d be a m A i s su pp o rted

pe rmi ssible The left h a nd ha lf sho w s at five p o siti on s b u t o nly fo u r ro w s o f pile s

’

a re .
-
,

h o w t h e ti mberi ng w o u ld be a rra ng ed if s u p or st a n d a r d s a re n eeded . Thl S a rra n g e

p o rted o n five r o w s o f pile s o r st a nd a rd s . ment w o u ld p ro vide fo r a sp a ce o f a b ou t
 AR C H C ENTERIN G S . 2 79

F ig . 9 06.
— L ong it u d in a l
S e ct i on on A B ( F ig .

F ig . 908 .
—T r a nsv e r s e S e ct i on t h r ou g h a T u nn e l ,

s h ow ng i l
A t e rn a t iv e M e t h od s of
-
C e nt e r i ng .

32 ft fo r na vi g a tio n o r tra ffic The left ha n d

. .
-

ha lf sho w s o rdi na ry p a ir s o f wed g e s fo r

e a sing a nd stri king whi lst o n the ri g ht ,

s i mple fo r ms o f s c r ew j a ck s a r e s ho w n The .

b o die s o f the s e j a cks a re c a sting s fixed o n the

tra n so m be a ms the he a d s o f the s crew s ,

be a ring a g a i n st ma lle a ble c a st pla te s b o lted

t o the u n der ed g e o f the tie be a m An e n .

l a rg e d deta il o f o n e o f the s e j a cks i s s ho w n

at F ig . 907 .

C e n t e ri n g fo r a Tu nne l .

A tra n s vers e s ecti on thro u g h a tu nn el _

i s g iven a t F ig 908 whe r e it will be s een

.
,

tha t the tru ss e s for the rib s ha ve qu een

p o st s ; thi s p ri n cip le o f c o n stru cti on g ive s
r e a t str e n th a nd i s in e e l f v our fo r
g g g n ,r a a

t his cla ss o f w or k Altern a tive de si g n s fo r

.

t ru s s e s a r e g iven a t A a n d B ; a s a l so fo r
the su p p orti n g ti mberin g a t D a nd E When .

a s ecti o n o f the a r ch h a s been c o mpleted

,

a rra n g e me n t i s ma de t o l o we r the ce n ter in

g
— a li ttle fro m the s c hi t a nd then t o p u s h
F ig 907 . G e ne r a l i
V e w of S c r e w J k
ac for ,

e as i i i l
ng P r nc p a s .
the cente ri ng forw a rd a nd ra i se it t o it s
2 80 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINE RY .

F ig . 91 0 . P la n
— , Tr a n s v e rse S e ct i on , a nd

De vl
e op me nt of S ofii t .

p ro per hei g ht by su pp orting o n wed g e s .

To fa cili ta te the p u shi n g fo rw a r d o f the

centeri n g a meth o d whi ch w a s u sed ma n y
,

ye a r s a g o in F ra n ce i s so meti me s a d o pted ,

by fixi n g stro n g a xle ro llers a s i ndi c a ted a t

F . Thu s whe n the wed g e s a r e ta ken o u t
t h e r o llers a r e r eceived by pla n k s a s s ho w n ,
pl a ced a s i n di c a ted i n t h e pl a n ( F i g 91 2 )
.

a n d t h e ce nte ri n g i s e a sily leve r ed fo rw a r d . bu t it will be s ee n th a t for the p r e se n t c a s e

( s h o w n by A,
B c,
D ) thi,
s a r r a n
g e m e n t w o u ld
C e nt e rin g fo r A rc h B r i d g e
a S ke w .
be un su ita ble bec a u s e o f the la rg e pro p o r
,

The eleva ti o n o f a b rid g e with a skew a rch ti o n o f s o me o f the rib s a t e a ch e n d whi ch ,

i s sh o w n by F ig 909 wher e it will be n o ted

.
, i s n o t r equi r ed t o su pp o r t the a r ch ; a l so the
t h a t the fa ce o f the a r ch i s elli ptic a l ; b u t thr u st o f the ma so n ry a t the l oa ded end s
by r efe ren ce t o F ig 9 1 0 it will be s ee n tha t
. w ou ld n ece ssi t a te the o ther e nd s bei ng
the tra n s vers e s ec t i o n A o f the a r ch i s a s e mi s t ro n g ly s h o r ed t o p r even t mo vement .

ci r cle At F ig 9 1 1 i s g ive n a n eleva ti o n

. . Whe n the a xi s o f the a r ch i s le ss o bliqu e t o
o f o n e elli p tic a l ri b a n d the p a n o f s eve n the fa ce a s i ndi c a ted by the d o tted lin e s
l ,

rib s . S o meti m e s the rib s for skew a r che s E F a n d G H s qu a r e cen te ri n g i s p er mi ssible

, ,

a r e ma de t o fi t the tr a n s ver s e s ecti o n a n d ,

a n d o fte n a n a dva n t a g e . The develo p me nt
C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .
 AR C H C ENTERIN G S .
2 83

as s ho wn a t D ( F i g 91 7 The g e o metric a l
. to ha lf t h e b re a d t h of the b o a rd in it s
m e t h d f d o i n thi s i s s f ll w s — F ro m wide st p a rt j o in 0 1 0 a n d c o ntinu e the o ther
o o g a o o , ,

a ny c o n ve ni e n t p o i nt s i n t h e pl a n o f t h e a r c s t o t ou ch 0 1 0 a s s h o w n by the d o t ted

l a ce o f the rib a s 0 t o 9 p r o j ect u p t o t h e

, , li n e s ( F ig . N o w dr a w the p la n s o f
f ront a rri s o f the s o t i n eleva ti o n B u t a s . t he se a s s h o w n b y 1 t o 9 ( F i g Then .

91 9 .
— Conve nt i on a l V i ew i
s h ow ng a r r a ng e me nt of i
R b s f or S ofli t .

F ig 92 0 — E l e v a t i on of Rib A 92 1 — E l v ti
. .
( F ig . F ig . . e a on of R ib B ( Fi g .

i n t hi s c a s e the ellip s e in pl a n i s the sa me a s fro m where e a ch of t h e d o tted

hn e ar s c c u ts
i n eleva t i o n , p o i nt s 0 t o B ma y be u s ed a s 0 1 0 ( F i g 91 7) p r o j ect p a r a llel t o 0 9 t o
.

s h ow n . D ra w 0 9 ( F i g 91 7) in t h e sa me lin e
. in ters ect with their p l a n s a t F i g 91 6 On e . .

as : 0 9 F
( g i . Al o n g 0 9 ( F i g 91 7) . o f t h e p r o j ect o r s i s lette r ed k h ( Fi g s 91 6 .

ma rk o ff di s ta n ce s 0 t o 9 equ a l t o 0 t o 9 a nd 91 7 P ro d u ci n g the s e p ro j ect o rs t o

l
a on
g the elli p t ic cur ve 0 t o 9 ( F ig
. c on t h e ri g ht , u n t il they c u t the o rdi na te s 0 t o
t i nu e t h e a rc 9 6 as e 1 0, ma ke 6 1 0 equ a l 9 ( F i g 9 1 7 a s erie s o f p o i n t s a re o b t a i n ed
.
2 84 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

thr o u g h which the c ur ve 0 p 9 c a n be de

Ce nt e ring fo r G r o i n Va u l t i n g
s cribed a s s h o w n The o t he r h a lf 0 v s i s
.

t h e sa me s ha pe To keep the w or ki n g o n
. F ig .92 4 i s a s ketch o f g r o i n va u lti n g
the illu stra ti o n s a s cle a r a s p o ssible the ,
o ve r p a r t o f a n o ct a o n a l s p a ce a s s h o w n
g
s phe ro id a l sur f a ce h a s bee n c o n ti nu ed i n by the pla n ( F i g w hi ch a l so s how s
.

fro n t a s i ndic a ted a t E ( F i g The . t h e pl a n s o f t h e rib s fo r t h e ce nt e ri n g The .

P ig . 92 2 — E e
. l v ti a on R ib C ( F ig . F ig . 92 3 .
— E l e v a t i on R ib (F ig .

F ig . 92 4 — S e c t i on a l E l v ti
e a on li
V a u t ng t a k e n on L in e ( F ig .

me t h o d d ra wi n g n orma l s o r r a ther j o i n t
of ,
left ha lf illu stra te s o nly t h e eleva ti o n o f t h e
li n e s o f t h e vo u ss o i r s o f t h e a rch i s sh o w n
,
:

ce ntre s c a rryin g t h e ma i n rib s o f the va u lt

a t F i g 91 3
. Fi r st fin d t h e fo ci p o i n t s o f the
. in g sh o w n in pl a n by A a n d L ( F i g bu t .

elli p s e ( A B ) t he n a t t h e p o i n t s wher e t h e
, , o n the ri g ht a l l t h e rib s o f t h e ce n te ri n g a r e

j o i n t c o mm e n ce s dr a w h n e s fr o m e a ch fo cu s
, sho wn It will be o b s er ved th a t o n e a ch
.

i t a n d c o n t i n u e it a s s h o w n by D a n d E side o f the ce n t r e s c a rr yi n g the ma i n r ib s o f

'

p o n

b i s ect the a n g le by C E w hi ch g ive s t h e ,

t h e v a u l t i n g t he r e i s p r o vided a ri b ma de o f
di r ecti o n o f t h e j o i n t h n e r equi r ed The . t w o thi c kn e ss e s t o help t o c a rr y the st o n e s o f
o the r h n e s th a t a r e r eq u i r ed a re o b t a i n ed t h e p a n el s t he s e rib s a r e lette red G H D E , ,

i n the s a me ma nn e r . etc . U n de r the i nte rs ecti o n o f the p a n el s

2 86 C AR P ENTRY AN D JO INERY .

a rib ish o w n a t F a nd P a n d a t the w a ll e nd

s , By p ro j ecti n g ho ri zo n ta lly fro m p o int s 1
the s e rib s a re sho w n by R a nd s S ma ll rib . t o 5 a n d a t o c ( F i g 92 7 the p o s iti o n s o f
’ ’
.

piece s ma rked V a re sh ow n c o nn ected t o the , the rib piece s ha ve been determi n ed a t 1

rib s E F P etc
, ,The s e a r e c u t t o the fo rm
. t o 5 etc , in the eleva ti o n ( F i g
.
, A .

tha t i s de si red for the s o ffi t s o f the p a n el s . metho d o f o bta ini n g the tru e cu r va tu r e o f
A metho d o f o bta ining the sha pe o f the s e i s the o u tli n e for the cen tr e fo r the ma in rib s
s ho w n a t F ig 92 7 The li n e 1 t o x i s the
. . i s sho w n a t F i g 928 which i s p ro j ected fro m
.
,

tru e sha pe o f the i nters ecti o n between the F ig . 92 5 .

i
’

p a n el s ; 6 a x s the elev a ti o n o f the h n e

C e n t e ri n g fo r a H e m is p h e ri c a l Do me
o f i n te r s ecti o n a s i ndi c a ted by 1 t o 5 ( F i
.

g .

92 7) r a di a l h n e s a re d ra w n t o thi s c ur ve , The illu stra ti o n s ( Fi g s 92 9 t o 93 5 ) s ho w .

meeti n g the i n ter s ecti o n 6 a X in a t o e ’ ’

the n ece ss a ry centeri ng a nd ti mber s u p p or t
“
’
.

F ig . 92 9 .
—
Ha1 f S e ct i on a l El v ti f
e a on o Dome , a nd F ig . 930 .
— H a lf E l v ti
e a on o f i
Ce nt e r ng , a nd

E l v ti
e a on o fa M i R ib a n . T imb er St ag e for i
s u p p ort ng it .

H o ri zo n t a lly fro m the s e , p oi n t s a re p ro fo r the er ecti o n o f a he mi spheric a l d o me ,

j e c t e d a s s h o w n ; a l so with the s e p oint s a s 3 0 ft t o 40 ft di a mete r

. F i g 92 9 i s a ha lf
. . .

centre s a r c s a r e dr a w n m eetin g t h e h o ri
, s ecti o n a l eleva ti o n o f the d o me a nd a lso ,

then p r o j ect s h o w s t he c o n str u cti o n o f o n e o f the ma l n

’
zo n t a l s i n p o i n t s 6 to
d o w n fro m the s e p o i n t s a n d o bt a in p o i n t s rib s . At F i g 930 a re sho w n a ha lf eleva t i o n
.

6 t o 1 0 in W z F ro m p o i n t s a t o 6 p ro j ect
.
’ ’
o f the m a i n a n d s ec o n d a r y rib s with wed g e s ,

d o w n t o Y z o b t a i ni n g p o i nt s a t o e N o w
,
. a n d a l so the meth o d o f ti mbe r s u p p o r t s

by d ra wi n g a r c s j o i ni ng a 6 b 7 etc the , ,
.
,
u n der The p l a n o f a ll t he rib s a n d ma i n
.
.

s h a pe o f the ed g e o f e a ch rib p iece i s o b

-
ti mbe rin g i s cle a rly s ho wn a t F ig 93 1 A . .

t a in e d a s s h o w n The c u r va tur e o f the s e

. qu a rter p la n lo o ki n g u p a n d a qu a rt er p la n
, ,

a r c s c a n be v a ried fr o m a l mo s t a s t ra i g ht o f the u
pp e r side o f the s u pp o r ti n g s t a g e ,

li n e t o a n a mou n t whi ch w o u ld ma ke t h e a re
g ive n a t F i g 9 3 2 The c o n ve n t i
. o n a l view .

i n t ers ecti on o f the p a n el s di sa pp e a r by F

( g i . 9 33 ) will c o n vey a f a i r ide a o f thi s

ta ki n g the cen tr e s o n the p l a n o f it ( W z) . s u p p o rti n g ti mbe r w ork It a ls o sh o w s a .

 AR CH C ENTERING S . 287

centra l p o st or ma st t o which so me o f the

, ,
at A F
( gi . Whi ch l
how s a fo rm a so s of

ma i n me mbers a re a tta ched The n ece ssa ry la g g i n g very c on veni en t for w o rk o f

“
.

F ig . 93 1 .
— P la n of i
R bs a nd

Ma i n T imb i e r ng .

F ig . 932 — . Qu a rt e r P l a n, l oo king up, of T imb er S t ag e , a nd Q u a rt e r P l an of T op of St ag e .

We dg e s , etc .
, illu stra ted The
a re a sol . cl a s s ma de by piece s o f sc a n t hn g ha vi n g a n
,

m etho d o f c o n n ectin g t h e s ec o n da ry rib s t o ed g e c u t t o the c u rva t ur e o f t h e s o ffit o f t h e

t h e ma i n o n e s by a tri mmi n g p iece i s sh o w n do m e t hei r ed g e s a r e a ll stru ck fro m t h e
2 88 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINE RY .

F ig . 933 .
— Con v ti
en on a l Vi ew of T imb ie r ng and S t ag i ng , Ma i
n R ib .

F ig 934 —C on ve nt i on a l V i ew i
s h ow n g i
C onn e c t o n o f S e c on d ar y R i b w t h M a i i
n i
R bs, an d M e t h od
i i
. .

of L
a g g n g C e nt e r n g .

sa me cen tr e thu s t hey ,

c an be cut fro m on e sa me di s ta n ce ,
indi c a ted
as a t B a nd C F
( gi .

mou ld b y a b a n d s a w , t he n n o tched d o w n The c on stru cti o n o f a s ec o n d a ry rib

on t he rib s so t h a t they a l l p ro j ec t u p the is s h o w n by F i g 9 3 5. .

.
 JO R
’
I N E S RO D S .

In t ro d u c t i o n .
—A ro d w ide bei
s an t
n
g m a de
ds i n the b r ickw
in t he o r k t o r eceive sa m e
r el a ti o n t o a c r a fts ma n a s a s c a led d ra wi n g it The li n es meet a t A A The t wo . .

d o es t o a de si gn e r In most sh o p s the w o rk p ost s B B a re n ext filled i n the o u ts ide o f

.
,

is d o n e by a s ette r o u t wh o ma kes hi s the fra me s bei n g ma rked o ff i i n le ss th a n

-
, .

d ra wi ng s fro m full si zed deta ils p r ep a r ed the o peni n g which s a ve s s cribin g a s the
-
, ,

by the a rch itect The most c on veni ent s i ze b rickw o rk i s a lw a ys mo re o r le ss ro u g h

. .

o f ro d fo r g e n e ra l u s e i s a b ou t 1 0 ft by F i g 93 8 sh o w s a mo u ld o f a w o o d j a mb o r . .

1 1 i n by g in b u t a va ried st o ck sh o u ld be
. .
,
p o s t u s ed i n F i g 93 6 If severa l p a ttern s o f . .

ke p t R ods sh ou ld be o f p i n e free fr o m mo u ld s a r e kept i n s to ck mu ch ti me will be

.
, ,

s h a ke s a n d l oo s e k n o t s P i n e is ch o s e n o n s a ved i n s etti n g o u t
. A s p a ce o f 2 ft 6 i n . . .

a cc ou nt o f i t s so ftn e ss a n d eve nn e ss o f g ra i n i s r equ i r ed i n the cle a r o f the fra me the , ,

which e na bles li n es o f equ a l firmn ess a nd p o s ts bei n g 2 3} i n whe n p l a n ed a nd a 3 i n ,

.
,
-
.

no t e a sily e ra s a ble t o be d ra wn The j a mb i s a llo wed fo r A li n e i s n ext d ra w n

, . .

b o a rd s sh o u ld be ni cely smo o thed white n ed j o i ni n g the r eb a te a t e a ch e nd a s sh o w n

, , ,

o ve r a n d ru bbed with fi n e l ss p e r to the thick n e ss o f the d o r a n d a depth o f

g a a p o -
,

ro d u ce a n eve n S u r fa ce The ed e ld i
p g s sh ou 2 n bei. n
g i n cl u ded The s p a ce betwee n . .

b e kept s qu a r e F o r ma ki ng d ra wi n g s o n
. the t w o j a mb s i s di vided i nto five equ a l
t h e r o ds s qu a re s with 6 i n
, 1 2 in a nd p a r t s the t w o -
o u te
. r b
,
o a r d s which fit i n to
-
.
, ,

3 6 i n bl a de s a t ra mmel di vide rs pen cil

-
.
, the r eb a tes bei ng , i n wide r th a n the
, .

c o mp a ss es a nd a fi v e fo o t ru le will be o the rs s o th a t they s h o w equ a l o n the fa ce

,
-
. , .

fo u n d mo st u s efu l On e a ch side o f t h e to ng u ed ed g e a t the

b o a rdi n g j o i n ts a to n g u e a nd be a d is filled
Ro d s f o r L e d g e d a n d B e a d e d D o o r in The p ro j ecti o n ma rked C ( F i g 93 6) re .

F ra m e
.

a nd
p r e s e n t s t h e led e o n the b a ck
g
.
f o r m i n g a ,

F i g 93 6 R o d 1 ( s c a le
.
, in t o 1 r a il t o which the b o a r d s a re fix ed : . It i s
s h o w s the
p l a n o f a led g ed a n d be a ded d o o r ma de 1 3 i n thick with a i n ch a mfe r , .
,
-
. .

i n a 4% i n by 3 in r eb a ted a n d be a ded
-
.
-
Whe re p o ssible a n eleva ti o n i s d ra w n a t o n e
.
,

f ra me fixed in a 4% in w a ll ( F i g 93 7 e n d o f the pl a n ro d a s sh o wn a t F i g 93 6
,
-
. . .
, .

s h o w s a s ecti o n o f the d oo r a n d fra me a n d

( e nl a rg ed a t F i g fo r g e n e ra l g u id a n ce , . .

will be r eferred t o l a ter ) This kind o f d oo r The ro d i s tu rn ed o ve r a n d the h ei g ht d ra w n

.

i s g ene ra lly us ed fo r o u th o u s es Fi rst l a y i n s e c ti o n ( s e e F i g P a ra llel li n e s 44 i n

. .

the rod o n the bench a n d dra w a li n e p a ra llel a p a rt a re d ra wn a s befor e A A is s qu a red .

t o t h e f ro nt a b o u t 1 i n fr o m the ed e whi ch a c r o ss a n d the he a d fil led i n with the mo u ld

g .
, ,

will r ep res ent the fa ce o f the w a ll At a sh o wn i n F i g 93 8 Fro m A A s e t d o w n . . .

di s ta nce o f 44in fro m it d ra w a p a ra llel li n e 6 ft 9 i n the hei g ht r equi red whi ch g ives a
.
. .
, ,

t o r e p re s e nt the thickn e ss o f the w a ll As 6 ft 6é i n d oo r The led g e s o r ra il s a re .

-
.
-
. .

p l a s te r i s n o t requ i red the fra m ew o rk will filled in a s sh o wn the middle o n e bei n g 3 ft

, , .

be o f the sa me thick ness a n o p eni n g 3 ft f ro m the b o tto m the l o wer o ne 1 ft fro m

, .
, .

1 3
2 90 C ARP ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

the b o tto m a nd the t o p

, o ne 9 in d o w n t o
.

the u nde r side The t o p . ra il i s 44 i n wide .

F ig . 93 8 — M oul d of J a mb u se d in F i g . 93 6 .

a nd ch a mfer ed on the top a nd b o tt o m

ed g es the l o wer
, _ on s e 7 in .

Ro d s fo r F o u r = p a n e ll e d
. M o u ld e d a nd

S q u a re Do or a nd F ra m e .

R od 2 F
( gi .
3 940) ) ( c
s a le : in . to 1 it .

r ep r es en ts the pla n o f a four p a n elled -

mo ul ded a nd s qu a r e d o o r ( th a t i s with a ,

mould o n o n e s ide o nly ) h a vi n g d o u ble ,

r eb a ted c a s i n g s s e t in l a 9 i n b rick wa ll
,
-
.

F ig . 93 9 .
—
E l e v a t i on of Le d g e d Door .

whi ch i s pl a s ter ed on b o th side s : ( F i g 94 1 .

i s the hei g ht ro d s h o wi n g s e c t l o n o f the

2 92 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

s i mila r t o lt h a t s h o w n a t F i g 943 a n d ma rk .
,
on the ro d a s b efo r e le a vi n g 4 i n o ve r the , .

i t s o u tli n e o n the r o d a t e a ch s ide i n the qu i rk o f the be a d ( s e e L F i g D ra w a , .

'

p o s iti o n i n dic a ted by J Fill i n t h e mu nt i n .

'
li n e p a ra llel t o the b a ck o f the fra me ( the
i n the ce n t re o f the sa me width with a p a n el ,
i nside ed g e ) a n d o n e t o meet the reb a te fo r
,

1 04 i n by e g i n si g ht s i z e
. D ra w the t w o .
, . the d o o r Fill i n the stile s a nd the mu n ti n
.
.

p a r a llel li n es K K rep res e nti n g t h e p a n el s ,

with the s a m e mo u ld a s befo r e the p a n els ,

the mo u ldi n g o n the fa ce o f t he l a tte r bei n g bei n g b e a d fl ush — th a t i s be a d ed a l l ro und , ,

filled i n with the mou ld sh o w n i n F i g 944 . . a n d level w ith the f a ce o f the d o o r Fill .

An elev a ti o n is g ive n a t the e n d o f the ro d . i n with the mou ld S h o w n i n F ig 949 a .

,

( se e F i g 940 a nd e nl a rg e men t a t F ig
.
, . to n g u e a nd be a d bei n g fo rmed S qu a re .

T u rn o ve r the ro d a n d fill in the hei g ht a s ,

a c ro ss f ro m the g ro o ve o n the i n s i d e ed g e

at F i g 94 1 fo llo wi n g the sa me ru les a s

.
,

befo re The d o o r is s h o w n o n o n e side 6 ft

. .

8 i n hi g h with b o tto m a n d middle r a il s

.
,

e a ch 9 i n wide a n d a t o p ra il 44 i n wide
.
, . .

The di s ta n ce f l o m the t o p ed g e o f the

middle ra il t o the b o tto m o f the d o o r is 3 ft .

In the op p o s ite r eb a te the ra ils o f the skeleto n

F ig . 94 3 . F ig . 94 4 .

F ig . 94 3 .
—
M ou 1 d of St il J
e (F ig .

F ig . 94 4 .
— M ou l d u se d in F ig . 94 0 .

fra me ma y be Sh o w n a s see n in lF i
g . 94 1 ,

o r left bl a nk if a s olid li ni n g is t o be
p ro vided .

R ods fo r z i a
in . D e a l D o o r, B e a d B u t t
a nd S q u a re .

On R o d 3, s h o w n by F i g 946 ( s c a le .

i t 1 se t ou t a 4é in by 3 i n
‘

n o
— E l e v a t i on ll l
- -

M ou d e d
. . .

F ig 94 5 of F ou r p a ne
-
ed
s o lid r eb a ted be a ded , a nd s ta ff be a ded
. .

-
,
D oor
fra me fi xed in a
.

1 4 i n w a ll
-
. The d o o r i s a .

2 i i n de a l o n e
-
.
,
be a d b u tt a n d s qu a re , a n d of the fra me t o meet a li n e 1 05 in fro m the .

i s p ro vided with a left h a n d mo r tice l o ck -

. fa ce o f the fra me Thi s will fo rm the fa ce .

F
( g i 94 .7 s h o w s the hei g ht r o d g ivi n g S ecti o n , o f the li ni n
g The thick n ess i s g ive n by
.

o f d o o r a n d f ra me ) The fra me h a s 1 i n .
-
. s etti n g b a ck 1 i n a n d s qu a ri n g a c r o s s a s
.
,

s ide li ni n g s a nd s o ffi t w ith S p l a yed g ro u n d s , , befo r e The pl a n will be c o mpleted when

.

a n d mo u lded a r chit ra ve s o n the i n s ide The the 2 in s pl a yed g ro u n d a n d mo ul ded a r chi

’

-
. .

to t a l width o f the fra me a nd li nin g s i s 1 01 »

tra ve h a ve bee n filled i n a nd a s ketc h
'
,
.

l n bei n g a 44 l n b rick r eve a l

.
, The r eve a l
4 -
. . eleva ti o n ha s been d ra w n a s befo re ( s e e
i s s h o w n by t w o s q u a r e li n e s 3 ft a p a r t . ,
Fi g s 946 a nd
. On the o the r s ide o f
a n d 1 in f ro m the ed e o f the ro d A t e a ch the ro d s e t o u t the hei g ht with ra ils o f
g . .
,

e nd d ra w a p a ra llel li n e 3 i n l o n g t o f o rm a . the sa me de p th a n d c o mp lete the r o d by

,

r eb a te fo r the de a l f ra me which i s 3 i n ,
. filli n g i n the he a d a n d so ffit li ni n g the ,

thick Ma rk the mo u ld s h o wn i n F i g 948

. .
g ro u nd a n d the a r chitra ve .
JOINER S RO D S . 2 93

Ro d s fo r B o xe d S a s h F r a m e .

is
’
It de si ra ble th a t not on ly the j o in e r s
w o rk s h a ll be sh o wn on the ro d b u t the ,

F ig . 94 8 . Fi g . 94 9 .

M ou ld of F r am e use d M ou d l of P a ne l u se d

i n Fi g . 94 6. in F i g . 94 6 .

F ig . 95 0 .
—E le va t i on of F ou r p ane
-
ll ed D oor .

b rickw o rk i n whi ch it is pl a ced a nd the ,

m etho d o f o bta i ni n g the i n teri o r finishin g s .

The setti n g ou t a ro d fo r a n o rdi na ry b o xed

s a s h fr a m e o f w hi ch F i 95 1 i l n t
, g s a p a a
.
,

the wi n dow b o a rd level a nd a ho ri zo nta l

-
,

s ecti o n th r o u g h the fra m e a n d b rickw o rk ,

will be fir s t c o n sider ed ( F i g 95 2 i s the . .

 2 94 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

v re tic a l s ecti o n o f the s a s h ) The fra me is 1 in fro m the edg e 3 ft 9 in l on g p a ra l l e

6 ft hi g h by 3 ft wide —th a t i s fro m i t h e
. . . .
, .

with it a n d fro m e a ch extr e mi ty s e t i n

'

. .
, b

t 0 p o f the s to n e s ill t o the s p ri n i n o f the 44 i n le a vi ng the 3 ft reve a l A A It is

g g -
. .
-

i mma te ri a l wh a t p o r ti on o f the b rick r eve a l

i s sh o w n the ro d bei ng t o o narro w t o S h o w
the us u a l 441 m a n in ch i s s u fli c i e nt fo r the
,

p u rp o se S qu a r e a cro ss fro m e a ch ex
.

t re mi t y a li n e i n l o n g a nd fr o m e a ch .
,

p oi n t o f the l a s t hn e s d ra w a n o ther p a ra ll el
to B B The s e li n e s r ep res en t the fa ce o f
.

the pl a ste r a nd a li n e 2 i n fr o m the lin e

, .

B B will g ive the thi ckn ess o f the pl a ster .

Thes e p art s fro m A t o B on e a ch s ide sh ou ld

, ,

be ma r ked with r e d c ra y on to in dic a te th a t

it is s o lid b rickw o rk blu e c ra yo n bein g p u t o n ,

F ig . 95 3 . E nl a r g e d
— S e ct i on t h r ou g h S d e i
B ox i ng s o f F r a me .

fo r the pl a s ter Next p ro ceed t o fill in the

.

f ra me a n d finishi n g s In this in sta n ce the .

s a she s a r e 2 in thi ck with 1 in o u te r a n d

. .

i nn er li ni n g s ma ki n g the to ta l thi c k ness

,

64 in a s sh o w n i n the enl a rg ed deta il ( F i g

. .

D ra w a h n e 6&i n fro m the fa ce hn e .

o t o r ep r e se n t the thi ckn e ss o f the fr a m e ;

a t a di st a n ce o f {5 i n from the s a me hne

"

d ra w a n o the r t o r e p res en t the thi ckn ess o f

the o u te r l inin g ; fill i n the hne s a t D D t o
fo rm the p u lley s tiles a n d d ra w the li n e E ,

i n fr o m the hn e D D fo r the thickn ess o f

.

t h e p u lley stile Fro m the i nn e r hn e o f the

.

fra me fil l in the i nside li ni n g in t hi c k fa t l .

ar ch a n d between the b rick r eve a ls whi ch

, ,
F F ; a l s o a d d t o n g u es t o t h e p ul ley stile s .

i s the g en e ra l meth o d fo r g ivi ng the s i ze s o f The width o f the i nn er a n d o u ter li ni n g s is

fr a mes T a ke a ro d 8 ft l on g a n d 1 2 i n
. . . the s a me bei n g i n the o u te r o n e p r o j ect
,
.
,

wide a n d p rep a r e it a s befo r e D ra w a h n e

, . i n g g i n t o fo rm the s t o p fo r the s a sh a n d
.
2 96 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

nu m be r o f the jo b o n the ro d a nd sketch in ,

s q u a re of the mo u ldi ng —i s the s a me in b o th
the eleva ti o n a s s h o w n a t F i g 95 9 Fi g s . . . li g hts : To o bta i n the exa ct p o s iti o ns o f the
95 1 a n d 95 2 a r e d ra w n t o a S c a le o f i i n t o centr e o r m eeti n tile s fi t fil l i n t h e
.
g s ,
rs
1 ft F i g 95 9 t o a s c a le o f 11; i n t o 1 ft
.
,
.
9 . .
,

F i g 95 4 h a lf fu ll s i z e a n d the r e ma i ni n g
.
,

fi gu r e s o n e thi rd f ull s i z e -
.

Ro d s f o r S o l i d C a s e m e n t F r a m e .

Fi g s 960 t o 9 62 S h o w a pl a n s ecti o n a n d
.
, ,

eleva ti o n o f a so lid ca s e men t fra me T a ke .

a ro d o f the sa me S i z e a s the l a st a n d s e t

F ig . 95 9 .
— E l e va t i on of S a sh F r ame .

ou t the pla n The fra me is

as a t F ig . 960 .

s e t i n a 9 in w a ll w ith -
. 6 in r eve a l a 3 ft -
.
-
. .

D ra w a h n e A o f a n y le ng th a n i n ch fro m
the ed g e o f the ro d a n d s qu a r e hn e s a cros s ,

a t B B 44 i n l o n g a n o the r li n e 0 bei n g d r a w n
.
,

p a ra llel with A a nd p ro j ectin g 3 2 in a t e a ch ‘

s ide b ey o n d the 3 ft 6 in r e ve a l The -

.
-
.

thi ckn ess o f the w a ll is g iven by dra wi n g a

lin e 9 in fro m the li n e A With the mo u ld
. .

s h o wn in F i g 9 63 fill i n the j a mb o f t h e
.
,

fra m e a t e a ch side p ro j ecti n g s in fro m ,

.

b rickw o rk a s sh o w n ( se e li n e D F i g ,
.

Fill in the s a sh stiles with the mo u ld S h o w n

i n F i g 95 5 ( p . a ll o wi n g s u fficie n t width
.

i n the m eeti n g s tile s t o fo rm the h o o k h a n g i n g s tile s a n d divide the Sp a ce i nto

j o i n t a n d S u flic i e nt width o n the o u te r s tile s
,
t w o equ a l p a r ts w o rki n g fr o m the cen tr e
,

t o fo rm the ci rc u l a r t o n g u e The s i g ht p o in t o u twa rd s fo r di sta n ce The meth o d

—
. .

i
S z e th a t is the cle a r s i z e between t h e
,
o f w o rki n g fro m a ce n tr e will be fo un d fa r
 JO INER S RO D S .
2 97

p refera ble t o a ny o the r a s it en a bles the , of it s e t u p 1 ft 5 4in t o the u n der s ide o f the
. .

wo rk t o be d o n e mo r e e xa ctly Afte r filli ng . hea d The he a d is filled i n with t h e mo u ld

.

in the s a s hes c o n ti nu e a l l li n e s a s s h o w n s h o wn in F i 9 67 W ith the l h

mou d s o n w
, ,
g . .

a n d fill i n the a r chit ra ve s with the mo u ld at Fi 9 6 4 fill the chit ve c ti i

g i n a r r a o n nu n
g
.

s ee n m F i
,

g 9 64 le a vi ng a p ro p e r ma rg in
.
, . a l l l i n es a s s h o w n The mo u ldi n g s o f the .

The b rickw o rk a nd p la s te r a r e filled i n fro m s a s h r a il s a r e filled i n with the mo u ld h w

S o n in
the mo u lding a s befo r e T u rn the r o d . F i g 95 5 ( p
.
the width s bein g th o s e u su a l
.

F ig . 9 65 — M ou l d for O a k S ill
us e d i n F ig . 9 61 .

F ig . 9 63 .
—M ou 1d for J a mb
use d i n F ig . 9 60 .

F ig . 962 — E l e va t i on of So d li
Ca s e me nt F r a me .

Fi g. 964 — M ou d l f or Ar c h t r a i v e F ig . 9 66 .
— M ou l d f or T r a n s om F ig . 9 67 — . M ou d for l He a d u se d

use d in F g s i . 9 60 a n d 9 61 . u se d in F ig . 9 61 . i n F ig . 9 61 .

ro u n d a nd s e t o u t
the s ecti o n sh o w n in F i g . as s h o wn A mo u ld fo r e a ch width S h o u ld
.

The d is t a n c e fro m the t o p o f the sto n e

'

961 .
'

b e kep t fo r g e n e ra l u s e Fi g s 960 a n d 961 . .

s ill t o t h e u n de r s ide o f the a r ch a t s ri n a r e d ra w n t o a s c a le o f 2 i n t o 1 ft F i g 962

p g . .
,
.

in g i s 6 ft Fro m the fro n t ed g e o f the ro d

.
,
t o a sc a le o f 4 i n t o 1 ft a n d the r e ma i ni n g
. .
,

s qu a r e a li n e a c r o ss t o r e r e s e n t t h e t 0 fi g u r es o n e thi rd fu ll si ze
p p
-
.

o f the s ill a n d a n o the r 6 ft fro m it fo r

Ro d s fo r S q u a r e B a y W i n d o w
, .

the s p rin gi n g Sh o w the r eve a l a s b efo r e

.
.

45 i n fro m t he fa ce o f the fr a m e t o t h e fa ce
. T a ke ft l o n g by 3 ft wide a nd
a ro d 8 . .
,

o f the w a ll With the mou ld s h o w n in F i g

. . s e t o u t a s qu a r e ba y wi n d o w with s o lid ,

9 65 fill i n the o a k s ill a n d fr o m t h e t o p o f ,

fra m e 6 ft by 2 ft The width r o d i s r e p r e
. .

t he l a tter s e t u p 4 ft t o the u n d e r s ide o f t h e s e n ted by F i g 968 a n d t h e hei g ht r o d by

.

t ra nso m Wi t h t h e mo u ld s h o w n by F i
.
,
.

g . F i g 9 69
. D ra w a li ne fo r the fa ce o f the
.

9 66 fill i n the t ra n s o m a n d fro m the t o p ,

w a ll ( s e e F i g a n d fro m it d r a w t w o
.

*
1 3
2 98 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

li n e s 6 ft p a rt a n d e a ch 2 ft l o n g J o i n
. a . . a ngle p o s ts a nd t h e mu lli o n s bei n g 1 ft 7 in
. .

t he t w o p o i n t s fo rmi n g the o u t s ide o f the Ma rk o n the secti o n o f the mu lli o n with the
fill i n the a n gle p osts with the mo u ld mo u ld s h o w n i n F i g 972 the h o ll o w s i n the
.
,

s een in F i g . with the mou ld S een

9 70, a nd r eb a ti n g bei n g fi lled i n a s r equi r ed With
.

in F i g 9 71
. fill in the w a ll p o sts a s sh o wn . the mo u ld s een in F i g 95 5 ( p
. . fill i n
D ivide the di s t a n ce betwee n t h e a n g le p o s ts the s a sh stiles a n d c o n ti nu e a ll the li n es a s
,

i nt o th ree p a rts a llo wi n g 7 in fo r the thick

, . befo r e c a rryi ng the width o f the c a s e me nt
,

n e s s o f the mu lli o n s the di s t a n ce betwee n t h e

,
i nto the S p a ce a s s h o w n Fill in the s til e s
.
,
3 00 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

the p a ra llel li n e s a re ma de with the a id o f a

"

R O d S fo r C a n t e d B a y W i n d o w
s t ra i g hted g e a nd the pe rpe n dic u l a r wi t h a
.

Fi g s 976 a n d 977 rep re s en t e p ectively

. r s s e t s qu a r e
-
If t h e b a y wi n d o w i s re qu i r ed
.

the width ro d a n d hei g ht ro d fo r a c a n ted t o be ma de i n w oo d with o u t s t o n e mu lli o n s ,

F ig . 9 78 —
. l
M ou d
f or H orn u se d

bay wi n d o w S e t i n s to n e mu lli o n s a n d j a mb s
. etc t h e w o rk i s si mi l a rl y s e t o u t b u t t h e
.
, ,

Thes e a r e s e t o u t i n t h e s a me ma nn e r a s b o xi n g s fo r the wei g ht s a r e kept a s s ma ll a s

t h e f r a me de s c ri b ed o n R o d 1 ( Fi g s 93 6 a n d
. p o ssible a n d t h e o u te r li ni n g s mit red at
,

93 7 p , . excep t th a t a t the side s o r c a nts t h e a n g les a mo u ldi n g bei ng g e n e ra lly i n tro

,
 JOIN E R S ’
RO D S . 3 01

F ig . 9 79 — . Jio ne r s
’
R od s for S y g h t k li .

F ig . 98 0 .
— S e c t ion t h r ou g h S d e i of k li
S y g ht .

F ig . 98 1 .
—
Tr a ns v e r se S e ct i on k li
t h r ou g h S y g h t , etc .

F ig . 98 2 .
— L ong i t u d ina l S e ct i on k li
t h r ou g h S y g h t .
3 02 C AR P EN T R Y AN D J OINERY .

duc e d to fo rm a ma rg i n ro u nd e a ch fra me . s h a pe a nd
fixed o n the o u ts ide 4 i n b o a rd -
.

F i g 978
. s h o w s the mo u ld fo r the h o rn o r i n g o n the i n s ide fin i s hi ng flu s h with the fa ce
p ro j ecti ng e nd o f the u ppe r sa sh a t the o f the a p ro n h n i n n d the e n d s b u tti n g o n
g a ,

meeti n g ra il Al l the o the r mo u ld s fo r thi s

. the t o p ed g e o f the l a tter li n i n g Ge t a .

r o d c a n b e ma de by mo difyi n g th o s e p r e v i r o d 8 ft l o n
g
. b y 3 ft wide f r o m t h e ed
.
g e
o u sl y desc ribed Fi g s 976 a n d 9 77 a re. . d ra w a p a ra llel li n e 1 in fr o m it ; s e t u p a .

d ra w n t o a sc a le o f 2 i n t o the fo o t a n d .
, pe rp en dicu l a r fo r the cen tr e lin e the ro u g h ,

F i g 9 78 i s o n e thi rd fu ll s i z e
.
-
. c u rb bei n g 4 ft i n the cle a r ; me a s u r e o ff
.

2 ft o n e a ch s ide fro m the ce n tr e li n e a n d

.
,
Ro d s fo r S k y l i g h t .

se t up l i n e s 1 1 4 in hi gh r ep re s e nti n g .
,

To s e t o u t the s ky li g ht s h o w n i n Fi g s : tri mme rs a n d pl a s te r N o w d ra w a li n e .

979 t o 98 2 it will b e fi rs t n ece ss a r y t o s e t

j
o u t F i g 98 1 , which , bei n g t h e s e c t i o n , sh o w s
.

F ig .
—
De t a il at Ap e x of k li
S y g ht , i
s h ow n g

R dg e R o i ll .

a ll fi n i s hi n g s The c u rb fo rms the tri mme r

.

j o i s ts o f the fla t The t w o l o n g s ide s a r e

. F ig . 984 .
—S e c t i on t h r ou g h Cu rb of k li
S y g ht ,

s p l a yed t o the pitch o f the ro o f o r li g ht The .

s h ow n g i Ap ron L i ni ng a nd M ou l id ng .

r o u h c u rb i s 6 ft by 4 ft i n cle a r the r o o f
g . .
,

ri s i n
g 1 ft 6 i n
.
; the a p r o n li n i
. n g which p a ra llel with the firs t meeti n g a t the t w o ,

c o ve rs the r o u g h c u rb i s o f l i n s tu ff be a ded o i n ts A A ( F i g The l a tte r li n e will

p
-
. .

o n t he b o tt o m ed g e a n d g ro o ved fo r the be the level o f the u p per edg e o f t h e c u rb .

p l a s te r ed ceili n
g o n the b a ck s ide the F ro m the p o i n t o f i n te rs ecti on o f the l a tte r
mo u ldi n g ru n n i n g ro u n d a l o n g the t o p o f the li n e with the ce nt r e a t B s e t u p 1 ft 6 i n ,
. .
,

a p ro n i s h o ll o w o n the t o p t o fo r m a c o n thi s bei n g the ri s e o f the ro o f o n the i n side

de n s a ti o n g u tte r The li g ht itself i s 2 i n . . f a ce o f the fra mi n g a t 0 N o w d ra w li n es .

t hick with s tiles t o p r a il s a n d b a rs mo u ld ed

, , ,
. c u tti n g o A o n e a ch side a ll owi n g the li ne s ,

The b o tto m r a il is left s qu a r e o n the t o p t o p ro j ect t o bey o n d A Me a s u r e o fi 2 in . .

ed g e a n d g ro o ved o n the u nde r side a t the

,
fro m thi s li n e a n d fill i n the thick n e ss o f
,

b o tto m t o fo r m a d rip fo r ra i nw a te r ; the the s kyli g ht Ad d a l s o the rid g e ro ll ( s e e

.

t o p fa il a n d r id g e ro ll a r e c o ve r ed with 5 l b -
. F ig . N o w fill i n h u e s r ep r e s e n t i n g
le a d d re s s ed s o a s t o c o ve r the p u tty i n t h e
,
the a p ro n li ni n g a t D S eve n ei g hths o f a n .
-

g ro o ve o f the t o p r a il The e n d s a re fo r m ed . i nch fro m the c u rb fo rm a 4 i n b e a d o n the ,

-
.

by fixi ng a fi llet o n the u p p e r ed g e o f the b o tt o m ed g e a s s h o w n The u p p e r ed g e .

c u rb a l so o n t h e u n der side o f the s tile s o f will be s p la y ed the s a me a s t h e c u rb ; fill

the li g ht 1 i n rou g h b o a rdi n g is c u t S p a nd ril
-
. i n the thick n e ss o f the c u rb 2 4 in f o rm a .
304 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

8 ft l o n g by 1 1 i n wide a nd p ro ceed w ith

. .
,
1 4 in ll o wi n g 4 i n o n e a ch fa ce fo r the
.
, a .

the s etti n g o u t sh o w n a t Fi g s 98 7 a n d 98 8
. . pl a s te r A A The b rickw o rk o n the ri g ht
.

The c u p b o a rd fro n t will b e 7 ft hi g h fro m

.
h a n d s ide is p a rt o f the s ide w a ll o f the
ro o m while t h a t o n the left h a n d i s p a r t
,

o f the s ide o f t h e chi mn ey b r e a s t which i s

,

F ig .
— De t a il of C orn i ce of R e c e s s Cu p b oa r d .

F ig . 990 — E e . l v ti
a on of R e c e s s Cu p b o ar d F r ont .

F ig . 99 1 . D e t a il
— of An g l e St il e t o Ch im
ne y

B re a st .

9 in deep Fill i n a li n e 4 in fro m the

. . .

the flo o r le v el t o the t o p o f the c o rnice ,

chi mn ey b r e a s t t o r ep r es e n t t h e fa ce o f the
4 ft 1 4i n wide betwee n the b rickw o rk o f the
. .
p l a s te r a t B Next d r a w a li n e
p
. a r a llel with

r ec e ss a nd 9 in
,
. dee p between t h e fa ce s o f t h e ed g e o f the ro d a n d 4 i n fr o m the fa ce ,
.

the b rickw o rk r eve a l B e g i n a s befo r e with

. o f the p l a s te r B t o r ep r e se n t the fa ce o f the
,

the ro d by s etti n g o u t the b rickw o rk 4 ft . c u pb o a rd fra mi n g 0 D ra w a p a ra llel li n e .

 JOIN E R S ’
RO D S .

1 4 in . fro m the l a s t ,

t o r ep r es en t 1 4 i n .

fro n t fin i shin g t h e
,

lin e o n ri g ht h a n d -

s ide at t h e b rick
w o rk a n d o n t h e
,

left h a n d s ide a t the

-

fa ce o f the p l a s te r .

Fill in the s t ile a n d

a n g le be a d D with t h e

mo ul d S een a t F i g .

99 1 . The s tiles mu s t
be s e t o u t t o the
fig ur ed di m en si o n s .

The d o o rs a re hu n g
fo ldin g in t w o width s ,

the centr e o f t h e
r eb a te bei n g e ui di s
q
ta n t fr o m t he ou t e r ‘

ha n g in g s tile s .

S qu a r e a c ro s s the
s i ht
g li n e s o f the
fra mi n g fro m the
ed g e o f the ro d a n d ,

fil l in the p a n e l sf4 in .

thick a n d 4 in fr o m .

t h e fa ce o f the d o o r
fr a mi n g If mo ul di n g
.

'
is r equ i r ed t h e p a n e l
,

will n eed t o be s e t
b a c k a cc o rdin g ly .

T u rn the ro d o ver ,

a nd se t ou t the
hei g ht a s sh o wn in
the s ec t i o n ( F ig .

Th e hei g ht bei n g 7f t .
,

s qu a r e a h n e a c r oss
t h e ro d a t e a ch e n d
t o r ep r es en t it a n d ,

dra w the fa ce a n d
t hick nes s h n e s p a ra l
lel a s befo r e Wo rk .

in g fr o m the di me n
si ons ive n n t h
g o e
w idth ro d ( F i g .

the hei g ht fro m the '

flo o r t o the t o p o f
the l o wer do ors will
b e 2 ft 9 i n . these
.
,

b ei n g su r moun ted by
a 3 in
-
di vi di n g ra il
. .

Fill i n the be a ds o n
’I
the edg es o f the
3 06 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

h o ri zont a l ra ils a nd p ro j ect the t o p o f the

, d rive n i nt o the j o i n ts o f the b rickw o rk ;
c u pb o a rd su fli c i e nt l y t o ta ke the mo ul di n g When fi xed th e y fo rm a st o p for the d o o rs
sh o w n a t F i g 989 which fo rms a c o rn ice
.
, ,
The left h a n d d o ors a re s e cu red by n ecked
-

a nd r etu rn s i n t o a n d s t o p s o n the fa ce o f the b o lts fixed o n the i nside a nd sh o t i nto the

F ig 998 — De t a il of F r ont
Li n e n
. .

Tr a y of P re ss .

F ig . 9 95 —
. Wid t h R od s h ow n g i S e ct i on a l Pl a n of L i ne n P re s s on

L i ne A A (F ig .

R0 0 2

F ig . 9 96 .
—
Wid t h R od s h ow ng i S e ct i on a l Pl a n of L i ne n Pr e s s on

Lin e B B ( F ig .

F i g 9 9 7 —De t a of M e e t il
il
. .

ing S t e s o f D o or s of
Li
ne n P re ss .

Ro b 2

F ig . 999 .
—
H e ig h t R od , s h ow ng i Ve rt i l
ca S e ct i on of Li ne nP r e s s on L ine C C ( F ig .

pl a ster a s seen a t F i g 990 o r o n the fa ce .

,
u pper fa ce the shelf Fi g s 98 7 a n d 988
of . .

o f the t o p r a il The shelve s a re c on v e ni

. a r e d ra w n t o a s c a le o f 4 i n t o the f o o t .
,

e ntly di sta n ced a p a rt a n d a re g en er a lly , F i g 990 t o a s c a le o f 4 i n t o the fo o t t h e r e

. .
,
.

fi xe d o n fil lets o r be a r e rs s ec u r ed t o pl u g s , ma i n i n g fi gu r es bei n g o n e thi rd full S i z e -

.
3 08 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY .

s ecti o n' h ow n a t F i g 999 D ivide u p the

, s . . d o o r the s qu a r e o n t h e u p p er ed g e o f the
,

s p a c e s a s fi g u r ed i n A deta il o f the d ra we r
. p li n th fo rmi n g a ma rg i n a lo n g the fro n t a n d
in secti o n i s g ive n a t F i g 1 000 ; a si mil a r
. en ds F i g 1 003 sh o ws t he fron t D a nd the
. .

det a il of the
t ra y i s sh ow n a t F ig 998 a . e nd E o f a tra y d o tted hn e s r ep re senti ng the
,

deta il o f t h e c o rn ice a t F i
g 1 00
. 1 ; a n d the do veta ils The t o p ed g e o f th e ri m i s
.

plin th at F i
g 1 0 0 2 . It
. w ill be n o ticed th a t mitr ed a t the a n g les a n d t h e, ha rdw o o d
,

t h e fgb o t t o m p ro j ects su fficie n tly fr o m the ru nn e r F i s d o veta iled i n t o t h e e nd G a n d

fa ce o f the e n d s t o t a ke the thickn e ss o f t h c s t o pped 2 i n fr o m the fa ce ed g e o f the e n d

.
JOINER S ’
RO D S . 3 09
31 0 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINE RY .

of the c a rc a s e Fi g s 992 t o 996 a n d F i g

. . . a nd e a ch c o mp a rtmen t is 2 ft 1 04 in in the . .
q

999 a re d ra w n t o a sc a le o f 4 in t o the fo o t cle a r wi t h 1 4 i n e nds a nd di vi si on sta n d a rds

‘
‘
~
.
g , .
,

the re ma i ni n g fi g ur e s a re o n e thi rd full -

which s ta nd flu sh with the fa ce o f d o o rs
S i ze .

F ig . 1 00 9 .
— De t a il of P o rt a b l e Cu p b o a r d at

( F ig .

F ig . 1 01 1 .
— De t a il of P ort a b l e Cu p b oa r d at B

R o d s fo r P o r t a b l e Cu p b o a rd .
( fi
F i 1 0 08 )

Fi g s 1 004 a n d 1 005 S h o w a p o rta ble

. c up i n e a ch c a s e The width fro m b a c k t o fro n t
.

b o a rd a d a pted fo r g l a ss a n d chin a . Tw o o f the l o w e r p a r t , excl us ive o f the p ro ecti o n j

hei g hts a re g iven fo r thi s c u pb oa rd ,
bu t o f t h e t 0 , i s 2 ft
,

p the u ppe r o n e i s 1.3 i n .

F ig . 1 01 0 — De t a . il of P ort a b l e Cu p b o a r d at D ( F ig .

e a ch i s c o mplete in its elf a n d e a ch i s divided ,

The hei g ht fr o m flo o r level t o the t 0 p o f the
i n to th re e c o mp a rtmen ts with fo ldi n g d o o rs , l o we r p a rt is 2 ft 1 0 i n t h e u p pe r p a rt
. .

t o the u ppe r p a rh a n d sli di ng d oo rs t o the fr o m t o p t o t op 4 ft 2 i n ma ki n g in a l l 7 ft

,
. .
, .

l o we r The b a ck o f the cu pb o a rd i s c o m
. The shelves a re di vide d equa lly 94 in a n d , .

p o sed o f i in V j o i nted ma tchi n g in na rro w

-
.
-
"

1 1 4 i n re sp ectively
. P r ep a r e mou ld s fo r .

widths the t o p b o tt o m a nd e nds bei n g

, , ,
e a ch s ep a ra te p a rt t o deta ils a n d r eta i n fo r ,

r eb a ted t o r e ceive it The en ds o f the l o we r . fu tu r e u s e T a ke a ro d 2 ft 4 i n wide a n d

. . .

c u pb o a rd a re p a n elled tho s e o f the u ppe r 1 0 ft l o n g a n d se t o u t the pla n o f t h e u ppe r

.
,

o n e a re s o lid : The extre me w idth o f the a n d l o we r c u pb o a rds a s i n Fi s 1 00 6 a n d

g .

c u pb o a rd i s 9 ft exclu sive o f the p ro j ecti o n

.
, , 1 007 o n e o n e a ch s ide
, B e g i n by dra wi n g .
 D O O RS AN D DOO R F RAM E S .

Va r i e t i e s of C o m m o n D o o rs ’
.
fo r d oo rs a re g i ven in the s ecti o n o n j o i n e rs
CO M M O N d o o rs a re c o ns tru cted in a nu mber r o d s ( se e
_
pp 2 8 9 t o . a nd the s e i n

o f st le s The p ri n cip a l th r ee a r e the fo l s t ru c t i o n s will fo rm a b as i s f ro m w hi ch t o

y .

l o wi n g which a re p res en ted in the o rde r o f

,
p r ep a r e ro ds fo r a ny o f the d oo rs here me n
thei r c o s t a nd str en g th : the led g ed d o o r t io n e d .

P ig . 1 01 5 . P ig . 1 01 6 . F ig . 1 01 7 . F ig . 1 01 8 . F ig . 1 01 9 . F ig . 1 02 0 .

F ig . 1 01 5 .
—B a c k of Le d g e d D o or . F ig . 1 01 6 .
— Ba c k E dg e of Le dg e d D oor . F ig 1 01 7 — F r ont
— F r o nt
. .

of Le dg e d D oor . F ig . 1 01 8 . E dg e of Le d g e d Door . F ig . 1 01 9 .
— Ba ck of L e dg e d
a nd B r a c e d D oor . P ig . 1 02 0 .
— S e c t i on of Le dg e d an d Br a c e d Door .

Fi
( g s 1 0.1 5 t o 1 0 1 8 ) the led g ed a n d b ra ced
Le dg e d D o o rs a nd F ra m e
d o o r ( Fi g s 1 01 9 t o 1 02 2 ) a nd the fra med a nd
.
.

b ra ced n a rro w b a tten d o o r ( Fi g s 1 02 3 t o . The c o nstru cti o n o f o n e o f the si mple s t

With r eg a rd t o the setti n g o u t o f a n d c o mmo n e s t fo r m s o f led ed d o o r a n d
g
thes e i nstru cti o ns o n p rep a ri ng j o in e rs ro d s fra me i s illu st ra ted by i n side a n d o u t side
’
,
 D OOR S AN D D O OR FRA M E S .

1 02 2 . F ig . 1 02 3 . F ig . 1 02 4 . F ig . 1 02 5 . F ig . 1 02 6 .

Fig . 1 02 1 — F r ont o f F r a me d an d B r a c e d Door

. . F ig . 1 02 2 .
—S e c t i on t h rou g h S t il e f
a

fF i g . 1 02 3 — B a c
. k
of Le d g e d a nd B r a c e d D oor . F ig . 1 02 4 .
— V e rt ic a l i th
S e ct on r ou g h D oor . F ig . 1 02 5 .
—
F r ont of

Le d g e d a nd B r a c e d Door . Fi g . 1 02 6 — E l v t i
. e a on of Shu t t i ng Edg e .

eleva ti on s ed g e V iew a t Fi g s 1 02 7 t o
a nd .

1 02 9 The fra m e i s qui te s qu a r e with ou t a n y

.

be a d s a nd st op s the d o or o verha n g in g a n d
,

s hu t t i ng a g a i n s t t h e o u ter fa ce s o f t h e j a mb s .

Onl y a few chief p o int s in the p r ep ari n g ,

ma king a n d fixi n g o f t h e fra me will here

,

be expla i n ed beca u s e the g en era l pro ce ss e s

,

in vo lved i n the ma kin g a re s o mewha t

s i mil a r a l t h ou h
, g pe rha p s n ot r equi ri n g

the same degr ee o f a ccu ra cy a s fo r mo r e i m

rt a n t d a nd fra me s The le a di n g
p o o or s .

o p e ra ti o n s i n the ma k in g o f t he s e will be

de s cribe d fu lly in t h e exa mple s tha t will

fo llo w The hea d a n d j a mb s o f the fr
.

a re g e n e r a lly m a de o f s c a n tli n g 3 i n by .

2 i n o r mo r e
. T hi s sho u ld be of g oo d re d
.

dea l for ext ern a l w o rk a nd when t her e i s a ,

w o o d sill it shoul d be o f E n g li sh o a k The .

thr ee o r four p iece s c omp o sin g the fra me

pla n ed u p t h e j a mbs o r p o st s a re t h e n se t
,

out fro m the rod ma rki ng the sh ou lders

a n d te n o n s a t t h e t o n d n d c ibe li n e Pi g } 1 02 7 F ig 1 02 8 F ig 1 02 9
p e a a s r ,
. . . . . .

i s d ra wn a t t h e b o t t o m fo r fit ti n g t o the F ig . 1 02 7 . E xt e rn a l
— E l v ti
e a on of Le dg e d Do or a nd
s t o n e sill o r if the sill i s o f w o o d t h e p o s t s F r a me . F ig . 1 02 8 .
—Ve rt i c a l S e ct i on. F ig .

a re ma rked fo r ten o n s The he a d i s se t . 1 02 9 .

— In s i d e E l v ti
e a on

14
31 4 C AR P ENTR Y A N D J OINERY .

out fo r l t mortice the

ei t he r a cl o s e or a s o s ide of
the h o le o f the cheek a nd o n a li n e 1 “
'

la tte r i s t h e o ne s h o w n in thi s exa mple a bo u t 4 5 de g ree s fro m the ce ntre T hi s .

“

F
( ig . As the r e a r e n o s t o p s o r be a d s ma rk A s ho w s the ce ntr e fo r the hole t o b e
t o w o rk o n the fra me the s etti n g o u t i s ,
-
b o red i n the te n o n If the ho le s i n the
_ .
‘

cheeks a nd the te n o n a re b o red thu s the ,

p i n whe n ,d riven i n ten d s t o dra w t o g ethe r ,

the s ho u lders o f the j o i nt a n d a l so the si d e

o f the te n o n a a i n s t the e n d o f the mo rtice
g .

An o the r metho d l a r g ely a d o pte d b u t n o t ,

so g o o d i s t o c r a mp t he j o i n t s t o g ethe r ;
,

then a t o n e o pe ra ti o n b or e thro u g h cheeks

a n d te n o n a n d d rive i n the p r ep a r ed i n
, p .

In ve r y c o mmo n d o o r fra me s a c o u p le o f
3 i n o r 4 i n n a il s a r e d riven o bliqu ely
- -
.
-
.

in to the t op o f the fra me he a d the n a il s

‘

-
,

p a ssin g i nt o the ten o n a nd s ho u lde rs .

U su a lly a piece o f w o o d i s n a iled a c r os s the

lo wer p a r t o f the j a mb s s o a s t o keep the m
p a ra llel u n til the fra me i s fixed a cross in i t s
p l a c e B ef o r e .bei n g p u t t o g ethe r the p a r t s ,

F ig . 1 03 0 .
—S l ot M o rt i c e a nd T e n on Ji
o nt b e t we e n
He a d a nd J a mb .

ve ry si mple Afte r the j a mb s a re ma de a n d

‘

fi tted they sh o u ld be dra w b o r ed fo r d ra w

,
-

pi nni n g the p ro ce ss i s o fte n termed d ra w

b o ri n g Thi s i s d o n e by b o ri n g thro u g h the
.
F ig . 1 03 2 . De t a il
— of H ook a nd Pl a t e H i ng e .

cheek s o f the mo rtice a s i n dic a ted a t F i g

—
.

1 03 1 u si n
g a i n o r g i n a u g e r The -

f the j o i nt s e n e lly p i te d w hi ch
o
g ra a n a re
. . .
,
, ,

s h o u lde r s o f the j o i n t a r e the n p u t t o g ethe r , fo r exp o su re t o the we a th e r is c o n side red ,

mo r e du ra ble tha n g lu i ng .

F i xi n g t he D o o r F ra m e

Thi s cla ss o f d o o r fra me i s la rg ely u se d

fo r o u tb u ildi n g s a nd when the s e a re b u il t ,

o f b rick o r s t o n e the fr a me i s u su a lly pl a ced ,

.

i n i t s p o s iti o n a n d held by o n e o r t w o r a ki n g
s tru t s so a s t o keep it pl u mb a n d fi rm u n til

the b rickw o rk o r ma so nry i s b u ilt a rou n d

it U s u a lly the he a d piece i s ma de t o p ro
“
-
.

few i n che s bey o n d the p o st s a s i n

j
'

e c t a ‘
,

d i c a t e d i n the illu st ra ti o n s The s e p ro j e c .

ti o n s a re c a lled ho rn s a n d a re u s e fu l

fo r b o n di n g i n t o the b rickw o rk W he n
—M e t h od i i i
.

F ig of B or f or Dr a w -p nn
. 1 03 1 . ng ng .

the re i s a w o o d sill it i s s i mi la rly s ha ped“ .

As the b rickw o rk i s b u ilt u p t w o o r t hr ee ,

a nd a ma r k i n g
( p icke r ) i s u s ed a wl
i n the or r w o o d b rick s a re b u ilt i n a s a j o i nt betwee n
h ole o f the cheek t o ma ke a ma rk i n the ten o n t w o c o u rs e s The s e w o o d b ricks ma y be
.

a s i n di c a ted a t A ( F i g whe r e it wil l e i s o f 3 i n by 4 i n by 6 i n o r 9

.
p c e . . .

be s ee n tha t t his m a rk a g a i nst t h e

_ _
.
o r p iece s a b o u t
. in thick 4 in wide a nd .
,
.
,
316 C AR P ENTRY 1

sp a ce the na il s i n di a g o n a l li n e s so a s n o t
to s lit eithe r b o a r di n r led e s A iece
p g o g p .

of w a ste w o o d i s pl a ced u nde r e a ch led g e

in tu rn du ri ng na ili ng Wro u g ht i ro n na il s
.
-

F ig . 1 03 6 .
— Joint b e t we e n S ill a nd P os t .

a re fte n u s ed su fficien tly lo n g t o p ro j ect

o

bey o nd the fa ce o f the l e d g e s a ft e r bein g f

p u n ched in fr o m the fa ce The p o in t s o f .

t he s e na il s pe n e t ra te i n t o t h e piece o f w a s te
w o o d so a s t o p r even t spli ttin g piece s ou t
o f the led g e s The d o o r i s a g a i n tu rn ed
.

F ig . 1 03 7
.
— J oi nt b e t we e n He a d a nd P ost .

o ve r a n d t h e p o i n t s o f the n a il s a r e ben t
,

o ve r by me a n s o f t h e n a il p u n ch a n d
h a mme r a n d i n t h e fo r m o f a h o o k
,
.

a r e the n d rive n sli g htly bel o w t h e su rfa

 D O OR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S .
31 7
;

P re p a r i n g t he Door F ra m e
s etti n g o u t fo r t he s ho u lder a s well a s the
ld be c o mp leted a s sho w n a t
.

g a u i
g gn s h o u

All t h e st u ff shou ld be c a re fully p la n ed u p F i g 1 04 1

. The r o d sho u ld be a p plied a n d
.

ou t o f wi n di n g a n d s qu a r e a nd t he o a k t h e fra me he a d se t o u t fo r mo r t i s i n
,
g as
sill i s s li g htly sp l a yed P la ce the t w o p o st s s h o w n a t Fi s 1 042 a n d 1 043 The forme r
.
g .
.

fa ce side s t o g e t he r a n d fa ce ed g e s ou t s ho w s the s e t ti n
g o u t o n the s o ffit o f the
w a rd s a s i n dic a ted a t F ig 1 040 Then
,
. .
he a d a nd the l a tte r t h e t o p side o f the he a d ,

F ig 1 04 0 — S e t t in g Ou t P o s t s for S h ou d e r s l F ig — M ort i c e
. . .
. 1 04 5 . and T e non
Ji o nt We d g e d .

F ig . 1 04 1 .
— S e t t i ng Ou t He a d f or M ort i ce s .

1 04 2 — S e t t ing Ou t on S ofii t F ig . 1 04 3 .
—S e t t in g Ou t on T op F ig . 1 04 6 .
— Dr a W -
i
b or ng M ort i ce

of He a d . of He a d .
a nd Te n on .

in whi ch a ll o w a n ce i s ma de f o r the n ece ssa ry

wed g i n g if t h e mortice s a re t o be clo s ed .

Next the mo rtice s a re ma de a nd the ten o n s

c ut The s hou lder mu st n o t be c u t u n t il
.

t h e be a di n g i s d o n e The b e a d s hou ld n o w
.

be w o r ked o n t h e inn er ed g e o f t h e p o st s
a nd the he a d The sho u lder s shou ld be
.

F ig 1 04 4 — M it e ring Be ad 4 the wi h a mit r e te mpl a te

. . .
A F
( gi 1 0 4
.
) n t
a nd chi s el fo rm the mitr e a s indi c a ted .

ap
p ly the ma r k o ff fo r t h e sh o u lder s
ro d a n d The be a d s a t the t o p o f the p os t sho u ld a l so
at to
p a n d b o t t o m; The s
p l a y fo r t h e s ill be mi tred a s sho wn a t B ( F i g The .

( F i g 1 03 6) mu st be a ll o wed fo r a s s ho w n
. j o i nt s sho u ld be fitt ed p a in ted cra mped t o , ,

ethe r a n d wed g ed a s s h o w n a t F i g 1 045

at A ( F ig . The i nn e r s ho u lder D g ,
. .

mu st be c a rried bey o n d t h e o u ter o n e C ,

If t h e j o i n t i s d ra w b o r ed a n d p inn ed the
-
,

s o a s t o a ll o w fo r t h e be a d o n t h e i nn e r ed e s
g ho le s sho u ld b e ma de o n t h e cheeks o f the
o f t h e fl a me ( Fi s
g 1 0 3 7 a nd . The mo rtice a s i ndic a ted by t h e cir cle 0 ( F i g .
31 8 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

t h e h o le i n the te n o n a s i ndi
a nd j o i ni n g the b ra ce s t o the led g e s i s sh ow n
c a t e d by t h e ci r cle D , p a r t ly sh o w n b y cle a rly a t F i g 1 03 9 Of c o u rs e the b ra ce s
. .
,

n a iled t o the b o a r d s Thi s d o o r i s

~

d o tted li n e It will be n o ticed t ha t the

. a re .

e n d o f the te n o n ( F i g 1 04 6) p ro j ect s sli g h t ly

. hu n g wi th c ro s s g a rn e t h in g e s a l so kn o w n
-

,
'

a n d i s a l s o ch a mfe r ed o ff Thi s a ll o w s the . a s T hi n g e s A ri m lo ck a nd sta ple a re

.

te n o n t o e nte r the mo rtice e a sily a n d the s ho w n Th e meth o d s o f fitti n g a n d fixi n g

'

.
,

r o j ecti o n a ll o w s a little ext r a s t r e n g t h b e t he s e will be expla i n ed in a su b s equ e n t

p
hi n d the p in The p ro j ec t i n g p a r t i s g e n e r
. exa mp le .

a lly s a w n o ff a t the t i me o f fixi n g

F ra m e d
.

a nd B ra c e d Door a nd
F o r m in g t he S t ops .
F ra m e .

The st o p s a r e p rep a r ed by f a ci n g u
p a The g e n e r a l det a il s o f a d o or a n d fr a m e
b o a rd sh o o ti n g the ed g e s e t tin g a e o f t hi s de s c ripti o n a r e s h o w n a t Fi s 1 0 4 9
, , g a u
g g .

t o 1 0 61 Al l the c hi ef me a s u r e me n t s a r e
.

fi g u r ed o n the illu stra ti o n s The chi ef .

p o i n t s t o n o tice i n
p r ep a ri n g the fr a m e a r e

t h a t i t i s r eb a t ed ou t o f the so lid a n d be a ded ,

i n side a n d o u t side thi s i n vo lvi n g mo r e c a r e

,

i n s etti n g ou t At A i n F i g 1 05 7 p a rt o f the
. .

ro d i s r ep r e s e n ted a n d a t B the t o p rt
, p a

o f a p o s t i s s h o w n r a i s ed a b o ve a n d the ,

r o j ect or s s h o w the r el a ti o n o f t h e r o d t o
p
F ig . 1 04 7 . P r e p ar ing
— B e a d e d S t op .
t h e s etti n g o u t o n the p o st It will be .

n o ticed th a t t h e s ho u lde r li n e s a r e n o t i n the

b r e a dth of the st o p a nd i s a m e p l a n e a n d e a ch i s ma r ked l o n e nou h

'

t o gt h e g a u g ng as
g g
—
, ,

sh o wn a t A ( F ig A .o r g in in .
-
. t o fit a g a i n st the qu i r k s o f the be a d s i n the
be a d i s n ext pl a n ed a l o n g the ed g e fo rmi n g ,
he a d s o f the fr a me F i g 1 05 8 s h o w s the . .

a s sho wn A sa w c u t i s n o w ma de j u st o u t
.
-
t o p p a rt o f the p o s t g a u g ed fo r the r eb a te ,

s ide the g a u g e li n e ( F i g t he n the . a n d with the te n o n c u t The depth o f the .

ed g e i s pl a n e d j u s t d o w n t o t h e li n e Any . r eb a te i s u su a lly in t o g i n The he a d . .

ro j ec t i o n left bey o n d the qui r k a s i n di s h o u ld n ext be s et o u t fr o m the ro d Thi s

p ,
.

c a t e d a t B ( F ig i s r e mo ved b y p l a ni n g
.
, i s s h o w n a t F i g 1 060 ; a a n d 6 i n dic a t i n g
.

a n d thu s t h e s t o p i s b ro u g h t t o t hi ck n e ss a s the mi tr e lin e s fo r the be a d s .

s h o w n a t F i g . 1 048 The st o p s a r e n ext

. .

mi t r ed a t e a ch c o rn er o f t h e he a d a s i n di Re b a t i n g t he F ra m e .

c a t e d a t 0 a nd D ( F i g Th e s e ma y .
The n ext o pera ti o n w o u ld be the r eb a ti n g ,

b e p a i n ted a t t h e b a ck a n d n a iled o n a t the w hi ch ma y be d o n e i n s eve ra l w a y s Only .

o n e will be expl a i n ed he r e a n d o the r me t h o d s ,

will be tre a ted o f i n o t her exa mple s With a

—
.

l h fitted wi t h a % in o r i n i r o n ma ke
p ou g
~

. .
,

a g r o o ve o n the fa ce o f t h e p o s t a s i n dic a ted ,

at A ( F ig . Next chi s el a w a y the

F ig . 1 04 3 — P r e p a r n g
. i B e a d e d S t op .
g r e a t e r p a rt o f the w a s te u s i n g a m a lle t ,

t he n t h e r eb a te m a y be fi ni s hed wi t h a r eb a t e
‘

b e n ch , j u s t t a cked o n te mp o ra rily a n d
or
p l a n e a n d a t r yi n
g a n d s m o o th i n
g pl a n e .

fin a lly fixed a t t h e ti me o f hi n g in g the d o o r . B u t a qu icke r a n d bette r r e su lt c a n be o h

The s e d o o r fr a m e s a re u su a lly b u ilt i n t h e t a i n e d by u si n g a p a n el p l a n e if o ne i s ,

w a ll s a s exp l a i n ed o n p 3 1 4 i n de s cribi n g . a v a il a ble th a n b y u si n g a r eb a te pl a n e a nd

,

t h e p r evi o u s exa mple The ma ki n g o f thi s . t ryi n g pla n e The be a d s s ho u ld n ext b e

.

do o r w o u ld be a s o m ewh a t s i mil a r p ro ce s s s t u ck . U su a l si z e s a r e for the i n side i i n ,

.

co ma ki n g the led g ed d o o r exce p t th a t ,

t o g in . fo r t h e o u t s ide in t o g in ,
. .

b ra ce s a re i n t r o d u ce d t o p r eve nt t h e d o o r In fit t i n g t h e te n o n i t will b e s een ( F i g

'
.

d ro p p i ng o u t o f s qu a r e The me t ho d o f . 1 05 6) th a t t hi s p r o j ect s b o t h i n t o the r eb a t e

3 20 OAR P E N TRY A

fitti ng wed g i n g u p fini shi ng etc bei ng

, , , .
,

c o mmo n t o ma n y exa mple s o f j o i n e rs w ork ’

,

will be fu lly tr e a ted i n the c a s e s which fo llo w .

F ig . 1 05 5 .
—
B ot t om of i
Door P o s t w t h M e t a l
Dow e l for F x i i ng t o S t one S ill .

F ig . 1 05 6 . Ji
-
o nt b e t w e e n P os t a nd He ad of

F r a me .

P ig . 1 05 7 .
— S h ow i n g T op of P o s t S e t Ou t f
ro m
R od .

H a n g ing a nd F a s t e n in g .

Thi s form of
d o o r w ou ld be hu n g with
4 in
-
. to 5 in w r ou g ht b u tt hi ng e s
-
.
,

t h e l o we r o n e bei ng fixed a b ou t 1 1 i n fr o m .
D O OR S AN D D O OR FRA M E S .
32 1
32 2 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

L a rg F ra m e d a nd B ra c e d
6 in by as in t o p r a il 6% in by 2 in
Door
. .
, .

e
b o t to m ra il l og in by 2 —
,
.
5 i n middle
. J a i l ,

The c o ns t ru cti o n o f a si n g le fra med a n d l og i n by 1 g i n

. b o a rdi n g 1 % in ; b ra ce s
.
, .
,

b ra ced d o o r s u ch a s is o ften us ed fo r s ta bles

, ,
a r chw a y e n t ra n ce s etc is s h o w n in Fi g s
, .
, .
6 i n by 1 % i n
. .The j o i n t s co nn ec t i ng the
s t ile s a n d ra il s a r e sh o w n by Fi g s 1 068 a n d
.

1 065 t o 1 0 67 .The fin ished di men si o n s a re : 1 0 69 .At t h e c o nn ecti on o f t h e m d d l e ra il

’

D o o r 8 ft hi g h a n d 6 ft wide ; s tile s
, . .
, a n d s tile ba r efa ced ten o n s a r e s h o w n The.
324 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O INERY .

the d o o rs The exteri o r a nd i n teri o r j a mb s

F ra m e l e s s S t a b le
.

D o o rs
h a ve rou n ded bul l n o sed b ricks t o p reven t
.
-
,

In ma ny c —
t y di t icts p a rtic u l a rly
oun r s r i nj u ry t o the h ors es p a s si n g in a nd ou t o f t h e
—
i n ce r ta i n p a r ts o f Sh ro p shi re w o o d fra me s d o o rw a y F i g 1 078 s h ow s t h e meth o d u s ed
. .

to t ble d o o rs a r e o ften di sp ens ed with

s a ,
fo r d o o r j a mb s wher e 9 in w a lls a r e er ec t ed -
.
,

it bei n g u rg ed a g a i ns t them th a t t hey a re

: t h e 1 4 in j a mb s bei n g f o rm ed a s a pier a n d
-
.
,

a p t t o bec o m e l o o s e a n d th a t r o t i s a p t t o
, t he n r edu ced t o the 9 i n The do ors sh ou ld .

i
'

F ig . 1 074 .
— In s i d e E lv i
e a t on of S t a b e l F ig . 1 075 .
— P ar t Ext e r or El e
Door s . v ti
a on s h o w ng i Ce n t r a l Pi er

w h e r e Do or s M e e t .

F ig . 1 0 76 .
—P l a n of P i e r, etc . F ig . 1 0 77 . E nla r g e d
— De t a il F ig . 1 0 78 .
—
H or i zont a l S e ct i on of

( F ig . P l an of H o ok S t on e . 1 4 in
-
. Br i k Pi
c er and J a mb .

set to w a rds the b o tto m when the fra me i s

in be o f g oo d s o u nd a n d d ry r e d dea l fra m ed , ,

let i n to the step Fi g s 1 071 t o 1 078 sho w

. . led g ed a n d b ra ced a s sh o w n The t w o
,
.

fra meless d o o rs F i g 1 071 bei n g the f ro n t

, . s t iles a n d the t o p ra il a r e o f e q u a l thick

eleva ti on o f a d o o r in t w o lea ves The . e

n ss — n a m ely 2 2} i n ; t h e o the r r a ils a n d
,
.

hi n g e h o o ks a n d l a tch h o o ks a re le a ded i n
- -
b ra ces a r e o nly 1 % i n a n d a re flu sh o n t h e .
,

t h e s to n e a nd b ui lt i n t h e b rick j a mb s a s r e a r side o f the fra mi n g a n d so a rra n g ed t h a t ,

the w o rk p ro ce e d s Fi g s 1 0 72 a nd 1 073
. . the g in s heetin g when n a iled t o t he m i s
-
.

sh o w the b rick j a mb s r eb a t ed t o r eceive fl u sh o n the fa ce side The u pp er end s a n d .

 D O OR S AN D D O OR FR AM E S . 3 25

ou s t ide ed g e o f t h e sheet in g a re t o n g u ed in to the s heeting The w ro u g ht i ro n s t ra p s a nd

.
-

ro o ve ru n n i n r o u n d t h e f r a mi n All la t che s s ho u ld be st ro n g a n d s ecu r ed wi t h

a
g g g.
,

j oi n t s in thes e d oo rs sh ou ld be p a in t e d a n d ,
b o lts a n d nu ts T a ke c a r e th a t t h e hi n g es
.

n o t g lu ed ; a n d t hi s r e m a r k a pp lies a l s o t o a n d h o o k s a r e so fi x ed t h a t t h e d o o rs will

a l l t h e ed g e s a n d t o n g u e s i n t h e j o i n ts o f o pen a n d lie b a ck a g a i n s t t h e fa ce o f t h e w a ll
'
.
3 26 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

L a rg e F ra m e d a nd B ra c e d S l id ing e n d s w o rk in l t
the i ro n b o xe s
s o s cut in .

F i g 1 08 5 s h o w s a s ecti o n a l view o f o n e o f
Door
.

the s e b o xe s a n d wheel s To fix the m .

,

S lidi n g
d o ors a nd g a te s o f thi s de s c ripti o n so cket s s h o u ld be c u t t o the de th o f a b o x
p
a re o fte n u s ed for c o a ch h ou s e s e ntra n ce s -
, fo u r st ou t s c r ew s will hol d e a ch in p o siti o n .

t o fa ct o r y y a rd s a nd S i mil a r p u rp o s e s
,
.

They ha ve n o fra me the o pe ni n g bei ng ,

P re p a rin g J o i n e rs ’
W ork p rinc ip a l ly
fo rmed by the b rickw o rk a n d a w o o de n by Ha nd .

lin tel which i s o ft e n fli t ched a s s ho w n

, The foll o wi n g p a rtic u la rs tre a t o f s o me
( F ig . The g e n era l c o n s tru c t i o n w o u ld o f t he mo s t u su a l metho d s a d o pted by
be si mi la r t o the la st exa mple ( F i g ‘
.
j o i n ers in the c u ttin g o u t pla ning u p s e t , ,

except a s wil l be no ticed the ra il s a re o f the

, , ti ng o u t a nd fini shi n g a t the ben ch d o o rs
, , ,

p a n elled fra mi ng a n d ben ch w ork g e n er ,

a lly After s etti n g o u t the ro d c a r e ful n o t e

.
,

F i g ; 1 0 8 5 — Con v tien o na l
Se ct i on a l Vi e w of B ox
a nd Wh e e l .

F ig . 1 08 4 .
— Ve rt i c a l
Se ct i th on r ou g h L ow e r
Ra il Wh l , ee a nd B ox .

F ig . 1 08 3 .
—Conve nt i ona l V i e w of Up p er Ra il ,

Wh e e l , a nd S t ra p ( F ig .
mu s t be ta ken the n u mber o f p i ece s
of

r equ i r ed t o g ethe r with their si z e s When

, .

sa me thi ckn e ss a s the s tile s a lth ou g h , so me dea li ng with a la rg e piece o f fra mi n g it is ,

ti me s the b o tt o m r a il ma y be thi nn er ,
so a s well t o w rite d o w n the s e p a rt ic u la rs Th .

to all o w the b o a rdi n g t o exte nd d o w n ; a l so s t u ff s h o u ld n ext be c a r e ful ly s elected a n d

the middle ra il ma y be tr e a ted in the sa me li n ed ou t fo r the va ri o u s piece s Alth o u g h .

wa y . To p r even t a n y ch a n ce o f ra cki n g ,
thi s ma y s ee m a si mple ma tter it o ften r e ,

fou r b ra ce s a re i ntro du ced The i mp o rt a n t . qu i r e s a g rea t de a l o f j u dg men t S o mu ch .

p a rt s t o n o tice a re T o fa cilita t e slidi n g a ,

i s thi s a fa ct tha t i n l a rg e s ho p s a le a di n g, ,

ra il s h o w n i n s ecti o n by F i
g 1 0 84 h a s s c r ew s . h a n d o r depu ty fo r e ma n i s a pp o i nted s peci
i ns erted a t i n ter va l s in the u n der side A . a lly fo r t hi s w or k a n a rra n g e me n t th a t i s
,

r o o ve i s c u t i n t the t n e fl t the u n d o u btedly a dva n t a eo u s t o the fi r m T h

g o s o o o r o g e .

s h a pe s h o w n the r a il i s the n l ced i n p i s t u ff s h o u ld n ext be c u t d o w n the ra i n with

, p a o s g
ti o n a n d mo lte n le a d i s ru n i n Refe r e n ce
, . a r ip s a w a n d a cr o s s the
, g ra i n with a p a n el
t o Fi g s 1 079 1 08 1 a n d 1 084 s ho w s th a t the o r h a n d sa w
—
. .
, ,

d o o r d o e s no t t ou ch the g ro u n d ; the refo r e t o T ry i n g U p Mo s t j o i n ers befo r e p u tt i n g

.
,

e n a ble the ra il t o t a ke so me o f the wei g ht a a pl a n e o n t i mbe r b ru s h the l a tte r with a ,

c ou p le o f g r o o ved wheel s a re fixed t o the little wi r e b ru sh kept o n the ben ch for t he

p urp os e Thi s r e mo ve s a l l the g rit fro m
'

d o o r the a xle s a re c a st o n the s olid a n d thei r

, ,
.
328 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

of the ra t hi s i s cle a rly sh ow n a t F ig

il s ; . then by u sin g the s qu a r e a n d ticki n g o ff o n
1 088 . T he mu nti n s c a n n o w be r e mo ved the b a ck a rri s a s i n dic a ted by the d o tted ,

l i n e s a n d a l s o ma r ki n g o ff a b ou t i in
'

, .

o r s in ( cc di the i e f h w k
a o r n
.
g t o s z o t e or )
for wed g i n g the b a ck ed g e s s ho u ld b e
,
'

ma r ked fo r the mo rtic es a s i n dic a ted a t .

‘

F ig . 1 090 .

S e t t in g Ou t R a i l s — When the r e i s a b o tt o m
ra il ,
mi ddle ra il a nd
a il they u su a lly
, a t op ra ,

a re i n p a n el fra mi n g a ll o f o n e le n th
g a nd , ,

ther efo r e the di sta n ce s fo r sh ou lders p o si ,

ti o n s for mo rtice s a nd mu nt i n s S houl d be ,

p ricked o ff fro m the r o d The t hr ee ra il s .

c a n n o w be
p l a ced with thei r f a ce ed g e s

o u tw a r d a n d t he n s qu a r ed d o w n a s s h o w n
,

a t F ig 1 091 a t o n e Op e r a ti o n
. The hn e s .

b a n d g a r e fo r s h o u lde r s a a n d h fo r h a u n ch ,
'

i ng s of a n d e fo r mo rtice s for the mun ti n s

, ,
“
a n d c a n d 1 p o s iti o n s whe r e ed e s o f mu n t
g
in s m eet the r a il s the di s ta n ce s between ,

e a ch p a ir o f lin e s bei n g T ? in le s s tha n t h e 1

.

depth o f the p l o u g hed g r o o ve which u su a ll y ,

r a n e s fr o m
g g i n t o 3 i n The s etti n.
g o u t .

( with o u t g a u i
g g)n o f the t o p r a il i s s h o w n

by F i g 1 092 o f the mi ddle r a il by F i g

.
,
.

1 093 a n d o f the b o t t o m ra il by F i g 1 094

,
.

r e s pectively The b r e a dth o f the ten o n s i s

.

n ext se t o u t a n d the wa ste a r t s r e mo ve d

, p
a s s h o w n a t Fi s 1 095 1 096 a n d 1 097 the
g .
, , ,

c u t s a l o n g the ha u n ch li n e s a a n d 6 ( Fi g s .

1 095 a n d 1 09 6) bei n g ma de w ith a b o w sa w .

S o me j o i n ers p r efer t o c u t thr ou g h the

who le b r e a dth o f t h e ra il a n d u s e the p a rt s ,

between the te n o n s fo r wed g e s a s i n dic a ted ,

a t F ig 1 099 . S elect a mo r t ice c hi s el a b o u t

.

o n e t hi rd t h e thi ckn e s s o f t h e s t u ff a n d se t
e

the teeth o f a mort ice g a u g e so tha t the ,

chi s el j u st si n k s betwee n the p oi n t s ( s e e F i g .

Adj u st t h e g a u g e st o cks s o tha t the

t ee t h will be i n a p o si t i o n t o s c ribe t h e
m o r tice i n t h e de si r e d p l a ce which u su a lly ,

i s i n the ce n t r e o f t h e s tu ff b u t ther e a r e ,

o f c ou rs e excep ti o n s t o thi s ru le All the

,
.

a r t s fo r mo rtice s a n d te n o n s s h o u ld n o w
p
b e g a u g ed t a ki n g c a r e th a t the s t o ck o f t h e
,

a u e i s u s ed a lw a y s a g a i n st t h e fa ce S ide o f
g g
t h e s t u ff .

M a ki n g M o rti c e a n d T e n o n J o i n t s — The
n ext t hi n i s t o mo rti s e the s tile s with a
g
m o rtice chi s el a n d ma l le t The mo rtice s .

a nd s r c ib e d a ll ro u nd fo r t h e s h o u lde r s
. The s h o u ld be m a de h a lfw a y t h r o u g h fr o m the

se tti n g o u t o n t h e ed g e s fo r t h e m o rt ice s b a ck ed g e s t he n t h e s tile s s h o u ld be t u rn ed

s h o ul d be c o mp lete a s s h o wn a t F i g 1 089
. o ve r a n d m o r ti s ed th r o u g h fro m t h e fa ce
 D O OR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S . 329

F ig . 1 08 9 .
—S e t t i ng Ou t for M or t i ce s on F ace
E dg e s of St il es : A s h ow s p a rt of R od .

F i g 1 090 S e t t i ng 0 u t -
'

i
M or t c e s on
k il i l
. .

Ba c E d g e of S t e s M dd e
F ace E dg e of Ra il s .

Ou t for
l
S h ou d e r s , H a u n c h i ng s , a nd M u nt i ns .

F ig 1 099 — A lt e rn a t ive
i
. .

M e t h od of P r e p a r ng
T e non s a nd e dg e s W .

l
S h ou d e r s , Ha u nc h i ng s , etc .

m w”

P i g 1 1 0 0 — S h ow s
o

l
. .

Dou b e T e n on s S e t Ou t
for M ort c e s for oci L k
Ra il i
F g 1 0 9 4 — B ot t om R a il
S e t Ou t
l
. .

f or S h ou d e r s , e t c .

F gs i . 1 09 5 , 1 096, a nd 1 09 7 .

.
—O ne E nd of e a c h Ra il wit h W t
as e Fi g . 1 098 .
— M e t h od of i
Sett ng

re mo v ed, a nd co l l
mp e t e y S e t Ou t re a d y for T e non C tti g
u n . M or t i G
ce aug e to Ch i l
se .
3 30 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINERY .

ed g e s The wed g i n g sh o u ld be d o n e c a re
. on ly like thi s the mu n ti n t e n o n s bei ng left
, l
fu lly fr o m t h e b a c k ed g e s Cle a n o u t the s e
‘

. fr o m the pl ou g h Next ma rk o u t the t e n o ns .

mo rt ice s by d rivi n g the c o r e thr ou g h fro m a s sh o w n i n F i g 1 099 b u t befo r e c u tti n

g o.
u t
fro n t t o b a ck with a slip o f ha rd w o o d c a lled the p orti o n s i ndic a ted by the di me n si on s ,

a c o r e d rive r -
Cle a n the mo rtice s sp a ri n g ly
. ma rk with le a d pen cil a s ma ny wed g e s a s
with a p a ri ng chi s el a nd the stile s a r e r e a dy ,
the s e p o rti o ns will a ll o w a s sh o wn a nd c u t , ,

fo r p l ou g hi n g N o w mo rti s e the t o p l o ck
.
, ,
t he m d o w n the n i n c ut ti ng a l o ng the ,

a nd b o tt o m ra il s The s e mo rtice s sho u ld g o

. ha u n chi n g li n e s with a b ow sa w t he s e ,

i n o n ly a b o u t 2 i n o r in a s the te n o n s .
,
.
,
wed g e s will fa ll o u t a nd when tri mmed , ,

o f t h e mu n t i n s a r e o n ly s tu mped i n Cle a n . a n d p o i n ted c a n be u tili s ed fo r we d in

, g g u
p
the s e m o rtice s o u t a nd the ra il s will the n be ,
the te n o n s a nd will be the exa ct thi ckn e ss
,

r e a dy fo r l hi n F o r c u tti n g te n o n s n ece ssa r y t o fill the mo rtice s Ju st ni p the

p ou g g .
, .

p u t o n e o f the r a il s i n the be n ch s c r ew tilted ,

extr e me c o rn e r o ff e a ch ten o n with a c hi s el
‘

a s s h o w n in F i 1 1 0 1 a n d with a r i p s a w t o g ive a s t a rt i n the mo r tice s a n d p u t t h e

g .
, ,

c u t d o w n the t e n o n j u s t by the s ide o f fra mi n g te mp o ra rily t o g ethe r a n d let it ,

t h e g a u g e ma rk lea vi n g h a lf o f it vi sible
-
,
. s t a n d while the p a n el s a r e p r e a r ed
p It m i g h t .

D o n o t fo r ce the sa w b u t w o r k it fr eely , ,

a n d keep it p a ra llel with the g a u g e ma r k -

b o th d ow n the side a n d a cros s the e n d .

When the sa w is do w n a b ou t 3 in ta ke o u t .
,

t h e ra il a n d s e r ve the o pp o s ite side o f the

t en o n i n the s a m e w a y fo r a b ou t the sa me
d ep th ; then s cr ewi n g the r a il perfectly
,

u p ri ht i n the s c r ew c n n ect the t w o s a w

g o ,

ker fs by nice ea s y stro kes a nd c u t d o w n

,

t o the sh o u lde r ; s er ve a l l the r a il s a nd

mu n ti ns like thi s The t w o Ou tside p o rti o n s.

a r e c a lled t h e te n o n cheek s a n d the i nn er ,

F ig 1 1 01 .
-
M e t h od of i i
F x ng Ra il s i n S c r e w for
p orti o n the ten o n The ten o n cheeks mu s t .
s t a rt n g i S aw K f er of T e nons .

n o t be c u t o ff u n til l a ter o n An e xp e ri .

e n c e d ma n c a n c u t h i s t e n o n s d o w n str a i ht
g be left fo r severa l mo n th s with a dva n ta g e ,

a wa y Wi t h a p l o u g h i r o n o f t h e p r o per
.
-
a nd ,
if kept d ry a ll s hrin ka g e w o ul d ta ke ,

s i z e p l o u h fr o m the t ried u f ce the t ried pla ce while a ll the sh o ul de rs we r e free On

g p a -
.
,

u p ed e s o f the s t ile s fro m e n d t o e n d a l s o wed g in g u p it w o u ld be th o ro u g hly s ea son ed

g _ , , ,

t h e b o t t o m ed g e o f t o p r a il b o th ed g e s o f ,
a n d w o u ld r e ma i n a g o o d j o b t hr o u g h ou t i t s

t h e middle r a il t o p ed g e o f b o tt o m r a il a n d
, ,
Or di n a r y life a s a d o o r .

b o th ed g e s o f t op a n d b o tt o m mu nt i n s If . P a n e ls —F o r o rdi na r y w or k p a n el s sh o ul d
.

the p l o u g h i s se t t o the ri g ht de p th it i s i m ,
be ma de fro m s ou n d yell o w pin e fr ee fro m ,

p o s s ible t o g o a n y deepe r The s h ou lde r s . kn o t s a nd sh a ke s Thei r di men si o n s c a n be .

c a n n o w be c u t with a te n o n sa w le a vi n g ,
mea su red fro m the fr a mi n g Cu t the m o u t .

h a lf the s cribe li n e a s whe n c u ttin g t h e in the r o u g h j a ck the m o ver a nd bend , ,

t e n o n s a l so u nder c u t t i n g the m the le a s t e a ch o n e o n the ed g e o f the be n ch If ther e "

-
.
,

bit so th a t t h e j oi n t s will c o me t o g ether cl o s e s h o u ld be a s h a ke it will bet r a y it s elf a n d ,

o n the f a ce H a vi n g c u t o ff a l l the te n o n
. fo r a fi rs t cl a s s j o b the p a n el w o u ld be r e
-

cheek s i f t h e ra il s ha ve been c u t throu g h

, j e cted fo r c o m m o n er w o rk h o weve r , ,

t hei r wh o le b r e a d t h a s i n F i g 1 099 p r e p a r e , .
,
t he s e s ha ke s sh o u ld h a ve a li ttle w hi ti n g
a s t rip o f w o o d a b o u t 9 i n l on g a n d a b o u t a nd l e r u bbed i n with a h a mme r a n d a l
.
g u

{7 ,
i n n a r
. r o we r th a n t h e dep th o f the l owed t o d ry N o w t ry u p the fa ce a nd S ho o t
.

p l o u
g h g r o o ve ; l a y t hi s o n the s h o u lde rs o n e ed g e n o t fo r g et t i n g t o p u t o n the tried
,

j u st c u t a n d ma rk in le a d pe n cil a c ro ss
, u
p m a r k s W ith . t h e p a n el
g a u g e s c r ibe the ,

t h e te n o n s A ( F i g The p o rti o n s thu s

. fini shed width w hi ch t o a llo w fo r swelli n g , , ,

m arked will fo r m the h a u n c hi n g s t o fi t i n the mu s t be a b ou t 33 i n le ss o n e a ch side th a n the

1
.

g ro o ve s ( s e e F i
g S e r ve al l the ra il s
. a ct u a l width whe n fin a lly d rive n h o me i nt o
3 32 C ARP ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

is t o be which i s the fini shed thi ckn e ss a nd

, , so me ki nd s of d o o rs a nd fra min g ha ve t o
ru n it d o w n e a ch ed g e a nd cle a n o fi the, be tr e a ted in a di ff er e n t w a y a s r e g a rd s the

F i g . 1 1 03 .
— W e d g ing up a T w o p a ne -
l Door .

o t h e rt s id e d o wn t o t hi s g a u g e ma rk in
, ,

the s a me w a y Of c ours e t hi s la st p ro ce s s
.
,
'
o f g a u g i n g i s un n e c e ss a ry if a ll the s tu ff i s

thicke n ed a s pla n ed ; b u t for c o mmon er

w ork the meth o d de s cr ibed i s o ften a d o pted .

D o n o t s h o o t the ed g e s o r c u t the ho rn s o ff
the e nd s Thi s i s d o n e when the d o o r i s
.

fitted a n d hun g o r the fra mi n g fixed

P l a n t i n g D o o r M o u l d i ng s —To p la n t the
.

mo u ldi n g s g e t a le n g th o f o rdin a ry o ge e
,

mo u ld s e e t h a t it i s qu ite cle a n ; if n o t
, ,

t s o me g l a ssp a pe r a n d t a ke o u t the r o u h
g e g
n c u t a mi tr e a t o n e e n d
p a r t s ; the ? p u s h
it g e ntly u p i nt o pla ce ma rk the o p p o site ,

e nd a n d c u t th a t mit r e t o it L a y thi s o n
’

.
,

the fr a mi ng by the side whe r e it i s t o g o a nd ,

r o ceed t o c u t the r e s t i n the s a m e w a

p y .

No te t h a t the s e piece s will a l l be the de a d

le n g th fr o m s ho u l de r t o s hou lde r N o w .

pl a ce the e n d p iece s in first a nd t hen pla c , ,

i n g o n e o f the s ide piece mi tr e s i n p o siti o n

-
,

bend t h e mou ldi n g o ve r the fin g ers s a n d

s p ri n g i t i n t o p o si t i o n a g a i n s t the b o tt o m

one . Whe n thi s i s p r e s sed a nd b ra dde d

d o w n b o th mi t r e s will p r e ss h o me a n d
, ,

g o o d m i t r e s will be the r e su lt S e r ve a l l the .

mou ldi ng s in t h e s a m e w a y a n d then b ra d ,

F ig 1 1 04 —H l v t i f B tt d F m d
a 1f E e a on o a a e ne ra e
i n t a ki n g c a r e t o keep t h e br a d s well d S li d F m i P t it i W ll
. .

,
D o or an o ra e n a ar on a .

bevelled fro m the w o rker o r the p a n el will , F i g 1 1 0 5 —H lf H i t l S ti

a ( Fi g
or zon a ec on .

F i g 1 1 06 — H 1 f E l v t i
. .

be s p li t a nd cho ked N o w d rive in the af D e F m d

a on o a o or , ra e

Sq f D l S t fl w i t h S l id F
. .
.

m
’

t o ra e
b ra d s with a s ma ll s te el p u n ch a nd t h e d o o r
uare ou o ea u

i i ll — H lf
,
, h

i
n a P t t
ar W on F i g 1 1 07
a a
o r fra mi n g i s c o m pleted
. . .

As a lr e a dy s ta ted
.
, H i t l S t i ( F ig
or zon a ec on .
 D O OR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S . 333

ml

el s a nd mo u ld s b u t they a ll
0

pa n ,
a re c on 5 in . by 3 in
tr ied u p a n d s qu a r ed o n thr ee
.
, ,

stru cted i n the s a me w a y a s r e g a r d s the s id e s The p o s ts a nd he a d a r e morti sed

.

fra mi ng . a nd teno n ed t o g ether a s r ep re s en ted a t

F i g 1 1 08 The u pper p a r t o f the p o st A
F o u r = p a n e l l e d D o o r s a n d S o l i d F ra m e s
. .
,

a b o ve the he a d i s r ed u ced o n e a ch s ide by ,

i n P a r t it io n s .
a bou t i n a s s ho w n thu s ma ki n g it the
.
, ,

F 1 g 1 1 04 i s a h a lf
. eleva ti o n a n d F ig 1 1 05 . s a me thi ckn e ss a s the bri c kno g g in g o r
h o ri z o nt a l s ecti o n o f a s t u d di n
is a h a l f f b a tten ed g o f the p a r titi o n E a ch s ide i s
,

F ig . 1 1 08 .
—Joi nt b e t w e e n P os t a nd He a d ,
F ig . 1 1 1 0 .

1 1 1 1 .

F ig . 1
1 09 — . Ji
o nt of M id d l e Ra il F gsi . 1 1 1 0 an d — De t a il s of Ji o nt s b e t we e n
a nd St il e . P os t a nd He a d of F r a me .

qu ar e fra med d o o r 6 ft 6 i n fihi g h by 2 ft e n era lly fini s hed by fixi n g so m e for m o f

s g
-
.
, .

6 i n wide wi t h s o li d wr o u g ht fra me a nd
,
pla in a r chi tra ve a s sh o w n a t B ( F i g ,
.

'

s t o p s A n a iled o n a n d 3 i n b y 1 i n s qua r e
,
-
.
-
.. : w hmh p r o j ec t s o ver t h e p la s teri n g a s i ndi-

a n d spl a yed a r c hi tr ave D o o r s a n d f ra me s . c at ed Th e s t o p A i s s qu a re ed g ed a n d

.
-

of thi s de s crip t i o n a r e o fte n u s ed for n a iled o n .

a t t ic s a n d s ma ll h o u s e s a n d for o e ni n s i n
p g ,
T h e D o o r — Thi s i s frequ e n tly ma d e o u t
.

s tu dd ed o r b ri c kn o gg e d p a r t iti o n s . o f b a tten s 7 i n b y 1 3 i n u s ed fu ll width a t

. .
,

T h e F ra m e — Thi s u su a lly for ms a p a rt t h e b o tto m a n d mi ddle r a il s a nd s a w n d o w n

'
.
_ ,

o f the p a r titi o n a n d i s m a de o f s tu ff a b o u t the cen tr e t o ma ke the t op r a ils mu n t in s

"

.
_ , , ,
334 C AR P ENT RY A N D J OINERY .

F ig . 1 1 1 4 . E l e v a t i on
— of F ou r p a ne
-
l F r a me d a nd l
M ou d e d Door
i
w th Li i
n ng s etc, .
, i
i n P ar t t i on .

F ig . 1 1 1 5 .
— H or i zont a l S e ct i on o f F ig . 1 1 14 .

F ig . 1 1 1 3 .
— F in i sh of

1 1 12 .
—E nl a rg e d De t a il t h r ou g h J a mb , D oor S ki t i
r ng i
a g a ns t

St il e , Ar c h t r ai v e s, et c .
( Fig . Ar c h t r a i v e .
3 36 C AR P ENTRY A N D JO INE RY .

us n i wed g e s i s tha t the j a mb s c a n be a d

g
j u sted mor e a ccur a tely for stra i g htn e ss .

F o r fi x1 n g the a r c hi tr a ve s r oun d s a r e fixed

.

g ,

— G v Ji
'

F ig . 1 1 20 . De t a i 1 of r oo e a nd T ong u e o nt

at E ( F ig .

F ig . 1 1 21 .
—S h ow ing a C orn e r of J a mb s w t h i
S i gln e Reb at e ou t of t he S o d li .

Fi g . 1 1 22 .
— S h ow ing an Ang l e of J a mb s w t h i
li
S o d S t op s .

to the p o st s a n d he a d their fa ce s , so t ha t
a r e flu s h wi t h the e d e s
g o f the j a m b a s i n ,

d ic a t e d a t F i g 1 1 1 9 The s e g r o u nd s a r e
. .

F ig . 1 1 1 9 . C o n v e n t i on a l
— V i ew s h ow n g i M e t h od g e n e r a lly s pl a yed a t the b a ck ed g e s a s ill u s

of i i
F x ng J a mb L i n i ng s ,
G r ou n d s , et c .
t r a t e d t o fo rm a key for the pl a s te ri n g
,
In .
33 8 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINER Y .

h o ldi n g the m to g ethe r i n the middle c a re , w a y , p u t a wed g e , a b ou t 1 ft l o n g a n d 1 in . .

fu lly t a ke the width o f the O penin g a b o u t a t hick , the thi n ed g e u n de r the l o w s tile a n d ,

fo o t a b o ve the flo or a s i ndic a ted a t F i g

,
.
fo rce it in u ntil the do o r s ta n ds s qu a r e with
1 1 23 . Ma r k thi s me a sur e me n t o n the t h e j a mb s a nd sh o w s a n equ a l j o i n t fro m
,

d o or a t a b o u t the sa me hei g ht a ll o wi n g , t o p t o b o tt o m Ob s er ve h ow e a ch stile fi t s

.

fo r t a ki n g a s mu ch o ff o n e ed g e a s the e a ch j a mb a n d a l so whether the j o i n t s a r e

,

o the r s o a s n o t t o ma ke o n e s tile a e eve n If n o t qui te sa ti s fact ory ma r k the

, pp a r .
,

n a r ro we r th a n the o t he r a l so a ll o w a g o o d p a rt s ta ke d o w n the d o o r a n d pl a n e the

,
,
,

T ? in
1
e a ch side fo r the j o i n t Fo llo w the
. . stile s wher e n ece s sa r y Repla ce in p o siti o n .

a n d kee
p o n e s tile cl o s e t o a j a m b N ow .

p h the bl a de o f a s qu a r e u n der the he a d

u s
‘

o f the d o o r j a m b i n the j o i n t o f the d o o r

, ,

a n d ma r k a c r o ss the ed e F i the
g ( g 1 1 2 5 ) n .

F ig . 1 12 6 . F ig . 1 1 37 .

F ig . 1 1 26 .
— Pr o j i
e c t on of K nu c kl e of B ut t .

F ig . 1 1 27 .
— J oi n t b e t w e e n D oor a nd F r a me .

s qu a re thi s ma rk a c ross the s tile o f the d o o r ,

a n d d o the s a m e o n the o o s ite tile T ke

pp s a .

t h e c o mp a sse s a n d s et t i n g the m t o
,
t he
,

F ig 1 1 25 —S c r ib i ng D o or for H e ig h t n a rro w e s t p a r t o f the t o ra il left a b o ve

. . .
p
the ma rk s j u st m a de ( se e A F i g p rick ,
.

sa m e ced u re a t t h e u p p er p a rt o f t h e
p ro o ff t w o ma rk s a b o ve th o s e ma de with the

d o o r a b o u t a fo o t bel o w t h e he a d Te st . s qu a r e o n the s tile Thi s will g ive the a ct u a l

.

e a ch j a mb with a s t ra i g hted g e s o a s t o n o te sh a pe o f the d o or he a d irr e spective o f it s ,

whe t he r t o p l a n e t h e s tile s st ra i g ht o r t o a ll o w s qu a r e n e ss a nd if withou t shi fti ng the ,

fo r a ny i n equ a litie s Next h o ld t h e d o or

. c o mp a ss e s the flo o r li n e i s s cribed a c ro ss
,

o n i t s ed e a s s h o w n a t
g F i g 1 1 2 4 a n d
p l a n e the ed g e s d o w n t o t h e ma rks ta ki n g
. b o th stile s a n d t h e b o t t o m ra il a s s ho w n a t
,
F i g 1 1 2 5 t h e exa ct hei g ht o f the d o o r with
.
, ,

c a re t o le a ve the m a litt le o u t o f s qu a r e in o u t a ll o wi n
g a n ythi n
g f o r j o i n t will be o b ,
,

fa v o u r o f the o u tside o f t h e d o o r Sta n d . t a in e d L a y the d o or o n t w o st o o l s ma rk

.
,

the d o o r u p in it s pl a ce a n d if it le a ns e ithe r a c r o ss fro m t h e ma rk s a t the t o m de by the

, , p a
 D O OR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S . 3 39

c o mp a ss e s l ,
the b o t t o m a ft er a l
a n d a so a t , a nd the d o or i S l e ft S li g htly o pen pe op le
‘

lowin g in fo r the j o i n t s a t t o p a n d b o t t om
. . c a n p eep i n a n d se e a l l o ve r t h e room .

S a w o ff t h e surp lu s st u ff t o t he s e ma rk s ta ke ,
N o d o u b t t her e i s t ru th in thi s ; b u t o n ,

o ff t h e r o u g h a r ri s e s w 1 t h the j a ck pl a n e a n d , t h e o ther h a n d if t hi s c o u r s e i s fo llo wed

, ,

t h e do o r i s fi t ted S ta n d the d o o r o n o n e
. t h e j oint o f t h e d o o r c o mes so clo s e
s ide fo r a few mi n u tes a n d fi t the d o o r s to p s , . tha t it will n o t o p en mu ch mo r e tha n
Cu t the hea d t o le n g t h firs t a nd t a p it i n , s qu a r e befo r e it bin ds o n the mou l di n g s The .

then s qu a r e o ff t h e s id e sto p s a little sho rt e r fir s t ma n c o mi n g in wi t h t h e furni t ur e p u shes

t ha n the hei g ht o f the o p eni n g ma rk the m , the d o o r ri g ht o p en a s he t hi nks ; b u t a s ,

t o exa ct le n g t h a n d S p ri n g the m i n t o t hei r

,

p la ce s T ry the d o o r i n
.
p o si t i o n a n d e a s e i t ,

if n ece ss a ry ; if n o t t hen s t a n d i t o n o n e ,

F ig . 1 1 29 .
— F 1a n e
g of Bu t t S c r e w e d t o S t il e .

t hi s c a nn o t be d on e the r esu lt is tha t the ,

F ig . 1 1 28 . S e t t in g
— Ou t on E dg e F l a ng e
do o r is p a rtly t o rn fro m it s hing es It i s .

t he r ef o r e p r efera ble t o kee the t o p hin g e

Bu t t . p
o u t n e a r ly i in
. a n d t h e b o tt o m o n e Z % in
.
,
.

F ig . 1 1 31 .
— S h ow i n g St il e of D oor P l a ne d to
A ll ow for C l e ar a n c e i n Op e n i ng .

s ide a nd let hin g es the t o p o n e a b ou t

in t h e ,

6 i n o r 7 i n d o w n a n d the b o tt o m o n e j u s t
. .
,

a b o ve the b o tt o m r a il Ther e is n o p a r . F ig . 1 1 30 .
— M a r k in g l a o ng K nu c kl e of Bu t t for
t i c ul a r ru le t o g o by a s t o hei g ht a n d h a lf ,
L tti g i
e n nt o J
a mb .

a n i n ch m o r e o r le ss m a kes n o diff e r en ce ,

a s l o n g a s t h e b u t t s a r e n eve r l e t i n t o the mo r e .S e t o u t the hi n g e s o n t h e stile a s

stile s a t t h e e n d s o f t h e te n o n s o f the r a il s . . s h o w n a t F i g 1 1 28 the li n e s A a n d B b e ing
.
,

P u tt i n g o n t h e H i n g e s — S o me j o in ers in ma d e wi t h a ma r ki n g g a u g e S a w a nd .

s i s t th a t the hin g e s s h o uld be let i n s o t h a t p a r e o u t a n d t hen s cr ew the fla n g e o f the b u tt

t hei r cent res c o m e t o the cen tr e o f the j o i n t i n po siti o n a s sho w n a t F i g 1 1 2 9 i t s sur .

o f the d o o r ( Fi g s 1 1 2 6 a nd . the fa ce S hou ld be j u st flu sh with the edg e o f

r e a so n g ive n i s t ha t if thi s is n o t do n e ,
t h e do or Next o ffer t h e d o o r in p ositi o n ,
.
3 40 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINER Y .

p u shi n g the wed g e u n de rn e a t h u n til a j o i nt

Re pa i ri n g a nd Re p l a c i n g D o o r P a n e ls .

a bo u t t h e t hickn e s s o f a pe nn y i s o bt a i n ed

at e a ch s ide a n d a t the t op Ma rk the .

e e l
Ca u s o f P a n s Sp tt gl i i n — On e o f the mo st
p o siti o n o f the hi n g e s b o th a t t op a n d g e n e ra l c a u s e s o f d o o r p a n el s S p littin g u p

b o t t o m with a chi s el ; the n wi t h the chi s el t h e middle i s the i mp ro per fixi n g o f the
ma r k the t hi ckn e s s o f the kn u ckle o n mo u ldi n g s the n a ils be in g i nserted so th a t
“

t h e ed g e o f the j a mb a s s h o w n a t F i g
,
. t hey p a ss t h ro u g h a p o rt i o n o f the p a n el i n to
Thi s will g ive the depth t o w hi ch the fra mi n g a s in dic a ted a t A ( F i g .

t o let the hi n g e in The o the r ed g e o f the

.
whe re a s the mo u ldin g sh o u ld be s ecur ed t o
hi n g e sh o u ld n o t be let in mo r e tha n i t s o wn the fra mi n g o nly a s in dic a ted a t B It will
,
.

F ig . 1 1 32 .
— P art H ori zont a l S e ct i on t h r oug h S p lit D oor P a n e l , et c .

F1g . 1 1 33 .
— P a rt E l v ti
e a on of li
S p t D o or P a n e l , et c .

thic knes s a nd c a re sho u ld be ta ken t o d rive

,
be s een tha t in the fo rm e r c a se the p a n el h a s
the s c rews in s qu a re with the hi n g e . n o ch a n ce o f sh ri n ki n g a little i n t h e p l o u g h

Co m p l e t i n g t h e H a n g i n g — Get the p osi g r o o ve he n ce t h e S plitti ng Fi

( g s 1 1 3 2. .

t io n o f t h e s to p s cl o s e t h e d o o r a n d k n o ck ,
a n d 1 1 3 3 a r e p a r t s ecti o n a n d p a r t eleva ti o n
,

i t g e n tly u n til i t is flu sh wi t h t h e j a mb a t r e s ec t ively o f a

p s lit p a n e l i n a
p d oor ) .

t h e S p o t whe re t h e l o ck will c o me the n n a il An o t her c a u s e o f S p litti n g is the fittin g o f

‘

o n t h e s t o p s s o t h a t they fi t cl os e o n the l o ck t h e p a n el s t o o ti g h t ly i nto the pl o u g h

s tile a n d a ll o w a b o u t T in j o i nt o n t h e he a d r o o ve s
‘
g
-
. .

R e p a i ri n g S p l i t P a n e l — To r e p a i r a S p lit
, s

a n d h a n g i n g s t ile t o a ll o w fo r p a i n t D rive . .

i n t h e n a ils a b ou t 1 ft a p a rt a n d o n a lt e r
.
,
p a n el i n which the Sp li t is no t o f lo n g sta n d
n a te ed g e s s o t h a t the s t o p s s h a ll n o t c u rl
,
i n g a nd m which whe n the p a rts a re fo r ced
, ,

a w a y fr o m t h e j a mb The p la n in g u n der o f t o g ethe r a fa i r j o i n t will r e sul t firs t c a re ,

d o o r s tiles—tha t is p l a ni n g t he m o u t o f
.
,

,
fu lly t a ke o u t the mou ldi n g s fro m e a ch s ide ,

s q ua r e s o t h a t t hey d o n o t bi n d o n t h e i nn e r then ma ke six o r ei g ht blo cks a n d wedg e s

.

ed g e whe n cl o sed — is sho wn in the sectio n s i mil a r t o t h o s e sh o w n i n F i g 1 1 3 4 ; s c rew .

F t h e bl o cks t o t h e p a n el a s i ndic a ted ta ki n g

( g 1 . ,
3 42 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINERY .

p ose a nd a fte r bei ng fin ished o ff w i t h fin e p l a n e Of c o u rs e little o f thi s will be n e c e s

.
,

l s sp pe r the piece s o f mou ldi n g ma y be s a ry if the p a r t s h a ve been c a r eful ly fitted

g a a , .

r e ins e rt ed
-
. The mo u ldi n gs ma y then be re i ns erted a n d -
,

R e p la c in g P a ne l in D o o r S o meti mes a .
-
the job thus c o mpleted a s fa r a s the j o in e r i s
n el m be s m ch d a ma ed th a t it c o n ce rn ed
p a a y o u g .

mus t be r epla ced a n d in so me c a ses e s p e c i

F o u r = p a n e ll e d M o u ld e d
,
w it h
,
Do o r,
a l ly with g o o d d o o rs i t is o bj ecti o n a ble t o
,

t a ke o ff the stiles bec a us e o f t h e l i a bility t o

P l a in F ra m e d Ja m b L i n in g s i n
S p o i l the l a tte r a n d t h e ra i l s p a r tic u l a rly ,
an i 8 = in . W a ll .

whe re the j oi nt s ha ve bee n well g lu ed a n d The D oor — A

d o or a nd j a mb li ni ng s
.

wed g ed to g ethe r The meth o d a b o u t t o

. which will u su a ll y be fou n d i n a l a rg e r b ui ld
be described will o bvi a te thes e o bj ecti on s i n g t ha n in the p r ecedin g c a s e a r e S ho w n a t
a n d p ro d u ce a d s o u n d jo b z — Fi rst t a ke Fi g s 1 1 3 7 t o 1 1 42 Thi s d oor i s r e pre
g o o . .

o u t t h e mo u l di n g s o n e a ch side o f the p a n el ,
s e n ted a s bei n
g 7 ft by 3 ft a n d 2 i n t o . . .

a n d c u t o u t the p a n el Thi s ma y be do n e
. 2 4 in t hi ck .p a n elled a nd mo u lded a s
,

by ma ki n g a h ole with a b ra ce a nd bit a n d S ho w n The fra mi n g o f d o ors o f thi s ki n d

.
,

sa win g d o w n a sh o r t di sta n ce wi t h a p a d whe n o f de a l o r pin e i s g en era lly ma de fro m ,

sa w the r e ma i n de r bei n g c u t with a p a n el s t u ff 1 1 i n wide ; the r efor e the fi i shed s i z e s

,
.
n
sa w .Th e ma i n p o rt i o n h a vi n g bee n t a ke n a r e u su a lly a b o u t a s fo ll o w s B o tt o m ra il
the pieces c a n be r e m o ved fro m t h e a n d mi ddle ra il 1 05 i n wide a n d s tile t o p ‘

out ,
.
, ,

F ig . 1 1 36 .
— S e ct i on o f P an e l w it h R e ba t e d F ill et s .

p l o u h
g g r o o ve s with a chi s el N o w m a ke . a ra il ,
a nd mu n ti n s 5 4 in widepper . . The u

n e w p a n el in the f o ll o wi n
g w a y P r ep a re .
p a r t o f t h e d o o r i s divided i n t o t w o p a n el s

t w o strip s a b ou t if i n wide a n d the s a me .

,
b y t h e ho ri z o n t a l frie z e ra il The c on stru e .

t hi ckn ess a s the p a n el Next p r ep a r e the

. t i o n o f the di ffer en t j o in t s w o ul d be very
a n el n d eb te t hi n d the s t ip s t ethe r s i mi l a r t o th a t s h o w n a nd expla i n ed i n the
p a,
r a s a r o g
a s sh o w n a t F i
g 1 1 3 6
. s o th,a t whe n they a re exa mp le o n p 3 2 9 except fo r the ten o n s o n
.
,

p u t t o
g ethe r thei r c o m bi n ed wid t h will be t h e mi d dl e ra il wher e t h e mortice lo ck i s
exa ctly the S a me a s the di s ta n ce between t h e p ro vided fo r In the p r e s e n.t exa m ple
p l ou g h g r o o ve s o f the s tile a n d m u n ti n . d o u ble t wi n ten o n s w o u ld be ma de a nd
Next fi t t h e r eb a ted fillets i n to the p l o u g h fitted i nt o c orr e sp o n di n g mortices c u t in the ,

g ro o ves a
,
n d c u t o ff t h e p a n el t o le n g th . s t ile s a s r ep r e s e n ted a t F i
g 1 1 4 1 The s e . .

It is n o t p o ssible t o c u t it o ff lo n g e n o u g h d o u ble t en o n s a re p ro vided w ith the o bj ec t

t o g o t h e full di sta n ce i n to the t o p a n d tha t whe n the mortice i s c u t thr ou g h the
b o tto m p lo u g h g ro o ve s b u t if it is c u t o ff s tile fo r the mo rtice l o ck it d o e s n o t i nte r

t h e le n g t h between the ra il s pl u s the depth fer e with or we a ken the w o o d i n the sa me

o f o ne l ou h r o o ve i t will whe n t i n ve rtica l p la n e s a s the te n o n s
p g g p u , .

p o s iti o n be , o f s u ffi cie n t le n g th t o exte n d F ra m e d J a mb L in in g s , Gr o u n d s , e tc .

h a lfw a y i n to e a ch p l ou g h g ro o ve When . The se a r e fitted in a n 1 8 i n w a ll which -

.
,

fo u n d t o fi t sa tis fa c t o rily the p a n el ma y , m e a n s t ha t with the p l a s teri n g the j a mb

, ,

be sli pp ed o u t a nd i t s reb a ted ed g es a n d

, , li nin g s will ha ve t o be 2 0 in wide It i s . .

a lso th o s e o f the fillet s bei n l u ed i t m a u su a l t o fra me t h e j a mb li ni n s o u t o f s t u ff

g g y ,
g
be p u shed b a ck i n to i t s p ro p e r p os i t i on , 2 2 in t o 3 3 in wide a nd a b o u t 1 % i n t o
. .
.

c a re bein g ta ke n th a t a t t h e t op a n d b o tto m 1 3 in thi ck The ra ils a nd stile s o f

. .

i t exte n ds i n t o t h e p l o u g h g ro o ve s Addi . t he s e li ni n g s a r e mo r ti sed a n d ten o n ed

t i o n a l s ec u ri t y ma y be o b ta i n ed by i n s e rt t o g ethe r wed g ed u a nd cle ed o ff in
p , a n ,

i n g a few fin e s c rews di a g o n a lly a s i ndi c a ted t he u su a l ma nn er a s clea rly S h o wn a t ,

in F i g 1 1 3 6 . Wh é n t h e g l u e is d ry t h e
.
, F ig 1 1 42 . The j a mb s a nd he a d stile s a re
.

j oi nts ma y be cle a n ed o ff wi t h a s ma ll r eb a t e a l so
g r oo ved a n d t o n g u ed t o
g et h e r as ,
 D O OR S AN D D O OR FRA M E S . 3 43

F ig . 1 1 37
.
F ig . 1 1 39 .

F ig . 1 1 37 .
— H a lf In s i d e a nd

H a lf Ou t s d e i E l v ti
e a on

of F our p a n e
-
ll e d D o or .

F ig . 1 1 38 .
—
Ha1f P l an l o ok

i ng d ow n , a nd H a lf P l a n
l kioo ng up .

F ig . 1 1 3 9 — T r an s e rs e
. v
S e ct i on .
314 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINERY .

sh o wn . The j a mb s a re pl a ced plu mb a n d d riven in An y n ece ssa ry fir rin g eithe r in

.
,

fa ste n ed t o w o o de n the fo r m o f wed g e s o r stri p s w ou ld be pla ced ,

Fig . 1 1 42 .
— Co nv e n t i on a l V i ew of F r ame d
Li nin g s , G r ou n d s , e tc .

F ig . 1 1 41 .
— C on v e n t i on a l V i ew of D ou b l e i
Tw n
b rick s or b ree z e b ricks b u ilt in t h e side s o f
to T e n on s f o r L oc k Ra il .

t h e O p e n i n g ; o r if t h e s e a r e n o t p r o vid e d
,

so m e o f t h e m o r t a r j o i n t s be t wee n t h e b r ick between the w o o d b ricks a n d the b a ck o f

w o rk w o u l d b e c u t o u t a n d w o o de n pl u s the li ni n g s so tha t the la t ter mi g ht be fixed
g ,
3 46 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

t i g ht plu mb a n d o u t o f wi ndin g W her e

s ra , ,
.
O ut e r D o o r w it h Bead B ut t P a ne ls
w o o d l intel s a re u sed a s S ho w n ther e i s ve ry ,
a nd F ra m e w i t h F a n l ig h t .

little di ffi c u lty i n fixi n g the he a d Grou nd s .

t o f o rm a b a s e fo r the a r chit r a ve s a re n o w A f p a n ell ed o u ter d o o r t h e i n sid e

o ur - ,

fi xed rou nd e a ch S ide o f the o pe n i n flu s h bein g mou lded a n d the o u tside h a vi ng be a d

g
, ,

with the ed g e s o f the j a mb li ni n g s a s sh o w n bu tt p a n el s i s illu stra ted i n eleva ti o n p la n , , ,

‘
a t L ( F ig .A b o a rd o f t h e n ece ss a ry a nd s ecti o n a t Fi g s 1 1 47 t o 1 1 49 The . .

width w hi ch i n thi s c a s e i s 1 5 % in by sin

,
fra me i s fixed in a n 1 8 i n b rick w a ll w ith
.
,
.
-
.

t o g i n i n thi ckn e ss w o u ld be fixed t o the

.
,
f s in r eve a l s ; the fini s h t o the o peni n g o n
i -
.

fr a mi n g ro un d the j a mb li n i n g s a s i n dic a ted ,

t h e i n s ide i s by s pla yed li ni n g s a s s ho w n ,
.

by the p orti on S h o w n a t s ( F i g thu s The s i z e s a r e fig ur ed o n the d ra wi ng s

. .

formi n g o n ea ch side a reb a te e qu a l t o the Do o r F ra m e — The c hi ef p o ints t o n otice .

t hi c kn e ss o f the d o or . in thi s ar e the fo rms o f the j o i nt s between

the he a d a nd j a mb s a s r ep r e s ented a t F i g ,
.

1 1 5 0 and th a t betwee n the j a mb s a n d ,

t ra n s om s ho w n a t F ig 1 1 51 An other . .

view of the tra n s o m i s g iven a t F ig 1 1 5 2 .

s o a s t o S h o w t h e c o n stru c t i o n m o r e cle a rly

It will be s ee n th a t the fra me i s r eb a ted o u t

o f the s o lid a n d be a ded o n the i n side ; it
—
i s a l s o pl o u g hed t o r eceive the t o n g u e s o f the
j a mb s t h e spl a yed li ni ng s a nd the s offi t o f, ,

s a me ; the o u t side ed g e o f the fra me h a s

an o vo l o w o r ked o n The mi teri ng a n d .

int er s ecti o n o f the be a d s between the he a d

p o st a n d tra n so m a re sho w n a t Fi g s 1 1 50 .

to 1 1 52 Thi s fr a me w o ul d be b u ilt i n b e.

twe e n the b rick wo rk a s de s cribed for p revi

o u s exa mp le s o r it w ou ld be fixed t o w o o d ,

b rick s o r plu g s The r eb a te o f the he a d o f .

t h e fra m e i s spla yed a s s h o w n t o f a cilit a t e ,

the o p e n in g a nd cl o s ing o f the fa nli g ht .

S l e d L i i — The e w l d be t e d
F ig 1 1 4 6 — E n l a r g e d D e t a il t h r ou g h H e a d o f p a y n n g s s o u o n g u

r o o ved t o ethe r i n a so mewh a t si mil a r

. .

Lin i ng s Ar c h i t r a ve s e t c a n d .g g
, ,

ma nner a s t h e j a mb li ni n g s ( F i g 1 042 p .
,

S ix p a n e l l e d D o o r w i t h F r a m e d a n d
=
They sh o u ld a l so h a ve t on gu e s

f o r med o n thei r i nn e r ed g e s s o a s t o fit i nt o
P a n e l le d L in ing s in a n 1 8 in W a l l =
t h e c o rr e sp o n di n g g ro o ve s i n the fr a me a s
. .

A d o or a nd j a mb li ni n g s o f r a the r a mo r e i ndic a ted a t Fi g s 1 1 5 3 a nd 1 1 5 4 The s e . .

i mp ort a n t ch a ra cter a r e illu stra ted by li ni n g s w o u ld b e s u ffi ciently wide t o p ro j ec t

Fi g s 1 1 43 t o 1 1 46 The g e n e ra l c on st ru c
. . a b ou t
27 i n bey o n d the b r ick w o r k w h.
i
ch i s ,

t i o n o f t h e d o o r w o u ld b e s i mil a r t o t h a t i n the thi ckn e s s o f the p l a ster The lini ng s .

t h e p r e vi o u s c a s e The j a mb li ni n g s i n w o ul d be fixed t o w o o d b ricks o r plu g s p r o

.

t hi s ex a mple a r e f o r med o f p a n elled a n d vi d e d i n the b rick wo rk w ith n ece s s a r y ,

mou lded fra mi n g s o a s t o c o rr e sp o n d wi t h

, p a cki n g p iece s o r wed g e s s o th a t t h ey a re ,

t he do or It will b e n o t iced th a t the stile s s t ra i g h t a n d o u t o f wi n di n g The g r o u n d s

‘

. .

a re r e b a t ed o u t o f the so lid f or mi n g a r ece s s

,
va ry fro m 3 i n t o 5 i n wide a cc or ding t o . .
,

a nd
‘

s to p fo r t h e d o or o n o n e S ide a n d t h e b r e a dth o f the a r chi tra ve w hi ch i s t o b e

si mp ly a r e b a te o n t h e o the r The fixi ng fixed t o the m The s e sh oul d n ext be fixed
. .
,

o f t h e li ni n g s a n d g r o u n d s w o u ld be ve r y so th a t thei r f a ce s a r e flu sh wi t h the f a ce o f

S i mi l a r t o t h a t i n t h e l a st exa mp le e xcep t t h e sp la yed li ni n g s r o un d the ed g e w hi ch h a s

,

t h a t i n t h e l a s t exa m p le t h e fi xi n g o f t h e t o b e n ext t o the p l a s t e ri n g thi s bei ng ,

li n in g s is mo st ly h idde n by t h e sto p s p l a yed s o a s t o f or m a key

. .
 D O OR S
‘

AN D D O OR FRA M E S : 34 7

F ig . 1 1 47 .

F ig . 1 1 49 .

F ig . 1 1 4 7 — Ha1f
. i
In s d e
a nd H a lf Ou t s i d e Ele
v tia on . F ig . 1 1 48 .

H i or zont a l S e cti on .

F ig . 1 1 49 . Ve r ti l ca

S e ct i on .
3 48 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINER Y .

F ig . 1 1 50 .
—J oint e
b t w e e n P os t an d He a d .

F ig . 1 1 54 .
— E n la rg e d De t a il t hr ou g h St il e, P os t ,

Lining s , etc .

F ig . 1 1 51 . F ig . 1 1 52 .

i
F gs . 1 1 51 a nd 1 1 52 — Ji
o nt b e t w e e n P os t a nd

T r a n s om .

F ig . 1 1 55 .
— Conv e n t i on a l V i ew s h o w i ng P or t i on Fig . 1 1 53 .
-
En l ar g e d De t a il t hr ou g h He a d a nd
of He ad and Bu t t P a ne l s a nd F r am i
ng . T r a n s om of F r a me .
3 50 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

F ig . 1 1 59 .

F ig 1 1 56 .
—Ou t s i d e E l v ti
e a on
of Do or a nd S hu t te r .

F ig 1 1 57 —H a lf H ori zont a l
i
. .

S e ct on t h r ou g h A A
( Fi g .

F i g 1 1 5 9 — Ve r t c a
. . i l Sect i on
t h r ou g h C C ( F i g .

F ig . 1 1 57
.
 D O OR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S . 35 1

the u pper p a rt o f t h e f ra ming o f the d o o r .

It p ro j ect s a b ou t ha lf it s t hi ckn e ss o n the

i n side so a s t o a llo w a r ece ss su fficient t o
,

r eceive t h e s hu tter ; t hi s will be cle a rly

u n der st o o d by r efer e n ce t o A ( F ig .

a l so t o Fi g s 1 1 61 1 1 63 a n d 1 1 64
.
, ,
.

F ig . 1 1 60 .
—
E nl ar g e d De t a l si of D
1 1 5 7) a nd of E

F ig . 1 1 62 .
— E nl a rg e d Co n v i
e nt on a l De t a il s

B o tt om R a il , M u nt in, a nd P a ne l of S hut t e r .

Fi g . 1 1 61 .
— E n l a rg e d De t a il t hr ou g h L ow e r
P a ne l
, M dd i l e Ra il , a nd B ot t om R a il s of

S ash a nd S h ut t e r .

O u t e r D 00 r a nd F ra m e , L ow e r P a ne ls
Bea d a nd F lus h . Up p e r P a rt of

D o o r p r e p a r e d fo r S a s h a nd L ift in g
S h ut t e r .

Thi s exa mp le i s illu st ra t e d by Fi g s 1 1 5 6 . ,

t o 1 1 80 Refer en ce t o F i g 1 1 56 whi ch i s
. .
,

a n ou t side el eva ti on will S ho w tha t the

‘

b otto m p a n els ha ve a c o n t inu ou s be a d ro un d

the m a nd t hi s ki nd o f p a n el i s known a s
,

he a d flush The u p p er p a rt h a s a mo va b l e
.

S hu t te r whi ch a l s o h a s be a d flu sh p a n el s
,

a c o n venti on a l view o f o n e o f the s e i s s h o wn

at Fi g 1 1 62 A h a lf 1 n 81 d e eleva t i o n w1 t h — E nl ar g e d
.

F ig . 1 1 63 . Con v ti en on a l De t a il s of
t he shu t ter r e mo ved i s g i v e n a t F i g 1 1 5 8 .
, Com e r of S a sh , s h ow n g i i t fit t ed t o F r a m ng i
which bri ng s int o view the s a sh fitte d i nt o , of Door .
3 52 C AR P ENTRY A

m
F ra e , L i n i n s
g , G r o u n d s ,
e tc — The c on .

s tru c t i o n o f the fra me bei n g si mila r t o p r e

vi o n s exa mple s it wi ll n ot be n ece ssa ry t o

,

en ter i nt o a len g thy de s cripti o n o f i t It .

i s pl o u g hed t o r eceive the t o n g u e s o f the

s qu a r e li ni n g s a s sh o w n i n pl a n a n d s ecti o n
,

F ig . 1 1 64 .
—Conve nt i ona l De t a il s h ow n g i Th u mb
S c r e w, etc .
, i
for F a s t e n ng B ot t om of S hu t t e r .

( Fi g s 1 1 57
. a nd e nl a rg ed a nd ia
d et a il ( F ig In t hi s c a s e the g rou nd s
.

ha ve o vo l o mou ld ed ed g e s a n d a r e sli g ht ly
-
,

r eb a ted so a s t o fix t o t h e o u ter ed e s o f the

g
li ni n g s a s sho wn a t A ( F i g
,
The s e .

r ou n d s a l s o s er ve a s r t o f the a r chitr a ve
g p a ,

a n d t hu s a ll o w a n a rr o we r a r c hi tra ve mou ld
in
g bei n g u s ed r ou n d t h e fra me w hi ch a t ,

F ig . 1 1 65 .
—S t ub a nd P l ate f or S e c ur i ng T op of

S hut t e r .

t he me ti me p ro d u ce s a n e ff ect equ a l
sa to a
bro a de r a rchi t ra ve mo u ldi ng
— The c o n st ru c t i o n
.

D oo r . d o or i s of t hi s
S i mil a r i n s o me r e s ec t s t o th o s e a l re a dy
p
d e s c rib e d a nd t he r efo r e t he s e p oi nt s n eed
,

n o t be r ec a p i t u l a ted H o weve r a s in t he .
,
3 54 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

The rel a ti o n betwee n the ro d a n d the p a rt the s et t in g o u t o f the three ra il s

of

s e t tin g o u t o f the s tile s i s cle a rly S h o w n by fro m t hi s i s cle a rl y s h ow n p ro j ected a b o ve a t

the p ro j e c t or s The s e t ti ng o u t for the
i .
D . The s ett i ng o u t fo r the shou lde r s ,

mo rtice s a n d wed g i n g c a n be c o mpleted o n h a u n c hin g s a n d mo rti ce s fo r mu n ti n s fo r

,

F ig . 1 1 72 — B o t t om R a
. il S e t Ou t .

F ig . 1 1 74 .
— T op Ra il

F ig
'
. 1 1 73 .

F ig . 1 1 71 D .

F ig . 1 1 71 c .

F ig . 1 1 71 C . Wi d t h R od . F ig . 1 1 71 D .
— R a il s S e t Out on gE d g e s ; t h e P ro j e c t or s t h e R od
S h o w t h e C onn e c t on i of t h e S e tt i ng i
Ou t w t h i t . F ig . 1 1 73 .
—M i d d le Ra il S e t Ou t .

the b a ck ed g e s a s r e p re s en t ed a t F i g 1 1 69
,
. . the b o t t o m ra il i s S h o w n a t F ig 1 1 72 The . .

The mu n t in s c a n a l so b e pla ced o n t h e s t ile s c o mp lete s e t t i n g o u t for t h e s houl der s e t c ,

.
,

m o f t h e middle r a il i s s h o w n a t F i
a nd
j a r ked fo r t h e S h o u lde r s a s r e p re , g 1 1 73 B y . .

s e n ted ; t he n t he s e c a n be t a ke n o ff a nd r efe rri n t o F i 1 1 7 1 C a t E a n d F i t will

, g g .
,

s qu a r ed ro u n d fo r the s h o u lde rs a s s h o w n b e s ee n th a t t h e fr o n t a n d b a ck s hou l d e rs

a t F ig 1 1 70 The ro d fo r t h e wi d t h o f t h e o f the mi d dle r a il a r e n o t in o n e pl a n e o wi n
. .

g ,

d o o r i s s h o w n a t c ( F ig a n d t h e fir s t
. t o the s ma ll be a d w o rked r ou n d the o u t
 D O OR S AN D D O OR FRA M E S .
35 5

s ide o f t h e fra mi ng t o br e a k j o in t wit h the M F

( gi . a nd t he n m a r ki n g t h e t hi ck
S hu tt er The be a d s st a r t fro m t h e s a m e
.
n e ss o f t h e h e a d fro m the g a u g e li n e N , dra w

s qu a r e l i n e a t the b o t t o m ed g e a s A B ( F i g . t h e s ho rt li n e p a r a llel t o thi s a s S h o w n a t

b u t t h e o n e fini she s the br ea dt h o f t h e
bea d in fr ont o f the o ther a s indic a ted a t ,

D a nd E t he exa ct a mo un t bein g the be a d

,

and qu irk the st ile di mi ni shi n g t h e d i s

,

t a n ce A H o n the o u t side a n d A G o n the

inside S qu a rin g the li n e a cr o s s fro m G
.
,

a s rep r e s e n ted by the d o tted li n e a n d t he n ,

F ig . 1 1 75 — Se tt i ng Ou t of l
S h ou d e r s on F ace
S dei of St il es .

F ig . 1 1 76 — S e t t ng
. i Ou t of l
S h ou d e r s on Bac k
S dei of St il es .

d own the ed g e t h e p o int D i s fou n d a n d , ,

F ig . 1 1 77 .
— A p p li c a t i on of Ad j usta b e l S q u a re
j oini ng D t o A t he in side S ho u lder i s sho wn
,
.
i
f or S e t t ng O u t S h ou d e r s l on St il es .

N ow s qu a rin g a cro s s fro m H a s s ho w n by

the s ec on d do t t ed lin e t h e p o in t K i s o h , 0 .Thu s p oi nt F i s o b t a i n ed a nd j o ini n g ,

t a in e d fro m the a rri s mea su rin g t h e thick !

F t o B g ive s t h e S ho u lder li n e On t h e i n .

n e s s o f the be a d the p o int F i s ob ta in ed ; , side o f the s t ile ( F i g 1 1 76) s qu a r e a cro ss.

j oini n g F t o B g ive s the ou t side sho u lder The . fro m the lin e L a n d where thi s i nter sect s
,

F ig . 1 1 78 .
— Ap p li t i
ca on o f Ad j u st a b e l S q u a re for S e t t i ng l
Ou t S h ou d e r s on M dd i l e Ra il .

s et ti n g fo r the t o p r a il i s sh o w n a t F i g
ou t . wi t h t h e g a u g e li n e P , i t g ive s the p o i n t D ,

1 1 74 t h e diff er en ce b et ween t h e fro n t a nd

, a n d j o i ni n g D t o A g ive s the S h o u lder li n e .

b a ck S ho u lders b eing equ a l t o the t hi ckn e s s An a dj u st a ble s qu a r e will be fou n d v e r y

o f the be a d The shou ld er li n e s c a n n ow be
. u s e ful i n s e t t i n g o u t the sh o u l d e r s b o th o n

s e t o u t o n the st ile s ; F i
g 1 1 75 r e r e sen t s
p . t h e st ile s a n d r a il s On e i s illu stra ted a t
.

the o u t side p o rti on o f the st ile , wher ea s Fi g s 1 1 77 a n d 1 1 78 Usu a lly t h e st o ck i s

. .

F i g 1 1 76 rep r e s en t s the i n side

. Re me m . t h e l e n g t h sho w n fro m A t o B , b u t by h a vi n g
berin g wha t h a s been st a t ed a b o u t s etti n g i t l o n g er , a s S ho wn , the i nn er ed g e o f t h e
o u t the mi ddle r a il , fir st s qu a ri n
g o n t h e side lo wer p a rt o f t h e stile c a n be w o rked fro m
3 56 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

i n st e a d o f the b a ck ed g e a n d thi s i s a n a d , betwee n wha t will for m t h e qu i rk s for the

va n t a g e The l o n g er st o ck i s a l so a n a d
. t o p a n d b o tt o m be a d s a s i n di c a ted by so lid ,

va nta g e a s ther e i s m o re o f it t o a dj u st t o
,
lin e s in F ig 1 1 79 i n which t h e d o tted .
,

t h e r a il ( s e e F i g When t h e s qu a r e
. lin e s r ep re s en t t he full len g th o f the
i s t r u e a n d p ro p erly a dj u st ed the n o b vi , p a n el a fter the i n s erti o n o f the t o p a n d b ot
o u sly if t h e s tu ff i s p la n ed u p tru e t h e
, , t o m be a d Next r eb a te a nd be a d the
.

s h ou lde r s c a n b e a cc u r a tely m a r ked o u t by ed g e s a n d t hen with a short t hi n chi s el a n d

, ,

t h e a i d o f t hi s s qu a r e . a ma llet c u t o u t the wide r r eb a te s a t e a ch

,

The w o r k c a n n ow be g a u g ed the mor , e nd a s s ho wn a t F i g

,
1 1 80 T a ke a piece . .

t ice s m a de a n d the t e n o n s c u t
,
P e r ha p s t h e . o f b o a r d equ a l t o a b o u t the t hi c k n e ss o f

be st m etho d o f mo rt i si ng i s t o d o a l l the the p a n el le ss the to n g u e w hi ch g o e s i n to

m ortice s o f the s tile s b efo r e t h e sp l a y t h e pl o u g h g r o o ve an d o n thi s stick su ffi ,

s h o u lde r s a re c u t ; e speci a lly i s thi s mo r e cient be a din g for t h e en d s o f the p a n el s ,

sa w t hi s d o w n le a vi n
g a li ttle mo r e ,

t ha n t h e qu i r k o n pla n e d o w n t o ,

t h e qu i r k c u t o ff t o len g th s mi tr e , ,

t h e en d s a n d a l so the e n d s o f the

F ig . 1 1 79 . P a ne l
— G aug e d a nd S e t Ou t
re ady for R e b a t ng i .

c on ve nien t when the mo rt i sin g i s

t o be d o n e by a mo rti si n g ma chi n e When .
F ig . 1 1 80 .
— P a ne l i
R e b a t e d , S d e Be a d s S t u c k

h a vi n g t o mo rti s e e ntir ely by ha n d ma n y ,

re a dy for M t e r i i ng for E n d s of Be a d s .

j o i n e rs p refer befor e morti sing t o tri m the

, ,

s pl a yed S h o ul de r s n e a r t o withi n the li n e s ,

b ea d t ck o n the side o f the p a n el s ;
s u

c o n siderin g it sa vi n g i n la b o u r . then s ecu r e t he s e be a d s in their p o siti o n

The stile s a n d r a il s sho u ld be pl ou g hed ,
by a litt le g lu e a n d a few bra d s In F i g . .

t h e be a d s w o r ked o n a nd t h e s pl a yed ,
1 1 62 a t A the bea d i s s ho w n fixed i n p o si
sh o u lde r s o f the stile s a cc u r a t ely f o r m ed t o t ion At B p a rt o f the bea d i s in p o s iti on
.
,

t h e li n e s a b u ll n o s e pl a n e so m eti me s bei n g
,
a n d at C the o the r p a r t i s s h o w n p ro j ected

fo u n d u s e ful fo r t hi s ki n d o f s ho u lder The u p s o a s t o g ive a view o f the mi te ri n a t

.
g
s h o u lde r s o f the r a il s c a n n o w be c u t a n d D . When the d o o r i s fitted t o g ether the ,

t h e fra mi n g fitted t o g ether i n the u s u a l c ombi n ed b r e a dth o f the p a n el s a n d mun tin

m a nn er A c o n ve nti o n a l V iew o f a c o m sh o u ld be fr o m T ? i n t o in le s s the l e n g th
1
. . .

l e t e d e nd o f t h e middle ra il i s s h o w n a t o f the m iddle a n d b o t t o m ra il s me a su r ed b e

p
F i g 1 1 66
. If it i s de sir ed t o ma ke p r o
. tween the s hou lders so a s t o a llo w fo r cl o s ely
vi si o n for a mo r tice lo ck d o u ble t wi n t en o n s , ,
c ra mpi n g u p t h e sh ou lder s o f the stile s a n d
a s sh o w n a t F i g 1 1 4 1 p 3 44 w o u ld ta ke
.
,
.
,
r a il s The ma ki n g o f t h e s a sh will be de
.

t h e pl a ce o f t h o s e s h o w n a t F i g 1 1 66 . . s c ribed i n t h e s ecti o n o n sa s h ma ki n g -
.

B e a d a n d F l u s h P a n e l s — In ma ki n g t h e M a k ing t h e S h u t t e r Thi s sh oul d pr e sent .

-

be a d a nd flu sh p a n el s t h e sp eci a l p o in t s a r e ,
n o di ffi c u lt y i t s c o n s t ru cti o n bei n
, g s i m il a r to

bei n g fa ced u p a n d t hi c kn e s s e d t hey sh o u ld ,

th a t o f t h e l o wer p a r t o f t h e d o o r a s sho wn , .

n e x t be g a u g ed for wid t h a n d s e t ou t fo r in t h e ill u s t ra t i o n s After bein g wed g ed .

le n g t h g i n le ss e a ch w a y t h a n t h e di st a n ce
. a n d cle a n ed o ff it s h ou ld be fit t ed i n t h e ,

b e t w e e n t h e p l o u g h g ro o ve s t he n sa wn a n d , r ece ss i n the fra mi n g so a s t o le a ve a g o o d ,

s h o t t o the s e li n e s They sho u ld n ext be i l l d the j i ll w f i t

1
.
T? n)
a r o u n . o n t t o a o o r p a n
a u g ed fo r r eb a t i n g a n d s t o t f r l e n t h a nd sl i h t cle n ce A th m b c r ew
g e u o
g a
g a ra u s -
, . .

The le n g t h h e r e r efe rred t o i s the di st a n ce and

p l a te s s ui t a ble fo r s ec u ri n
g the b o tt o m
35 8 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

i s c o mmo nly u s ed in h o u s e s o f the bu r su fini shed o ff with b o lecti o n mou ldin g The .

b a n vill a cla ss The d o or h a s a . l owe r s t ile s a r e kn o w n a s di mi ni s hed o r g u n s to ck

p a n el p l a i n fa ced -
on the i n side with mo u ld,
~
s tile s i n w hi ch the u pe r p a rt
, p bei n g n a r ,

r o we r forms a l a rg er o peni ng for g l a zing

,
.

F o u r b a rs a re p ro vided fo rmi n g W ha t i s ,

kn o w n a s ma rg i n a l li g hts The fra me i s .

F ig . 1 1 86 .
—E nl a r g e d i
De t a l s of He a d F r a me
D o or , S ofii t , etc .

F ig . 1 1 87 .
— S e t t i ng O u t T op of P ost .

be a ded o n the i n side a n d mou lded o n the

F ig . 1 1 84 . F ig . 1 1 85 . o u t side The fr a m e i s in s erted in a 2 0 in
.
-
.

F ig . 1 1 84 .
—E n l a r g e d De t a il s of O u t s d e i st o n e w a ll Spla yed li ni n g s whi ch a l so
.
,

E l v ti
e a on ( F ig .
ha ve a sp l a yed so ffit a re t on g u ed i nto the ,

F ig . 1 1 85 .
—E n l a rg e d De t a il s of V e rt i l
ca S e ct i on .
fra me a s s ho w n In the ma ki n g a nd fi xi n g
.

o f thi s d o o r fr a me linin g s etc the p oin t s

, , ,
.
,

in g rou n d t h e fra mi n g The o u t side o f the

. whi ch a re c o mmon t o o t her exa mple s a n d ,

p a nel ha s a su nk ma r gi n wi t h a mo ul din g which ha ve been a lre a dy t re a ted will é n o t ,

w o rked o n the ed g e o f the ra i si n g a n d ,

be rec a pitu l a ted ; o nly the p rin cip a l n e w ’
 -
D OOR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S . 3 59

fea ture s will be expla i n ed a nd illu s is le ss c o mp li ca t ed whi l st the a mou n t o f ,

t ra t e d . la b o u r i n vo lved i s n o mo r e by ha vi n g d ou bl e
F ra m e — A p o rti o n o f the ro d with t he
. mo rtice s a nd t en o n s e a ch o f 1 ih a s sho wn .
, ,

hea d se t ou t i s sho w n a t F i g 1 1 8 7 p ro . a n d t h e sh ou lder s c a n be kep t u p better

e c t e d a b o ve t hi s the o p e n d o f t h e p o st tha n with o n e la r g e teno n Next se t o u t
j t , .

F ig . 1 1 88 .
— S e t t ing Ou t for M or t i ce s He a d of F ig . 1 1 90 .
— S h ow i ng G v r oo ed a nd T ong u e d Jio nt

F r a me . b e t w e e n J a mb a nd S ofii t of Li ning s .

F ig . 1 1 92 .

F ig . 1 1 91 .

1 1 89 .
— Comp le t e d Ji o nt b e t we e n He a d a nd i
F gs . 1 1 91 a nd 1 1 92 .
— S e t t i ng Ou t of Be vl e s f or
P os t of F r a me . Int e r s e c t i on a t He a d of L i n i ng s .

is ho w n The sh o u lder a t B h a s
se t out t he hea d P a r t o f the r o d fo r thi s i s s ho w n
“

s . .

been s e t o u t fro m the s qu a r e o f the mo u l din g a t F i g 1 1 88 , a n d t h e s ettin g ou t o f t h e he a d

.

a t A a n d the i n n er s h o u lde r i s se t
, ou t fro m i s p ro j ected o ver i t The mortice a dj a cent
.

t h e qui rk o f the b ea d 0 i n dic a ted by t h e t o t h e r eb a te i s n a rr o w , a nd t h e o ther mo rtice

'

d o tted li n e D Wh en mo u lded a n d bea d ed

. i s equa l t o the who le t hi ckn e ss o f t h e stu ff .

a s he re illu st r a ted the s etti n

g o u t o f a fra m e
,
The mortic e s a n d teno n s c a n no w be ma rked ,
3 60 C ARP ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

g a u g i n g fr o m t h e fa ce ed g e o n ly fo r b ot h now be c u t , a nd the mo ul d
t he mi t eri n g of

o f the m H a vi n g c u t the mo rtice s a n d the

.
in g a nd be a d d o n e t o t h e p o st a s sho w n a t
ten o n s t h e pl o u g hi n g for t he t on g u e s o f
,
A ( F ig . a n d tha t fo r the he a d a s

t he li ni n a n d r eb a ti n g s h o u ld be d o n e r e r e s e nt ed a t B ( F i
p g In the s e l a r g e
g s , .

a f t e r which t h e be a d m a y be s t u ck a n d t he n mo u ldi n g s s o meti me s tha t o n the j a mb

F ig . 1 1 93 .
— B e ve l S e t O u t for p r e p ar i ng E dg e s
of Li i
n ng s .

F ig . 1 1 94 .
— L in in g M a r k e d
Be v lli
e ng of E dg e s .

F ig . 1 1 95 .
— R e b a t in g T on g u e of F ig . 1 1 96 . J o i nt
— b e t we e n Stil d M i d dl
e an e Ra il
L in ing .
p r e p a r e d for M or ti L k
ce oc .

the o g ee mo u ldi n g sh o u ld be w o rked a s will c ibed o ve r tha t o n the he a d in st e a d o f miter

s r

be expla i n ed in a l a t er s ec t i o n B efo r e . in g a n d thi s m e t ho d will be illu stra ted i n a

,

s t icki n g a l a rg e mo ul di n g i t i s a s well t o r u n ,
f u t u r e exa mp le The fra me a ft er fittin g
.
, ,

a u e li nes o n e fo r w o r ki n g t h e di sta n ce w o u ld be wed g ed u p a n d a str etcher n a iled

g g , ,

on ,
a n d t h e o t her fo r w o rk in g the di s t a n ce a c ro s s t h e b o t t o m i n t h e u su a l w a y .

d ow n t o The sho u lder s o f the p ost c a n

. S p l a y e d L i n i n g s — In t he s e t h e o n ly n e w
.
362 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

R e ba ti n g a nd M ou ding l — F or a p o st reb a ted a nd stu ck with the o volo pla ne s .

(s h o w n a t A F i g a s,
the s a s.h fil l i st e r A sticking b o a rd will o f c ourse be n ece ssa ry
, ,

c a nn o t be u s ed u p t o the sh oul ders o f the for thi s p ur p o s e P a rticul a r s o f thi s will be

.

s tile s su fficie nt o f the r eb a te s h o u ld fir s t be

,
found in the secti on on sa sh ma king -
.

S c ribi ng ,
H a u n c hi ng , e tc .
—P ro vi si on
for mort ice l o ck i s sho w n by the d o u ble
a

twi n ten on s a n d mo rtice s a t Fi g s 1 1 96 a n d .

At 0 C ( F ig the moul din g s o f

.

the ra il a n d stil e s a re shown mi ter ed AI1 .

a lterna tive metho d by s cribing i s shown a t ,

D D ( Fi g s 1 1 97 a n d
. The speci a l
kin d o f j o in t between the t o p r a il a nd stile
i s sho wn a t F ig 1 1 98 whe r e the s qu a r e
.
,

left fro m the moul di n g o n the stile 1 s left o n

t o form a ha u n ch a nd a p iece i s mo rti s ed ou t
,

a b o ve the te n o n t o fit o ver thi s a s s h o w n ,

F ig . 1 1 99 .
— B ars S et Ou t , T e nons a t F (F ig . Wher e the b a r s in te r sect
l
S h ou d e rs E n t e r e d . wi t h the st ile s they sh oul d be s cribed a s
,

sh o w n a t A ( F i g so a s t o fi t o ver the
.

by g a u g i n g a n d p a ri ng o u t wit h a
, s o li d mo u ld o f the s tile The in t ers ecti o n .

chi sel a p ort i o n a s sho w n a t A ( F ig .

bet ween a hori zon ta l a nd a vertic a l b a r i s
a b u ll n o s e pl a n e i s u s e fu l fo r t hi s p u r p o s e
-
.

The sa me r e ma rk a p p lie s t o t h e mo ul di n g .

A p orti o n B ( F i g 1 1 96) mu st be w o rked by

.

F ig . 1 2 00 .
—
Ba rs i i i
S c r b e d f or F t t ng T og e t h e r a nd t o St il e .

i
a r ng , e rs o f
a rtih e sa m e
of rou t show n a t B The s qu a r e on e a ch side o f the
p p or a .

p a t t ern a s t h e o vo l o pl a n e s ma y b e u sed ve rt ica l b a r i s c u t d o w n t o the level o f the

with a dva nt a g e The b a r s shou ld n ext be r e b a t e a n d the m ou ldi n i l t d o w n t o
.
, g s a so c u
D OOR FRA M E S . 363

g r i
a n , a nd a fte rwa rd s the t w o side s wi t h the
g r a i n ma y be d o n e The c o n ve n ti o n a l view
.

( F ig 1 2 0 1 ) will ma ke c le a r t he c o n stru cti o n

.

o f t h e p a n el a nd a l s o o f t h e b o lec t i o n mo u ld

i n g mi t ered r ou n d t h e o u t side The g l a ss .

i s fixed in with be a d s a s sh ow n .

P a n e l le d L in ing s fo r D o o r w a y s .

P a n elled li ni ng s fo r d o o rw a ys exa mp les o f ,

whi ch a re illu stra t ed by Fi g s 1 202 a n d 1 2 03 , .

a r e so c a lled beca u se t hey a r e fra med— tha t

is t o sa y mo rt i s ed a n d t en o n ed the p a n els
, ,

bein g i ns e rted in g ro o ves li ke the p a n els o f a

d o o r ; in fa ct they a re p a n elled t o ma tch
,

the do o r tha t is inten ded t o be hun g t o

them They a r e a lso o rna men ted wi t h the
.

sa me ki d o m o u ldi g a s h e d o o
f — s o me
m
n n t r

ti es with mo u ldin g p u t in o n the p a n el b u t ,

n o t qui te flu s h wi t h the s u rfa ce o f the fra m

in g s o meti mes with b olect i o n m ou l di ng

, ,

which fit s p a rtly o n the p a n el a n d p a rtly o n

t h e fra mi n g the a n g le o f t h e r a mi n g fittin g
,
f
i n to the r eb a te Mo re c a r e i s r equi red i n .

u tti n the l tte r m o u l di n i n th n n the

p g a g a i
—
ca se o f the fo rmer c a lled a s un k moul ding
fo r bes ides h a vi n g t h e mi tr e t o c u t the
, ,

mo u ldi n g h a s t o be p u t o n a mi tr e sh o o t a n d
t h e en ds p la n ed wi t h a tryin g p la n e t o the -

exa ct len g t h a n d c o rrect a n g le .

F itt in g t h e M o u l d i n g s —The w a y t o a so er .

ta in t h e c u t t ing len g t h o f the mou ldin g is t o

t a ke a s ma ll p iece a n i n ch o r t w o i n len g th , ,

a n d l a y it o n the p a n el i n the s a m e p os i t i o n

a s t h a t i n which i t i s t o be fix ed a n d a s n e a r ,

t h e c o rn er o f e a ch p a n el a s it will g o H o ld .

a
p e n cil a a i n s t t h e
g p a r t which r e s t s o n the

fra mi ng a n d dra w a little l i n e i n o r s o

,
.

long When e a ch p a n el h a s been g o n e ro un d

.

in t hi s w a y t h e width o f the r eb a te will be

,

m a rked exa c t ly Cu t the mi t r e a t o n e e n d

.
,

l a y the p iece o f mou ldi n g o n with the p o i n t ,

t o o n e o f thes e ma rks a n d ma rk the len g t h ,

i n l o n g e r t h a n the p en cil ma rk o n the

.

o p p osi t e s ide o f the p a n el the S p a re in .

will a llo w fo r p l a nin g t o fit P ro cu r e fou r .

p iece s o f w o o d 3 i n o r 4 in l o n
g,
by 2 % i n. . .

o r 3 i n wide a nd a b ou t t h e de th the p a n el
.
, p
i s su n k d o w n fr o m t h e su rfa ce o f the fra min g .

L a y the m fla t o n the p a n el o n e a t e a ch ,

c o rn er a n d pla ce t h e fo u r leng ths o f mo u ld

,

i n g o n t he m o n e a t a t me a s t hey a r e s h o t
, ,
.

Ma ke the m fi t cl o sely o n e a g a i n st the o ther ,

s o th a t when t h e l a s t is i n s erted it will w a n t

'
3 64 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

j us t a sli g ht t a p o f the h a mme r t o g e t it ap i ”

pe a ra n ce a nd n o r r espects A ve ry
the .

do w n level With the a id o f a b ra d a wl o r

.
g o o d ki n d o f j a mb h o weve
,
r i s s o meti m e s
,

so me sh a rp p o i nted t oo l slide o u t the f o u r u s ed whe n the d oo rw a y i s i n a 9 i n w a ll

- -
. .
,
'

slip s o f w o o d e a ch t o w a r ds the ce n t r e o f the

, Su ch j a mb s a r e c a l l e d sk e l e t o n j a mb s The .

p a n el a n d d rive do w n the mo u ldi n g L a y

, . s tile s a n d ra il s a re g e n e ra lly 3 i n by 1 3 1; i n . .
,

a fla t strip o f w o o d a c ross the p a n el c o r n e r b u t va ry a cc o rdi n g t o ci rc u ms ta n ces They .

F ig 1 2 02 —S e c t i on t h r ou g h —S e c t i on
. .
P ig 1 2 03 t h r ou g h
lD i
. .

Int e r na o or w a y , s h ow ng J a mb lD
Int e rn a o or wa y , s h owi n
g J a mb
a nd p art of l
M ou d e d 2 -in . D oor a nd p a rt of D o or i n S e c t i on
i
.

in S e ct on .

wi s e a nd strike t hi s with t h e ha mme r t o

, , a re p l a n ed t r u e o n o n e s ide a n d o n e ed e a n d
g ,

p reve nt the mo u ldi ng fro m bei n g b ru i sed If . mo rti s ed a n d te n o n ed h a ve thr ee ra ils i n

,

t h e mi tr e sh o o t w a s t ru e eve ry mi t r e will,
t h e he a d ( o r so ffi t a s it i s c a lled ) a nd a b o u t ,

fit a s clo s ely a n d n icely a s p ossible . fou r in the j a mb s o r u p ri g hts o r pe rh a p s ,

S k e l e t o n J a mb s
. Eve ry d oo rw a y mus t
-
five a cc o rdi n g t o hei g ht b u t n o p a n els
, , .

h a ve a li ni ng o f s o me ki nd t o hide the ro u g h They a re fixed in the o peni ng a nd the d o o r ,

ma te ri a l o f the w a ll A si n g le p l a i n b o a rd
.
,
i s hu ng t o t he m . To fo rm t h e r eb a te a wide ,

wide e no u g h fo r a 1 4 in o r 1 8 ih b rick w a ll
-
.
-
.
,
s tri p o f é i n -
. s tu ff i s n a iled o n o ve r the

w o u ld be very u nsa ti s fa cto ry i ndeed i n fra mi n g s h o wi ng a reb a te o n the o pp o ite

, s
3 66 C AR P ENTR Y AN D JOINER Y .

F ig . 1 2 05 . E l e va t i on
— of E nt r a n c e D oor a nd F ra m i ng .

F ig . 1 2 07 .
—
P1a n of E n t r a n c e D oo r a nd F r am i
ng .
 D O OR S AN D D OOR FRA M E S . 3 67

exclusive o f r eb a tes The b o tto m edg e

.
the fix ed sideli g ht s ( s e e F i g a nd i s
p er .

o f the do o r i s r eb a t ed a n d th ro a t ed a nd , ma n e n t ly g ro ov ed i n to the b o tto m ra il a n d

s h u t s a a in s t a 1 in by g ai n w ht i n bedded in re d l ea d The i ns ide fa ce o f the
g r ou g r o
- - -
. .
.

b r es su mmer is la th e d fo r p la steri n The

g .

rib exten di n
g fro m the hea d o f the fra me t o
t h e s o ffit o f the a r ch i s o u t o f 1 i h stu ff with -
.
,

a s c o ti a wo rked o n the b o tto m ed e F i

g g . .

1 2 1 0 sh o ws a p a r t s ecti o n o f the d o o r p a n els ,

whi ch a r e bea d flus h i nside the bevel o f the

ra i s ed
p ti on o f the o u tside o f the p a n el will
or
,

o f c o urs e depe n d u o n i t s width b u t i n n o

p
, ,

c a s e mus t it ris e a b o ve the l in e o f the o u t

side me mber o f t h e b o lecti o n mo u l di n g .

F ig . 1 2 08 .
— S e ct i on t h r ou g h F ig .
— We a t h e r J o int
1 2 09 .

We at h e r B ar , s h ow ng i b e t w e e n B ot t om R a il o f
We a t h e r ing for B ot t om S i d e F r a mi ng a nd S t one
Ra il of D oor . S ill .

F ig . 1 21 0 .
—S e c t i on
~

t h r ou g h P a n e l s an d Bo l ti
ec on

M ou d li ng .

F ig 1 2 1 1
. h o ws a s ectio n o f the a rchitra ve
s
mou ldi ng which is 5 & in wide a nd Ii i n
, . .

t hick ( r edu ced a t the fro n t ed g e t o 2 i n ) .

p li n th bl o cks 1 2 i n deep r eceive,

the e n ds .
,

F ig . 1 21 1 .
— Se ct i on o f Ar c h t r a i v e M ou d li ng .

F ig .
— S e ct i on t h r ou g h E nt r a n c e D oor and Of t he mo ul di n g bey o n d W hi Ch t hey S h O l fl d
,

F ra m i ng .
h w
s o i n ma rgi n a t t h e fro n t a n d e nds a nd
. ,

A in fr o nt o f bea ds b o th w a ys The
. in .

wea ther b a r a s sh own in F i g 1 208 which i s .

,
fdd s ha vi n g been p rep a r ed the w o rk c a n ,

su n k a n d ce men t ed The fra me will be

~

5 i n i n t o the 3 i.n -
. b e p ro cee d ed with .

s to n e st e
p
. A si mi l a r b a r i s let i n u n de r ma de first The s electi o n o f t h e stu ff i s
.
3 68 C ARP EN T RY AN D J OINERY .

so m eti mes left t o the w o rk ma n a nd a s the , ,

can be s c ribed a s sh o w n a t D ( F i g ,
.

j a mb s a re o u t o f 5 % in by 3 i n it will me a n . .
,
The n t u rn the stile with the r eb a t ed ed g e
o n e ri
p d o w n a n l l i n by 3 i n pl
-
a n k In
.
-
. . u p w a rd s a n d ma rk fo r the
,
s h o u lde r i n a

s o me sh o p s thi s si z e o f stu ff is kept r e a dy fo r s i mil a r ma n n e r t o t h a t s h o w n i n Fi g s 1 21 3 .

use .The c o rrect len gths fo r cu tti n g will be a nd 1 21 5 .

a s ce rta i n ed fr o m the d ra wi n s t o which a n

g ,
S e tt in g O u t F r a m e thin s lip o f — T a ke a

i n ch o r so mu st be a dded The pla nin g u p . wo o d a b ou t 9 in lo n g pla n ed u p in thi ck .

,
.
,

mus t be d o n e tru e a n d p a ra llel a n d in fa vo ur ,

a n d g a u g ed o ff t o 1 % in ( the exten t t o which .

o f the s ticki n s ide the b cks th t the o vo lo w o rks o n ) fo r 3 in a lon g it then

g a a g o .

n ext the b rickw o rk etc n eed n o t be e i n fo r a n o the r 2 i n which equa l s

, .
, g a u g . .
,

Fi g . 1 21 2 .
—App li c a t i on of S p li S e t t ngfor i Ou t F ig . 1 2 1 4 — S h ou d e rs
. l Set Out
'

on M ou d e dl
S h ou ld e rs for O vl
o o E d g e of P o s t s a n d E dg e .

Munt i ns .

the depth the o vo lo Wo rks d o wn then g a u g e

to u ched except ,
fo r
j a cki ng o ve r wher e the i n fo r the la st 3 in equ a l t o the depth t h e
. .
,

mo rtice g a u g e is run d o w n . r eb a te is w o rked d o w n fo r the d o o rs thes e

F ra m e a n d L i n i ng s the p ro
.
— Ma n y of sh ou ld be a ccu ra tely c u t a w a y do w n t o the
ce s s e s i n vo lved in s etti n g o u t a nd ma ki ng the g g
a u e li n e s the n the slip will h a ve the
,

fra m e ha ve a lr e a dy bee n expl a i n ed in c o n a p p e a ra n ce sh o w n in F i g 1 21 6 L a y o ne . .

n e c t io n with c a s e s p r evi o u s ly t r e a ted Thu s .

,
j a mb o n the ben ch ma rk a nd s qu a re o ff ,

—A p p li c a t i on — S h ou l d e r
F ig . 1 21 3 . of S lip f or S e t t i ng Ou t F ig . 1 21 5 . S e t O u t f or R e b a t e d
'
E dg e
S h oul d e r s t o fi t t o R e b a t e s
.
.

it will o nly be n ece s sa ry t o exp la in the n e w with the kni fe the li n e t o c u t o ff a t b o tto m ,

fe a tu re s On ly the si g ht li n e s n o t t h e
.
,
ma rk o ff a b o ve thi s 7 ft ( the hei g ht o f .

s h o u lde rs ma y be t a ke n fro m t h e r o d
,
The .
tra ns o m ra il ) then 2 % i n ( the fini shed thick
,
.

n ess o f t ra ns o m ra il ) a b o ve thi s ma rk
s i g ht li n e s a re the di st a nce s betwee n the
i n te rs ecti on o f the s qu a r e p a rt o f t h e 1 ft 6 i h. a n d the he a d i s r e a ched
.
,
Ma rk .

fra m e a s i n dic a t ed a t A in Fi g s 1 2 1 2 a n d .
the o ther j a mb a nd the t wo mu lli o ns fro m
1 21 3 .The n by me a n s o f a p rep a red sl i p ,
thi s o f c ou rs e u sin g the slip for the sh o u lder
,

m a rk o u t fo r t h e m ou ldi n g a n d r eb a te a s o f the m u n ti n ; a n d a t the p o i n t whe r e the

fo ll o w s N o w a p p ly the slip wi t h o n e ed g e tra nso m l i n e c ro sses the mu lli o n s c u t the la tter
a g a i n s t the si g ht li n e A ( F i g 1 2 1 2) then .
,
in h a lves j u s t mi dw a y b etween the sh o u lders .

r icki n
g o ff the b re a d t h a s i n dic a ted a t Allo w for the sh o u lders o n the j a mb s a nd
p ,

0 g i v e s the p o i n t th r o u g h which t h e s h o u lde r

,
mu lli o n s by u si n g the i g in p o rti o n o f the -
.
3 70 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O INERY .

M it e r in g — F ro m the p a ttern o f the mo u ld M e a su ri n g fo r D o o rs a nd L i g h ts .

—
B efo r e
in g eve rs e mou ld a b o u t 8 in o r 9 in
a r , . . r e mo vi n g the fra me fro m t h e b e nc h it will ,

lo ng s ho u ld be w o rked ( se e F i g
, a nd . be n e cessa ry t o ta ke the mea sure men ts fo r
a cc u ra t e mit r e s sh o t a t e a ch e nd This will . c o n s tru cti n g the d o ors a nd li g hts Th e .

fo rm the t e mpl a te with w hich t o c u t a l l p ro pe r w a y t o d o thi s i s t o s e t o u t the dea d

mitres Gre a t c a re mus t be t a ken in this

. hei g hts a n d widths on a la th It shou ld b e .
_

o pe ra ti o n the chi sel n o t bei n g a ll o wed t o g o

,
do n e very a cc u ra tely t o a vo id su b s equ en t
,

the le a st bi t bey o n d the li ne ou t by the e rrors Thi s l a th will a lso be fou n d u sefu l
.

F ig . 1 220 .

F ig . 1 221 .
— S e t t i ng Ou t
S lip for O vl
o o a nd

R e bat e of D oor .

s etting ou t knife The p a r ts o f t h e f ra m e

-
.

her e r efe rr ed t o a s r equ i ri n g mite ri n g a n d

1

fi tti n g t o g eth e r a r e sh o w n by the en l a r g ed F ig . 1 2 20 . C o nv e n t i o n a l

— V i ew
c on venti o n a l vie w F i g 1 2 2 0 ,
. .
of t he Ji o nt s co nn e c t i ng t he
P u tt i n g T o g e t h e r F r a m e — The j a mb s . P a rt s of t h e F r a me .

sh o u ld be b o r ed fo r d ra wi n g a n d the te n o n s

o f the mu lli o n s whe r e they b u tt j o i n t i n the

,
-

tra nso m ra il s hou ld b e b o red fo r a n d held

,
in cu tting o ff the stu ff D o o r s tiles a n d.

t o g ethe r with 2 in g lu ed o a k o r pitch p i n e

-
.
r a il s sh ou ld be ma de f ro m s tu ff 2 i n thick .
,

do wels The fra me c a n n o w be p u t t o

. the b a rs from g in stu ff ; a n d in pl a n i n g
-
.
,

g ethe r pi n n ed a n d wed ed u
, g ,p the n cle a n ed ,
u
p , the be s t s ide s sh ou ld a s fa r a s p ossible
, ,

o ff,
a n d the pl ou g h g r o o ve ru n a l o n g the be selected fo r w o rki n g the mo u ldin g s .

hea d fo r the c a si n g Mitre the c o ve ro u nd . Afte r c u ttin g the do or s tiles t o the di min
the fra me s qu a r e the b o tto ms o f j a mb s
,
i sh e d si z e t hey sh o uld be pl a n ed u
,
p a n d ,

a n d mu lli o ns a n d u p the ce n tr e o f e a ch b o r e
,
the tried u p ma rk p u t o n the b a ck edg e
-

a g in h o le a nd d rive in s qu a re g a lva ni s ed a s a n i n dic a ti o n o f the s t a e t o which the

g
-
.
,

i ron d o wels lea vi n g gr i n p ro j ectio ns which w o r k h a s bee n b ro u g ht

S e t t in g O u t D o o rs a n d L i g h t s —The stu ff
,
.
, .

w ill be su b s equ en t ly let i n t o the s tep The . .

f ra me is n ow fini shed .
fo r the t o p li g hts mu s t be g a u g ed t o 2 2 in .
 D O OR S AN D D O OR FRA M E S . 3 71

by 1 § in fo r do o r a n d side li g ht ra ils, 1 0% reb a te ; c e qu a l s t h e dep th o f the r eb a te

fo r b a rs—n a mely i n thi s c a s e 3 ? i n
~
.

in by 1 g in
.
for the di mi ni shin g s tiles fo r
. , In ,
3
.

'
d o ors , 4g in t o 2 55 111 by 1 in fo r the side
.
0
. . s etti n g ou t the vertic a l ma r g i n a l b a r s fr o m ,

li g hts 4 in t o 2 g in by 1 g in b a rs, 1 % i n
,
. . . . the b a ck edg e o f the p a ttern s tile s e t o u t
by g in In s ettin g o u t the s tiles o f the door,
-
. one ba r then pla cin g it o n the o u ts ide o f
, ,

ma rk o ff o n the b a ck ed g e o f o n e o f them the r e ma in der o f the b a rs c ra mp them a l l ,

the dea d hei g ht o f the doo r fro m the r od , to g ether a nd s qu a r e a c ro ss b o th sides fo r

,

1
a ll o wi g £3 i n
n fo r fi t ti n g Then ma rk o n
.
. . mo rtices a nd teno n s n o te th a t the sh o ul ders
2 2 in fo r the t o p ra il , 1 0% in fo r the b o tto m
. . sh o u ld be a sh a de l o n g These ma y n o w
.

ra il a n d 3 ft 2 in fro m the b o tt o m se t o ff . . be s e t o n o n e side ; b u t la ter when t h e ,

1 0—3 in ,
which will
. be the t o
p ed g e o f the l o ck
ra i l 2 in fro m the inside ma rks o f the t o p
.

a n d l o ck ra i l s ma rk g in S p a ces fo r the ,
-
.

t ra nsvers e ma rg i na l b a rs The ma rks mus t .

be s qu a r ed rou n d t o the i nside edg e , a n d

wedg in g roo m a llo wed on the ba ck . Ma rk

F ig . 1 222 .
—
P a rt V i e ws of L oc k Ra il a nd D imi n

i sh e d St il e of Door , i di t i
n ca ng M e t h od of

Sett i n g Ou t .

the g r in tion o f the sli p ( F i g 1 2 2 1 )

.
p or .

inside the t o p ed g e o f the lo ck ra il a nd the

bo t t o m e d g e o f the t op r a il this being the ,

depth the o vo lo mo ul d wo rks do wn a lso the ,

depth o f the r eb a te Fro m thi s p a ttern .

s t ile the o ther d o o r stile a nd the s t ile s o f the

,
mo rtice g a u g e is it roun d them a s
se t , ru n

s ide li g ht s mus t be s e t ou t a lt o g ether a n d

,
they a re a nd c u t t h e sh ou lders with a d o ve
,

i n p a ir s P r evi o us t o settin g ou t it will be ta il sa w p ro per h a u n c hi ng s bein g left in a l l

‘

-
.
, ,

n ecessa ry t o ma ke the s lip ( F i g 1 2 2 1 ) fo r . c a ses R a il s o f do o rs a nd li g hts sh oul d be

.

s etti n g ou t p u rp o s es This sli p i t n eed n o t be

-
.
,
se t ou t fro m the r o d the width o f s tile s
,

s a id mus t a g r ee i n e s s e n ti a l p a r tic u l a r s with

,
se t b a ck a n d t h e w idth o f the s lip a t B se t
,

the p ro p os ed moul di n g a nd r eb a te Assu m . fo rw a rd a n d the shou lders s qu a red rou n d

, ,

i ng th a t the mo ul d s elect ed w orks g in o n . the s ettin g ou t o f thes e b ei ng d o n e a s de

a nd in d o w n the slip when ma de will
.
, , ,
s cr ibed in c o n necti on with Fi s 1 1 98 t o 1 2 00
g . .

ha ve the a p pea ran ce sho wn a n d ma y be , Cro ss b a rs ma y be s e t ou t fro m thi s a ll o w ,

expla i n ed thu s : A equ a ls the depth the i n g them t o be s li g htly l on g er fo r g o o d

o vo lo wo rks o n B equ a l s the depth the o vo l o j o i n ts The s ettin g o u t o f the t o p li g hts
"

w o rks d o wn a nd is a lso the depth o f the ,

is a si mple ma tter the hei g ht o f the s tile s
,
3 72 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

bei n g ma rked fro m the ro d B el o w i s the . a nd fra mi n g fa nli g h t a l s o t h e ;lintel

a nd ,

m eth o d o f s etti n g o u t the l o ck ra il the ,

a nd fin i shin g s i n side the d o o r fra me o f ,

lette rs c o rresp o ndi ng t o tho se i n F i g 1 2 2 2 which a pl a n i s sh o w n by F ig 1 207

M o rt is i n g a n d T e n o n i ng D o o r —The s etti n g
. . .
,

which is su pp o sed t o be a n i nside view ,

.

the O pp o site e n d t o the l o ck it is ther efo r e o u t h a vi n g bee n c o m leted

p the s t u ff m u s t ,

n o t d o u ble te no n ed -
A is the s h ou lde r li n e be g a u g ed fo r mo rtice s a n d te no ns the ,

u n de r s ide o f ra il B is the ve rtic a l lin e with mo rtice g a u g e bei n g s e t fo r a g in chi s el -

.
,

A ; B t o C i s the di ffe r en ce between width a n d the n e a re s t p rick ma rk fro m the fa ce

o f s tile a t t o a n d b o tto m—n a mely 1 3 i n bei ng se t t o the slip a t H On e e n d o f

p
-
. .

C t o D is the depth the o vo l o w o rk s d o w n the lo ck ra il a n d the c o rr e sp o n di ng stile

E t o A is the s ho ul de r li n e In s ettin g o u t . o f the d oo r mu st be g a u g ed fo r dou ble
ma rk A o n b o tto m o f ra il a nd B o n t o p s e t o n ,
teno ns a s in the p revi o u s ex a mple the ,

o a n d D with the slip ; e d o wn t o E u ge bei n g se t fo r a fi i n chi el n d

g g
a u g a s a -
.
,

a n d ma rk E t o A In s etti n g ou t the di mi n — i n from fa ce fo r o ne te no n a nd mo r tice

5
.
.
1 6

is h in g s tile s F i s the p o in t whe r e the b o tto m a n d l i i n f ro m the fa ce fo r the o the r

. The . .
,

mo r tice s bei n g ma de a n d te n o ns c u t d o w n
t o the h o me li n e the sh o u lde rs ma y be ,

p a rtly c u t i n The s tu ff ma y now be reb a ted

.

fo r the g la s s u si n g a sa sh fil list e r , a n d the

,

o vo l o w o r ked o n e a ch p o rti o n a t the sa m e

ti me us i n g N o 1 mou l di n g pl a n e first a n d
, .
,

fini shi n g o ff with N o 2 The b a rs mu st be . .

_

w o rked o n a s tic king b oa rd whi ch ma y be ,

ma de fro m a piece o f 7 i n by I— g in stu ff -

.
,
-
.

a b o u t 6 ft l o n The b held i n p i
g . a rs a r e . o s

ti on a g a i nst a s cr ew s to p a t on e e n d a n d ,

by a ben ch kni fe a t the o the r The stiles .

F ig . 1 223 .
—
Vi e w s sh o wi g H n a u n c h ng a n di S cr b i i ng sh ou ld be pl ou g hed fo r the p a n el s the te n o n ,

b e t we e n T p R il
o a a nd St il e .
cheeks c u t o ff a n d the ten o ns c u t t o fit ,

the mo rtice s p ro p e r h a un c hi n g s bei n g

,
of the ra il j oi ns the s tile a nd c o rresp onds , a ll o wed

H a u n c h i n g S c ri b i n g e t c —
.

wi t h A G is the p oin t whe re the t o p o f the , The e nds o f the , .

ra il j o i n s the s tile a n d c o rre s o n d s w ith C

p ; ra ils fo r h a un chi n n d s c ibi n p p s e s
,
g a r g u r o
H i s the p o i n t whe r e the sh o u lde r li n e c o m
a r e sh o w n by F i 1 22 3 The e h ve bee n
g s a. .

m e n c e s ; I i s the dep th the o vo l o w o rks de s cri bed a nd illu s tra ted in Fi g s 1 1 96 t o

d o wn K is the su rplu s stu ff o n the ed g e o f
.

1 1 9 8 ; A equ a ls the p o rti o n c u t b a ck o n

the s tile L is the p o i n t o f i nters ecti o n o f H the e nd o f the ra ils t o the de p th o f the
a nd I L t o F i s the s h o u lde r li n e In .
r eb a te t o fit ro u n d the s qu a r e left o n a ft e r
s etti n
g o u t p ro ceed a s fo ll o ws Ma rk F a n d
, mo u l di n g a n d r eb a ti n g a t B o n the s tile ;
G ma rk H o n w i t h the s l ip ru n the g au g e
,
’

, C i s a fa ce view o f the ra il with d o tted

_

lin e do w n I ; a l so fro m the p o i n t wher e H li n e s sho wi n g the di recti o n a n d exten t

a n d I c o nn ect L a n d F In ma kin g the j o in t o f the c u tti n b ck t A The il s n l y
g a a r a o
.
.

a fte r mo rti si n g te n o n in g mou ldin g a n d r equi r e p a rtly s c ribi n th ro u h a s sh o w n a t

, , ,
g g
pl g hi g
ou n a r e o n —
d e a t the p o in t E o n the E ( F ig . a n d a piece will b e r equi r ed
-

r a il p a r e d o w n s qu a r e t o the te n o n befo re
, t o be t a ken ou t o f the stile s t o c o rresp o n d
s c ribi n
g the o v o lo Af te r the su rp l us st u ff
.
g
with the s qu a r e sh ou lde r a b o ve the s e The .

K o n the stile h a s been c u t a w a y a n d the s c ribi n g ma y no w be d o n e a n d p a r tic ul a r ,

s h o u lde r c u t a n d p a r ed tru e c u t o u t the a tte n ti o n mus t be p a id t o the i n te rs ecti o n o f
,

ro o ve fo r the h a u n chi n The v l will

g g o o o .
the lo ck ra il a nd stile a t E a n d H i n F i g .

r equi r e w o r ki n
g with g o u g e s u p t o the p o i n t 1 22 2 . The scribi ng te mpla tes a nd g ou g es
L o n the stile a n d the r eb a te mu s t be p a r ed w ill o f c o u rs e be requi red fo r thi s pro ce ss
P a nels —
, .

o u t with the chi sel u

p t o the s a m e p o i n t .
The d oo rs a nd li g hts may no w
.

F i g 1 2 06 s h o w s a s ecti o n th r o u g h the d o or
.
be kno cked t o g ether a n d the si ze o f the ,
374 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINER Y .

F ig . 1 2 24 — D ou b l—
m gi
e ar n D o or , E xt e r n a l El v t i e a on .

F ig . 1 225 .
—H or i zont a l S e ct i on o f D ou b l e- ma r g i n D oor .

F ig . 1 226
.
—
P lan sh ow ng i Ce nt r e S t il e i
F tt e d i
F gi 1 227 .
—Vi e w of T ap R a il p p
r e a r e d to
O v er T op R a il . re ce iv e E nd of C e nt r e S t il e .
 D O OR S A N D D O OR FRA M E S . 3 75

with the mi ddle s tile in t w o pieces b u t the ,

t e
s r ng the d ble ma rg in do ors i ro n b a rs
n ou -
,

eleva ti o n r e ma ins the s a me for either a r e so meti mes let i n to the t o p a n d b o tt o m

meth o d When the middle stile is c on

. ra i l s a n d s c r ewed t o the m
, In this c a s e .

s tru cted i n t w o p o rti o n s e a ch h a lf o f the ,

the b a rs sh ou ld sto p sh ort o f ea ch edg e o f
the d o o r so a s n ot t o sh o w o n the edg e
, i
.

Ano ther a n d mo re g en era l metho d o f c on

s t ru c t i n g a d ou ble ma r i n d o o r will be ex
g
-

l i n ed i n l te r exa m le
p a a a p .

Co m p os it e Door .

This class o f doo r i s u nu su a l in o rdi na ry

j oin ery w o rk b u t is o cc a si o na lly e mpl o yed
,

fo r sh o wi n g t wo cla ss es o f tr ea tmen t in
deta il This is essen tia lly a so ft pin e do o r
.
,

with a ven eered o a k fa ce the o a k fa ce bein g ,

o n the r oo m side so a s t o c o rr e sp o n d with ,

oa k furnitu re a n d fitti ng s the pin e fini shed ,

with either white o r cr ea m ena mel fa ces a ,

c orrido r The cen tre p a n el o n the p a inted

.

F ig . 1 228 .
—S e c u ring Int e rme d i a t e Ra il s by side o f the d o o r fo rms a n o tice b o a rd fo r -

F o x W e d g ing . p o s ti n g lectu r e a nnou n cemen ts etc a s in , .

,

a s ch o o l o f s cie n ce o r c o lle e la b o ra t o ry
g .

do o r fra med t o g ether b u t no t g lu ed

is , F i g 1 2 3 1 ( sc a le
. in t o 1 ft ) r ep r esen ts . .

u
p . The n the ra ils a r e
g l u ed a n d wed g ed a n eleva ti o n o f the c o rrid or s ide ( a i n ted )
p ,

t o e a ch h a lf o f the mi ddle stile a n d a ll o wed a n d F i g 1 2 3 2 a ver tic a l s ecti o n th rou h d o o r

.
g
t o d ry The t wo h a lves o f the middle stile
.
a n d o p en i n g F i g 1 2 3 3 sh o ws the ro o m side
. .
,

a r e then sh o t a n d fitted The en ds o f the . with the o a k fa ce with rou n d edg ed fra mi n g -

t en o n s t o the ra ils sh ou ld be c u t Tw o meth o ds o f c o n

,

F i n . a n d ra i s ed p a n el .

belo w the j o ining su rfa ces o f the mi ddle s tru cti o n a re illu stra ted by Fi g s 1 2 3 4 a nd .

s tile s o as t o p r even t the j o i n t bei n f r ced 1 2 35 ; the fo rmer sh o w s the pi n e stiles

,
g o ,

F ig . 1 229 — . H or i zont a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h Ce nt r e F ig . 1 2 30 .
— H or i zont a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h P a n e l s,

St il es wh e n i n Tw o P i e ce s . M ou d li ng , etc .

in c a s e o f shri nka g e F i g 1 2 2 6 is a pla n . .

’
etc c onta ini n g the o a k sa n dwiched between
.
,

of the t o p ra il When the middle stile is i n . them The t w o fa ces o f the oa k a re g lu ed

.

iece the t o p a n d b o tt o m ra il s a re c on s i mu lt a ne ou s ly a nd r es s ed betwee n the

'
one
p , p ,

t in u o us a n d fit o ver the mi ddle s tile by the

, p i n e by su it a ble s h o p m eth o d s the n when ,

u s e o f a b ridle j o i n t s i mi l a r t o tha t sh o w n ,
t h e w o rk is th o ro u g hly d ry i t is ri pp ed d o wn ,

in F i g 1 22 7. To p r even t the sh ou l der s

. by ha n d o r sa w n do w n t h e middle with a
,

ri s i n
g o n e a b o ve the o the r c ros s t o n u e s
g ,
ci rc u la r sa w fo rmi ng t w o s tiles etc When
, ,
.

c a n be u s ed a s s h o w n The sa me p la n o f . the d o or is fra med u p g lu ed u p a n d p a rtly , ,

j o i ni n g the t o p a nd b o tto m ra ils t o the clea n ed o ff the l o ck s tile is ven eer ed o n the
,

mi ddle s tile c a n be a do pted when the stile . ed g e ; the ten o ns bein g well ou t b a ck fo r ,

i s in t w o p ieces As the ten o n s in the middle

. o bvi ou s r ea s o n s The hin g e stile is n o t v e
.

s tile c a nn o t be wed g ed i n the o r di na ry w a y ,

n e e re d F i g 1 2 3 5 sh o w s a n a lterna tive w a y
. .

it is best t o fo x wed g e them a s sho wn in -

o f tr e a ti n g the s tile s the deta il sh o wi ng the ,

F i g 1 2 2 8 t o p r even t the sh ou lder j o in ts

.
, ,
ed g e ven eered first a nd then the fa ce Of .

fro m sta rti n g ( a s ecti o n o n the lin e A B c ou rs e the ten o ns on this side will be bli nd ,

is s h o w n by F ig Fu rther t o . b u t will run throu g h the hin g e s tile Al l .

3 76 C AR P E NTRY A N D J OINERY .
3 78 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINER Y .

if the fl ush side o nl y is r equ i red t o be b o a rds a re p a rtly g lu ed o n the do o r will be ,

c o ve red Fi g s 1 240 a nd 1 2 41 sh o w re S p e c
. .
fo u n d t o be su fficien tly ri gid a nd free fro m ,

t i v e ly fr on t elev a ti o n a n d s ecti o n a n d it , a n y te n de n cy t o d ro p F i g 1 2 41 sh o ws a t o p . .

will be s een tha t in o rder t o li g hte n the c o rn er a nd i n dic a t es the meth o d o f c on

,

do o r ,
i n fu ll p a n els ( fro m g i n st u ff i n
-
.
-
. s tru cti o n .

the rou g h ) a re u s ed do u ble o r flush e a ch side , . Co ve ri n g D o o rs W i t h B a iz e — The c o ve r _

To s tiffe n the s e p a n els in thi ck by 6 i n ,

-
.
-
. in g a pplied t o thi s cl a ss o f d o o r sh o ul d be o f
wide cro ss ra ils a re ten o n ed i nto mu nti ns
-
t h e bes t qu a lity p ro c ura ble a n d sh ou ld be ,

o bt a i n ed o f s u ch a width a s t o r eve n t w a ste

p .

It is fa sten ed o n with s to u t ta cks in to plou g h

g r o o ve s o n the ed g es a n d a t the s ides a s ,

sh o w n i n F i g 1 2 46 which r ep r es e nt s a h o ri
.
,

1 2 42 .
— Cro s s R a il a c t ng a si ‘

S t i fl e ne r t o
F ig . 1 240 . F ig . 1 241 .
P a ne l s .

F ig 1 2 40
. .
— F r ont l v ti f D
E e a on o l
ou b e - p a n e lB i a ze

v dD
co e re oor . zont a l
ecti o n of d o o r stiles fo r a swi ng d oo r
s ,

F ig . 1 241 .
—V t i l S t i
er ca ec on ( F ig . the ed g es o f which sh ou ld p refe ra bly be
r o u n ded sli htly t o p r event the b a i z e fro m
g ,

a nd s ide stiles re spectively a s sho wn in Fi g ,

. bei ng c u t by the stretchin g p ro c e ss It is .

1 242 which sh o ws a lso the b a ck r eb a ti n g o f

,
c usto ma ry t o li n e o u t the p a n els by me a n s o f
the p a n els The p a n els a re cen tra lly s cr ewed
. r o u n d he a ded b r a ss n a il s o f F re n ch ma nu
-

t o t hes e stiffe n e rs thu s a ll o wi n g freed o m ,

fa ctu r e a n d further t o ela b o ra te the b a i ze
,

fo r sh ri nk a g e fr o m side s t o mi ddle The . by u si n g g r een ta pe o f a li g hter o r d a rke r

tenons a re o f the u su a l ki n d fo r this cla ss o f ti n t ( se e F i g 1 247) b u t thes e a re ma tte rs o f
.

do o r Fi gs 1 243 a nd 1 244 sho w a n a lte rn a

. . ta s te The ta pe is n e a tly n a iled t o cha lk
.

tive me t h o d o f c o ns tru cti on whi ch w ou ld ,

lin es Sp ru ng a t the p ro p er S p a cin g a n d ,

be che a pe r if ma chi n e w o rked stu ff wer e us ed -

. sh o u ld be kept mo de ra tely t a u t w hi le n a il

The fra mi n g is mo rti sed a nd teno n ed a n d ,

ing o n In t h e c a se o f the d o u ble p a n el
.
-

is c o ver ed o n b o th sides with to n g u ed a n d d oo r t h e n a ils sh o uld if p o ssible cle a r the

, , ,

ved b o rds fo rmi n the fl s h f ce s of g r o o ve If b i e c ve r ed d s s ed i n

g r o o a g u a a z o o o r a r e u
-
.

t h e do o r B ra ci n g c a n be us ed b u t if the
.
,
e n tra n ces n e a r t h e s tr eet they a re a p t t o ,
 D OOR S AN D DO O R '
FRAM E S . 3 79

ha rb ou r du s t a n d t o be Spa tte red with mu d

, , g l a ss c a n be r epl a ced when n ecessa ry wi t h
a n d the l o we r p a rt o f d o o rs in t hi s sit u a ti o n o u t i n j u ri n the d be d s F ig 1 2 5 1
g oo r o r a . .

sh o u ld be c o ver ed with a n o a k b oa r d a b ou t
i thick d it ble width a nd
i n . a n o f a,
n y s u a ,

p a inted t o ma tch .

C i rc u l a r D o o rs .

The do o r ( F ig 1 2 48) a b o u t t o be described

.

is o n pl a n cu r ved t o a 2 ft ra di u s b u t it -
.
,

F ig .
'
1 245 .
— De t a il of T op Cor n e r ( F ig :

is an enla rg ed s ecti on a t the t opedg e o f the .

mi d d l e ra il with the g las s a n d bea ds in posi

~

ti o n T h e wo o d u sed in circ u la r w o rk mu s t
.

F i g 1 2 4 6 — F a st e n
. . i ng E nd s of Cove r i ng .

be tho ro u g hly sea son ed a n d free fro m defects .

In be g i nni n g a jo b o f thi s so rt it i s n ece s sa ry »

t o ma ke a te mp l a te a n d S e t it o u t full si ze o n

F ig . 1 24 3 . F ig . 1 2 44 .

F ig . 1 243 — E l e va t i on s h ow ng i l
A t e rn a t e M e t h od s
of Cons t ru c t i ng Ba i ze - v
c o e r e d Door .

F ig 1 244
.
—Ve rt i c a l S e ct i on ( F ig .

ma y , of
c ou rse ha ve a ny sweep de si red It
, .

s h ou ld a lw a ys be S e t ou t fro m a cen tre a s the ,

s h ou lde r li n e s will be stru ck fro m the cen tr e

p oi n t The p a n els a re bea d flu sh with b o lec

.
,

ti o n mou ldin g mitered rou n d the fron t a s

s ho w n i n pl a n by F i
g 1 2 49 a lso by F i g 1 2 50
.
, .
,

which is a n enla rg e d s ecti o n a t the t o p edg e

o f the b o tt o m ra il with the p a n el a n d mou ld
,

in g o n the o u tside a nd the be a d flu sh o n t h e F ig . 1 241 — Cove r i ng a nd Ta p i ng Ba i ze .

in side The t o p S p a ce is left fo r g la ss which

.
,

is S ec u r ed by me a ns o f be a ds S c rewed rou n d a b oa rd fro m a centr e . When thi s ha s bee n

the stiles a n d ra ils by thi s a rra n g e ment the do ne the rib s ma y be
,
r e a red
p p The .pl a nk
3 80 C AR P EN T RY A N D J OINERY .

it isi n ten ded t o u se s ho u ld be t ru ed u p o u t

o f wi n di n g a n d g a u ed t o t he requi r ed thick
g
n e ss The tra mmel with whi ch the pla n
.

ha s bee n s e t o u t c a n be u sed t o li n e o u t the

F ig . 1 249 .
—
Pla n of Do or ( F ig .

F ig . 1 248 .
— F r ont E l v ti
e a on o f C i l
rcu ar Door .

rib s the th ee ra ils ; these c a n be c u t

fo r r F ig . 1 25 2 . S id e
— S a w for Cu t t ing Ra il s, e t c .

o u t with a b a n d s a w o r with a side sa w if the

-
,
-

fo rme r is n o t a va ila ble A s ide sa w ( se e .

-

F i g 1 2 5 2) i s mu ch like a b o w sa w o n ly it i s
.
-
,

w o rked u p a n d do w n ; L a n d R Sh o w re Sp e c
t i v e l y the p o siti o n o f left a n d ri g ht h a n d
when u sing the sa w The rib s h a vin g been .

c u t o u t a nd to o thed re a dy fo r g lu in g t o
g ethe r it will
,
be s ee n ( F ig 1 2 5 3) th a t they a re
.
F ig . 1 253 .
—
B u il d i ng Up R a il s i
in R b s .
OA R P E N TRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

1 258 .

F ig . 1 25 6
.

F ig . 1 256 .
— F r ont E lv
e a

t oni . F ig . 1 25 7 —. H a lf
H ori zont a l S e c t i o 11
t h r ou g h L ow e r P a n e l s ,

and H a lf H or i zont a l
S e ct ion t h r ou g h C e nt r e
P a ne l s on L ine s A B and

C D . F ig . 1 258 .
—Ve r
t i l ca S e ct i on t hr ou g h
“

C e nt r e of F an g ht li a nd

F ig . 1 257
. Ce n t r e o f P a ne s l .
 D O OR S AN D D O O R FRAM E S . 3 83

F ig .
—
In i d
s e E l v ti
e a on .

as an at t e mp t t o s a ve t i m e her e ma y le a d to te s t between t h e r eve a l s a n d the sp ri n g

t o c o stly e rr o r s The a r chi tect s dr a win g s i n g i n c a se a n y s li g h t di s c r ep a n cy h a s
’
.
,

s h o u ld b e c a r efu lly c o n su lted

p a r
,
t ic u l a r ly o cc u rr ed in the di men si o n s b e t ween t h e
t h e e n la r g ed deta il s t o h a lf i n c h o r la r g er
~
-
m a s o nr y a n d the dra win g s . Fr o m t h e i h
fo rma ti o n thu s o b t a in e d t h e r o d c a n b e se t
'

s c a le
,
t o g ethe r wi t h f ull si z e s ec t i o n s o f
-
,

mou ldi n g s a n d p a n el s which a r e g en e ra lly

, ou t . T hi s w o u ld sh o w the wh o le o f the p l a n
s u p p l ied by le a din g a r chi t ec t s If t h e . o r h o r i z o n t a l s ect i o n o f the w o o dw o r k a s

b u il di ng i s su fficien t ly a dva n ced it i s well ,

a t F ig 1 25 7
. A c o mplete vertic a l s ecti on
3 8 1. C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

of the w o o dw o rk sh o u ld be se t o u t fo r t h e
hei g ht s a s a t F i g 1 2 5 8 F or t h e fr a mi n g . .
,

the he a d a nd fa n li g ht the lini n g s a n d a r chi ,

t ra ve s a b o a r d s h ou ld be u s ed l a r g e e n ou g h
,

t o s trike o u t the ma i n li n e s o f e a ch o f the s e

a n d it will be f o u n d ve ry u s e ful fo r s et t i n g

ou t the s e va ri o u s p a r t s .

T h e F ra m e — Th e p o st s s h ou ld be s e t ,

ou t fo r t h e ten o n s o f the t ra n som B y

‘

r efe r e n ce t o Fi g s 1 2 5 9 a nd 1 2 60 it w ill be
.
,

s ee n t h a t the t r a n s o m i s b u ilt u p a n d th a t ,

t w o equ a l si z ed te n o n s a r e ma de the ,

b o tt o m ed g e s o f w hi ch a r e level with the

r eb a te . The miteri ng o f the mou ldi n g s
between the p o st s a n d t ra n so m i s sh o w n
a t F ig 1 2 60 a n d a s expla i n ed i n p r evi o u s
.
, ,

exa mple s thi s mu st be a ll o wed for in s e t

,

tin g o u t It shou ld be n o ted tha t the

.

t e n o n t o the i nn er p o r ti o n o f the tra n so m A

Fi
( g s
. 1 2 5 9 a n d 1 2 6 0 ) h a s the u pp er p o r ti o n

o f it haun ched i n t o the p o st a nd d o e s , .

n o t ha ve a ten o n the w h o le width The .

piece s t o form the cir cu lar he a d sh ou ld

n ext be c u t o u t Ma ke a templa te fro m
.

t h e r o d a n d li n e o u t the s tu ff fo r the
he a d fu ll ” ,

The he a d ma y be in t w o
.

piece s w ith a j o i n t a t the cro w n or in

, ,

t hr ee piece s w hi ch i s per h a p s a l ittle mo re

,

ec o n o mic a l in ma teri a l b u t the forme r n o ,

d o u bt in vo lve s le ss l a b our i n j o in ti n g a nd
even i n mo u ldi ng The cro wn j o i nt sh ou ld .

b e a cc ura tely ma de a nd mu s t a l so fit w he n ,

pla ced o n the ro d T hi s j o i n t ma y be held .

t o g e t her by a h a mme r he a ded key a n d -

to n g u e s o r by a s t ou t ha n dra il s cr ew a n d
,

d ow el s whi ch i s the mor e mo dern meth o d

,

a n d equ a lly e ffectu a l The j o i n t s betwee n .

the p o sts a n d he a d a t the spri n g in g ma y

be held t o g ether by ha n dra il s cr ew s a n d
d o wel s b u t the h a mmer he a ded key ten o n
,
-
,

a s illu s t ra ted a t F i g 1 2 60 i s s till i n fa v o u r .

,
.

When t h e he a d a n d p os ts a r e t ried t o g ethe r ,

a nd the j o i n t s te mp ora rily ti g hten ed u p ,

the p o st s mu s t be qu ite p a ra llel a nd ex

a c tl
y the s a m e di s t a n ce s a p a r t a n d the ,

j o i n t s mu st be e a s ed u n t il thu s c o rr ect The .

so ffi t o f the he a d a s it i s n o t yet t ru ed u , p ,

s h o u ld p r o j ect o ve r the
p o s t s a little Thi s .

p r o j ec t i o n sh o u ld be c a r e fully s cribed fro m

t h e p o s t s a n d the n by m , e a n s o f a templa te
o r r a di u s r o d the c ur ve fo r t h e so ffi t c a n be

LF i g . 1 2 60.
— E nl a r g e d De t a il of U p p e r P art of se t ou t It will be fo u n d a n a dva n t a g e t o
.

i l S ti t u r n the fr a m e o ve r a nd m a r k t h e o t he r
V e rt ca ec on ( g
F i .
 D OOR S A N D D OOR FRAM E S . 3 85

side a s well The piece s c a n n o w be s ep a r

. an d rou n ds . F or
w o rki n g the c u r ved
a ted a n d t h e s o ffi t pla n ed t o the li n e s by mou ldi n g s o f the he a d sma ll h o ll o w s a n d ,

a c o mp a ss p la n e o r o ther si mi l a r me a n s . ro u n d s kn o wn a s thu mb pl a n e s o r s o me
, ,

Th e s e t ti ng ou t the mo r ti si n g a n d the ten o n

, ,
o the r meth o d w ou ld be a d o pted a s will
, ,

F ig . 1 2 61 .
—Conve nt i ona l De t a il of

etc .
,
of P os t , He a d ,
a nd

T r a n s om .

F
c u t t in g (
h ou lder s ) ha vi n g been d on e
not s ,

a p a tte rn o f t h e mou ld s ma de o f a iece of

, p
ha r dw o o d o r zin c sho u ld be marked o n
,

t h e en d s o f the s ever a l p iece s If ma chi n ery

.

i s a t h a n d the mo u ldi n g s w o u ld be s tu ck
,

b y it a n d w o u ld o n ly r equi r e fini shi n g by

,

ha nd . If a ll the w or k i s t o be do n e by
ha n d g a u g e li n e s sho u l d be ru n r o un d a n d
, ,

a s e rie s o f r eb a te s a n d
gr o o ve s ma
de a nd
, 1 2 62 .
-
En l a rg e d S e ct i on th rou g h L ow e r P a ne l
the cu r ved members fimsh e d w 1 t h ho ll ow s li
.

M ou d ng . Door P ost , etc .

38 6 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

be de scribed i n a l a te r s ecti on S o meti me s tra ve r o u n d the he a d c ou ld be p r ep a r ed t o .

t he s e ci r c u l a r he a d s a r e b u ilt u p o f t w o t hi ck fit t o g ethe r i n t w o piece s i n b r e a dth the ,

n e s s e s the j o i n t t a ki n g pl a ce i n a li n e with
,
s a m e a s th o s e fo r the j a mb s b u t o f c o u r s e ,

the s t o p p a r t o f the r eb a te On e la ye r i s e a ch p o rti o n w o u ld be for med o f a t le a st

.

fo r med o f o n e mo r e p iece tha n the o ther t w o o r thr ee p iece s ro u n d the s e mi cir cle
to
“ ”
b r e a k j o i n t a n d the t w o l a ye rs a r e a n d b r e a ki n g j o i n t with the o ne a b o ve i t
,
, ,

l u ed a n d s c r ewed t o g e t he r a s ill u s t ra ted A n o the r m eth o d w o u ld be t o b ui ld u p the

g
at F i g 1 2 63 t h e s c r ew s bei n g i n s er t ed
.
,
he a d mou ldi n g ih fo u r thic kn e ss e s ma ki n g ,

o u t s ide the li n e o f the s ee n ma r g i n Thi s e a ch thickn e ss b r e a k j o i nt wi t h tha t bel o w .

meth o d i s s o mewha t mo r e ec o no mic a l i n it a s illu s tra ted a t F i g 1 2 65 g l u i n g t o g ether , .

,

ma teri a l a nd l a b o u r a s r eb a ti n g o u t o f the a n d s cr ewi n g fr o m the b a ck

,
A metho d o f .

s o lid i s a vo ided a n d o n thi s a cc o u n t it i s

,
c o nn ectin g the cir cu la r he a d a r chi tra ve
mor e frequ e n tly a d o pted fo r o rdi n a ry w o rk t o the ver tic a l p a r t s i s s h o w n a t F i g 1 2 66 . . .

S o me le a di n g a r c hi tect s ho weve r w o u ld At the b a ck a l a p d o vet a il i s ma de o n the

, ,

not s a n cti o n thi s meth o d o f c o n st ru c e n d o f the me mbe r fitti n g i n to a c o rr e ,

ti o n The mou l di n g s s h ou ld be mi te r ed
. sp o n d i n g r ece ss ma de i n the ci r c u l a r o n e ,

a nd the s h ou lders between the p o s t a n d by g lu in g cra mp i ng a n d s cr ewi ng a n d , ,

tr a n s o m p rep a r e d ; the s e s ho u ld be le a vi n g till d ry a g o o d so u n d j o i n t c a n thu s ,

l o o s en ed g lu ed wed g ed a n d ti g hten ed u p
, , be ma de , .

cle a ni n g o ff the fla t s u rfa ce s a n d the S e c r e t F ixi n g o f Arc h i t ra ve s — The c o m .

j u n cti o n of the mou l di n g s Thi s w ill c o m p l e t e a r c hi t r a ve mu s t be o ffe r ed u p i n p o s i

.

p l e t e the fr a m e excepti n
g the c o
,
rnice
p or ti o n the s ide m a r g i n s a cc u r a tely r e g u l a ted , ,

ti o n o f the o u t side p a r t o f the tra n s o m a nd s ett i n g a p a i r o f c o mp a s s e s fro m the , ,

w hi ch s ho u ld be p r ep a r ed a n d fitted i n a n d a rri s o f t h e he a d li n i n g t o t h e ed g e o f t h e ,

if de si r ed fixed b u t s o meti me s i t i s mo r e a r chi tra ve le s s the a mo u n t o f ma rg in t o be

,

c o n ve ni en t t o fix t hi s te mp ora rily o n ly s o sho w n s cribe the b o t t o m o f t h e a r chi , ,

th a t it c a n be mor e e a sily s cribed t o the tra ve s t o t h e flo o r The plin th a t the .

s t o n ew o r k a fte r the fra m e i s i n p o s iti o n b o tt o m o f the ou te r m e mber s o f the a r chi .

l
S p a ye d L i n i n g s — The he a d p a r t o f t he s e t ra ve n o t exte n di ng the wh o le b r e a dth
.
,

m a y be b u ilt u p i n s ecti o n s o r ven eer ed t h e o u te r m e mbe r s a r e c u t a w a y a n d the

a nd bl o cked The me t ho d o f p r ep a ri n g p li n th bl o ck s fitted a s s ho w n a t F ig 1 2 72
. .
,

t he s e will be fu lly de s c ribed i n the s ecti o n the t w o p a r t s bei n g firmly held t o g ethe r
de a li n g with the su bj ect by g lui ng a n d s cr ewi n g fro m the b a ck
. .

F ra e m d G r o u n d s — The a r c hi tra ve s bei n g The sy st e m o f fixi n g he r e sh o w n i s by

.

wide the g r o u n d s a re fr a med o f st rip s o f b o ri n g a s erie s o f h o le s i n t h e b a ck o f

,

s t u ff 2 i n o r m o r e wide fo r s tile s
. a nd the a r chi tra ve s a s illu stra ted a t Fi g s , ,_
.

piece s 2 i n t o 4 i n wide for r a il s The s e 1 2 67 t o 1 2 69 A ho le i s b o r ed a lit t le

. . . .

a r e s i mply m or ti s ed a n d te n o n ed t o g e t he r l a rg e r th a n the he a d o f a s cr ew a b o u t , ,

a n d g l u ed a n d wed g ed i n the u s u a l w a y a n d i n o r g i n dee p ; the n w i t h a bit the , . .

they w o u ld be c o n ti nu ed r ou n d t h e ci r c u l a r s i z e o f the S ha n k o f the s cr ew a s ec o n d ho le

he a d a s sh o w n a t F i g 1 2 64 A s i mple w a y i s b o r ed a b ou t g i n a b o ve ; the w o o d b e
. . .

o f j o i n ti n g u p the p a r t s r o u n d the he a d i s twee n the t w o h o le s i s m o rti s ed o u t le a vi n g ,

t o h a ve the r a il s a b o u t 4 i n wide te n o n ed a ch a s e the n by u si ng a ve ry thi n chi s el o r

.
, ,

a t e a ch e n d a n d the c ur ved s tile s fitti n g o n

,
o the r c o n ve ni e n t t o o l a V sh a ped sl o t i s ,
-

t o the s e with o p e n mo r t ice s a s will be fo r med o n e a ch side o f thi s cha s e a s i n di

,

u n de r s t o o d by r efer e n ce t o F i g 1 2 64 The s e c a t e d a t A ( F i g 1 2 67) the n t a king a s cr ew

. . .
,

w o u ld be fixed r o u n d t h e o pe n in g flu sh with ( the sa me si z e a s the o n e t o be u s ed ) tu rn ed

t h e ed g e o f the s pla yed li ni n g s by n a ili n g i n t o a piece o f h a r dw o o d a n d a ll o wed t o
t o w o o d b rick s o r o ther u su a l me a n s p r o j ect t h e exa ct r equ i r ed di s t a n ce i n s ert
.
,

Ar c h i t r a v e s — The s e bei n g wide a n d va ry

.
~

t h e s c r ew i n t o the h o le s i n tu rn a nd , ,

i n g mu ch in thi ckn e s s the j a mb p o r ti o n s s t riki n g the e n d o f the w o o d

, drive t h e ,

a re p r ep a r ed i n t w o p iece s g r o o ved a nd s c r ew he a d a l o n g the V s ha ped ch a s e ma de

,
-

t o ng u ed t o g e t her a s illu stra ted The a r chi i n the b a ck s o f the a rc hi t ra ve s . N ow .

,
3 88 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

m a rki n g the exa ct p os iti o n s fo r the ce n tre e s sen ti a lly t w o d o o rs Afte r the pa rt s o f
.

of the s cr ew s o n t o the g ro u n d s ( the s e , the s e ha ve been p r ep a r ed a nd fitted to g ether ,

of c o u rs e exa ctly c o rr e sp on di ng t o the

, a nd a d di ti o n a l mo rt ice s ma de throu g h
ch a se s o n the b a ck o f the a r chi tra ve s ) ,

tu rn s cr ew s i nt o the s e s o th a t the he a d s
p ro j ect exa ctly the s a me di sta n ce a s tha t
i n the h a rdw o o d bl o ck me n ti o n ed Whe n .

the a rc hi t ra ve s a re pl a ced a g a i n st the

g r ou n d s a n d lifted a b o u t g i n fr o m the .

fl o o r the he a d s o f the s c r ew s s h o u ld si n k
,

the m eeti n g stile s a s i n dic a t e d a t A ( F i g .

1 2 70) t o r eceive wed g e s the t w o s ep a ra te

,

le a ve s ha ve the j o in t s o f thei r meeti n g

s tile s a n d r a il s g l u ed cra mped a n d w ed g ed
,

u p with o u t a ny p a n el s o r mo u l di n g bei n
g

F ig . 1 2 67 .

i
F gs . 1 2 67, 1 2 68 , a nd 1 2 69 .
— P r e p ar ing S l ot s for
S c re w s .

i n t o the h o le s ma de for the m in the b a ck ;

t he n by fo r ci n g a n d j a rri n g the a r c hi t ra ve s
,

d o w n the s crew s will firmly h o ld the m if

, ,

the w o rk h a s bee n c a r efu lly a n d a ccu ra tely

d o n e The c o mplete a r chi tra ve ma y n o w be
.

r a i s ed a n d t a ke n d o w n a n d the ed g e a g a i n s t
,

the sp l a y e d lini n g s ra pidly g lu ed It i s .

t he n p u t b a ck a n d fin a lly j a rr ed a n d F ig . 1 2 69 .

for ced i nt o i t s pe rma n e n t p o si t i o n

—
.

Th e D o o r The p r ep a rin g o f the fr a mi n g

.
in . Then the t w o meeti n g stile s a r e sho t
o f thi s will in a g e n e ra l w a y be s i mil a r
, ,
so a s a cc u ra tely t o fit a n d b o th le a ve s a r e
,

t o the c a s e s p r evi o u sly t r e a ted It i s in o n e pl a n e ; t he n t h e me e t i n ed e s a r e

.
g g
 D OOR S A N D D O OR FRAM E S . 38 9

mo u lded ,
or
p l o u
g be a ded
hed fo r a nd

to n g u e s ( se e F ig H a rdw o o d key s o r
.

wedg e s a re p rep a r ed a n d so meti me s a ddi ,

t i o n a l g ib piece s A ( F i g 1 2 70) a r e a l so -
.

p r o vi ded cro ss t o n g u e s a re g lu ed in to o n e
o f the s tile s ; the n b o th the meeti n ed e
g g s

a r e g lu ed ; the wed e s a re a l s o l ed n d
g g u a

qu ickly i n s erted cra mp s p u t on a n d the , ,

F ig . 1 2 70 .
— S ke l e t on F r am i ng Dou b l e- ma rg i n
D o or .

F ig . 1 2 71 .
— Conve nt i on a l S e ct i ona l Vi e w of Ra il ,

P a ne l s, etc at A ( F ig .

wedg e s c o n n ectin g the stile s fin a lly driven

ti g ht After the g lu e i s d ry the en d s o f
.
,

t he s e a r e c u t o u t level with the b o tt o m o f

t h e pl o u g h g r o o ve s The p a n el s c a n then
.

be i n s erted a n d the do o r wed g ed u p The .

b o lecti o n mou ldi ng s o n the o u t side as ,

a l so th o s e o n the i n side a re t o be held i n ,

1 2 72 .
-
v ti
Con en ona l Vi ew of i v
Ar c h t r a e p o s iti o n with ou t vi s ible fixi n
g The re .

'
B a se B l k v
oc re e rse d at F ig . 1 2 62 . fo r e the s e mou lding s ha ve been p r o vided
,
3 90 C AR P EN TRY AN D J OINERY .

with sma ll t o n gu e s w hich fi t

i n t o c o rr e sp on di n g p l o u g h
r o o ve s ma de i n the s tile s a n d
g
r a il s a s ill u s tra ted T hi s sy ste m .

o f c o n s t ru cti o n n ece s sit a te s the

p r ep a ri n g a n d cle a ni n g o ff ( a ll
b u t the fin a l fin i s h ) o f t h e
S h o u lde r s a n d fr a m ew o rk g e n e

r a lly befo r e wed g i n g u p bec a u se ,

ve ry li t t l e o f thi s c a n be d on e
‘

a fte rw a r d s o wi n g t o the mo u ld

i n g s h a vi n g t o be fitted Thei r .

mi tr e s a r e o ften g ro o ved fo r
t o n g u e s o r slip fe a the r s a nd thu s ,

h a ve t o be pla ced in their

p o siti o n s befo r e the wed g i n g u p
t a ke s pl a ce The c o n ve n ti o n a l
.

det a il a t A ( F i g 1 2 71 ) will ma ke .

cle a r the c o n stru cti o n a t the

a p r o n p a n el a n d mo u ldi n g a n d ,

a l s o th a t a t the b a ck The j o in t .

a t the e n d o f the a r chi t ra ve with

b a s e blo ck s i s sh o w n a t F i g 1 2 72 . .

E n t r a n c e D o ors a nd F ra m e ,
C ir c u l a r on P la n, a nd

C i rc u l a r = h e a d e d i n E l e =

v a t io n .

F ig . h ow s the eleva ti o n
1 2 73 s

o f a p ai r o f d o o r s a t the c o rn e r

o f a n i mp o r t a n t s t o n e b ui ldi n g .

The fra me ha s a cir cu la r

he a d fa nli g ht etc The c o rn er
, ,
.

i s ci r c u l a r fo r mi n g a qu a dr a n t
1 2 73 —ou t s i d e E l v ti of Do or s , F ra me , ,
F ig . . e a on

nlig h t etc
of 6 ft r a di u s c o rr e s p o n di n g
Fa ,
.

.
,

with the pl a n o f the b u ildi n g .

The d o ors a n d fra me fo ll o w the

s a me cur ve a s s h o w n by the ,

pl a n F i g 1 2 74 The ma sonry
,
. .

a r ch i s s e mici r c u l a r i n el e v a ti o n ,

a nd s tilted 4 in The o u ter .

a rr i s o f the s o ffi t o f the a r c h

i s t a ken a s a s e mi ci r cle ( s e e
A B ,
F ig . The r eve a l s
r a di a te a n d ther efor e the s o ffit
,

at the spri n g i ng o n e a ch side

a lso r a di a te s b u t it fin i s he s ,

level a t the cr o w n a s s hown a t

0 . Thu s the a rr i s o f the s o ffit
o f the a r ch a dj a ce n t t o the he a d
F ig 1 2 74 —P 1 a n of M a s onr y at L e ve l of S pr i gi
n ng ,

o f the d o o r fra m e i s elliptic a l

.

H ori zont a l i k Up p
.

Sect on of D o or s ta en t h r ou g h er

P a ne l s .
i n eleva ti on a s sh o w n ; a nd i t ,
3 92 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY

i s t hi s li n e which mu s t be used for w o r k the d o tted a r e A B fo r the o u ter a rr i s o f ,

i n g fro m whe n s triki n g o u t the d o o r fra me the s o ffi t ; p r o j ect from Y a n d o bta i n the
he a d . d o tted c u r ve c B w hi ch i s the inn er a rri s ,

o f the s o ffi t ; p ro j ecti n g u p fro m D o bt a i n

p o int D fro m B ( F i g 1 2 79) m e a su r e d o w n

’
.

F ig . 1 2 79 .
t h e ma rg i n fo r the he a d o f the fra me ;
t he n the c u r ve D t o L i s the eleva ti o n o f
’ "

the c u r ve o f the o u ter a rri s for the he a d

o f the fr a m e Thi s li n e fro m D t o C i s a
.
’

li t tle n e a r er a n d gr a du a lly widen s fro m

,

the d o tted li n e C B u ntil 1 i s r e a ched T a ke ’

.

’
a ny c o n ve n ien t p o i n t s o n the c ur ve D
t o L ( F ig . pro j ect d o wn fro m the s e
p o in t s t o the c ur ve i n pl a n a n d o bta i n a ,

n u mbe r o f p o i n t s in pl a n a n d elev a ti o n
a s s ho w n Fro m the s e p o i n t s in pl a n dr a w
.

c o n verg i n g li n e s t o the centre x r e me mber ,

i n g the s e a re h or i z o n t a l g e n era t o r s P ro .

j e c t i n g o u t h or i z o n t a lly fro m D E F G ’
, ,
’ ’

H
’
,
K we o bta i n p o int s 1 2 3 4 5 a nd
’
, , , , , ,

6 a s s h o w n o n t h e centr e li n e l n eleva ti o n
,
.

P r o j ect fr o m 1 t o fro m 2 t o a n d so

o n t o p o in t 6 then p r o j ecti n g ho ri zon t a lly

fro m E F G H K p o i n t s fro m 1 t o 6
’
,
’
,
’
,
’
,
’ ’

a r e o bt a i n ed throu g h whi ch c a n be dra w n

the c u r ve 1 t o L w hi ch r epr e s en t s the ,

i n n er a rri s o f the h e a d The o u ter a rri s o f .

t h e he a d a s r epr e s e n ted by the c u r ve 7 t o

,

8 c a n n ext be dr a w n i n a s s h o w n
,
In ,
.

the pl a n F i g 1 2 78 dr a w the li n e 0 P throu g h

.

V a nd W a n d p a r a llel t o thi s d r a w M N
,

t a n g en t t o the cu r ve U L ; the di s ta n ce s
between the s e t w o lin e s r ep r e s ent the
thickn e ss o f the pla n k r equ ir ed P a r a llel .

t o t h e li n e M N se t u p the di st a n ce o f the
s p ri n g i n g ( i n t hi c e 4 c n ti n i n
s a s o u g
t h e li n e s ra di a t i n g fr o m X fr o m e a ch p o i n t
D to L u n til the Y meet M N ( F ig .

A nu mber o f p o in t s a re o bt a in ed o n M N ,

fro m which o rdi n a te s a r e d ra w n a t ri g ht

a n le s
g ,
a s s h o w n a t A M a r ki n g o ff the .

di s t a n ce s o n e a ch o rdi n a te fro m the spri n g

in g li n e Q R equ a l t o i t s c o rr e sp on din g
,

o r di n a te s h o wn in eleva ti o n ( F i g 1 2 7 .

the o u ter fa ce mo u ld c a n be dra w n a s

F ig 1 2 78
r ep r e s e n ted a t B The meth o d for o bt a i ni n g
. .

the fa ce mo u ld fo r the i n side i s si mi la r a s ,

[ g
F i s 1 2 78 a nd 1 2 79 .
— G e ome t r i c a l Co ns t ru c t i on sh o w n a t C F i
( g .

for S e t t i ng Ou t F ace M ou d s l .
S e tt i n g O u t f o r S o ffi t M ou l d — The h a lf
—
.

pl a n i s r e d r a w n ( fo r cle a rn e ss a t F i
) g 1 28 0 . .

S e tt i n g O u t fo r F a ce M o u l d s S e t o u t the .
-
At ri g ht a n g le s t o N X dr a w x L ; o n thi s
ha lf pl a n o f t h e he a d o f the fra me , a s sh o w n se t u
p di s t a n ce s 2 3 4 5 6 L,
eq u a l,
t o , , ,

by z Y ( g
F i 1 2 78) . p ro j ecti n g u p fro m z dra w the c orr e sp on din g di sta n ce s a t F i g 1 2 79 . .
 D OOR S A N D D O OR FRA M E S .
3 93

N ow with c o mp a s se s se t to the di sta n ce with c o mp a s s s et t o

” ” d
E F ( A F ig ,
D E , n a us n i g M a s ce nt r e , dr a w the a re a nd c ut it with the be a m

F ig . 1 280 .
— S e t t ing Ou t t o Ob t a i n S oifi t M ou d l .

c o mp a s s s e t t o the di st a n ce X 8 P ro ceedi n g .

i n thi s ma nn e r the i rr e g u la r li n e N N i s
’

w hi c li i s the devel o p men t o f the

,

o bt a i n ed ,

li n e M N sho wn i n pla n ; then s ettin g o ff

’
di st a n ce s E t o L c orr e sp o n di n g t o tho s e
’

i n pl a n fro m D t o L p o i nt s a r e o bt a i n ed,

throu g h whi ch the cu r ved lin e s fo r the

so ffi t mo u ld c a n be dra wn a s s h o w n .

Ap p li c a t i o n of M ou l ds a nd M a k in g
J o int s — The a pplica ti on o f t he fa ce mo u ld s
. -

t o the pl a n k i s s ho w n a t F i g 1 2 8 1 , the s o lid .

cur ve lin e s r epr e s entin g the o u ter fa ce

mou ld a pplied t o the fa ce o f pl a n k S qu a r e .

throu g h t he pla n k t o the lin e A B a l s o t o ,

the lin e E D which i s a t ri g ht a n g le s t o

,

F ig . 1 281 .
—P l an a nd E l v ti
e a on i
s h ow ng iP e ce of D F ; then s etti ng a bevel t o the a n g le
P l k w it h F
an ace M ou ld s a nd Be v l A p p li
e s ed . i n p l a n X Q M thi s c a n be a pplied
, , ,

to the su rfa ce E D a s sh o w n in p la n ,

de s cribe the a re 7 n ext , with b e a m co m at X The bevel c a n a l so be a pplied t o

.

p a ss e s s e t t o x 7 c u t the , a re a nd th en ,
the e nd A B a s i n dic a ted by the d o tted
,
3 94 C ARP EN T R Y A N D J OINERY .

li n e s a t Y The n by s qu a ri ng o ver the

.
,
d o n e the j o i n t s sho u ld n ext be s e t o u t fo r
, !

fa ce mo u ld fo r the i nside c a n be a pplied ha n d ra il s c rews a n d d o wel s ; the b orin g

t o the b a ck s ide o f the pl a n k a s i ndi c a ted , a n d p a r i n g fo r n u t s s h o u ld n ext be d o n e ,

by the d o tted c ur ve s The n ext p ro ce ss

.
. the s cr ew s a nd d o wel s i n s erted a nd the ,

will be t o s a w t o the s e li n e s a s n e a r a s j o in t s dra w n u p tig ht ; then the w ork

p o s sible a fter which the j o i nts sh o u ld be
, s h o u ld be te s ted a n d a ny n ece s sa ry e a si n g
,

ma de In ma ki n g the s e a hori zo n ta l a n d
.
,
don e .

F ig . 1 284 .
—
Inn e r a nd Ou t e r S ur face s

Wor ke d , a nd M e t h od s of i
T e st ng Th e m .

F ig . 1 283 .
— H e a d wi t h Cur v ed S t re t che r
a nd S ofi t S e t Ou t
‘

f
ro m M ou d l .

1 2 82 .
—M e t h o d of ig Jit
T e st n o n s w th i
ve rtic a l ta n g ent li n e w hi c hfh a sz b e e n d ra w n
,
Tr y S q u ar e a nd Be v l A pp li d t T
e e o a n g e nt

on the fa ce mo u ld a s sho w n sho u ld be ,

tra n s ferr ed t o the fa ce o f the pla n k a s ,

i n dic a ted a t F i g 1 282 ; the s e li n e s will be

.
S qu a ri ng up the He ad .
-
S ep a ra te t he
fo un d ve ry u s efu l fo r the a pplic a ti o n o f p o st s fro m the he a d then t ru e u p the so ffit
,

t h e t ry s qu a r e whe n te sti n g fo r the fa ce o f the he a d o f c o u r s e w o r ki n g exa ctly t o

,

ed g e s o f the j o i n t s a s in di c a t ed a t A The . t h e li n e s ma de by the a i d o f the fa ce mou ld s .

s p rin g i n g j o i n t i s a l so s qu a r e thr o u g h the P r ep a r e a piece o f i n ch s tu ff the exact

pl a n k b u t the c ro w n j o in t mu st ha ve the
,
c u r ve o f the pla n b o r e e a ch e n d t o c o rr e
,

bevel a pplied thr o u g h the thi ckne s s a s ,

sp o n d with the j o i n t s a t the s p ri n g i n g a n d ,

i ndi c a ted a t B The j o in t s a t the t o p s o f

. fa s t en o n a s sh o w n a t F ig 1 283 Fa sten . .

the p o st s sh o u ld n o w be pla n ed tru e Thi s . t hi s piece o f b o a r d t o the s p ri n g i n g j o i nt s

3 96 C ARP ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 1 289 .

F ig . 1 288 .

F ig s . 1 2 8 8 a nd 1 289 .
— M e t h od s of S e c re t i i
F x ng of l i
M ou d ng s .
 D OOR S A N D D O OR FRAM E S 397
'

mo u ldin g s the ou t side a re s e

'

on

c u r ed b y s cr ewi n g fro m the i n side

o f t he p a n el s a s illu stra ted a t A
Fi
( g s 1 2.8 8 a n d T o o bvi a te

a ny ch a n ce o f the p a n el s spli t ti n g
s ho u l d s hri n k a g e o cc ur t he ho le s ,

i n the p a n el s a re ma de b y b o ri n g
a nd c ou ntersin ki n g t w o ho le s t h e
s i z e o f the sh a n k o f the s cr ew s a nd ,

c u ttin g o u t t h e ma teri a l between ;

t h u s s l o t s a r e fo rmed a s sh o w n a t A
Fi
( g s 1 28
. 8 a n d 1 2 8 9 ) The s e ’

s l o t s
.

a r e ma de l o n g w a y s a c r o ss the g ra i n .

The i n side m o u ldi ng s a re in s er ted

a ft e r w a r ds ; a n d by pr ep a rin g the m
with a mo va b le me mb er a s sh o wn
at 0 Fi
( g s 1 2 88 a n d . t he se

c an be s ecu r ed by s cr ew s t o t h e
e d e s o f t h e s t ile s a n d r a il a s s h o w n
g , ,

a n d t he n t h e m e mbe r C i s g lu ed a n d

i n s ert ed in t h e g ro o ve s ma de t o r e
c e i v e it .

Ap r o n —The c a r ved a pro n u n der

.

t h e mo u ldi n g o f the t o p p a n el i s
w orked o n the solid o f the ra il a s
i ndic a ted i n t h e s ecti o n a t A ( F i g .

1 2 77 a l t h o u g h a little mor e t ro u ble ,

t hi s metho d i s su p eri o r t o pla n ti n g

on . The s ma ll c a r ved s cr o ll p edi
m en ts which fo r m a fin i sh t o the t o p
,

a n el s d w n i n ecti n t A
p a re ,
r a s o a

( F ig . wher e they a r e sho w n F ig . 1 2 90 . F ig . 1 2 91 .

t o n g u ed t o t h e t o p ra il ; bein g e ll ip
t ic a l o n the i n s ide a ll o w s o f t hi s F ig . 1 2 90 .
— E l e v a t i on of C i l i l
rc e - on - C r c e Door an d
fixi ng b ein g hidden b y t h e mo u ld F r a me .

— S e c t i on i l — Ci l
'

i n g B ( F ig The i nn er r e v e a l s
.
F ig . 1 2 91 . of C r c e ou - rc e Do or F r a me .

fo r t he s e fr a me s a re ve ry o fte n
b ui lt p a ra llel a nd s o m e t i me s
,
a

t o o thi n g i s left ; the sp a ce bei n g b u ilt

u p cl o s e o r n ea r t o
, a n d a ft e r the ,

fra me h a s bee n p l a ced i n p o s i t i o n ;

w o o d blo cks o r o t her me a n s o f fixin g
bei n g b u ilt i n t h e w a ll a s r equ ir ed .

Altho u g h t h e fo r e g o i n g de s c rip t i o n i s
n ece ssa rily b rief t h e a cc o mp a n yi n g
,

illu st ra t i o n s a re su fficien tly cle a r t o

s h o w a l l deta il s t h e mo r e o r d i n a ry
,

c o n st ru cti o n b ein g si mila r t o pr evi o u s

exa mple s .

C i rc l e on Circ le W o rk .

Fi g s 1 2 90 t o 1 300 illu stra te a n

.

exa mple v e ry si mila r t o t h e l a st ; F ig . 1 2 92 .

—
P1an of C i l i l
r c e - on - C r c e D oor F ra me .
3 98 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

as a it [w o u ld be fou n d o nly in
ru le , t op .When the j o i nt is ma de t ry the hea d , ,

b u ildi n g s o f ra the r o rdi na ry cl a ss It .

which will n ow ha ve the a p pe a ra nce o f F i g .

will be s ee n by the pla n tha t the j a mb s 1 2 93 with o u t the li n es o ver i t s pla n i t s

, ,

of the l p a rt s d o n o t ra di a te ; the i nn er b a ck a nd fro nt fa ces sh ou ld s ta nd p e rp e ndi eu

a rr i s o f t he so ffi t o f the a r ch i s a s e mi l a rl y o ve r the li n es 1 E G a nd A C D a nd i t s
’ ’
,

ci r cle a n d thu s o n a c c ou n t o f the ra di u s

, , en ds c o mpletely c o ver the S ecti ons o f the
o f the pl a n n o t bei n e t n d t h c r va j a mb s ( F i g Th e he a d h a s n o w t o
g g r a a e u .

t ur e s bei n g very fla t the o u te r a rri s o f be w o rked t o the p l a n c ur ve

‘

As c e rt a in in g P la n Cu rve s —
.

the he a d o f the fl a me c a n a l so be t a ke n D ivide the .

as a s e mici r cle A si mple meth o d will

. so ffi t of the he a d o f the fr a me in t o
n o w be s h o w n a n d expl a i n e d o f s etti n
g o u t an
y n u mbe r o f equa l p a rt s between the
a n d c o n s t r u cti n
g the he a d with o n e m o u ld s p ri n i n
g g li n e s ( a s i n F i g n u m be r .

o n ly . ing the m o n e a ch s ide fro m s p ri n g i ng t o ,

Ci r c l e o n Ci rc l e D o o r F r a me c o ns t ru ct e d
- -
centre ; the g re a te r the nu mbe r o f p a rts
w it h O n e M o u l d —F i g 1 2 90 s h o w s the fro n t
,

. .
the mo re a cc u ra te will be the c u r ve Fro m .

eleva ti o n o f a 4 in by 3 in s emi ci rc u la r -
.
-
.
thes e p o ints d rop perpendi cu l a rs i n to the
he a ded so lid d o o r fra me with sin g le , pl a n c u tting the t a n g ents or bl o ck line s o f
,

r eb a ted p a ra llel j a mb s o a k sill d o u ble , , the h ea d ( S e e F i g a n d nu mbe rin

.
g the
r eb a ted a nd w e a thered t ra nso m a 2 i n ,
-
.
li n es t o co rresp ond with the el eva t i o n The .

g l a z ed fixed f a n li g ht a n d a 2 i n f ou r p a n,
el -
.
-
u tility o f
p ro j ecti n
g the pl a n fr o m the elev a

d o or mo u lded o u ts ide with the b o tto m

, , ti on will n o w be a pp a r en t Next pl a ce t h e .
,

p a ne ls bea d flus h i ns ide F i g 1 2 91 sh o w s he a d o ver i t s pl a n a s sho wn in F i g 1 2 93

'

. . .
, ,

a ce n t ra l ve rtic a l s ecti o n a n d F i g 1 2 92 the ,

. keepi n g i t s centr e perpendi c u l a rly o ver t h e
p l a .n I n be g i nn i n g ja o b o f thi s de s c r ipti o n , cen tr e lin e i n the pl a n with the a id o f a se t
a n eleva ti o n o f the he a d d o w n t o t h e tra ns o m s qu a re t ra ns fe r t o i t s fa ce the li n es 1 2 3 4
, ,
, , ,

s h ou ld be S e t o u t full si z e o n a ro d a nd i m , etc fr o m the li ke nu mbered p o i nts in t h e

.
,

me di a tely be n e a th it a nd p ro j ected fro m it , , p l a n L .i n e s m us t n o w be d r a w n o n t h e

the pla n sho u ld a lso be s e t o u t To g e t the . t o p a n d b o tt o m ed g es fro m thes e p a ra llel ,

thickn ess o f the stu ff r equ i red o u t o f which with the j o in t a n d t o d o thi s ta ke the j oin t ,

t o g e t the he a d a ssu mi n g th a t the hea d will

, bevel a n d a pply it t o ea ch li n e in su ccessi on
, ,

be ma de i n t w o pieces j o inted a t the cen tre , h o l di ng the s t o ck level a n d the ins ide ed g e ,
'

d ra w lin e s fro m the centre t o the ou tside o f the bl a de t o the p o i n t fro m w hich the

edg es o f the j a mb s o n the i ns ide o f the pla n , li n e h as t o be d ra wn The hea d n ow h a vin g .

F i
’

( s e e A C D i g 1 2 9,
2 ) a l.so d ra w t w o l n es the li n es dra wn a s in p l a n a n d eleva ti on
p a ra llel with thes e to u chin g the cur ve o n ,
mus t h a ve the p o i nts ma rked wher e the
t h e o u t s ide 1 E G w hi ch g ive s the
’
as , , cu r ve i nters ects thes e lin es S e t a p a ir o f .

t hi ckn e ss o f the piece o f st u fi r equi r ed To . c o mp a ss es o r S p ri n g di viders t o the widths

fi n d i t s len g th either g o thr o u g h the s a me a n d t ra ns fe r the m
’
1 A a nd 1 A ( F ig
’ ’
.
,

p ro ce s s i n t h e eleva ti o n dra wi n g the end s ,

t o the he a d a t the S p ri n g in g j oin t o n e a ch
s qu a r e with the t a n g e n t li n e s o r p r efe ra bly D o the sa me th ro u g ho u t the s e ri e s B
’
, , side . .
,

ma ke the mo u ld F G J H s qu a r ed o u t h o m ,
tra ns ferrin g e a ch width t o i t s p ro pe r p ositi on
the li n e s j u st dra w n u sing o rdi na te s t o o bt a i n o n the t o p a n d b o tt o m ed e s o f the he a d
, g ,

thi s a s in the p r e vi o u s exa mple ; or it

,
u n til a l l the
p o i n ts h a ve bee n p ricked o ff ,

c a n be s tru ck o u t with a t ra mmel bei n g a , a s s h o wn in the en l a rg e d s ketch o f o n e side

qu a rt er o f a n elli p s e Cu t o u t t w o piece s . o f the he a d ( F i g N o w d ra w the cur ve

.

t o thi s mo u ld s qu a r e fr o m the fa ce a n d ma ke , th rou g h the p o in ts thus o bta in ed ei t her by ,

the j o i nt s a t the cen tr e a nd s prin g ing the fr eeha n d o r by the a id o f a thin strip bent
s a me a s the e n d o f the mou ld F o r the . ro und the he a d a n d kept t o the p o i n t s The .

h o ri zo nt a l c u t s e t a bevel a s sh o wn o n the
,
t w o piece s c a n be w o r ked o ff t o the li n e s ,

l l the ed e f the s tu ff fr o m keepi n g the m s tra i g ht a c ro ss the fa ce in

p a n a,
n d a pp y i t o n g o

t h e fa ce A ha n dra il s c r ew a n d a c o u ple o f
. the di r ecti o n o f the o r di na te s They .

c ross t o ng u es ma y be us ed fo r the he a d s h o u ld be te s ted by mo vi n s t s q u a re

g a e
-
,

j o in t the nu ts o f c ou rs e g o i n g in fr o m the
, , ,
held pe r fectly u p ri g ht c a re fully a round ,
 400 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OI N ERY -
.

o n a nd thi s p a rt s e t a side whilst the r e ma i n width o f the j a mb a nd it will e ventua lly be ,

in
g p o r ti o ns o f the fra me a r e bei ng w o rked . c u t 2 i n b a ck fr o m the fa ce ed e in o rde r t o
.
g
The tra nso m a nd the o a k Sill will be g o t o u t cle a r the r eb a te i n the he a d ; r efer en ce t o
t o the pl a n mou lds a nd w o rked t o thei r F i g 1 2 98 will ma ke thi s pla i n
. The e nd o f .

r e spective s ecti o ns a fte r h a vi n

g bee n mo r
t i se d a n d ten o n ed In S etti n g o u t the sill
.

F ig . 1 2 98 — E n a rg e d l S e ct i on o f J a mb for C i l
rc e

F ig . 1 2 95 .
—S k e t c h of He a d of i l
C Ci l D
r c e - on - rc e oo r
i l
ou - C rc e Door F r a me .

F r am e S h a p e d t o P l an C v
ur w it h F lli ng
e, a
C omp a s s D e s c r ib i ng El v t i
e aC v on ur e .
the key he a d sh o u ld be ta pered t o a void ,

we a keni n g the hea d mor e th a n c a n be

a nd tra nso m t o width wo rk t o the S i g ht ,
a vo ided a n d the sides o f the keys s h o u ld be
,

li n es o f the he a d ma ki n g the S h o u lders t o , (

c u t t o the S a m e bevel a s t h e j a mb s a r e w o r ked

the qui rks o f the be a ds o n it Get o u t the to The sh o u lders S hou ld a lso be c ro ss '

7”
. .

j a mb s fro m s tuff a b o u t 8 in l o n g e r tha n . to n g u ed a n d sto pped i nside a s s ho w n As ,

the len g th b e t w e e n t h e sp rin g in g a n d u n der

‘

s ide o f the s ill t o a ll o w fo r the key te n o n

,

a t the s p r i n i n n d t e the e t the

g g a r u u p ,s o

F ig . 1 2 9 9 — E n ar g e d
. l S e ct i on of T r a ns om f or
C i l i l
r c e - ou - C r c e Door F r a me .

men ti o n ed d o u ble te n o ns a r e u s ed fo r the

“

tra nso m ; this is t o a void c u tti ng the fib re s

"

at the ro o t o f the key a nd the i nsides o f the ,

mo rtices sho u ld c o m e in li n e with the o u tside

li n e s o f the key a n d i n thick n ess they sh ou ld
,

be in u n der the h a lf o f the r ema i n i n g

.

ig 1 2 97
w o o d F i g 1 299 i s a s ecti on o f the tra n so m ;
. .

Fig . 1 2 96
. . .

i
F g s 1 2 9 6 a n d 1 2 9 7 — E n a r g e d D e t a s o f o nt
. . l il Ji at

i i i l
S p r n g ng o f C r c e on C r c e D oor F r a me - -
i l .

F ig 1 3 00 — E nl a r g e d S e ct i on of He a d at Cr ow n of
—
. .

s ecti on s h o wn a t F i g 1 2 98 S e t the s e ou t . . C i l r c e - on Ci c l e
r D o or F r a me .

fr o m the s ecti o n o r hei g ht ro d for mo r , , .

t i sing a s s h o wn a t Fi g s 1 2 96 a n d 1 2 97
, .
,
a nd F ig . ecti o n o f he a d a t c ro w n
1 300 a s .

a l so for s h o u lde r s for key te n o n a s H a vi n g s e t the s i g ht li n e s o f the j a mb s o n the

show n The thickn e ss o f the s te m
. fa ce edg e o f the t ra n so m me a s ur e ou t a n d
'

s h ou ld be j u s t u n der o n e thi rd o f the -

pen cil li n e s r ep re se ntin g the thickn e s s o f
 D OOR S A N D D O OR FRA M E S . 401

j a mb p rick the mo rt ice g a u g e u p o n the s e t w o

li n es—n a mely the i nside a n d ou tside o f the
,

j a mb—a nd j oin the p oi nts by a stra i g ht li n e

,

thi s will g ive the sides o f ten o ns Next .

u e the j a mb s fo r the r eb a te a nd be a d s
g ga .

The s e will be w o rked a ft er the mo r ti sin g

a n d te n o n i n g a re c o mp leted In wed g in g .

up ,
p a i n t the t en o n s o f the t ra n so m a n d
en ter the m g lu e the key s o n t h e j a mb s ,

c ra mp u p a n d drive the S ill o n d ry t o keep

,

a ll s qu a r e ; wed g e u p the he a d then the ,

tra nso m cra mp the Sill fro m the p ro j ectin g

,

e nds o f the keys a nd wed g e u p p a i nti ng , ,

b o t h wed g es a nd te no ns If t h e w o r k i s .

tru e a nd ou t o f win di n g a stra i g hted g e ,

a p p l ed t o the S ill a n d t ra n so m i nside will

i

to u ch the fa ce o f the hea d a ll rou nd a n d a ,

s e t s qu a r e held t o it will fit the so ffi t i n

-

a ny p a r t The fa nli g ht will be ma n a g ed i n

.

t h e sa me w a y a s the he a d o f the fra me in ,

r e spect o f the pl a n c u r ve fin ish the fitti n g

'

by s c ribi n g it i n t o the reb a te o n e piece a t ,

a ti me fitt ing the b a ck edg e in the sa me

,

w a y then li ni n g ro un d the so ffit with a S lip

,

o f w o o d the width o f the ma rg i n J o in t u p .

at the centre a nd w o rk the r eb a tes a n d

,
'

mo u ldi n g S e t the b o tto m ra il o u t with

,

s qu a r e sh o u lders i n b o th di r ecti o n s a nd , ,

when w orki n g the he a d ma ke the p orti on ,

belo w the S prin g in g s qu a r e fro m it This .

will be morti sed the ten on bei n g o n the ,

b o tto m ra il ; the j oi n t in the hea d will

ha ve t o be g lu ed u p a t the S a me ti me a s
the ra il i s wed g ed .

C i rc l e on C i rc l e S w ing D o o rs w i t h
F a nl ig h t .

Fi g s 1 3 01 a nd 1 302 Sh o w a p a i r o f 2 e i h
. ,
-
.

ci rcle on ci rcle s wi ng do o rs i n a s oli d fra me

- -
,

with fa n li g ht a b o ve with a cho rd ri se o f ,

1 5 in D eta ils a r e g iven in the s ecti o na l

.

views ( Fi g s 1 3 03 t o The do o rs a r e h a lf
.

F ig 1 30 1 — E l e va t i on of i l
C r c e on C - —i l e
rc Sw i ng
i li
. .

g l a s s with di mi ni shed s tiles a n d ma rg i na l

, Door s w t h F a n g ht .

b a rs the u p p er p a rt di vided i n t o s ecti o ns

,

with c on centric ra di a tin g a nd i n verted b a rs ,

the Sp a ndr il c orn ers fil led i n with S un k a n d

mou lded p a n els ; a pr o n li ni n g o n mi ddle
ra il ; o vo l o mou lded a n d h o ll o wed fra me ,

with moul ded a n d denticul a ted c ornice .

The fa nli g ht is fixed in the centr e o f the

fra me wi t h c oncentric a n d ra di a ti ng b a rs
, .

The hea d o f the fra me a nd t h e f a nli g ht mu s t , , F ig 1 3 02 — S e c t i o na l l

P a n of C r c e i l -
on —
Ci r c l e
i i li
. .

be p rep a red on a cyli nder Thes e c ould . Sw ng D oor s w t h F an g ht .

402 O AR P E N TRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 1 30 3 . F ig . 1 3 04 . F ig . 1 305 .

F ig 1 3 03 — E nla rg e d S e ct i on of C i l
r c e - on - C r c e i l Sw i ng D oor s t h r ou g h T r a ns om a nd li
F a n g ht on
—
.

Li ne A A ( F ig . F ig . 1 3 04 .
-
En l a rg e d S e ct i on t h r ou g h Up p er P art of C i l
r c e - on Ci l rc e

S wi ng D oor s on Lin e B B (F ig . F ig . . l
1 3 05 — E n a r g e d S e ct i on t h r ou g h L ow e r P a rt of

C i l
r c e - ou - C r c e i l Sw i ng D o or s on L i ne C C ( F ig .

F ig . 1 30 6 .
—E nl a r g e d S e ct i on t h r ou g h S t il es of C i l i l
r c e - o n- C r c e Sw i ng Door s on L i ne DD
( F ig .
 W I N D OW SAS H E S AN D C A SE M E N TS .

g in
-
tongu es a nd e in fo r sh o o ting The
S as h F ra m e
. . .

leng th o f the b a ck li ning s h oul d be ta ken

.

F OR the p r es en t p u rp os e it will be su p fro m the u n der s ide o f the hea d t o the wee th
p o s ed t h a t a wi n d o w f ra m e a n d s a s he s a r e eri n g o f the sill the width bein g i in mor e ,
.

t o be ma de e n ti r ely by h a n d n o ma chi n e , tha n fro m the i ns ide o f o ne li ni ng t o the ou t

p r ep a r ed ma teri a l bei ng u s ed The s a sh . side o f the o ther The p a rtin g sli p s sh ou l d .

fra me is s h o w n by Fi g s 1 3 1 0 t o 1 3 1 2 a nd .
, be o f si mi la r len gt h a nd 1 % in by i i n i n , . .

it will a ls o be a ssu med th a t a ro d h a s s ecti o n ; the p a rti n g bea ds a lso o f the ,

been s e t o u t a s exp l a i n ed a n d illu stra ted s a me len g th sh o u ld be p r ep a r ed o u t o f e i n

-
.
, ,

on p 2 9 4 c o nta i ni n g the t w o se cti o ns

.
, by L in stu ff ; the t w o u p ri g ht i nside or
.

( Fi g s 1 3 1 0 a n d It will be n o ticed u a r d be a d s o f the sa m e le n gt h s h o ul d be

.
g , ,

tha t the p ul ley stiles a re d ra wn in li n e with 1— g i n w ide . a nd p r ep a r ed o u t o f g i n

,
by -
.

the b rick reve a l a n d the hea d i n li n e with

, l i in stu ff
-
. The he a d a nd s ill bea ds shou ld
.

the hea d o f the b rick o peni n g When thus . b e a little l o ng er th a n the clea r width
a rra n g ed the si z e o f the o pe ni n i n the b rick betw een the pu lley s tiles the sill bea d t o
, g ,

w o rk a fi o rds the n eces sa ry d a ta fo r setting be i in wider t o a llo w fo r bevell ing

. F or .

o u t the si z e o f the fra me the s a shes c u t a ll the stu ff the exa ct width
M a t e ri a l s —The firs t thi n g t o d o i s t o t a ke
.
, ,

. so th a t n o l a b ou r i s l o s t i n s h o o ti n g o ff

o ff the qu a n titie s o f the s tu ff r equi r ed fo r su pe r flu o u s ma te ri a l S a s he s r equi r e a t .

the j o b the len g ths o f the u p ri g ht pieces le a st 1 3 i n pl a y a n d if t hey a re ma de t o

“
1
.
,

will be ta ken fro m the vertica l secti on a n d , exa ct width the re will be still su fficien t ,

t hei r w idths a nd thi ckn ess es fro m the ma te ri a l t o a llo w fo r fitti n g The stiles .

pl a n ; a n d the leng ths o f the h o ri z o nta l sh o ul d be 1 2 in l o n g er th a n r equi r ed a n d

1 »
.
,

p iece s will be f ou n d o n the pl a n a n d thei r , the ra ils 2 in Cu t the b o tto m ra il . in .

widths a n d thi ckn es ses o n the vertic a l s e c wider tha n the fini shed si z e t o a ll o w fo r ,

ti o n Cu t the s tu ff fo r the i nside a n d o u t

. the s pl a y A c a re ful w o r kma n will for m
.

s ide li ni n g s 1 5 i n l o n g er th a n a s s h o w n o n the
. the sp l a y t o fi t the s ill befo r e g l ui n g u p the
hei g ht rod so th a t when n a iled o n they will
, s a sh D o n o t o verlo o k the b ra ckets o r
.

ru n o ve r e a ch e n d L ini ng s a re usu a lly a r ho rns o n the stiles o f the u pper sa sh

—
. .

r a n ed s o th a t t w o o i equ a l width ma b e P re p a i n t h S t ff Th e s ide a n d he a d

g y r g e u .

c u t o u t o f a 9 in b o a rd ; the he a d li ni n g s
-
. li nin g s sh ou ld be fa ced o n thei r bes t sides ,

s h o u ld b e c u t in l o n g er th a n the cle a r
. s h o t o n thei r be st ed g e s a n d g a u g ed t o ,

len g th between the p ul ley stiles ; a n d the t hickn e s s fo r L; in fro m thei r fa ce ed g es ; .

hea d a nd si l l sh o ul d be e a ch 2 i n o r 3 in '
. . t h e r e ma i ni n g p o r ti o n o f the b a ck side s ,

l o ng er th a n t h e width o f the fra me o ver a l l . being hidden in the c a si ng need no t be ,

When fitti n g u p the h o rns sh o ul d be left o n

, ,
pl a n ed except when the li ni n g i s c o n side r
,

a s they a r e s o meti m es h a n dy fo r fi xi n d a bly t hi cke r th a n r equ i r ed the n it mu st be

‘

g a n , , ,

if n o t requ i red they c a n a lw a ys be c u t o ff

, . ei t he r t hi c k ne ss e d t h e wh o le b r e a dth o r
Th e len g th o f the p ul ley s t ile s sh o u ld be equ a l r eb a ted o u t t o the di st a n ce o f the b a ck o f

t o the di st a n ce fr o m the t o p o f the he a d t o the p u lley s tile o the rw i s e the sh o ul de r ,

the we a theri n g o f t h e sill ; a nd the width formed o n the ed g e o f t h e stile by the

s h oul d be i n mo r e th a n the cle a r width
. r eb a te fo r t o n g u e w o u ld r equ i r e t o be
between the lini n g s which a ll o ws fo r t w o , s p l a yed a n d mu ch ti me w o u ld be l o s t i n
,
 W IN D O W SAS H ES AN D C A S E M ENT S . 405

F ig . 1 31 0
.
—V e rt i c a l S e ct i on F ig . 1 31 1 .
—Out s i d e E l v ti
e a on .

of S a s h F r a me .

F ig . 1 31 2 .
—H or i zont a l S e ct i on .
40 6 OAR P E N T R Y A N D J O IN E R Y .

fitti n g P u t the be st stu ff o n the i nside o f

. p ro per thro a ti n g pla n e P lo u g h .

the fra me a s n e a rly a l l the o u tside li ni n g

, g roo ve s for the wi n do w no s i n g
i s hidde n i n the b rickw o rk The he a d a nd . b a r the fo rme r
, in by g in .
,

the p u lley stile s sh o u ld be pla n ed s tra i g h t

a n d o u t o f wi n di n n d be ed t width
g a g a u g o, ,

i n clu di n g the t o n gu es the i n side ed g e s

sh o u ld be g a u g ed t o thickn e s s the b a ck s ide s ,

b ei n g left ro u gh The o a k sill is u s u a lly

.

s u p plied o f ro u g h wed g e S h a p e s ecti o n as -

,

s ho w n a t F ig 1 3 1 7 which fa cilita tes w o rk

.
,

in g a n d ec o n o mi s e s ma te ri a l Co mme n ce .

b y t a ki n g the b o tto m o r the fla t s ide o u t o f

wi n di n g S qu a r e the wide st ed g e fro m this
.
,

a nd
g g
a u e it t o 3 i n thick a s i n dic a ted a t .
,

F ig . 1 31 3 .
— E nl a r g e d De t a il at S ill .

A F ig
,
. 1 31 8 G a. u g e the width g i n m o r e .

th a n the thick n e ss o f the fra me o ver a l l i n ,

o r de r t o a ll o w f o r su b s eq u e n t S h r i n k a
ge .

t
Mo s s o p h s keep st a n d a r d p a tte r n s o f sill s ,

which s ho ul d be u s ed fo r ma rkin g the e n d s

i n dic a ted a t F i g 1 3 1 7 b u t if o n e o f the s e
.

is not t o h a n d c a r e f ully
,
m a r k t h e s ec t i o n

h
s o w n on t h e r o d u p o n e a ch e n d g a u i
g g n ,

a nd pl o gu hi n g fr o m the i n s ide t o the n ec os

s a r y width s a n d depth s The be s t meth o d

.

will b e t o firs t w o rk o ff the t o p fla t s qu a r e

wi t h the fa ce ( F i g the n t o s e t t h e
.

pl o u g h t o t h e i n side o f the p a rti n g be a d

( F i n d n i i n g ro o ve t o
— H ou s ing s ill
-
a ru a
s e e g He a d
.

F ig at a nd S
.

. 1 31 4 .

de h f i ki e the t ide
.

t he p t o s n n g ; g a u g o u s

ed g e 1 2 i n a n d w o rk o ff the w ea theri n g
.
,

with a b a d g er pl a n e Next g a u g e the width .

the l a tte r 5 in by f in c o mpleti ng t h e
. .
,

fia t s e t,
the bevel t o the s a s h pla n in g u p a s sh o w n a t F i g 1 3 2 0 The . .

l
s op e ,
a nd w o r k o ff t o the bevel ; the n p o s iti o n o f the w a t er b a r bei n g t a ken fro m
w o rk the th ro at i n g T with either a N o 1 .
t h e s t o n e s ill it o ft e n c o me s i n lin e with
,
4 08 C AR P EN T R Y A N D J O IN E R Y .

stile s a n d s qu a r e the li n e s o ve r the t op a n d

, a c ro s s the t op o f sill by pla ci n g t h e t e m
b o tt o m i n di c a ted a t A a n d B in F i g 1 3 2 3
,
. . .
pla te a g a i n st the sh o u lde r li n e s A a n d E a n d
To fa cilit a te ma rkin g o n the w e a the r ed side s c ribi n
g G u e f o m the b o tt o m o f the
, a g. u p r
ma ke a bl o ck s qu a r e or te mpl a te o f a s ill fo r the depth o f the si n ki n th t it
g so a
piece o f stu ff To d o thi s pla n e u p a
.
, will c o me 2 in belo w the l o we st p o i nt o f the
.

— S ill ”
1 32 3 . S e t Ou t A p p l i c a t i on m
of T e mp l at e A .

1 3 24 .
— S e t t ing He a d

F ig . 1 32 5 .
-
E nd of He ad M or t i se d for P a rt i ng S lip a nd Pa r e d to re c e iv Li
e ni ng s.

piece o f de a l 1 0 in l on g 5 in wide a n d thick

.
,
.
,
we a the ri n g —f s e e the d o tted li n e between E
e n ou g h t o pla n e u p ta p e ri n g fro m 2 i n t o
,
. a nd G ( F ig Ga u g e the si nki n g s
.

It in i n the b r e a dth o f the sill a s i n di c a ted

. for the li ni n g s a t e a ch e n d a s s h o w n a t H ,

a t c a nd D in F ig 1 323 Next r eb a te o n e a nd K ( F i t h e o u t s ide o n e bei n t

. .
g .
g s e

s ide t o fit the s ec t i o n o f the s ill a s s h o w n a t equ a l t o t h e width A t o B In w orki n g .

,

F ig 1 32 1
. With thi s the thi ckn e ss o f the
. ch a s e the c r o s s si n ki ng firs t then rip o u t ,

p u lley s tile s pl u s the wed i

g gn c a n be m a r ked the li ni n g si n ki n g s a s sh o w n by F i g 1 3 1 4 . .
 W IN D OW S AS H E S AN D C A S E M ENT S .
4 09

S e t t i n g O u t S a s h F ra me H e a d .
—To S e t ou t t o n g u e s shou ld be c u t o ff a t e a ch e nd a s
the hea d pla ce the sill o n it a nd ma rk the
, sh o w n a t Fi s 1 3 2 4 a nd 1 3 2 5 fo r the li
g .
i
n ng s ,
fa ce li n es o f the pu lley stile a s A a nd B , t o bed .

( F i g 1 3 2 4) s qu a r e o ver the fa ce a nd g a u g e
.
, S e tt ing O u t P u l l e y S t i l e s —S e t o u t the .

for the hou si n g s i n whi ch ma y be ma de

.
, p u lley stile s fro m t h e hei g ht ro d a n d ma rk ,

F ig . 1 32 7 .
-
F i r st St ag e
of i
Sett ng Out P u ll ey

S t il f es ro m R od .

F ig . 1 326 .
— H e ig h t r
R od .

t ag e of Sett i ng Ou t Pu ll ey

St il es .

F ig . 1 329 . Th i r d
— S t ag e of Sett i ng Ou t P u ll ey

St il e s;

F ig . 1 330 .
— Pu ll y S t il R b at
e e e e d, M ort i se d f or
P ll y
u d T
e gs, an on ue d .

to receive a gr i n t o ng u e a s sh ow n a t A o r
.
,
o ff i g ht li n e s o f the hea d a nd sill
t he s .

the f ull thi ckn e ss o f the pu lley stile a s a t B Ma rk o ff the len g th s fo r the h o u sin g s a t e a ch
i

F
( g i . M a r k o ff a i in by l g i n -
.
u

. e n d a l so fo r p o cke t s a n d p u lley s a s s h o w n
, , ,

mo rt ice a t ea ch e nd i i n behi n d e a ch pu lley

,
. ru n d o w n g a u g e li n e s for t h e t o n g u e s a n d ,

stile i n the cen t r e o f t h e width fo r the p a r ti n pl o u g h the g ro o ve for t h e p a rti ng be a d

g
—
.

slip . Ga u g e a in t on g u e o n e a ch ed g e the
.
,
The h e a d i s n o t in the mi ddle i t s p o si t i on
i nside on e o n the b a ck a n d the ou t si d e o n e will be fo u nd o n the ro d ( se e F i g .

o n t he fa ce a s sh o w n a t F i
, g 1 3 2 4 The. s e . Next fin i sh cu ttin g ou t the p ocket whi ch i s ,

18
41 0 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINER Y .

u s ua lly a b o u t 6 in u p fro m the sill a nd . h wn by F ig 1 3 1 1 5 in d o w n a nd g i n o n s o .

, . .
,

a b o u t 1 2 in l on g o n the i n side p o rti o n o f b u t le a ve the b o tto m e n d until fitti n g o n

—
. .

the s tile ; the le n g th will be determi n ed Wo rki n g t h e S t u ff The metho d o f w o rk .

by the hei g ht o f the sa she s S qu a r e the s e i n g the sill h a s a lre a dy been exp la i n ed ; it
.

s h o u ld a lw a ys be p rep a red befo re

s etti n g o u t the fr a me In p r ep a ri n g .

the he a d the ho u sing fo r the stile s ,

s h o ul d be w o rked fir s t the n mo rtice s ,

c u t fo r the p a r ti n g S li p s a nd the ,

edg es reb a ted fo r the to ng ues In .

p rep a ri n g the p u lley s til es s qu a r e ,

t h e en ds mo r ti s e fo r the pu ll ey s ( se e ,

F i g 1 3 3 1 — B a c k o f P u ll e y S t il e B or e d a n d S a wn for
. .
F ig a n d pl ou g h the p a r ti n g .

P oc k e t I
l b c tti the
g r o o ve i n y g i n n u n g
-

4.
. .

p o cket i f it i s de si r ed t o u tili s e ,

li n e s o ve r fro m the i n side ed g e t o the the r e mo ved ma te ri a l fo r the p o cke t

pl o u g hed g ro o ve E F ( F i g Ma r k piece make a fi n e c u t with a d o veta il s a w
.
,

t w o o the r li n e s 3 i n withi n the m fo r the h a lfw ay throu g h a t the l o we r e n d a nd a

.
,

r eb a te s a nd, s qu a r e th es e o ve r o n the si mi la r o n e a t the t op e n d b u t u n der cu t a s ,

b a ck side In setti n g ou t the mo rtices fo r s h o wn a t A i n F i g 1 3 3 1 a n d i n Fi g 1 33 2

. .
,
. .

the p u lleys no te mu s t be ta ken o f the p a r

, T u rn o ver t h e stile a n d b o r e a g in ho le a t -
.

t i c u l a r ki n d i n u se The t o p o f the pla te i s e a ch e nd exa ctly wher e the reb a te li n es c ros s

.

u su a lly kept 1 g i n d o w n fro m the he a d a n d . the p a rti ng g ro o ve S to p the ho le when it

, .

the mortice i s ma de t o fit the c a s e ti g htly re a ches the g roo ve a nd run the sa w d o w n .

,

To a s ce rta i n the p o s iti o n ma rk the thi ck o n the li n e s h a lfw a y th rou g h a s sh o wn by

, ,

n ess o f the sa s h o n e a ch s ide o f the p a r ti n g F ig Wi t h a p a d s a w c u t a fin e li n e .

-

g ro o ve a n
,
d g g
a u e i n the ce n t r e ; p a i r the h a lfw a y d o w n the p a r ti n
g g r o o ve a s n e a r

p u lley s tile s a n d s trike the lin e s o ve r a n d the o u t side a s p o ssible ( s e e B F i g

, ,
.

g a u
g e a s i n dic a ted a t Fi g s 1 3 2 8 a n d 1 3 29 . .

The o nly s etti ng o u t n eeded for the li ni n g s

is the g a u g i n g fo r the g ro o ves The p o si .

ti o n o f the p u lley stile s hea d a nd b a ck li ni ng , ,

will be fou nd o n the width ro d ( se e a lso Fi g s .

F ig 1 332 .
— F r ont a nd E dg e V i ews of P oc k et F ig . 1 333 .
—
E nd of Pu ll ey St il W e e d g e d a nd Na il e d
ill
.

P i e ce in S .

1 31 5 a nd The b a ck li ni ng i s plo u g hed bu t do kn o ck the p iece ou t F o rm

not .

in to the i nside lini n g a nd n a iled o n the ed g e r eb a te s a s o n the he a d a n d fit i n the p u lley s ,

.

o f the o u tside li ni ng The t o p en ds o f the .

B efo r e s cr ewi n g the s e i n t a ke a s ha vi n g ,

o u tside li ning s ma y be c u t a n d mite r ed a s

_
with a s mo o thi ng pl a n e o ff the fa ce o f the
41 9 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig 1 3 4 1
. .
—S t ile s o f T op S a s h
. F i r st

S e t t ng i f
O u t r om R o d .

il
i

F ig 1 339 -
B ot t 0 m S t es
for S a s h e s
. .

omp l e t e l y S e t O u t
.

—B ot t om St il e F ig 1 34 2 —T op St il es
F ig 1 340
. .

l t ly
. .

mp l et ed R e ady t o R e cei v e c o mp e e S e t Ou t .

co

Ra il s .

F ig . 1 34 3 .
—T op St il e co m
l t l W or ke d t o R e ce iv e
p e e y
Ra il s
.
 W IN D O W S AS H E S AN D C A S E M ENT S . 41 3

the b o tto m o f the sill a s illu stra ted a t F i g . l e in -

. na ils . Cu t
e e nd o f the hea d li nin g
__
on

1 33 4. Te st the fra me fo r s qu a ren e ss with s qu a r e p u t it ,

i n p l a ce m a rk the le n g th , ,

a ro d p u shi n g the s kelet o n i n eithe r di r e c

,
a n d s qu a r e o ff sl i g htly full thi s will ma ke
ti on un t il the le ng th s between the o p p osite a g oo d s h o u lder K eep the li ni ng s flu sh o n
.

c o rn e r s a re equ a l then li g htly drive a

,
the b a ck side a nd drive a na il throu g h the
,

F ig . 1 34 4 .
—Wi dt h R od for S a s h e s .

c ou p le o f n a il s throu g h the b a c klo f t h e hea d b a ck edg e a s s ho wn by F i g 1 335 Fit in t h e . .

i nt o the qu a rtering Cu t o ff t h e p r o j ectin g

. bea ds ti g htly the hea d a n d S ill bea ds shou ld
e nd s o f the wed e s the t o n u e s o n the he a d
g , g n o t be mi te r ed ri g ht thro u g h b u t sto p p ed ,

beyon d the stiles a nd the tong u e o ff the side

, ha lfw a y a n d r eb a te d a s sh o w n by F i g
, ,
.

o f t h e p o cket piece . Give the lower e nd o f the 1 33 6 ; drive o n e b ra d i n e a ch t o keep

p o cket piece a sma rt blo w with the ha mmer it i n pl a ce C u t the li ni n g s o ff flus h with
.

from the b a ck thi s will b rea k it a t the the Sill a nd smoo th u p T u rn the fra me
—
.
,

reb a te .Next na il o n the side li ni ng s with o ver a nd test whether it i s squ a e i i r

“
41 4 OAR P E N TRY AN D J OINERY .

not , ma ke it p the
So ; p arti ng then ut in
s lip s keepi n g the m 1 in sh o rt o f the sill
, .
,

a n d d rive a n a il th ro u g h the t o p e nd as ,

sh o w n a t F ( F i g 1 3 1 6) p u t o n the ou
. t side
li ni n g s t ri mmi n g o ff the S ill t o the level o f
,

F ig . 1 348 .
— E nd of T op Ra il , s h ow ng i M ou d e d l the p u lley s tiles if n ecessa ry ; fix the b a ck
E dg e a nd S cr ib i ng .
lini n g with 1 in n a ils n a il t h e he a d lini n g s
-
.

a s befo r e c u t o ff the e n d s a n d S mo o th u
p .

Only g in o f the fra me i s s een on thi s side

.
,

so n o t mu ch t rou b l e n e e d b e ta ken except ,

with the sill Sta n d t h e fra m e u p a nd g lu e

.
_

in the a n g le bl o cks o n the he a d a b ou t 3 in .

a p a rt c a r e bein g ta ken t o ha ve o n e o ver

‘

F ig . 1 349 .
— E nd of T op R a il , s h ow ng i H a u n c h i ng .
,

e a ch sho u lder ( se e F i g The fra me .

i s n o w fin i shed a nd ma y h e st o o d aside ,

while the s a she s a r e bei n g pr ep a r ed .

F ig . 1 35 0 .
— E nd of Me e t i ng Ra il of B ot t om S a s h
S e t Ou t .

F ig . 1 35 5 . P ort i on
— of Ra il co mp l e t e d .

S e tt in g O u t S a sh e s tile o n the ro d —Lay a s

a s sho w n in F i g 1 3 3 7 i n whi ch the fr a m e

.
,

h a s been o mitted fo r cle a rn e ss a n d s qu a r e ,

u p the s i g ht li n e s p a i r the s tile s a n d s e t ou t

, ,

mo rtice s fo r t o p a n d b o tt o m r a il s h a lf the
F ig . .
1 35 1 .
—
T e non S a wn a nd P l ou g h e d .
width o f the stu ff o r a little mo r e ( se e A a n d ,

D ,
Fi g s 1 33 8 a n d . a nd t he j o int s
fo r the m eeti n g r a il s ful l width w hi ch will ,

be d o veta il s i n ste a d o f mo rtice s ( se e B a n d 0 ,

Fi g s 1 33 8 a n d
. S qu a r e the li n e o f
the b ra cket o ver o n the t op stile s a n d ,

ma r k t w o li n e s o n the b a ck ed g e o f the
—E nd s tile s 1 0 in a n d 1 4 i n r e spectively fro m the
F ig . 1 352 . of B ot t om M e e t i ng Ra il co m
. .

t o p e n d s fo r the li n e g r o o ve a n d the kn o t
plet e d ( s c ri b e d at A ) for fit t i ng i nt o St il e.
h o le The r e ma i n de r o f the s etti n g ou t a nd
.

c o mpleti o n o f the stile s will be u n der

s t o o d fro m Fi s 1 3 3 8 a n d 1 3 43 S t u t
g e .o .

t h e b a r s fr o m t h e s tile s a ll o wi n g extra a t ,

e a ch e n d fo r the s ticki n g ; i n the c a s e

o f l e in sa s he s thi s w ou ld be — 8 in Next
- ‘
3 '
. .
1

s e t o u t the r a il s fro m the width r o d ( F i

g .

F ig . 1 35 3 .
— T op S a sh M e e t i ng Ra il ~

S e t Ou t .
b u t d o n o t o verl o o k the s ticki ng ;
pla ce the fou r t o g ether a s sh o w n a t F i g .

1 3 45 s qu a r e the si g ht li n e s a n d c o n ti n u e ,

the s e o ver the b a ck ed g e s o f the t o p a nd

b o tt o m ra il s for the ha u n chi n g a s sho w n a t ,

Fi g s 1 3 46 a n d 1 3 47 S e t a mortice g a u g e
. .

t o the si z e o f the s qu a r e sh o wn w hi ch , ,

F ig . 1 354 .
—T e non s Cu t a nd R e b at e d . t o g ethe r with the sticki n g will be a in ,
.
41 6 C AR P ENTR Y A N D J OINER Y .

1 4 in
-

g li n e ,
dee n d m eet
in it with he s c u t o ffft h e h o rns sho o t the t o p ra i ls
.

p a .
, sa s , ,

a g ih -
b o red d o wn fro m the b o tto m o f
. h o le s t ra i g ht a n d fit the sas he s i n to the fra me
, .

the plo u g h gro o ve Fit the ra ils i n to the .

T a ke the side bea ds o u t a lso the p a rti ng ,

stile s a nd the b a rs i n to the ra il s

, Ta ke a . be a ds c u t a rod { 6 in sh o rter tha n the cle a r
, .

s h a vi n
g o ff a l l the i nside ed es a n d the
g len g th between the p u lley s tile s a nd t ry ,
'

meeti n g e n ds o f the s tiles a lso the b o tto m

‘

, it o n the t o p Sa sh if it i s t o o wide re du ce ,

side o f the t o
p m eeti n g ra il a n d k n o ck the , the s tiles equ a lly t o t h e width o f the ro d .

sa shes to ether p r ep a ra t o ry t o
g g l ui n g the m Cu t the o verh a n g ing p a rt o f the meeti n g
u
p L a
y a p a i r o f sa s h c ra mp s o n the ben ch ra il b a ck fo r g i n fl u sh with the s tile t r the
y
.
.
,

i
so t ha t they will pi n ch eithe r o n o r o u t side
'

s a sh i n the fr a me a nd t i n the p ti
p u a r n
g ,

F ig . 1 35 9 .
— J oint of Ou t s d e i
L i n i ng i ill
'

w th S .

F ig . 1 358 . Ji
-
o nt b e t we e n
B ot t om R il
a a nd St il e .
F ig . 1 3 60 .
— J o int T o p M e e t ng
of i
R ai l a nd S t e il .

F i g 1 3 61
. . D ov e t a il
— Ji o nt of F ig . 1 3 62 .
— E nl ar g e d
B ot t om M e e t ng i R il a a nd S e ct i on t h r ou g h Me et i ng

St e il . Ra il s . F ig . 1 3 63 .
—F ac e of T e mp l at e .

the ils if i nside th ey will bend the stiles

ra . bea ds The s a sh sh o u ld run freely with
.
,

An a lte rn a tive w a y i s t o l a y t wo pieces o f a b ou t 3 7 in cle a ra n ce a ll ro un d ; fix it i n

1
. -

qu a rteri n g ou t o f win di ng o n the ben ch la y ,

pl a ce with a p rop Sh o o t the b o tto m sa sh .

the sa shes on thes e a nd us e cra mp s a b o ve ,

. t o the width o f the ro d a nd t ry it in the ,

K n o ck the s tiles o ff g lu e the tenons o f the ,

fra me Se t a p a i r o f c o mp a ss es t o the width
.

b a rs kn o ck the ra ils o n pla ce the en ds

, ,
between the t op side s o f the meeti n g ra ils
o f the te no ns i n to the mo rtice s l u e b o th h vi le i de ll w f
g , ( o r a s a n g s s n o r r t o a o o r ,

mo rtices a n d teno ns a nd c ra mp a nd w e d g e sh ri n k a g e i n the b o tto m ra il ) a n d s c ribe

'

, ,

u p a ro d h a vi n been
g r evi o u s ly u s ed di a g o n a l o n g the o u tside o f the b o tto m ra il fro m
, p
a lly i n o rde r t o ma ke sur e th a t the w o rk is t h e b e v e l o n the sill Ma rk the bevel fro m
'

qu ite s qu a re P u t a s c r ew throu g h the

. this li n e o n the s tiles a nd w o rk the s a sh ,

b o tto m meeti n g ra il fro m the b a ck s ide a nd ,

a cc o rdi n ly
g R u n a we a the r g ro o ve a l o n g
.

wed g e the b a rs s tra i g ht If they a re the n . the b o tto m ed g e a n d bevel o ff the fa ce t o ,

c ro o ked drive the wed g e mo st o n the h ollo w

, fit the be a d P u t the s a sh in p la ce a nd . ,

side When the g lu e i s d ry clea n u p the

.
,
r e p l a ce the g u a rd be a d s Fi g s 1 35 8 t o 1 3 62 . .
 W IN D O W S AS H E S AND CA S E M ENT S .
‘

41 7

s h o w d e t a il s o f the j o int s i n t h e sa she s Th e .

p iece o f h a r dw o o d a b o u t 6 in lo ng o f the , .
,

s a m e width a s the s a s h s t u ff— which ma

.

l e tte r ref e r e n ce s in Fi g s 1 3 1 0 :t o 1 3 3 5 ar e :
j 7

A ,
in s
~

id e li ni n
g ; B o u t s id e li ni n g C a n d
_ D , , b e t a ken a t 1 % ih a n d 1 7 in thick
. S qu a re .
,
3
.
. .

u lle y s tile F f ra me he a d ; e a ch e n d a n d dis ta n t t her efro m the t hick

p , , ,

H hea d be a d ; J p a rtin g , , n ess o f t h e m eet i n g r a il ea ch e nd Sho u ld ,

.

s lipi K b a ck li ni n g M p a r tin g b e a d f; N ,
'
-
, ,
'
be s qu a r ed ro u n d a nd s u nk a s s ho wn in the
s ide view g ive n in F i g 1 3 65 The mortice . . .

g a u g e h a vi ng been s e t t o the w o rk sh oul d

, ,

no w be run a l o n g e a ch fa ce fro m i t s tried

up edg e a n d the do veta ils ma rked a nd
,
'

c u t g i vi n g them a b o ut
1
, in bevel On e e n d -
. . _

s h o uld be le ibly ma rked t n d t h e

g o p a .

o the r b o tto m a nd the tri ed up ma rk ,

-

sh o u ld be pl a ced o n b o th fa ce s a nd t o o ne

edg e To u se the temp la te p ro ceed a s

.
,

fo llo ws : T a ke the b o tt o m pa ir o f s tile s

"

f which s h ou ld be a b o u t 3 i n t o o lo ng a t
« f - “

6 .

t n —
the o p e d l a y them to g ether on the ben ch
—T e mp l at e li ed t o St il of B ot t om
with the tried u p edg es o u tw a rds in ea ch -

Fi g 1 3 64 app e
c a se se t t o o n e o f the m o n the S etti ng ou t
.

S a sh .
, ,

li n e o f the u n der side o f meetin g ra il th a t ,

h ra il R sill s sill bea d T thro a ti n g p r ti n f the te m l t e q r ed a c ro ss a n d

”
o o o u
sa s , , ,
.
p a s a

The descriptio n o f the c o n stru cti on o f t h e ma rked b o tto m so tha t i t s t ried u p ed g e ,

-

s a s h fra me a n d s a she s i s n o w c o mp lete b u t ,

c orr es p o n ds with the tried u p edg e o f the -

the next fo ur p a ra g ra p h s will discu ss i n p u lley s tile a n d the n m a rk

,
the d o vet a il s

det a il s o me o f t h e o p era ti o ns brie fly de with t h e s et t i ng o u t knife a s i n di

s cribed a b o ve a n d Will s u g g e st a ltern a tive
,
c a t e d a t F ig 1 3 64 S er ve t h e o ther st il e
. .

metho ds .
the s a me b y tu rni n g the te mp l a t e o ver
o n t o it then ta ke the meetin g r a il o f the
Dev e t a il i n g
,

M e et i n g Ra i l s of sa s he s .
b o tto m sa s h fix i t in the b en ch screw With , _

S evera l met h o ds a re a d op ted i n ma kin g it s fa ce ma rk a w a y fro m the ben ch a n d se t ,

t h e j oi n ts between the m eetin g ra ils a nd

Stile s o f Sa shes a n d p erh a p s t h e mo st c o m
-
,

lmo n fo rm of j o i n t i s th at o f the mo rtice

‘

and t en o n the s tiles bein g a llo wed t o

,

e xten d ab o u t 3 i n bey o n d the meet i n g ra il s .

,

and the p ro j e c ti n g ho rn s b e in g w o rke d a n d

“

m o u lded a s b ra ckets This meth o d, h o w

'
’
‘

e ver i s s eldo m r es o r ted t o i n fir s t cl a s s w o r k

,
-
,

ct he j o i nt bei ng eithe r mo rti sed a n d t eno n ed

v

i ii t h e o rdi n a ry w a y o r els e d oveta iled ,

.

{In the fo rm er c a s e— no ma tt e r h o w ood

g
—
t h e j o in t ma y b e a s the mo r tice i s c u t with
a saw in the sa m
the ten o n there e way as ,

is a lw a y s a
“

r i sk o f t h e j o in t bec o mi n g .

F ig 1 3 65 — Tem lt a e app li ed t o E nd of M e e ti ng
p
il f
. .
‘

lo o s en ed by t h e frequ en t u s e o f the sa sh , Ra o B ot t om S a sh .

t hi s t rou ble ma y be en tir ely o b via ted by '

t he a do p ti o n o f the d o veta il j o i n t a lr e a dy the e nd o f m ked

t h e t e mp l a te ar b o t to m -
,

illu s t ra ted a n d de s crib ed A ssu mi ng . on the e nd o f the ra il ma ke t hei r tried u p -

t h a t t h e st u ff fo r the s a she s i s p l a n e d -
ed g e s
_ a g r ee a nd t he n
,
ma rk t h e e n d
u nd s et ou t i t will be n ece ss a r y of t he ra il as s h o wn at F ig 1 3 65
p a . .

to p pre ar e a t e m p l a te as sh o w n in -
If the s e en ds a re p r v ou s e i ly ru bbe d
1 3 63 ; this sh o u ld be ma de ou t o f a wi t h c ha lk it . will b e fo un d an a dva nt ag e .

9I
e
I8
41 8 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINERY .

The o p p o site e nd o f the Sa me ra il is ma rked meeti n g il runni ng throu g h fo r the p u rp o s e

ra
in a s i mila r w a y by tu rni n g the te mpl a te o ve r o f bevelli n ; while B s h o w s a p ro j ecti o n
.
g
The t o p s tile s a nd m eeti n g ra il s a re ma rked o f the s tile a n d meeti n
g r a il o f t h e t o
p s a s h ,
i n a s i mil a r ma n n e r u s i n g the e nd o f the
, with the mou lding c u t a wa y o n the s tile
te mpla te ma rked t o p b u t the tried a nd the m eeti n
g ra il r u n ni n g th r o u
g h o n the
u
p ide o f the te mpla te is u sed fro m the
S inside fo r bevelli ng p u rpo s es In p u tti ng .

r eb a ted s ide o f the ra il a n d s tile i ns te a d the S a shes to g ethe r these j o ints sho u ld be ,

o f fro m the fa ce o r t ried u s ide A m tice pi nn ed ; a nd if thes e i nst ru cti on s a re fol

p r
-
o .

g g
a u e s e t t o the to p s o f the d o veta ils s h ou ld l o wed the di ffi cu lties experien ced will be
,

n o w be r u n a c ro ss the end s o f the stiles few a n d sli g ht

, .

a n d S h o u ld a l so be s e t fo r a nd ru n a l o n the
g
to p s a nd u nde r sides o f the ra ils these lin es Cu t t ing P o c k et s i n S a s h F ra m e s .

a r e r equ i r ed t o c u t t o a n d the c u tti n S h ld Ther e , evera l meth o ds o f cu tti ng

, g o u a re S
be d o n e i n the S a me ma nn er a s fo r o rdi na ry p o ckets in sa s h fra me s a n d o n e h a s been
,

F ig . 1 3 66
.
—
A , Do v t il d J i t b
e a e o n e t we e n Me e t i ng Ra il a nd St il B ot t om S a sh ; B, Do
e of v t il e a ed
'

J i t b tw o n e e en Meet i ng Ra il a nd St il e of T op S a s h .

mo rti s i n g teno ni n g— n a mely o u tside

a nd ,
des cribed a t pp 409 a n d 41 0 An o l d . .

the li n e fo r the teno n o r d o veta il a n d i n ,

fa shi o n ed metho d is Sh o wn by Fi g s 1 3 67 t o .

side fo r the mo r tice The mo rtis ed p o rti ons

. 1 3 69 which r ep re s en t the p o cket a s bei ng
,

o n the s tile s a n d ra il s sho u ld be c u t o u t ,

c u t i n the cen t r e o f the p u lley s tile T his wa s .

a n d the s h o ulde rs S h o u ld be p a r tly c u t i n a t o n e ti me the g e n e ra l meth o d bu t it is ,

p r evi o u s t o r eb a ti n g a n d mou ldin g Thi s . s eld o m r e so rted t o n o w fo r the fo ll o wi ng ,

c o mpleted it will be fo u nd tha t a t the to p s

,
r e a s o n s — The h o le whe n ou t i n the ce n tr e,

o f the b o tto m s tiles a s ma ll p o rti on o f o f the s tile n ecess ita ted the u se o f a n e w
,

the s qu a r e will be left which will r equi re piece o f s tu ff t o fo rm the p o cket p iece a nd , ,

chiselli n g o ff ; b u t o n the b o tto m o f the i n va rn i shed w o rk the n e w piece h a d t o ,

t o p s tiles the wh o le o f the mo u ld will ma tch in g ra i n a s n e a rly a s p o ss ible t o the

r equi r e r e mo vi n t the s etti n t li n e lley tile Thi i n vo lved l s f ti m e fi r t
g pu o g o u p u s s o s o s
-
.
, ,

a s well a s a sma ll p o rti o n o f the S qu a r e left i n s electi ng the piece a n d a fterw a rds in ,

o n the r eb a te s ide Of c o u rse it will be

.
,
fittin g it When c o rds were r en ewed the
.
,

n o ted th a t the s h o u lders o n the ra il s re r e mo va l o f the p o cket piece b ro ke the s u r fa ce

qu i r e t o be lo n g er by the dis ta n ce o f the o f the p a i n t a n d it s o u tli n e l o o ked ra gg ed

,

r eb a te a n d o f the mo u ldi n A r efe r e n ce t o a n d u ns i ghtly whe n r epl a ced a p o rti o n o f it

g .
,

the i so metric a l views ( A a n d B F i g 1 3 66) will ,

. bein g a lw a ys exp os ed t o view Fi g s 1 3 70 t o . .

e xp la i n the p ro cesse s A sh o wi ng a p ro j ecti o n 1 3 72 r ep r es ent a meth o d n o w g en e ra lly

o f the b o tto m s tile a n d meeti n ra il with a d o pted It is su peri o r t o the o l d beca u s e
g ,
.
,

the mo u ldin g left o n the s tile the meetin g ,

it ta kes less ti me a n d is ea sier o f c ons tru cti o n
,
.

ra il s c ribed ro un d it a n d the b a ck o f the

,
The o rig i n a l piece c u t ou t is re use d t o clos e -
42 0 C AR P EN T R Y A N D J O IN E R Y .

g ive the p o cket piece a t a p o r t w o with a is cut ou t ed in the sa me man n er

a n d r e us
ma llet a n d it will b r e a k o ff The ra g g ed
, . as in the o rdin a ry metho d b u t the t o p a nd ,

s t rip o f ti mbe r th a t fo rmed the j u n cti o n c a n

be p a red o ff with the chi s el o n the stile a n d

pla n ed o ff o n the p o cket p iece With the .

bevel a t the S a m e a n g le a s befo re b u t r e ,

vers ed ma rk a n d c u t o ff fro m the t o p o r

,

a pex o f the p o cket p iece t he cle a t F

( F ig .

Fix the p o cket piece i n i t s pla ce

with a fin e s c r ew a t the b o tto m ( a s sh o w n ) ,

sa y a N o 6 b u t d o n o t c o u n tersi n k the
.
,

hea d bec a u se if the fra me is p a i n ted thi s

, , ,

w o u ld be p u ttied u p a n d w o u ld be di ffic u lt t o
fin d whe n w a n ted Revers e the s tile a n d
.
,

fix the cle a t which h a s been c u t o ff the

t o p o f the p o cket p i e ce by fo r ci n g it d o w n
i n to i t s p o s iti o n a trifle in s ide the thro a t o f
ig F ig 1 3 74
the p o cket a t the t o p a s sh o wn Glu e a n d ,
.
. 1 3 73 .
. .

S ec u r ely S p ri g it the n p u t it o n o n e side t o

,

d ry . The p o cket piece will be fo u n d t o .

Sta n d w e l l flu sh w
'

ith the fa ce o f the s tile a s ,

s h o w n i n d o tted li n e s Cle a n it o ff ( t e m
.

p o r a r il
y r e m o vi n
g S c r ew ) a n d ru n the pl o u g h ,

u the ro o ve t o S i n k it t o the s a m e de th
p g p F ig . 1 3 75 .

a s th a t o n the p u lley s tile If thi s is n o t .

d o n e the p a rti n g be a d c a nn o t be driven

,
i
F gs 1 3 73 t o 1 3 75 -
Pa rt P ll v t i , nd
an, E e a on a
ho me level i t s entir e leng th a s it sh o u ld be
. .

,
.
S e ct i on o f Pu ll y S t il
e e , sh o w ing Imp v d M t h d ro e e o
M o re E l a b o ra t e M e t h o d — Fi g s 1 3 73 t o .
of Cu tti g P k
n oc et in S a sh F r a me .

1 3 75 r ep re s en t a S o mewh a t s i mil a r b u t mo r e ,

ela b o ra te meth od o f c o nstru ctin g p o ckets b o tto m o f the o p eni ng etc a re dea lt with
—S u ita ble fo r better cl a ss w o rk The piece
, ,
.
,

. diffe r ently The t o p ou t is the sa me b u t

.
,

F ig . 1 3 76 .
—
Ge ne ra l V i ew

Cr amp s a nd S a sh Cr a mp e d
Up .
 W IN D O W S AS H E S AN D C A S E M ENT S . 42 1

less c u te a nd , i nste a d
bevelled s a w of a fitti n g a nd fixi n g the h a rdw o o d t p B
“

s o
-
a ,

c u t a t t h e b o t t o m t w o t ra n s ve rs e c u t s A A ,
sh o w n in F i g . 1 3 74 .

Fi
( g s 1 3 7 3 a n d 1 3 7 4 ) a re m a de o n e a t the
W e d g ing
,
.
.

Up S as he s
b a ck a n d o n e a t the fro n t in a p a rt When ,
. .
.

the piece is kno cked o u t thi s Sp lits verti ,

A meth o d o f wed g i n g u p S a shes i s de
c a lly d own t h e ce ntr e between the t w o c u ts ,
s c ribed o n p 41 6 A s i mple i mp ro vi sed
. .

an d mus t be left so At the t o p o f the .

o e ni n t b ck a n d i n the cen tr e l e t i n a
p g a a , ,

iece f k B 2 i n l n 1 i n wide a nd i i n
p o o a o g .
,
.
,
.

t hick g lu ed a n d scr ewed i n a s S h o w n

,
This .

fo rms a cle a t a g a in s t which the p o cket

piece is checked in the la tter a ch a s e is c u t

F ig . 1 3 77 — E n a r g e d
. l De t a il of Cr a mp a nd We d g e for We d g ing Wind ow S a sh e s .

to c o rresp o n d It is i mp o rta nt tha t n o

. cra mp us thi s p u rp os e is illu stra ted in
ed fo r
mo r e s ho u ld be c u t o u t t o fo rm this ch a s e F i g 1 3 76
. It c a n be ma de ou t o f qu a rter
.

t ha n i s a b so lu tely n ece s sa ry so a s t o e nsu re Of c o ur se sma ller

‘

, i n g a b ou t 3 in by 3 in . .
,

g o o d j o i n ts a t C a n d D L et the sa w c u t s . o r l a r g e r S i z e s c a n be u s ed a cc o r di n g t o the ,

A A be s li htly pi t ched t o w a r d s the fro n t s i z e s o f the s a shes t o be wed g ed u p At

g ,
.

a s thi s will f a cilita te fitti n

g i n the p o cket o n e e nd a 1 ih o r l é ih
-
mo rtice mu st be
.
-
.

p iece . S c r ew i n whe n fin i shed I n c o mmo n . ma de ri g ht thro u g h as sh o wn a t F i g 1 3 77 .

,

wo rk a p a d sa w i s u s ed i n p la ce o f the
-
wher e it will be S een tha t the b a ck o f the
p o cke t chi s el the s a w,
bei n
g s t a rted fr o m mo r t ice is vertic a l a n d t h e fro n t p a r t ,

a ce n t r e bit h o le i n the c o rn er
-
Thi s meth o d . s p l a yed S o a s t o fit t h e wed g e Then a clea t .

r equi r es mo r e c a r e i n fixi n n d i le ss s h ou ld be n a iled o r s c r ewed o n a n d the e n d

g a s , ,

s a ti s fa ct o ry th a n the u s e o f the p o cket o f it t h a t c o me s i n c o n t a ct with the wed g e

chi s el An o ther metho d a n d o n e th a t i s

.
, sh o u ld be S p l a yed a t the S a me a n g le a s the
fr equ ent ly u s ed i s t o c u t t h e t o p e n d o n b o th
,

Side s with a p o cket chi s el o r d o vet a il s a w

F ig . 1 3 79 .
— A p p lic a t i on of R o d for T e s t ng i
F ig . 1 3 78 —
R 0d.
‘

f or T e s t i ng D i a g on a s l . D i a g on a s l .

'

a s sh o w n a t F ig 1 3 3 1 Th e j o in t A , fo r med
. . mo rtice . i mp orta nt p o i n t t o keep in
An
by b r e a ki n g a w a y t h e p o cket p iece fro m t h e view is th a t the b a ck o f the wed g e which
s t ile,a ct s a s a stop a n d s o o b vi a t e s t h e ,
fi t s a g a i nst t h e piece t h a t g o e s a g a in s t the
a dditi o n a l c o st wh ich wou ld r e su lt fro m s tile s h o u ld a l l t h e while keep ver tic al while
42 2 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

bei ng d rive n do w n At the o ther e n d o f the . is h o w n a t F i g 1 3 78 a n d the meth o d o f

s .
,

piece o f qu a rteri ng a cle a t s h o u ld be n a iled u si n

g it i s i n di c a ted by the d o tted li n e s at
on . It will be fo u n d b es t t o ma ke the F i g 1 3 79
. S a y di a g o na l A C is lo n g er th a n
.

wed g e s o f h a rdw o o d The di sta n ce betwee n . th a t a t B D then the e nd o f the s tile a t C

,

the b a ck o f the cle a t a nd the b a ck o f the o r a t A mu s t be s tru ck with the h a mme r

wed g e s ho u ld be s u fficien t t o a llo w o f the u ntil the di a g o n a l s a r e f o u n d t o be equ a l .

i ns erti o n o f a piece o f s tu ff a t e a ch e n d , The n ext thi n g will b e t o g lue the ends o f the
t o fit u p a g a i ns t e a ch s tile a s sh o w n a t A wedg e s This i s u su a lly do n e by di ppi n g the
.

a nd B ( F i
g The s e
.
p iece s s h o u ld be en ds i n the g lu e p o t They sh o u ld then be -
.

a b o u t 1 i n o ff a t e a ch e n d fr o m the te n o n s
. i nserted i n the h o les which h a ve b een ma de
a n d mo r tice s The o bj ect o f the s e p iece s
. for them then the i nn e r wed g es sh ou ld j u st
,

i s t o p r even t the c ra mp s be n di n g i n the be driven in h a nd ti g ht Then the fo u r -

.

s tiles If it is de si red t o g l u e u p only t w o

. o u ter wed g e s s h o u ld be d riven well h o me ,

o r th r ee sa s he s o n e c ra mp will be s u ffi cie n t a n d fi n a lly the i nn e r wed e s d ri ve n h o m e

,
.
g .

If ther e a re s evera l it w ou ld be decidedly ,

better t o ha ve t w o c ra mp s a s S h o wn a t F i g ,
.

F ig . 1 380 .
—M 0 use f or S a s h L i ne .

F ig 1 381 — A t t a c h ing F ig 1 382 — A t t a c h i ng

1 3 76 ; bec a u se when glu in g u p the fou r . . . .

j o i nts h a ve t o be g lu ed a t o n e ti me a n d in
,

,
C or d t o S a s h b y a K n ot . C or d t o S a sh b y N a il s .

u si n g o n e c ra mp whil s t t w o j o i n ts a r e bei n
, g
wedg ed u p the g l u e i s s ettin g in the o ther R p la c ing
e B r o k e n S a s h li n e n
.

t w o whe r e a s by u si n g t w o c ra mp s the fo u r M a t e ri a l s , b ro ken sa s h

etc — Repl a ci n
, g . a

j o i nts c a n be c ra mp ed u p a t o n ce In . li n e a lth ou g h a pp a r ently a very ea sy jo b

, ,

wed g i n g u p the c ra mp s mu s t be fixed a c ro ss

,
is no t r e a lly s o It is a ssu med th a t the .

the ben ch the ri g ht di sta n ce a p a rt a n d so ,

di s a bled sa sh i s the t op o n e Fi rs t p ro cu re .

tha t they a re quite o u t o f win di n g The a su ffi cien t le n th o f sa sh l i n e thi s i s s ld

g o -
.

sa s h S h o ul d be fa ce s ide d o w n a c ro s s the in kn o ts o f twelve ya rds a nd the p ro per ,

c ra mp s then the s tiles sh o u ld be kno cked

,
ki n d is a pla ited c ord fo rmed with fo u r
d o w n ha lfw a y o ff the ten ons Then the . s t r a n d s o f he mp fib r e a n d a b ou t in in ,
.

ten o n s a n d sh o u lders o n tha t side S h o u ld be di a mete r A few to wn clo u t na ils will a lso
.

g l u ed C a
. r e m u s t be t a ke n n o t t o
g e t a n y be w a n ted a n d a h a mmer a 1 in o r l e in
, ,
-
.
-
.

l e n the v l m l di t t it chi sel p a ir o f p i n cers b ra da wl p un ch a n d

g
”
u o o n r
o o o u g o o p u , , , , ,

so n e a r th a t the g l u e s qu ee z es o u t o n t o the a mo u s e The l a s t is fo rmed by ro lli ng

.

mo u ldi n g The sa sh sh o u ld be qui ckly

. a s ma ll piece o f s heet le a d a b o u t 2 3 i n wide ,
.
,

tu rn ed o ve r s o th a t the fa ce side is u p a nd
, ,
i n to a cyli n der i n which is e mbedded the ,

the ten ons a n d sh o u lders o n th a t side g lu ed . e n d o f a b o u t a y a r d o f fin e c o r d ; a n d i t s

The n the j o i n ts sh o u ld be d riven h o me a n d , p pu r o s e i s t o p a ss o ve r the s he a ve o f the

the p iece s pl a ced a g a i ns t the s a s h s tile s a nd pu lley ta ki n g first i t s ta il a n d then the

, ,

the wed g e s ti g hte n ed Next test the di a g o n . sa s h li n e which is a tta ched t o it d o wn the
-
,

a l s with a ro d The g en e ra l fo rm o f this ro d

.
‘

i ns ide o f t h e fra me u n til it r e a ches the

42 4 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

'

p u lley stile j us t belo w th e p os iti on o f t he of the p o c ke t p ie c e a nd p u lli n g it firmly

’

, , , .

meeti n g ra il s o r between the i n s ide ed g e

, t a p sh a rply a t the s a me ti me with the h a m
-

a n d the p a r ti n
g g r o o ve a s s h o w n i n F,
i g . me r o n the fa ce o f the p ulley s tile a nd the .

1 31 4 Ins e rt a b ra d a wl n e ar the l o wer e n d piece will be rele a s ed Next s lip the h a nd

‘

. .

F ig . 1 384 —. W e ig h t S a sh .

F ig . 1 385 . E l e va t i on
— of D ou b l H
e- ung Wi nd ow .

F ig . 1 386 .
— H or i zont a l S e ct i on of D ou b l H
e- u ng W i n d ow .
W IN D O W S AS H E S AN D C A S E M ENT S . 42 5

throu g h the o peni n g p u shi ng the lo o se p a rt ,

in g slip o n o n e side when the di sc o nn ected ,

wei g ht will be fou nd a nd c a n be dra wn ou t .

R e p l a c in g t h e S a s h l in e — Cu t a nd r e mo ve -
.

the b ro ken lin e fro m the eye a n d r epla ce ,

the wei g ht in the o peni n g with it s hea d

sticki n g o u t then stretch the co rd a s mu ch
a s p o ss ible c u t o ff t h e e n d s qua r e with a
,

s h a rp kn ife o r chi s el a n d fa sten the ,

ta il ”
o f the mo us e t o it j u st a s a ro pe e nd is
”
-
,
“
whip ped ; tha t is by a s erie s o f ha lf
.

hi tches dra wn ti g ht a n d clo s e t o the e n d o f

the c ord a s in F i g 1 380 The c o rd bei ng
'

, . .

tied s ecurely bend the mous e sli g htly a s

, ,

s h o wn a nd p a ss it o ve r the lley a n d
, p u , ,

keepin g the s tring in the mi ddle wi th th e

fing ers a llo w the mous e t o run do wn un til
,

the e nd o f the sa sh lin e c a n be p a ss ed -

throu g h the fa ce o f the pu lley when the ,

mous e ma y be r ea ched with the fing ers

throu g h the p o cket a nd the e nd o f the li n e ,

dr a wn do wn t o the o peni n g It ma y n ext .

be fa sten ed t o the wei g ht p a ssing the e nd ,

throu g h the h o le in the hea d sh o wn in F ig ,

.

1 3 84 a nd p u shing it o u t throu g h the eye

,

with a b ra d a wl when it c a n be kno tted a nd

,

dra wn b a ck the kno t being ha mmered into

,

the eye un til it is flus h with the sides .

Mea su r e the di s ta n ce o f the e nd o f the

o ri g i n a l c o r d fro m the t o ed e f the a s h
p g o s

a s sh o w n by the n a il h o le s a n d ma rk the -
,

s a me di st a n ce o n the p u lley s tile fro m the

hea d o f t h e fra me P ull u p the wei g ht .

a b o u t 1 ; in fr o m the b o tt o m a n d c u t the
.
,

c o rd o ff t o the ma rk j us t ma de or in ca s e o f , ,

a kn o tted c o rd a s sh o wn m F i 1 3 8 1 su ffi
, g .
,

cient being a dded t o ma ke the kno t B ring .

the s a sh up into p os iti on a nd fix the c ord ,

either by k no t or n a ils a s r equi r ed ta kin g ,

c a re when repla cin g the wei g ht tha t it

g o e s i n o n the ou t s ide o f the p a r ti n g s li p
in the b o xi ng so tha t the s lip lies between
,

the t wo wei g hts Repla ce the p o cket piece .

,

the u ppe r e nd bein g ins erted first a nd then

the lo wer kno cked ho me a nd fix the p a rt ,

ing be a ds in p la ce To g e t the s e in b ri ng
.
,

the t op sa sh d o wn t o the sill a nd sli p the ,

lower e nd o f the p a rting bea d between the

o verh a n g i n g e n d o f the meeti n g ra il a n d

the gro o ve then ben d it ou t sli g htly in the

middle u n til the t o p e nd will g o in i t s pla ce ,

when the r ema i nder ma y be sp run g b a ck a nd

kno cked ho me The b otto m sa sh is n ext
.
426 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

b rou g ht ro un d i n to p ositi on a n d the re

“

, p ro cedur e de sc ribed a b o ve bein g in o bta in

le a s ed c o rd p u lled o u t s tra i g ht fro m i t s s lip in g the len g th o f the c ord : i n thi s c a se
k no t a nd re fa sten ed i n i t s o ri g in a l pla ce
-
. m ea sur e the di s ta n ce o f the e n d o f the c o rd
When r e fi xi n g t h e gu a rd be a d s en te r the
t
-
, fro m the b o tto m ed g e o f the sa sh a n d ma rk ,

F ig . 1 388 .
— Conve nt i ona l S e ct i on of D ou b l H
e- u ng W i nd ow .

F ig . 1 3 89 .
— J o i nt at Me e t i ng Ra il of T 0 p S a sh . F ig .
—J o int at Me et i ng Ra il of B ot t om S a sh.

t op e nd the mi tre a nd ben d o u t the

in , it onthe p ul l ey s tile u pw a rds fro m the sill ,

middle u ntil the l o wer e nd will p a ss i nto i t s a nd tra ns fer the ma rk t o the c o rd when the

pla ce Shou ld the b ro ken c o rd be in the

. w ei g ht is dra w n n ea rly cl o s e u p t o the p ull ey ;
b o tto m s a sh o bvi ou sly o nly tha t o n e n eed
,
It so meti mes ha ppens tha t c o rds a re p u t i n
be ta ken o u t a nd o nly the p a rting be a d
,
withou t bein g s tr etched a nd m c onse , ,

c o veri n g the p o cket on the side o f the b r ea k q u e nc e the

,
wei g ht s soo n to u ch b o tto m W i th ,

n ee ds r e mo va l the sing le va ri a ti on in the

,
the resu lt th a t the t o p sa sh w1 ll not keep
428 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINERY .

is ten on ed i n to the j a mb s a n d i t s lo wer su r

, follo ws : Ja mbs hea d a nd sill o f fra me
, , ,

fa ce is r eb a ted a nd cha mfe red s i mi la rly t o 2 2 i n by 3 } in

. b a rs 1 in by 1 g in sa sh
.
, . .
,

the b a rs It s u pper su r fa ce i s spla yed a nd

. stiles a n d t o p ra il l fi in by 1 % in
,
b o t to m
,
.

r eb a ted t o r eceive the b o tt o m ra il o f the s a s h . ra il of sas h 1 g in, by 2 } in m i t s . .

F ig . 1 3 97 .
—
S e t t ing Ou t for Cu t s F ig . 1 3 98 .
—J oint s b e t w e e n B ar s
of Be a d s . of So d li Wi n d ow .

widest p a rt ; frie z e ra il of fra me which

meets b otto m ra il o f sa sh , 1 g in b v l Z; in
.
V
-
.

— D e t a il Ji F ra m i
'

F ig . 1 395 . of o nt s a t B ot t om of ng s

at Tr a ns om a nd He a d .

F ig 1 3 99 —De t a il of Ji o nt s i n T op S a s h
This is sh own a t Fi gs 1 3 92 a n d 1 3 96
.
. .

. .

The under su rfa ce o f the h ea d o f the fra me ,

O l d -s t y l e W ind ow s
Ca s e me nt .

it w ill be no ticed is S pla yed a little Thi s

,
.

i s t o a ll o w the be a d ma rked B which ha s ,

Fi g s 1 401 a nd 1 402 a re respectively se c
.

t o be na iled t o the t o p ra il o f the sa sh t o ,

ti ons throu g h the j a mb hea d a nd sill o f , ,

cle a r the he a d o f the fra me a s the sa sh i s a s o lid c a s e men t fra me su nk flu sh with t h e ,

o pen ed The le a di ng fini shed si z es a re a s

.
fa ce o f a ston e w a ll which is du ly checked ,
 W IN D O W S AS H E S AN D C A S E M EN T S . 42 9

F ig . 1 4 06 .
—Joint s at C orn e r s of F r a me
a nd Ca s e me nt s .

F ig . 1 4 00 .
—
H or i zont a l S e ct i on .

F ig . 1 4 05 .
— Is ome t r i c V i ew s h ow ng i
M e t h od of F x ii ng F r a me .

F ig . 1 4 01 .
—Ve rt i c a l S e ct i on .

F ig . 1 4 02 —H or iz ont a l S e ct i on .

in de r t o c o ver the j o in t which mi tre s

or ,

into the lo wer me mber o f the c o rnice a s ,

sh o wn i n F i g 1 402 A lea d fla shin g la id

. .

F ig . 1 403 .
—
S e c t i on t h r ou g h He ad .

to receive the fra me The sill is sh o wn re .

b a ted g in deep a n d sh o u ld be bedded in

.
, F ig . 1 4 04 .
—S e c t i on t h r ou g h S ill .

cemen t a n d it s en ds b u ilt in to the w a ll If

,
.

the c orn ice is c a rried o ver the fa ce o f the o ver the c o ver b o a rd o f the c o rnice a nd u p
wa ll a n d r etu rn ed u p o n it then the he a d , the fa ce o f the w a ll will p revent the i ng res s
o f the fra me c a n be likewi s e b u ilt i n which , o f the wet The e a se me n t s o f which there
.
,

is the p r efera ble meth o d ; o therwise the a r e th r ee o p en o u t

, a n d a re h u n g t o the ,

fra me ma y be secu red by wed gin g fro m the j a mb s the centre lea f bein g fixed The
, .

li ntel a s sho wn in F ig 1 401 A sto u t

,
. . meeti ng s tiles a r e r eb a ted to g ethe r The .

mo uldin g is p l a n ted on the fa ce o f the j a mb s g l a zi n

g i s a le a ded la ttice The s ecti on s .
4 30 C AR P ENTRY

F
( g i s 1 4
.0 0 t o 1 405 ) sh o w a mo r e un us u a l
c a se ; her e the fra me p ro j ects beyon d the
fa ce o f the w a ll A g in check o r reb a te
.
-
.

i s ma de a ll ro un d the i nn e r ed g e o f the
fra me a n d the j o i n t in thi s ca s e sh o ul d be
,

ma de with re d le a d a n d o il -
The fra me i s .

s ec u red by w ro u g ht i ro n fo rked a n g le tie s

- -

s u n k flu sh i n to the b a ck fa ce o f the fr a me

a n d b u ilt in to the w a ll ( se e F i g 1 400) t wo .

ties o n ea ch j a mb will be su fficien t Th e .

ties ma y either be tur n ed u p s qu a re a t the

ends so a s t o ho o k behi n d a s to n e o r dra wn
'
,

ou t t o a pin e n d a n d su n k in to a h o le c u t in

F ig . 1 4 07 . F ig . 1 4 08 .

F ig 1 4 07 .
— ou t s i d e l v ti
E e a on of S ma ll Ca se me nt
Wi d w
.

n o .

F ig 1 4 08 — Ve r ti l S ti
ca ec on of S ma ll Ca s e me n t
Wi d w
. .

n o .

F ig . 1 4 09 .
— H or i z ont a l S e c t on i of S ma ll C a se me nt
Wi n d ow .

the s to n e The b ra cketin g fo r the c o rn ice

.

ma y either be b u ilt in to the w a ll wh ic h i s ,

.

a dvi sa ble if h a rdw o o d is e mpl o yed fo r the

c orn ice , o r the s to o ls ma y b e s ecur ed t o the

w a ll with j o in t h o o ks F i g 1 406 i ndi c a tes . .

the meth o d o f j o in i n g the a n g les o f the

fra me a n d e a s e me n t s The he a d o f the .

fra me ru ns o ver the j a mb a n d is c u t o ff ,

flu s h with the ou t s ide The j o in t is secu r ed .

with w ed g ed ten ons whi ch ma y a ls o be ,

pinn ed ; In the e a s e me nt h o wever the , ,

stile ru n s th ro u g h in the u su a l w a y the ,

ra il s bei n te n n ed i n t the s tile N l e

g o o o g u .
43 2 C AR P ENTRY A N D JOINE RY .

F ig . 1 41 4 —H a lf i
Ou t s d e E l v ti
e a on of li
S o d Mu lli on F r ame .
 4 34 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y .

su b s equ en t cle a ni n g o ff w o u ld a ffo rd the in ched o peni n g s ; in thi s c a s e a ll o w a n c e

ar
n ecess a ry cle a ra n ce ; b u t i n a h a n d sh o p mus t be ma de fo r the ri s e a s the s ecti o n
,

i n s as he s w o u ld be ma de fro m r ep u ted
-
.
sh o w n o n the r o d sh o u ld be a cen tra l o n e
Ié i n or o n e c u t s tu ff which by the ti me
-
.
-
, , d ra w i n the he a d o f the fra me i n li n e with

F ig . 1 41 8 .
— Conv e n t i on a l V i ew li
S o d Mu lli on F r a me .

it w a s clea n ed o ff w o u ld o nly h o ld 1 % i n
, . t he der s ide o f the a rch a n d the thi cknes s
un ,

b a r e a nd the p a th o f the s a sh w o u ld r equi r e

, o f the o a k s ill a b o ve the sill li n e a n d s p a ce
,

n —
dra wi g 1 3 in full On the hei g ht rod the
. . o u t the r e ma i ni n g hei g hts a s s h o w n i n F i g .

si z e o f t he o pe ni n g i s fr equ en tly t a ken fr o m 1 41 5 . As thi s i s a s o lid mu lli on fra me with

the t o p of the s ton e sill t o the un de r side o f the side l i g hts fixed p ro vi si o n h as t o be
,

the s o ffi t o f the r eve a l o r the S p ri n g i ng li n e

,
ma de fo r c a rryi ng the c o rds fr o m the cen tra l
 AN D C A S E M ENT S . 4 35

lini n g s 1 i n lo n g er tha n clea r between hea d

, .

a n d s ill by 1 in by 3 5 in ; six p a rtin g

, . .

bea ds i nside o f hea d t o o u t o f sill by g in

, ,
.

by 1 in t w o p a rti n g shp s ditto by i in by

.
.

2 in s i x u a r d be a d s 1 i n l o n e r th a n i n s ide
g
.

g .

o f he a d t o i n s ide o f s ill by by
g i n on e .

ditto len g th o f centra l o p enin g hea d t hr ee

s ill d bea ds len g th between p u lley
g u a r ,

s tiles a n d mu lli o n s by by
g i n Ii i n bevelled . .

t o s ecti o n ; t w o c o ve r be a ds len th equ a l

g ,

width o f s ide li g hts by g in by 3 % in Thi s . .

c o mp letes the fra me Si z es fo r s a shes will .

be ta ken fro m the ro d in a s i mi la r ma nn er ,

a ll o wi n
g 5 1 i n l o n g er o ver a ll fo r s tiles a n d
.
,

2; i n l o n g er fo r ra ils a n d b a rs Remember
.
.

tha t b ra cke t s a re t o be w o rked o n t o p

F ig . 1 420 .
—
T0p
‘

of Mu lli on , s h ow n g i Pu ll e ys and

T e n on .

sa s hes ( se e A F i g The a b o ve si z es
, .

a r e fin i s hed o n e s fo r the pl a ni n
g m a chi n i s t .

The c o n verter will r equ i r e a s ep a ra te li s t ,

wi t h a n extra 33 in a llo wed fo r ea ch side

1
.

w rou g ht Thu s the mu lli o n si z e t o hi m

. .

1
w o u ld be leng th a s a b o ve by 2 4; in by
, , 7 .

42 i n a n d s o o n
.
,
.

Co n s t ru ct i o n o f S o l i d M u ll i o n F ra m e .

B efo r e be g i nn in g t o s e t o u t t h e s t u ff c o n ,

s ide r h o w the fr a m e i s t o be c o n s tru cted .

The p u lley s t iles will be hou s ed i nto hea d

a n d sill i n the u su a l W a y a s expl a i n ed a t the ,

b e g i nni n g o f thi s sec t i o n f The mu lli o n s .

will be t en o n ed thro u g h he a d a nd sill a s

i ndic a ted i n Fi g s 1 41 9 a n d 1 420 a n d .
,

a i n ted a n d wed ed they wil l a l so b e ke t

p g p
flu s h o n t h e i n side a s sho w n in the ha lf
ho ri z o n t a l sect i o n ( F ig the ou tside .

li n in g bei n g n a iled o n The hea d lini n g s .

will ru n ri g ht a cro ss the fra me u n til t h e y

meet the s ide li ni n g s ; they a r e n o t ou t
between t h e mu lli o n s ( s e e F ig 1 41 8 .
,

which s h o ws the a rra ng e men t o f the

 C AR PENTRY AN D J OINER Y .

c o rd s ) a s thi s we a ke ns the fra me The

, . h o us i ng s S e t o u t t h e p o cke t
at t o p fo r .

c o ve r be a d s a re c u t ti g ht betwee n p u lley 6 i n u p fro m the si g ht li n e . the len g th will

s tile a n d mu lli o n a nd a re held in p o si
, va ry a s the hei g ht o f fra me ; u su a lly keep
t i o n by the g u a rd be a d o n o n e ed g e a n d the m 2 in sh o rter tha n the wei g hts Ma rk .
.

the p a rtin g be a d o n the o the r ; re me mbe r o ve r a t the t o

p e n d m o r tice s f o r p u lley s .

tha t thi s c u ts u nde r the c o ve r piece ( s e e ( It will be n o ted th a t the p u lleys h a ve t o b e

'

F ig . P o cket piece s s h o u ld be c u t i n kept clo s e u p t o the hea d o f the fra me :

,

the cent re o f the p u lley stile s a n d no t a t a ll o wi n

, g j u s t cle a r a n ce f or the wheels t o
the side o the rwi s e i nside li ni n g s c a n no t be
, tu rn ; so meti mes p u rp o se ma de p ul leys a re -

fixed fo r a di sta n ce o f 1 5 in o r 1 8 in which . u s ed .

, wher e o rdin a ry p u ll eys a re us ed fil e ,

i s o bj ecti o n a ble t o so me a r chitect s w h o the t o p ends o ff i in a b o ve the wheel a nd

,
.
, ,

c o ns ide r th a t the p u lley s tiles a re thu s when fix i n g keep them T; in a b o ve t h e 1

, .

c onside ra bly wea ken ed s h o ul de r o f the mu l l i o n a s sh o w n i n F i

.

g , .

S e tt i n g O u t S o l i d M u lli o n F r a m e As a 1 420 a nd h o us e the m i n to the he a d th us

.
-
, ,

p rec a u tio n run the rul e o ver t h e s tu ff a nd fixin g the t op ends ) Ga u g e the r eb a tes
, .
,

s e e th a t the s i z e s a r e c o rr ect ; if n o t n o te the i nside o n e o n the fa ce the o u tside o n e

, ,

the n ecessa ry a llo w a n ces t o be ma de T a ke o n the b a ck a n d pl o u g h g ro o ve .

, i n fo r .

the he a d l a y it o n the ro d fa ce s ide do w n

, , p a rting be a d which is a s mu ch o u t o f centre
, ,

a n d strike o ve r s i g ht o r fa ce li n e s o f p u lley o f t he s tile a s the u a r d be a d o ve rh a n s t h e

g g
mu lli o ns a n d p a rti n g slip s
'

s tile s , ,
T u rn i nside lini n g ( s e e Fi g s 1 41 7 a nd
. .

it b a ck ; ma rk o ver é in g ro o ve s fo r he a ds With t h e s qu a rin g o ve r o f the sh o ulder o f t h e

-
.

o f p u lley s tile s ; s e t mo r tices for mu lli o n s ho us i n g o n the t o p b a ck side a nd g a u g in g ,

i i b ck f m the i ht li e d m t ice i n f ll t g u e o n the e nd the p ul ley

“

n . a ro s g n a n o r s
,
u o n .
,

fo r p a r tin g s lip s t o li n e s dra w n ; g a u g e the s tile s a r e fini s hed ; the mu lli ons ma y b e
mulli o n mo rtice s fro m i nside g i n thick se t ou t fro m thes e . With the excepti o n .

a n d o n e s ide i n li n e with p a r ti n be d ( s t h a t n h o u i n s h ve t be ll wed the t

g a e e o s g a o a o o
p ,

Fi g s 1 41 7 a nd Mo r tices fo r p a r ti n g en ds being s ho u lder ed a t the s i g ht li n e a n d ”

.
,

s l ip s ma y be pe n cilled o n in li n e with the the b o tto m the sa me inside ( on o u ts ide a l lo w

p a rti ng bea d ( s e e ro d F i g ,
Ga u g e i ng the s in kin g a n d ma rki n g the sh ou lder
.
,

everythin g fr o m the in side P a i r the s ill t o bevel o f sill ) it i s a wi s e pr ec a u ti o n t o

.
,

with the he a d a nd s trike o ver a l l the si g ht a llo w thi s ra ther ful l a s sills ma y va ry
, , .

li n es with the excepti o n o f the p a rtin g s lip Ga u g e fo r p a rtin g g ro o ves a n d ten o ns To .

mortices Ou tside the p u lley s tile fa ce li n es

. find the p o siti o n fo r mo rtices fo r p u lleys
, ,

ma r k the h o u si n g which i s o f the thickn ess

,
d ra w li n es equ a l t o the thickn ess o f t h e
o f the lley t ile pl s the wed i n The s a s he s o n e a ch side o f the p a r ti n ve
p u s u g g .
g g r o o ;
dep th s h o ul d be 3; in mo r e th a n the lo we r t h e cen tr e o f thi s will be the centr e o f t h e
1
.

p o i n t o f t h e we a the r i n g ; m o r e i s u nn e c e s m o r tice s — m a ke the m so th a t the b o x o f t h e

s a ry ,
m er ely wea keni n g t h e s ill wi t h o u t p u lley fi t s ti g ht The li n i n g s r eq u i r e g g g
a u i
. n

s t re n g the ni n g the s tile S qu a r e o ve r the

. for the va ri o u s p l ou g h g ro o ve s o r ra t her , ,

sh o u lde r li n e s o f the li ni n g s o n b o th fa ce s o n e o f e a ch ki n d s h o u ld be su fficien t fo r t h e

i n li n e with the p u lley s tile ru n the g a u g e ma chi n e a s when o n ce s e t a l l will be ru n , , ,

o n fo r t h e si n ki n s
g the s e will be f ou n d o n t h ro u h
g ex a c t ly a like M a r k s i g ht li n e s .

pla n S qu a r e o ver the mo rtices fo r the o n the ed g e o f the o u tside li ni ng s a nd ru n

.
,

mu l li o n s ru n the mo rtice g a u g e o n the e n d

, gg g a u e o n e a ch,
e n d -
f o r a sa w c u t Th e .

a n d t ra ns fe r t h e li n es t o the su n k fa ces p ieces will be c u t o ff when fittin g u p .

with the ru le fr o m o u ts ide Ga u g e the . C o v e r B e a d s — D ra w the s e o n the s ec t i o n .

,

plo u g h g r o o ve s fo r the wi ndo w b o a rd a n d a n d g a u g e the g ro o ve o n the b a ck ( s e e F i g

-
.

t h e w a te r b a r ( s e e s ecti o n F i g
Be a ds —
.
,

P u ll e y S t i l e s o f S o l i d M u ll i o n F ra m e
'

D ra w o n secti o ns a n d tha t c o m
. .
,

L a y o n e o n the ro d a n d s trike o ver the si g h t

, p lete s the s etti n g o u t o f the f r a m e In .

lin es o f hea d a n d s ill turn u p a nd ma rk s ettin g o u t fo r ma chi n e w o rk a l l s tu ff tha t

, , ,

o ve r 1 % i n a t b o t to m— thi s a mo u n t will is mo ul ded sh o u ld h a ve a s ecti o n d ra w n

—
.

va ry h o weve r wi h we a the i g a nd in
t n o n t h e fa ce o f o n e iece with efe e n ce
, ,
r .
p a r r ,
43 8 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

fo rm o f wei g ht the n us ed i n t h e cen t re b o x ed g e o f the sa s h stile . s ho ws a n

i n g s is s qu a r e i n s ecti o n with a p u lley c a st , e nl a r g ed s ec t i o n o f t h e b o xed mulli o n F i g

i n t h e t o p e n d th ro u g h w hi ch the c o rd i s 1 42 5 a secti o n a l eleva ti o n o f the t o p e n d
»

p a ssed wi t h i t s e n d s t a ken o ve r the p u lleys

, with t h e o u t side li ni n g o ff sh o wi ng wei g ht i n ,

a n d f a s t e n ed t o the t o p o r b o tto m s a s he s o n si t i n with t s a sh d ow n a n d b o tto m o n e

p o o o p
e a ch side a s s h o w n in the s ecti o na l view
, ,
u
p . The h o u s i n g s fo r t h e
gp u l l e y s tile s o f t h e

F ig . 1 425 .
—S t i ec on a l El v e a

t i on t h r ou g h Up p er P art of

B ox i
ng ( O ne W e i g h t
‘

se r vi ng

T w o S a s h es ) .

F ig . 1 424 .
—V t i l
er ca

S e ct i on t h r ou g h He a d —P ort i on
an d S ill F ig . 1 426 . S ill
H o u s i ng s W e a t h e r i ng
.

, , etc .

F i g 1 42 5
. Thu s fo r e a ch s e t o f th ree S a she s
.
, , mu lli o ns a re t p p ed
s o t ide o f t h e
on the ou s

fou r wei g hts a r e ma de t o a ns wer Of . s ill a s sh o w n i n F i g 1 426 a n d the b o tto m

.
,

c o u rs e in thi s kin d the s a shes mu s t be very

,
e nds o f the o u tside li ni n g s sh oul d be to n g u ed .

si mil a r i n si z e a s the d o u ble wei g ht h a s t o

,
o n the b a ck s ide i n to the sill The i ns id e .

equ a l t wice the h a lf wei g ht o f e a ch s a sh ; a n d li ni ng s sh o ul d ru n o ver the sill a nd he a d a s

if o n e s a sh w a s mu ch hea vier th a n the o ther ,
i n a n o rdi n a ry fra me s o a s t o tie the fr a m e
,

the li g hter o n e w o u ld be c o n ti nu a lly p ul led to g ether a s there is n o wedg ed mu lli o n in

,

up . Thi s te nden cy c a n t o s o me exte nt be this c a s e The p ul leys c a n be fix ed a s us u a l

.

checked by i nse rti n g a piece o f c o rk in the a b ou t 1 4 i n do wn fro m the t o p o nly o n e

.
 W IN D O W S AS H ES
'

AN D C A S E M ENT S . 43 9

pcket will be wa n ted in e a ch mu lli o n

o . a nd ill ( s e e F i g 1 42 6) t o keep it in p o si
s .

Thi nn er p u lley s tiles a re o cc a si o na lly u s ed tio n whils t fi xi ng the o u tside lin i n g s .

in the mul li o n s t o g a i n a dditio n a l ro o m

,
. S eve ra l va ri a ti o ns h a ve been i n t ro du ced
i nto thi s fra me which i s frequ ently ma de
F ra m e
,
L a rg e Ve n e t ia n Sash .

en tirely o f o a k The he a d is ma de 2 i n
. .

The thi rd cl a ss o f Ven eti a n fra me is fo r t h e thick with a p la nted to n gu e o n the in side
,

widest o penin g s with t hick sto n e o r b rick

,
t o ec o n o mi s e l a b ou r a n d ma te ri a l The .

F ig . 1 42 7 .
—
H 1f a Hori zont a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h V e n e t i an S a s h F r a me .

F ig . 1 4 28 .
—C v t i
on en on a l S e ct i on a l Vi ew t h r ou g h B ox ng s i Mu lli on s S a s h F r a me .

p ie r s a n d c o r r e sp o n di n
g ly wide m ul li o n s i n _ ton g u e s a re n ecessa ry bec a u s e in h a rdwoo d
t h e fra me s i n which the sa shes ma y va ry i n
,
t h e lin i ng s w ou ld be fixed with b ra ds d riven
width a cc o rdin g t o ta ste a n d ma y a ll be ,
o n t h e skew th ro u g h t h e ed g e a n d hidde n

hung o r p a rt hu n g a nd p a rt fixed In F i g
, . . by the be a ds which w o u ld be fixed with c u p s
,

1 42 7 i s s h o w n h a lf h o ri z o nta l s ecti o n o f a ve ry a n d s c r ew s The inside li nin g s a re kept

.

la rg e fra me with sa shes o f va ryin g widt h a n d

,
1
7; i n b a ck fr o m the p u lley stile fa ce t o fo rm
.
-

a wide b o xed mu lli o n t o c o ve r a b r ick pie r , a r eb a te fo r the be a d a n d a l so t o hide the

there bein g a mp le ro o m for t w o sets o f ‘

j o int This s ettin g b a ck mu s t be a llowe d

.

wei g hts her e The c o n ven ti o n a l s ecti o n a l

. fo r when h o usi n g the s ill fo r the sho u lders ,

view ( F i g 1 42 8 ) will c on vey a g ene ra l

. o n the s ill a b u t t i n g the li ni n g s will st a n d

ide a o f t h e c o n s tru c t i o n o f t hi s cl a ss o f 4 i n i
. n f r o n t o f p u lley s t ile ( s e e Fi g s 1 4 2 4 a n d .

fra me The b o x i s divided by a cent ra l

.
_
The p a rtin g bea d is run thro u gh the
lini n g which sho u ld be h ou sed into hea d
, hea d the sides b ein g s c ribed u p t o it The
,
.
4 40 C AR P EN TR Y A N D J OIN E R Y .

F ig . 1 434

F ig . 1 432 . F ig . 1 433 .

i
F gs . 1 4 3 2 a nd 1 4 3 3 —U p p
. er C or n e r of i
In s d e
L in ing s F r a me d by M t i or c e - a n d - T e n on a nd

W dg i g e n .

F gs i . 1 4 3 4 a n d 1 4 3 5 — Do . v t il J i
e a o nt b e t we e n
Me et i ng Ra il a nd St il e of L ow e r S a sh .

2 4 in
-
we a the r ed a n d be a ded piece sh o w n
.

o n the s ill a t 0 ( F i 1 4 2 4 ) i s ve n til t s lip

g a . a o r .

It s p u rp o s e is t o a ll o w o f t h e wi n d o w bein g
o p e n ed 2 i n between the meetin g ra ils for
.

ven tila ti o n whils t a vo idin g a di rec t d ra u g ht

,

F ig . 1 436. F ig 1 437 a t the b o tt o m r a il It i s we a ther ed so th a t

—M
. .
.

1 4 3 6 a nd 1 4 3 7 . e t h od of i
R e b a t ng the b o t t o m ra il o f the s a sh sha ll fit ti g htly
M it i g er n Be a ds . a a i n s t it whe n s h u t
g b u t i ns t a n tly r el e a s e
,
449 CA R P E N TR Y A N D JO IN ERY .

of the o u t side which i s b u ilt i n Fle mi sh

, va rio us p a rts bein g p rep a red t o the si z es
b o n d o n the fa ce with o l d E n g li sh b a cki n g
, . i ndi ca ted in the enla rg ed deta il ( F i g .

A c a mbe r g a u g ed a r ch i s sh o w n ha vi ng a ,
The sill is p lo u g hed a nd c o nn ected t o the
s t ra i g ht extra d o s a n d c a mbe r ed i nt ra d o s s to n e s ill by a 1 i n by al
i n lv a ni s ed i r o n
g a - -
, l . .

the depth o f the a rch a t the s p ri n g i ng bei n g ba r The w o o den sill i s a lso p rep a red t o
.

1 2 in F i g 1 443 which is a s ecti o n a l V iew

. .
, r eceive the t o n g u e o f the wi n d o w b o a rd a s -

o f the wi nd o w a s seen fro m the i n side , sh o wn a t F i g 1 447 The hea d lini n g a nd

. .

F ig . 1 44 1
.
—C v
on e nt ona i l Sec F ig . 1 44 2 —S ti . ec ona l i V e w of F ig . 1 44 3 .
— S e ct i
l Vi on a ew

t i ona l V i ew of T op Corn e r
‘

of B ot t om Corn e r o f Wi d n ow of Wind o w f m I id
ro ns e .

Wind ow . s h ow ng i S ill , t e c .

s h o w s the t o p c o rn e r s o f the s a sh s h u tte rs , , the pper e nds o f the i nside li ni n g a re

u

a n d a r chi t r a ve s Co n ven ti o n a l view s sh o wi n g ved t r eceive the t o n g u e o f the so ffi t

.
g ro o o

the d e ta ils o f the b rickw o rk inside a re g iven lin i n g B o th thi s li ni n g a n d the win do w
'

a t Fi s
g 1 44 5.a n d 1 44 6 4% i n r e v e a l s l a re
' ‘
-
.
‘
b o a rd h a ve t o be c u t r o u n d the fra me a s
p ro vided fo r the sa s h fra me a n d the re i s a ,
s h o wn a t F i g 1 447 The wi n d o w b oa rd is
.
-

4 2 in r ece ss fo r the sh u tte rs A w o o den lin tel

-
. .

i s s h o w n o n which a c o r e i s fo rmed a n d o n
, ,

F ig . 1 4 44 —C v ti
. on en on a l Vi ew f
ro m In s id e of F ig . 1 44 5 .
—G e ne r a l V i ew f
ro m Ins d e i of Upp e r
L ow e r C or n e r of Wind ow , S h ut t e rs , etc .
P a rt of Op e n i ng

thi s a t w o rin g relievi n g a rch is b u ilt The

-
.
pl o u g hed t o r eceive a sma ll mo ul di ng u n der
s t o n e sill i s s h o w n 6 i n by 1 1 i n with level . .
,
n ea th a s s h o w n a t Fi g s 1 43 8 a n d 1 43 9
,
It . .

s t o o l s a t e a ch e n d fo r b rick j a mb s It is . is a l so p re p a red with a n os i n g a nd retu rn ed ,

t o ol su nk a n d we a the r th ro a ted a n d g ro o ved

- -
,
a t the en d s a s sh o w n The vertic a l i nside .

fo r the meta l we a ther b a r a s sh o w n a t F i g -

.
linin g s a re g ro o ved t o r eceive the to n g u e o f
1 449 The c a s ed sa sh fra me with do u ble
.
the fillet A t o which the shu tters a re hu n g
,
.

hun g sa shes is o f the o rdi na ry cha ra cter the ,

Linings B ( F i g 1 448 ) a re p ro vided with re
.
 W IN D O W S A S H E S AN D C A S E M EN T S . 4 43

b a tes o n t he ou ter ed g e fo r the be a d s o f the is sh o w n a t F i g 1 43 8 On t h e i nside the

. .
,

sh u tters t o s t o p a g a i n s t Thes e lini n g s a re o p e n i n g i s fin i shed wi t h 5 i n b y I in fa ci n g

- -
. .
.

to ng u ed in t o t h e s o ffi t li nin g s a n d i n t o t h e ro u n d s D ( F i g t h e o u te r ed g e bei n g
g .

Wi n d o w b o a rd ( s e e F i g
-
a n d a r e a l so. o vo l o mou lded a n d t h e b a ck e d g e S p l a yed
-

sli g htly b evelled t o f o rm a key fo r p l a s te r t o r ecei v e p l a s t eri n g On t he s e fa ci n g .

r o u n ds 44 i n by 1 37 i n a r chit ra ve mo u ldi n g s
1
in g. A fil let c ( F i g wi t h a bea d stu ck
.
g
-
.
,
-
.

on i t s ed g e i s fixed t o the b a ck ed g e o f the

,
a r e fixed a s sh o w n .

vertic a l lini n g s o f the sa sh fra me a n d is

F re n c h C a s e m e n t s In w a rd s Ope n
,
to .

Fi g s 1 45 0 t o 1 45 7 sh o w a p a i r o f Fren ch
.

e a s e me n t s hu n g t o a s o lid fra me with tra n ,

s o m fa n li g ht s pl a yed li n i n g s etc
, , ,
.

F ra m e a n d L i n i ng s It will n o t be .

n ece s sa ry t o de sc r ibe i n det a il the c o n s tru o

1 44 6 .
—G e ne ra l Vi ew f ro m In s d e i of

L owe r P a rt of Op e n i ng .

F ig . 1 448 .
—
E l n ar g e d De t a il of

H ori zont a l S e ct i on .

F ig . 1 447 .
—J i o nt s in L ining s , et c .

tio n the s e a s it i s s i mila r t o w ork th a t

of

—D t il
,

F ig . 1 449 . e a of S t one S ill .

h a s a lr ea dy r eceived a tt e n ti o n Ge n era l .

views o f the j oi n ts i n the fra me a re sh o w n

s li g htly S pla yed t o fo rm a key fo r the pla ster by Fi g s 1 45 6 a nd 1 45 7 A p a rt of the
. .

in g. As will be s een ther e is o n e fra med ,

ho ri zo n ta l s ecti on is sho wn o n a la rg er sc a le
a nd n elled s h u tte r o n e ch side the p n el s by F i g 1 45 3
p a a a ,
. .

bein g bea d flu sh o n the i nside a nd with

-
,
Ca s e m e t s a
n n d F a l g t
n i h — The c on s tru o
mou ldin g s pl a n ted o n t o the fa ce side E a ch . ti o n o f the c a s e men ts a n d f a nli g ht i s
shu tter i s hu n g with 3 in w rou g ht i ron -
.
-
identic a l with th a t i n vo lved in sa sh w o rk
b u tts t o the fillets p r evi o u sly men tion ed . a l r e a dy t re a ted ; it i s the r efo r e o n ly n e c e s

The shu tters a re ma de with a fla p which ,

s a ry n o w t o e n u m e r a t e the s peci a l fe a tu r e s

( bein g na rro w ) is n o t fra med b u t is formed ,

o f thi s exa mp le The e a se me nt s a re c o n
.

o f a piece o f b o a rd a nd cla mped a t e a ch s tru cted t o o pen i nw a rd s a n d when ther efo r e ,

e n d t o p r eve n t w a rpi n g The shu tter a nd . they o ccu p y exp o sed s itu a t i o ns a rra n g e ,

fla p a r e c o n n ected by 2 4 in b a ck fla p -
.
-
men ts mus t be ma de fo r exclu di n g wet a n d
hi n g es . A shu tter ba r of a n o rdi na ry fo rm dra u g ht The sill ma de either o f oa k o r
.
,
444 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

F ig . 1 45 1 .

F ig . 1 450—H lf O t i d
. a u s e a nd H a lf i
In s d e
El v t i
e f F a hon o re nc Ca s e me nt s
t o O p e n Inw a r d s .

F ig . 1 45 1 .
—V t i l
er ca S e ct i on o f

F ig . 1 450 .

F ig . 1 45 2 .
—H i or zon t a l S ec t i on of

F ig 1 4 5 0
. .

F ig . 1 45 2 .
4 46 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

at Fi g s 1 45 2 a n d 1 45 3 The t ra n s o m is
. . of the a r chi tra ve which is sto pped , at the
mo u lded i ns ide a n d o u t a n d reb a ted t o re , b o tt o m by a pli nth as sh o w n .

c e i v e the he a d o f t h e e a s e me n t a n d o n the
E l l ip t ic a l = h e a d e d W ind o w w it h
u p pe r S ide i s s u n k s p l a yed a n d th roa ted
Ca s e me n t s
, ,

t o r eceive the b o t t o m ra il o f the f a n li g ht . a nd F a n li g h t in

Fi 4 d The he d f S o l i d F ra m e
( s e e g s 1 5 1 a n. a o .

t h e fra m e i s mou lded r eb a ted fo r the he a d , The e a s e ill u stra ted by Fi g s 1 45 8 t o 1 465 .

o f the f a nli ht a nd pl o u hed t o r eceive the sh o w s a s o lid fr a me with a t ra n so m a nd a n

g g ,

he a d o f t h e s pla y lin i n g s a s s h o w n ,

at Fi g s 1 45 1 a n d 1 45 4 The e a s e me n t s
. .

F ig . 1 455 .
—S t i ec on t h r ou g h S ill a nd

Wat e r B ar ( Ca s e me nt s Op e n) .

a re vo lo mo u lded a n d hu n g fo ldi n g the

o -
,

mee t i n g stiles h a vi n g a h o o ked j o i n t with

mo u lded fil le t o n the o u tside Thi s fil let .
F ig . 1 45 7 .
—J i
o nt b e t we e n

ma y be w o rked o n the s o lid a s Sh o w n in the T r a n s om and J a mb .

illu stra ti o n s b u t it i s fr equ ently n a iled o n

,
.

The g la s s is sh o w n fix ed in with be a ds fro m

the o u tside The b o tt o m ra il is p r ep a r ed
.

fo r the meta l w a ter b a r a nd a mo u lded , elliptica l he a d a p a i r o f e a s e me nt s o p e nin g

,

we a the rb o a rd is fixed t o it ( s e e Fi g s 1 45 1 .
i n w a rd s a nd a fa n li g ht w hi ch bei ng hi ng ed
, ,

a nd The fa nli g ht is h u n g t o t h e t o the tr a n s o m a l so o pen s i n w a rd s if de si red

, .

Ca s e men t s o pen in g i n w a r d s a r e le ss fr e
qu en tly a d o pted tha n t ho s e o p eni n g o u t
w a rd s Obj ecti o n s t o t h e fo rmer a re th a t
.

in exp o s ed situ a ti o n s it i s c o mp a ra tively

di ffic u lt t o ma ke the m wea ther ti g ht w hi le -
,

if they a re n o t kept s ecu rely fa sten ed t hey ,

a r e a t t o be bl o w n o e n by a su dde n t
p p g u s

o f wi n d when mo r e o r le ss s eri ou s d a ma g e
,

ma y be d o n e They a l so i n ter fer e with the

.

win d o w ha n g i n g s furn itu r e o rn a me n t s etc

, , ,
.
,

whi ch a re o ften pla ced n ea r wi nd o w s In .

s pite o f thei r o bvi o u s di s a dva n t a e s h o w

g ,

ever i n w a rdly o peni n g c a s e me nt s a re so me

,

ti me s a d o pted ; hen ce it h a s been dee med

de sira ble t o trea t o f a typic a l exa mple here .

T h e F ra m e — The p ri n cip a l p o i n t s i n the

c o n stru cti o n o f the fra me a re a s foll o w s .

AS will be s een fro m Fi g s 1 461 a n d 1 463 .

,

t h e o u t side ed g e o f the mo u ldi n g h a s a la r g e

Ji J
.

F ig . 1 456 .
-
o nt b e t we e n a mb a nd He ad .
o vo l o mo u ldi n g w o r ked o n w hi le the i nn e r ,

ed g e i s fini shed wi t h a n o g ee The j a mb s .

t ra n so m t o o pe n i nw a rds a s Sh o wn The ,
. h a ve te n o n s wed g ed i nt o mo rtices in the
ro u n d i s pl o u g hed t o r eceive the t o n u e o f o a k s ill a s illu stra ted i n p r e vi o u s c a s e s
g g ,
.

t h e li ni n g s It will be s een th a t t his g rou n d

. The o a k sill i s r eb a ted thr oa ted s pla yed , , ,

a ls o fo rms a fa ci n g thu s r ep res enti ng p a r t ,

a nd we a thered on the u n der edg e a nd ,
WIN D O W S ASH E S AN D C A S E M E NT S .
44 s CA RP E N TRY A N D J OIN E R Y .

pl o u g hed t o receive the t o n g u e o f the wi n d o w F

( gi . The he a d i s c on stru cted in t wo
b o a r d a n d the meta l w a te r b a r a s illu stra ted thi ckn e ss e s e a ch la ye r b r e a kin g j oi nt a s
,

in s ecti o n a t A ( F i g An y mo i s t u r e
. i n dic a ted a t A B C ( F i g The j a mb s
.

fin di ng i t s w a y u n de r the b o tt o m ra il o f a r e c u t t o r eceive e a ch t hick n e s s o f the he a d

F ig . 1 4 61 .
—H i or zont a l S e ct i on

t h r ou g h Ca s e me nt .

F ig . 1 4 64 —C . on st r u c t oni of He a d , a nd M e t h od of

J i ti
o n ng i
w th J a mb a nd T r a n s om .

the e a se me n t s w o u ld d rip i nt o the thro a ti n g F ig . 1 4 65 —M e t h od J i ti

of o n ng S ofli t L in ing a nd

o f the s ill a n d fo r c a rryi n g o ff thi s mo i st u r e

,
J mb Li i
a n ng .

thr ee o r fo u r h ole s sh oul d be b o r ed fro m

the thr o a tin g t o the w e a t h e rin g o f t h e o u t as ho w n a t D ( F i g
s . Mo rt 1 e e s a re

p r ep a r ed a s i ndic a ted at C a nd D to r eceive

side b o tto m ed g e o f the sill a s sh o w n a t 3 ,
4 50 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINER Y .
 W IN D O W S AS H E S AN D C A S E M ENT S . 45 1

S i mila r t o t ha t expla in ed e a rly in t hi s so t ha t t hey be r eb a ted a nd mou lde d

c an

sec t i o n whe n de a lin g wi t h s a she s The . i n r e a so n a ble le n g t h s F i g 1 483 sho w s a

. .

l o wer p o rt i on o f the st ile i s mortice r eb a t ed -

,
p o rti o n o f the width r o d for e a se me nt s .

—E l g d
:
o ur o r x QM:

il
,

Fi g . 1 4 70 . n a.r e De t a
of H or zon i t l S tia ec on at A
( F ig .

the mou ldi n g miter ed ; a n d the i n si d e

shou lde r a n d h a u n c hi n g f o r med so tha t i t ,

i s so fa r c o mpleted t o r e ceive the ra il i s ,

s h o wn a t F i g 1 48 2 On a cc ou n t o f t h e
. .

ho o ked j oi nt between t h e m eeti n g s tile s ,

t h e t o p a n d b o tt o m r a il s s h o u ld ha ve d ou ble
ten on s in b re a dth fit tin g t o the s e s t i l e s .

When o nly sin g le ten on s a r e u sed t h e ,

s ho r t e n d ra i n o f the te n o n i s l i a ble t o b r e a k
g
-

a w a y when bei n f o rmed i n t o t h e h o o ke d

g
j o i nt F or t h e ha n g in g st ile s si n g le ten o n s
.
,

w oul d be best bec a u s e o f t h e p ro j ecti o n

,
.

F i g 1 480 r ep r e s e nt s a ve rtic a l b a r s e t ou t fo r
.

t e n o n s a n d mo rti s ed F i g 1 48 1 sh o w s o n e
. .

st r i o f st u ff s e t ou t fo r r t s o f t h e li g h t
p p a

B o a nd D ( F i
, g W he n
.
g a u g i n g fo r

t h e m o r t ice s a n d ten o n s for t h e i n t e r s e c

t i o n o f t h e b a rs it s h o ul d be n o ted t h a t t h e
,

mo rtice s a n d t en o n s a r e thi nn er wher e t h e

b a rs i n t ers ec t tha n wher e t hey j oi n t h e
st ile s a n d r a il s T hi s i s sho wn a t B a nd E
.

F
( g i . a n d a l so whe r e the b a r s a r e s e t
o u t i n Fi s
g 1 4 8 0 . t o 1 4 8 6 a n d 1 4 9 1 B y ,
.

p l a ci n g f o ur s t r i p s t o
g ethe r a n d s etti n g the m
ou t a n d the n c r a mp i n g t he m t o g e t he r a s

—E l
,

sh o w n a t F i
g 1 4 91 t.h e s h o u lde r s m a y b e
, 1 4 71 . n a rg e d De t a il of V e rt i l
ca Se ct i on

ent ered wi t h a d o ve t a il sa w a s i n dic a t ed , at A, B , a nd c ( F ig , 1 4 63 )

452 C AR P ENT R Y AN D JOINE RY .

F ig 1 4 72 —C v i
e nt ona l S e ct i l Vi ew of i
In s d e T op L e f
t h a n d C orn e r
-
. . on on a
C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

At F is ho w n a piece o f b a r in p o si t i o n for
s

t h e fir s t r eb a te The s trip C i s plo u g hed

.

s o a s ex a c t ly t o fit t h e t o n u e o f the b a r
g
w hi l st t h e sticki n g o f the mo u ldi n g i s bei n g
d o n e a s i ndi c a ted a t H a n d K The r eb a te
, .

a n d pl o u h ve s mu st va r y a cc o rdi n g t o
'

g g r o o

the si z e o f the b a rs bei n g w o r ked ; hen ce a

,
s eve r a l s ticki n b d e ch f di ff e e t
g o a r s a o r a , r n
si ze , will be fo u n d in mo st w orks ho p s A .

s t o u t s c r ew i s e n e lly ed f t op a nd
g r a u s o r a s ,

t h e b a ck e n d i s held b y a be n ch kni fe bei n

—
g
d riven i n t o the c h e e k a n d b o a rd In thi s x
.

exa mple miteri n g i s s ho wn a t the i nter

'
s ecti o n o f the mo u ldi n s o f the s tile s a n d 9
g
r a il s ( se e A B F i 1 4 7 n d whe e t h b
g , a . r e a r s

i n ters ect with e a ch o ther s cribi n g i s illu s

t ra t e d a s a t D a n d E ( F i g
, .

F a n l i g h t — The o n ly p o i nt tha t c a ll s
for speci a l a tte n t i on in thi s i s tha t b o th
t h e he a d a n d the c ur ved ma r g i na l b a r
ma y be g o t o u t i n on e piece
Ca s e m e n t s —The m eeti n g
.

F it ting the
s tile s a re r eb a ted s pl a yed , a nd h o o ked ,

t o g e t her a s s h o w n by the s ec t i o n ( F i g .

W he n thi s j o in t i s fou n d t o be s a ti s fa ct ory ,

t h e be a d o n the i n s ide t o b r e a k t h e j o i n t
i s w o rked a n d the mo u lded we a theri n g
,

l o u hed fo r a n d fi t t e d i n The t o p a nd
p g _
.

b o t t o m o f the e a se me nt s h a ve n ext t o be
fi t t ed t o the he a d a n d sill the b o tt o m rai l ,

bei n g r eb a ted a n d thr o a ted a s s ho wn The .

e a s e m e n t s a r e n o w p l a ced t o g ethe r wi t h t hei r ,

m ee t i n g stile s fit ti n g a n d the wid t h betwee n ,

t h e r eb a t e s o f the fra me a cc u ra tely m a rked

o ff o n the h a n g i n g s tile s a t the t o a nd
p
b o t t o m The ha n g in g st ile s a re n ext re
.

b a t ed su ffi c i e n t bei n g left o n t o fo rm the

,

p ro j ecti n g we a the ri n g be a d s whi ch a re ,

r o u n ded as sh o w n The n t h e st ile s a re

.

a p p l ied t o the fra me a n d the n ece ss a r y

,

e a sin g i s d on e s o a s t o p ro d u ce a g o o d fi t
,
.

B e t w e e n the meetin g s t ile s the ha n g i n g ,

s t ile s a n d t h e fra m e a su fficie n t j o i n t mu st

,

be p r o vided t o a llo w fo r p a i n ti n g o r p o li sh
i n g a n d for e a sy o p e ni n g a n d cl o si n g with
, ,

o u t a n y bi n di n g The o u t side o f the b o tt o m

.

ra il s a r e p l o u g hed ( the pl o u g h g ro o ve ex

te n di n g t o the ed g e o f t h e s tile s ) t o r eceive

a m o u l ded we a the rb o a rd a s s ho wn ,
a M
F
( g i . T hi s s h o u ld be s ec ur ed with

s c r ew s t h e j o i ni n g p a r t s bei n g fir s t p a i n ted
,
.

E a ch e a s e men t i s hu n g wi t h three 4 in -
.

w ro u g ht i ro n o r b ra ss b u tt hi n g e s
-
The .
 W IN D O W SAS H E S AN D C A S E M ENT S . 45 5

mo st ta ble fo rms o f fa ste ni n g ar e e sp a g n o

s ui

lette b o lt s .

B o xi n g S h u tt e rs — The a rra n g e men t o f

Fig . 1 48 2 —L
P or t on of On e ow e r i
il l iv
.

S t e c omp e t e d t o R e c e e
B ot t om R a a nd Ba r il .

F ig . 1 48 3 —P a rt of Wi d t h
R o d for Ca s e me nt s .

Ii g
'
. 1 48 6 .
—B ar at F
( Pig . 1 4 66 ) S e t Ou t .

F ig . 1 487 .
—P a rt of T op R a il M ort i se d . F ig s . 1 48 8 and 1 48 9 .
—E nd s o f B a r s for M a r g i l
na

Sq u are .

ih e s hu tter s when in their b o xing s i s s ho w n

by F i g 1 467 . . At B in F i g . 1 466, t h e ri g ht s hu tt er s t o be fo rmed o f fou r le a ve s In t h e .

na n d h a lf i s i ndica ted by d o tted li n e s a s e a s e o f t hi n n er w a ll s si x o r eve n ei g ht le a ve s

,

zl o s ed The w a ll bei n g ho llo w a n d t hu s

.
,
mi g ht be u s ed The s hu tt er s ma y b e ma de
.

ihi c k a ll o w s
, a su ffi cie n t r ece s s fo r the t o O pe n a n d cl o se in o n e len g th which w ou ld ,
456 C AR P ENTRY AN D JO INE RY .

i n clu de the p a n el s H K a nd L o r ma y o pe n
, , ,
p a n el s K a n d L the b o tt o m ed g e s o f t he
,

a n d cl o s e i n t w o s ecti o n s The l o wer p a rt

. , le a ve s bei n g r eb a ted a t 0 o n the b a c k s o a s

c o nt a ini n g the p a n el H i s cl o s ed fir st the

, ,
to fit a g a in st the l o we r p a r t Ge n e ra lly the
.

u pp e r ed e h a vi n
g g a r eb a te a n d be a d a s fa nl i g ht i s left fr ee a nd thu s the fra mi n g
,

sh o w n a t o . The u p p e r p a r t c o nt a i n s the a t M i s d u mmy . The b o tto m e nd s o f the

45 8 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

the b o tto m The sa she s a re

.

sho wn with ma rgi n a l b a rs ,

w hi ch tho u g h they a re n o w n o t
,

u su a lly a d o pted fo r wi ndo w s o f

shu tte rs a re kept o ff

the flo or a s s ho wn a t
N ( Fi g s 1 466 a n d
. t o a ll o w fo r cle a r
i n g t h e c a rpet or ru g s e t c The stile s a n d
,
.

ra il s o f the S hu tte r s a r e mo rti s ed a n d te n o n ed ,

t o g ether t o r eceive be a d a n d b u tt o r be a d - -

a n d flu sh p a n el s
-
fa ci n g the o u t side when
,

they a r e cl os ed a n d mou lded o n the i n side a s

,

sh o w n . The s etti n g o u t a n d g e n e ra l p re
ra t i o n o f the s e p a n el s i s a l mo s t exa ctly
p a

t h e s a m e a s i n d o o r m a ki n g After bei n g
-
.

wedg ed u p a n d cle a n ed o ff they a re r eb a te d ,

a n d fitted t o g ethe r The m a i n le a f i s hu n g

.

t o t h e p o s t s o f the d o o r fra m e a s i n dic a te d

a t Fi g s 1 4 67 a n d 1 470
. The t w o le a ve s a re.

hu n g t o g ether by b a ck fla p hi n g e s The .

p a r t ic u la r c a sin g s p a rtly fo r mi n g the b o x

i n g s a re sh o w n a t Fi g s 1 467 1 470 a n d 1 472 .
, , .

The c u rved stile s fo r the fra me s o ffit m a y be

w o rked i n the so lid ou t o f o n e p iece The .

p a n el s bei n g ve ry sli g htly c u r ved i t w o u ld ,

cert a in ly be the mo r e si mple w a y t o w o rk

t he s e o u t o f the s o lid .

E p
l l i t i c a l = he a de d W i nd o w w it h
F ra m e d a nd S p l a y e d L i n in g s .

Fi g s 1 492 t o 1 494 r ep re s en t the i n side

.

eleva ti o n p la n a n d vert ic a l s ecti o n o f a n

, ,

elliptic a l hea ded wi n d o w wi t h d o u ble hu n g

- -

s a she s e a s ed fr a me
,
fra med p a n el s spla yed
, ,

li ni n g s so ffit a nd wi n d o w b a ck with elb o w s

, , .

The i n side o f the o p eni n g i s fini shed wi t h

a r chit r a ve mo u ldi n g s with p li n th bl o ck s a t
,
 W IN D O W S AS H ES AN D C A S E M EN T S .
45 9

t he ma ki n g fra me a n d sa she s bein g

of t he , s ide a n d p l a n ed tru e with a c o mp a ss p la n e
, .

g e n e r a lly ide n t ic a l wi t h c a ses

p r evi ou sly The p iece s t o for m t h e p a rt in g b e a d sho u ld
t r e a ted i t i s he r e o n ly n ece ssa r y t o de s c ri b e
, be si mi la rly t r e a t ed The he a d j u st a b o ve
.

t he n e w fe a t ur e s . t h e sp ri n g i n g i s s ec ur ed t o t h e p ul ley stile s
Co n s t ru c ti o n o f E ll ip t i c a l H e a d o f S a s h wi t h s crew s a s i ndi c a t ed a t E ( F i g .

F ra m e — Thi s ma y b e m a de in t w o o r thr ee
. It will be s ee n tha t t h e he a d d o e s n o t fini s h
p iece s c u,
t o u t o f t h e so lid j o i n t ed a li t t le ,
a t t h e s ri n i n
p g g b u t a t a s u
,
fficie n t di s t a n ce
a b o v e t h e s p ri n g i n g a n d fa s te n ed a s s h o w n a b o ve t o a ll o w o f
4 i n j ec t i n t F
, , p r o o .a s a ,

a t F i g 1 498 wi t h s c r ew s
.
,
The cro wn j oi nt s . Fi
( g s 1 4
. 9 7 a n d Thi s i s t o a ll o w the
o r r a di a l j o i n t s ( a s t h e c a s e m a y b e ) a r e fa s s t ile s o f t h e sa s he s t o b u t t a a i n st a n d re
g p
t e n ed by d o welli n g o r h a n dra il s cr ew s In . ven t the b o tt o m s a sh bec o mi n g j a mm ed .

F ig . 1 497 .
—P t i or on He a d F ig . 1 4 98 .
—M e t h od of

of F r a me , and it s J i
u nc t on w th i C onne c t i ng He a d and

F ace of Pu ll ey St il e .
Pu ll ey St il e s, etc .

thi s met ho d a pl o u g h g ro o ve i s w o rked o u t E ll ip t i l ca - h e a de d L in in g s . The s e a re

o f t he so lid t o r eceive t h e rt i n b e ad g ot ou t of lidt he i n tso

w o or t hr ee
p a g ,
.

whi ch a l so i s w o rked o u t o f the so li d An o ther .

p iece s w,
hi ch a re j o i n t ed t o g e t he r a n d
met ho d which i s equ a lly g o o d i s t o fo r m
, ,
c o nn ected t o e a ch o ther a n d t o t h e s t ra i g ht ,

t h e he a d i n t hr ee l a mi n a t i o n s a s r ep r e s e n t ed ,
li ni n g s b y cro ss t o n g u e s ( se e F i g
,
.

i n s ec t i o n a t A ( F i g a n d a l s o by A B
.
, ,
The j o i n t s a re o f c o ur s e g lu ed a n d t h e
, , ,

a n d c i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l view s ( Fi g s 1 497 . li ni n g s a r e n a iled o n i n t h e u su a l ma n n er .

a nd wher e it will b e s een t ha t t h e The he a d li ni n g s a re g lu ed a n d bl o cked a s

t hi ckn e s s o n t h e i n side o f t h e p a rt i n g be a d r ep r e s e n t ed a t F i g 1 498 .The i n si d e hea d
.

ma y be m a d e o f t hr ee p iece s r o u n d t h e li ni n g s ma y be p lo u g hed t o r eceive t h e

curve a n d t h e p o rt i o n o f t h e p a rt i n g bea d
,
t on g u e o f t h e s o ffi t so a s t o c o rr e sp on d wi t h
,

a lso o f t hr ee p iece s w hi le t h e o u t e r p o r ,
the st ra i g ht i n side li ni n g s .

t i o n i s m a d e o f fo ur p iece s The s e p iece s . E ll ip t i c a l H e a d o f S a s h — T hi s i s ma de

'
_
.

shou ld b e a cc ur a tely s a w n o u t o n the s o ffi t o f t hr ee iece s t h e j o i n t s o cc u rri n g a s a t

p ,
 C AR P ENTR Y AN D JOINE RY .

F1g . 1 4 99 .
—Conv i
e nt on a l V i ew of P art
of St il e a nd He a d of T op S a s h .

1 5 00 .
—G e ne r a l Vi ew of li
Cy n d e r .

F ig . 1 5 02 .
—M e t h od of Conn e c t ing Ar c h t r a i v e

P li nt h b y D o e t a v il L i
a p p ng .

D ,
E ,
F F
( gi The j o i nt s a n d p o r
.
,

t ion s o f t he
he a d a nd the stile S ho win g
t h e j o i n t a t t h e c r o w n s ep a ra tely a re ,

sho w n a t A B a n d c ( F i g , ,
The p ro .

j e c t in
g s h o u lde r D ( F i
g 1 499) i s for b u t ti
. n g
a a i n st
g the s t o p o f the he a d s h o w n a t ,

F ig 1 498
. .

Th e Ar c h or Co t Ba n — T hi s ma y be
fo rmed o f t w o piece s a nd w o rked ou t of t he
s o lid j oi nt s,

1 5 01 .
—C onn e ct i g A h it
n v rc ra e a nd P li nt h litt le bel o w
wi t h S li p D v t il T
o e a e n on. sa ti s fa ct o ry j
462 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

of the fra me ,
d c o nn ected by mo rtice a n d
an -
tic a l s ecti o n a t F i g 1 508 The p oi n t c a ll
. .

ten o n j o i nt s The i n side o f the b a r s A B c

.
, , ,
i n g fo r speci a l a tte n ti o n i s the s etti n g o u t
a n d D a r e n o t mo u lded b u t a r e r eb a ted a n d
,
o f the c u tti n g o f the be a d s so a s t o a ll o w o f

s li g htly s l a yed s o a s t o f a cilit a te the o e n

p p,
the s e cu t s p ro perly clea ri n g a s the s a sh is
i n g a nd cl o si n g o f the sa sh ( se e A B i n s e c
ti o n F ig 1 5 04 a nd se e a l so F i g
, .
,
The .

s a s h i s ma de o f fo u r piece s which a re re ,

b a ted a n d spl a yed a nd fit the b a r s j u st ,

m e n ti o n ed w hic h a r e mo u lded so th a t whe n

,
’

1 5 06 .
—D v t il J i t i
o e a o n ng

at A gln f S h e o as

the s a sh i s cl o s ed it c o mplete s
'

a p pe a r

a n ce o f fou r b a r s a s s h o w n The fo u r piece s .

fo rmin g th e s a sh bei n g o f sli g ht thickn e ss ,

'
,

mu st be d o veta iled a n d mi t e r e d a s s ho w n
,

( F ig . If a dditi o n a l s tre n g the ni n g i s

c o n sider ed de sira ble a t the a n g le s fou r t hi n ,

b ra s s bra cket s ma y be let in flu sh s cr ewed ,

o n a s sho w n The r eb a te s o f the vert ic a l

.

b a r s t o m eet tho s e o n t h e st ile s o f t h e sa sh

a r e o n the i n side o f t h e u p pe r p ort i o n a s a t o pen ed o r clo s ed When s etti n g o u t the ro d
. ,

A a n d o n the o u t s ide o f the l o we r h a lf a s a t

,
ha ve a t le a st a p o rt i on o f the s a sh o pe n ed
B ( F ig . The ha n g i n g o f the s a she s o n t o the fu ll exte nt r equ i r ed the be a d s bei n g
,

pivo t s i s si mila r t o tha t exp l a i n ed a n d illu s i n cl u ded a s i n dic a t ed a t A B ( F i g

,
.

t ra t e d i n t h e n ext exa mple .

Wher e the o u t e r ed g e s o f the be a d s o n the
s a s h whe n o pe n ed i n te r s ec t with the li n e s
S a s h H u ng on P iv o t s .
o f the be a d s fixed t o t h e fra me a s a t c a n d D ,

A lid fr a m e wi t h we a the r ed thr o a ted

so , ,
between t he s e t w o p oi nt s d ra w t h e lin e C D ;
a n d s u n k sill a n d s a sh h u n
g on , p iv o t s i s ,
d ra w 0 F a n d C E a t ri g ht a n g le s t o C D a nd
, ,

s h o w n a s cl o s ed a n d a l s o a s o p e n ed by v e r
, ,
the n C D a n d D F a re the li n e s o f the c u t s fo r
 W I N D OW S ASH E S AN D C A S E M E NT S . 463

t he bea d s fixed t o the fra me Wi t h cen tr e . l o wer h a lf o f e a ch o u t side li ni n g mu st be

G a nd ra di i G a nd D determi n e the p o i n t s ,
m o va ble s o t h a t t h e sa she s ma y be pl a ced
,

H a nd K Ag a i n wi t h G a s cent r e a n d E a nd
.
,
i n p o si t i o n fr o m t h e o u t side The sa she s
.

F a s r a dii d ete r mi n e t h e p o i nt s L a n d M t he r efor e t ro u ble so me t o h a n g a nd

‘

,
. a re ,

Then clea rly H L a n d K M a re the sp la y s fo r

t h e b e a d s fixed t o t h e s a s h a n d whe n the

s a sh i s cl o s ed thi s w o u ld m ee t 0 E a n d F D

re spect ively When the pivo t i s fixed o n the

.

fra me a n d the sl o t t ed pla te o n the stile o f

,

t h e s ash a s m a ll cha s e h a s t o b e ma de i n
,

e a ch stile a s i n dic a ted by the d o t ted lin e s

,

fro m G t o M When t h e p ivo t s a re s cr ewed

.

o n t o the s t ile s t he n t h e cha s e s h a ve t o be

,

ma de in the fra me In o rder t ha t the he a d

.

o f the s a s h s h a ll n o t bi n d a s it i s o pe n ed the ,

he a d shou ld be p r ep a r ed a little o u t o f the

s qu a r e a s illu s tra ted
,
.

C i rc l e = o n = C irc l e S ashe s a nd F ra m e s .

F ig . 1 51 0 ep r e s ent s a ho ri z o n ta l s ecti on
r

( l ki n u p ) s h o wi n g t h e s o ffi t o f a r c h s a s h
oo g , ,

fra me li ni n g s etc a n d F i g 1 5 1 1 r ep r e s en t s
, ,
.
,
.

a a r t o u t s ide a n d p a r t i n si de eleva ti o n o f a n
p
u p er o r ti o n o f a n o p e n i n g with a c a s ed
p p ,

fra m e a n d d o u ble hu n g sa she s fo r a win d o w

-
,

which i s s e micir cu la r in eleva ti o n a n d ci re n

l a r o n pla n T hi s i s c o mmo n ly kn o w n
.
the r en ew a l o f s a sh li n e s i s di ffi cu lt The .

a s ci r cle o n ci r cle w o r k
- -
S o me t i m e s fra me s . mo s t c o mmo n m eth o d o f c o n s tru c t i n g t he s e
o f thi s de s cripti o n a re m a de wi t h t h e fa ce s s a s he s i s illu s tr a ted a t Fi g s 1 5 1 0 a n d 1 5 1 1
.
,

o f their p u lley st ile s r a di a ti n g a s sh o w n which sh o w the g e o metric a l s et t in g o u t fo r

by the li n e s A a n d B ( F i g When . o b t a i n i n g m o u ld s bevel s
,
etc,
fo r t h e he a d
.
,

t hi s m eth o d i s a d o p t ed t h e s a she s c a n n o t ,
o f t h e fr a m e a n d t h e he a d o f t h e sa sh The
.

b e i n ser t ed i n t o t hei r p o siti o n s fro m the o u te r a rri s o f the so ffi t o f t h e a r ch i s a

‘

in side ; The p ro j ect in g p or ti o n o f the s e mici r cle ( A B ,

F ig
. a n d t he r efo r e
464 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

t he i bec o me s elli ptic a l a s sh o w n

i nn er a rr s ,
between t he he a d a nd the pu lley stile “

On X Y ( F i g 1 5 1 3 ) Ma r k o ff a n y c o n ven ie n t
’
by C B ( F i g . .
p o in t s o n c B
’
, ,
’ ’
s e t u p the eleva ti o n o f the c ur ve 0 B the ’ ’
,
a
_
s M
’

,
N ,
o P F
( gi,
’
P r o j ect . the s e
s a me a s c B ( F i g Thi s i s the li n e . do wn to the p l a n ( F i g g i vi n
g .the !

F ig .
—
H i or zont a l S e ct i on

F ig . 1 51 1 .

F ig . 1 5 09 .
—P l an of Ci l r c e - o n- C r c ei l
S a s h F r a me , w t h R a i di t i a ng P ll y
'
u e

St il es .

eleva ti o n o f the fr a me a n d a l so t h e t o p , n p l a n s of
g e n e rthe
a t o r s o f the s offi t c M , ,

ed g e o f the s a sh P ro j ectin g d o w n d ra w .
,
N ,
o ,
P B .
The so ffit mo u ld c a n n o w be
,
.

the ha lf pl a n o f s o ffit sho w n by F ig 1 5 1 4 . . o bt a i n ed At ri g ht a n g le s t o the p ro j ect o r

.

The thi ckn e ss o f the he a d ma y be dra wn . Q d ra w a lin e Q S ( F ig a nd a lon

g .

i n a s sh o w n b y the li n e s D E F G H ’

,
’
,
’
,
’
,
’
. i t mar k o ff Q 5 6 7 8— r e sp ectively c M , , , ,
’
,
’
,

The b r e a dth o f the s a s h ma y a l so be d ra w n N

’
o,
’
P ,
B ( F ig
’

,
’
The n p ro j ecti n g
.
,

i n a s i n dic a ted by K L ; a l s o the c o nn ecti o n rom

’ ’
at ri ht n le s f the i nts on t h e
g a g p o .

,
466 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

w o o d i s pl a n ed o ff the he a d a l o n g , to the li n e s Then the piece s sh o u ld be

.

s t ra i hted e S h o u ld fit o n the sill s tr etche r

g g , , a cc ur a tely j o i nted t o n g u ed g l u ed a nd , , ,
a n d he a d i n a l l p o siti o n s s u ch th a t it i s
, bl o cked in p o siti o n a nd the su rf a ce o f ,

p a ra llel t o t h e p u lley s tile s .

the i nside li nin g s mo o thed o ff s o a s t o fit
In s i d e a nd O u t si d e L i ni n g s — In r a s tra i hted e a pplied t o the s ill a n d the
p e g g
p a ri n g the s e ,
it will i n vo l ve a little mo re li nin g a s expla i n ed i n c o nn ecti o n with
,

F i g 1 5 1 7 F or the o u t side li ni n o n ly
g a
.
,

li t tle mo r e th a n the s ee n ma rg in n eed be

cle a n ed o ff if it i s t o fit a g a i n st b rickw o rk ;
,

b u t i n t he c a s e o f fitti n g a g a i n st ma s o n ry ,

a f a i r a mo u n t o f a cc u r a cy w o u ld be n ece ss a r y

i n cle a n i n g o ff The ed g e o f the o u tside

.

lini n g mu st be w o rked s o a s t o p ro j ect

the p ro pe r di sta n ce fro m the s o ffit a n d ,

then mo u lded if mo u ldi ng i s sho w n a nd

,

specified ; the ed g e o f the in side li ni ng ,

of c o u rs e fini shin g flu sh T he p a rti n g

, .

F ig . 1 51 6
.
—Ap p li t i ca on o f Be vl e a nd

F a c e M ou d for l He a d of F r a me .

1 7 .
-
He a d of F r a me
a nd i
F xe d t o P u ll ey

t il e s, a nd S ofli t M ou d l
Ap p li ed .

—
l a b o u r bu t will ma ke a mu ch m or e S i t i s
, bea d will ha ve be in thr ee o r fo ur piece s
to ,

fa ct ory j o b if the j o i n t i n ste a d o f bei n g

, ,
a n d i s c u t o ff a thi n b o a r d t o the p ro pe r

a t the s p ri n i n
g g i s m a,
de so m e little d i s c u r ve a nd ma y be ben t sidew a y s i nto t h e
,

ta n ce a b o ve i t a s illu stra ted a t F i g 1 5 1 8

, . . pl ou g h g ro o ve bein g the n g lu ed in p o siti o n
,
.

Thi s will keep the fra me mo r e ri g id a n d ,

P re p a ri n g t h e H e a d o f S as h B y r efer , .
-

the p u lley s tile s p a ra llel t o e a ch o ther . e n ce t o the pl a n F i g 1 5 09 a n d the enla rg ed .

S o a s n o t t o h a ve the g r a i n o f the o the r deta il F i g 1 5 1 2 it will be s ee n tha t the

.
,

r t s o f the he a d li n i n s t o o s h o rt it will s tile s a r e n o t s qu a r e i n s ecti o n b u t the s e

p a
g , ,

b e n ece s s a ry fo r t he m t o be i n t w o piece s . o f c o ur s e w o u ld be w o rked t o a bevel se t

It will be fou n d the si mp le s t p la n t o h a ve t o the a n g le U C N ( F i g ,

B y r efe r
,
.

t h e s tu ff thick e no u g h t o w o r k the i n s ide e n ce t o F i g 1 5 1 3 it will be s een tha t p a rt

.
,

su r fa ce t o fit the he a d a n d fr o m thi s t o
,
o f the be a d a n d a s t ra i g ht s t ile a r e fo rmed

g g
a u e f u ll fo r t h e o u t side a n d r o u g h o ff,
in o n e ; a n d t h e fa ce mo ul d fo r the c u r ved
 W I N D OW SAS H E S AN D C A S E M E NT S . 4 67

p ar t is h o w n a t A ( F ig
s . The f a ce e n ce to F ig . The g ua rd b e a d t o
1 51 2 .

mo u ld i s a pp lied t o e a ch side o f the p la n k t h e se fli t m a y be i n s ecti o n s w o rked o u t

in a S i mi l a r ma nn er t o t h a t exp l a i n ed fo r o f t h e so lid which will be fo u n d t h e e a s ie r
,

t h e he a d o f the fra me ( F i g . It will be metho d ; b u t a l t ern a t ively t hi s c o u ld b e

, ,

s ee n th a t a p or ti o n o f t h e he a d w t o 1
’
ben t in a s qu a r e s t a te a n d mo u lded a fte r ,

F
( g i . 1 5 1 3 ) i s s h o w n i n the pl a n F
( gi 1 5 1 4 ) . w a rd s ; b u t t hi s m etho d o f c o u r s e w o u ld
as en cl o s ed by a p a r a llel o g ra m which , be mor e exp en sive a n d w o u ld i n vo lve the
,

s ho w s the thi ck n e ss o f the s t u ff r equ i r ed . c o n s tru cti o n o f a sp e c i a l cyli nder o n which

The fa ce mo u ld i s a p p lied t o e a ch side o f t o ben d i t F i g 1 5 1 8 i s a c o n ven ti o n a l
. .

the stu ff by u si n g a bevel se t t o t h e a n gle view o f a p o rt i o n o f t h e he a d of t h e fra me

sh o w n a t B ( F i g . The n ext p ro ce s s fr o m t h e o u t side It will be s een tha t
.

i s t o tru e u p the t o p ed g e s a p p ly t h e fa lli n g ,

t h e b a c k o f t h e spla y li n i n g i s r ep r e s e n t ed
mou ld pl a n e n e a rly t o t h e li n e s a n d then ,
a s fo r med o f a ve n ee r with s t a ve s j o i n ted

fit e a ch piece t o t h e fra me in it s p r o per a nd

g l u ed a t the b a ck The devel o p
. m e n t
s i t i on whe n t h e j o i n t s s h o u ld be ma de a nd c o n stru c t i o n o f thi s will be tr e a ted
p o ,

a n d b o lted t o ethe r
g The
. m eeti n g r a il i s of i n a su b s equ en t s ecti o n Of c ou r s e .

o f c o u r s e o f t h e c u r ve sh o w n i n pl a n bu t ,
there a r e o ther w a y s o f c o n stru cti n g the
in o ther r e sp ec t s it i s d o ve t a iled t o the fra me su ch a s b u ilding it u p in t hr ee
,

s t ile s a s exp l a i n ed fo r p r evi ou s ex a mp le s . thickn e ss e s the middle t hi ckn e s s formi n g

,

If a ll fi t s i n s qu a r e the n ext thi n g will be

,
t h e p a rti n g be a d ; b u t a s t h e he a d w o u ld
t o mou ld a n d r eb a t e t h e he a d a n d stile s .
p ra c t ic a lly be f o r m ed o f t w o s ep a r a t e
As t h e s ec t i o n o f t h e mo u ldin g va rie s p a rt s ext ra t wice t h e a mo u n t o f s etti n g
,

r ou n d the he a d ,
it s h o u ld be fo r med by out w o u ld be n ece ssa ry a n d ther efo r e , ,

s ma ll r eb a t e pl a n e s a n d h o ll o w s o f c o mp a ss th ou g h a litt le stu ff mi g ht be sa ved a ,

a t t e rn r e t e r ex e n ditur e o f t i me w o uld be i n
p .
g a p
Gu a rd B e a d s — U p t h e side s the s e a re ,
vo lved In s u p eri or p o li shed w o rk t h e
.
,

of t h e o rdi n a ry p a t tern t h e e d g e o f the

,
he a d w o u ld be c o n st ru ct ed o f a ven eer a n d
sa sh bei n g p l a n ed o ff s o t h a t t h e j o in t s t a ve s a t the b a ck In t hi s c a s e o f c o u rs e
.
,

b etween i t a n d the g u a r d b e a d i s s qu a r e a s p eci a l cyli n de r w o u l d h a ve t o b e ma de

t o the p u lley s tile a s will be s een by r efe r

,
o n which t o be n d a n d b l o ck t h e ve n ee r .
 M O U LD I N G S : W O RK I N G AN D S E TT I N G T H E M O U T .

In t r o d u c t i o n —A mo u ldi n is a cu rved Su r ita bility o f desi gn a re tha t i ts su rfa ces

.
g su , , ,

fa ce wh o s e Secti o n is c o n ti nu o us The . sh a ll be per fec t ly r e g u l a r a n d S m o o th it s ,

ess en ti a ls o f a g o o d mo u ldi n g a p a r t f ro m , edg es sh a rp a n d i t s c u rves flo wi n g a n d

,

F ig . 1 51 9 .

Fi g . 1 522 .

P ‘g ' 1 5 2 4 “

F ig . 1 5 2 3,

Fi g . 1 5 20 .

P1 8 . 1 527 . F ig . 1 5 23 . Fi g . 1 5 29 .

Fig . 1 525

F ig . 1 5 30 .

F ig . 1 5 31 .

F ig . 1 537 .

F ig . 1 5 34 .

1 5 4 0'
1 538 .

F ig . 1 5 41

F ig 1 5 39
—P t i —Q i k — l
. .

F ig Be a d Be a d F ig 1 5 2 1 Ang e or R e t ur ne d B e a d ( w h e n ed
— i
1 51 9 ar ng F ig 1 520 u r
i ll k f
. . . . . . . .

of L
ar g e S e c t on , g e n e r a y n ow n a s a S t a f Be a d ) F ig 1 5 2 2 S e c t on o f B e a d or R o u n d
f q l i f — l v
. . .

S t a n or A ng e B e a d F ig 1 5 2 4 - Ca e t t o
—
‘

F xe d a s a S t a f B e a d F ig 1 5 2 3
—
r e u e nt y .

Q i i v l ill
. . . . .

C yma
'

F ig
—Q i k G i
u r ke d O g e e a n d B e a d Ar c h t r a e F ig 1 525 A st r a g a a nd F et s 1 526 . .

v i ill i l i
. . . .

R e c t a or R e e r s e O g e e , w t h F e t a n d O g e e Cor n c e M ou d ng
,

M ou d ng l l i —Q i k O g e e a n d B e a d M ou d n g
F ig 1 5 2 7 u r ed

F ig 1 5 2 9
r e c an
u r ed l i
.

—
Q ik
. .

—Q i k — i
O g e e P a ne F ig 1 5 2 8 u r ed
vl ill vl G i
. . . . . .

Or d n ar y or
— —L
O o o a nd F e t F ig 1 5 3 0 u r ed O o o and Be a d Fig 1 531 r e c an

vl vl
. . . . . . .

R oma n O o o amb s T ong u e T oru s F ig

’
F ig 1 5 3 3
—G i
O o o F ig 1 5 3 2 F ig 1 5 3 4 -
. .

l i v l i
. . . . . . . . .

r e c a n O g e e B a s e or A r c h t r a e M ou d ng F ig 1 5 3 7
— l
D ou b e T oru s F ig 1 5 3 6
— i — l i
1 5 35 -
. . .

i i v
. . . .

N os n g F ig 1 5 3 8 S c ot a F ig 1 5 3 9 D ou b e F a c e Ar c h t r a e F ig 1 5 4 0 B o e c t on . .

i
. . . . . . . .

F g s 1 5 4 1 a nd 1 5 4 2
. T h u mb . .
4 70 C ARP ENTRY AN D J OINER Y

bei ng a th ree reed pl a n e They a re u su a lly

-
.
g ive n at '
F ig s 1 28 3. an d 1 2 86 ,
pp . 394 a nd

slipped s i mil a rly t o the be a ds a n d fo r the , 3 95 .

sa m e r e a so n s a n d i n so m e the fe n ce i s mo v
, S c ra t c h T o o l s .
— S cra tch to ol s ( F i g . 1 55 2 )
a ble S o th a t the ma rg i n ma y be v a ried . a re mu ch ed by w o o d w o rke rs a n d j o i n e rs
us

Flu ti ng p l a n es the c o n vers e o f these a re

, ,
fo r w o rki n g S ma ll mou l di n g s o n S weep w o rk ,

a l so ma de b u t a re n o t mu ch u sed a s the a n d o cc a si o na lly o n s t ra i ht w o r k a l s o They

, , g .

w o rk c a n be d o n e equ a lly well with rou n ds . c o n si s t o f sma ll piece s o f h a rdw o o d Su nk a t

The fo re g o i n g a re the p ri n ci p a l pl a n es fo r o n e e n d t o fo rm a fe n c e a n d with a sl o t o r
‘

, ,

w o rki n g st ra i g ht mou ldi n g s b u t ther e a re , s a w ke r f t o r eceive the c u tte r o r s c ra tch

-
,

which is g rip p ed ti g htly i n the S lo t by me a ns

o f a w o o d s c r ew tu rn ed i n t o the e n d o f t he

s t o ck The s c ra tch is a piece o f thi n h a rd

.

s teel filed u p t o a n exa ct r eve rs e o f the

mo u ldi n g it i s des i r ed t o p ro du ce It is .

then ru bbed s qu a r e a cro s s with a n o ils t o n e

s li p t o r e mo v e the file ma rk s a n d fi n a lly ,

the ed g e is tu rn ed with a b ra da wl o r
s c ra per th a t is the b ra da wl i s ru bbed ,

F ig . 1 552 . F ig . 1 553 . Fi g . 1 5 54 .
very firmly a l o ng the ed g e u ntil a sh a rp
F ig s . 1 5 5 2 t o 1 5 54 .
—S cr at ch T oo l a nd S c rat ch e s . b u rr is p ro du ced o n e a ch Side ; thi s bu rr
forms t h e cu ttin g ed g e a nd is o f c o u rs e , , ,

in dditi o n a few Speci a l mou ldi n g pl a n es

a s o o n w o rn a w a y e speci a lly o n h a r d w o o d ,
.

u s ed by j o i n e rs S u ch a s s h o p fro n t l a mb s The p ro pe r forma ti o n o f this bu rr i s the

’
-

to n g u e st a i r n o s in g a n d sc o ti a pl a n e s ;
,
-
,
s ec r et o f p ro du ci n g g o o d w o rk with the
thes e h o wever a re n o t likely t o be o f
, ,
s c r a tch Fi g s 1 5 5 3 a n d 1 5 5 4 a re views o f
. .

e n e ra l S e r vice t w o s teel s c ra tches the o n e S h o w n i n the

g . ,

s t o ck i n F i g 1 55 2 bei n g a sa s h o vo lo In .

T o o ls fo r S h a p e d M o u l d i n g s
.

u si n g the sc ra tch , the c u tte r s h o u ld n o t be

.

T h u mb H o l l o w s and R ou n d s — Fi g s 1 5 48 ro j ected the fu ll depth a t first b u t a fte r

.

p ,

a nd 1 5 49 sh o w
p re s ide e c t i v e l y a n e nd a n d a s s o me o f the su rplu s w o o d h a s bee n r e mo ved

view o f a thu mb h o llo w fo r w o rki n g ro u n ds it is p u s hed o u t t o i t s p ro pe r p ro j ecti on the

’

o n c u r ved w o rk a n d a c o mp lete s e t c a n be
,

h a d ma tchi ng the S e t o f o rdi n a ry h o ll o w s ,

a n d a l s o rou n ds h o weve r with a li ttle ,

i n g enu ity in thei r u se th ree o r fou r c a n be ,

ma de t o w o rk a l mo st every i ma g i n a ble c u r ve .

They a re g en era lly ma de o f so me very h a rd ’

P ig . 1 555 .

w o o d su ch a s b o x eb o ny a n d li g nu m vit ae
, , , ,

a n d a re f ro m 2 i n t o 4 i n l o n g 2 i n deep . .
,
.
,

a n d f ro m 4 i n t o 4 i n thick The i ro n s
. . .

ma y be p u r ch a sed a s bl a n ks fro m the t o o l

de a le rs o r ma y be e asily ma de fro m a piece
,
F ig . 1 556 .

o f sheet s teel .

Cu rve d T h u m b R e b a t e P l a e
n — Fi g s 1 55 0 .
F ig s . 1 5 5 5 a nd 1 5 5 6 .
—S c r at c h T oo l s.

a n d 1 5 5 1 a r e s ide a n d pl a n view s o f a c u r ved

th u mb r eb a te p l a n e the se pl a n es a r e ma de c o rrect a mou n t bei n g s h o wn by a file ma rk

t o va ri o u s s wee p s a n d thick n e ss es a n d a r e ,
o n the fa ce As mu ch a s p o ss ible o f the
.

ve ry u se ful i n w o rki n g r eb a tes a n d s qu a re s S u rplu s w o o d sh ou ld be remo ved with

on c u rved w o rk The se reb a te s a re a l so . g ou g e chi s el
,
or pl ane as m a y be
,
m os t ,

ma de with ci r cu l a r so les a s i n F i g 1 5 49 ,
. .
c o n ve nient a nd the S cra tch is the n ru bbed
,

The thu mb p l a n e s a b o ve me n ti o n ed w o u ld b a ckw a rds a nd fo rw a rds a fe w i nches a t a

be i n di sp e n sa ble fo r ma ki n g w o rk o f d o u ble ti me u n til it is d o wn a fin a l ru b c on tinu ,

c u r va tu r e a g o o d ex a mp le o f which i s o u s l y th r o u g h the le n g th bei n g g i ve n with a

,
 M OU L D I NG S : W ORKING AN D S E TT I NG TH E M OUT . 4 71

h p s c ra tch
S ar Fi gs 1 5 5 5 a n d 1 5 5 6 sh o w re
. .
t hi s p a rt fo rms a cu tter fo r r e mo vi n g the
a side a n d a n u n de r ed g e view o f
-
c o r e The ci rc u la r h o le i nside the c u t ti n g
.

t o ol a s s u pp lied by to o l de a le rs -
. ed g es is t o r eceive the du st o r sha vi n g
8 in l o n g a n d is ma de o f beech
.
,
re mo ved i n the st ro ke a n d the t o o l r equ i r e s ,
,

with tu rn ed h a n dle s a nd a b o xwo o d mo v r e p e a ted lifti n g fro m the c u t t o cle a r thi s

a ble fe n ce o n e fa ce bei n g S qu a r e the o the r

, ,
t h re a t Fi g s 1 5 61 a nd 1 5 62 illu st ra te a
. .

ro u nd i n to the fence a s lo tted b ra ss p l a te h o me ma de qu i rk ro u ter tha t will i n ma ny

-

is let th ro u g h which a s crew sl ides g ivi ng

, ,
c a ses p ro ve qu ite a s servicea ble a s the mo r e
a b ou t 1 i n a dj u st me n t
. a n d mo r e c a n be ,
ela b o ra te sho p ma de a rticle A blo ck o f -
.

o bt a i n ed by re e n te ri n g the s c r ew
-
The fen ce . h a rdw o o d a b ou t 2 i n lo n g by 4 i n S qu a r e
, . .
,

is a lso sl o tted sli g htly t o p a s s o ve r the c u tter ,

is g roo ved a c ros s o n e fa ce ( se e Fi g s 1 5 61 .

which p revents side mo ve men t whe n w o rk a n d 1 5 62 ) t o r eceive the c u tte r which sh o u ld ,

in g the c u tte r bei ng s ecu r ed by a s e t sc rew

,
fit ti g htly Thi s is a p iece o f Sa w bla de 4 4
.
,
1

in thick 1 4 i n l o n g a nd 4 i n wide wi t h a
.
,
.
,
.
,

4 i n -
s l o t
. i n it ; a s t o u t 4 i n w o o d S c r ew -
.

a ssi n g th ro u g h thi s sl o t s ecu r e s the c u tte r

p
at a n y hei g ht de s i r ed A mo va ble fen ce .
,

F ig . 1 557 .
—Q i k u r R ou t e r s .
ma de o f a sli p o f h a rdw o o d 4 i n by 4 in . .

F ig . 1 559 . F ig . 1 5 61 . F ig . 1 5 62 . F ig . 1 5 63 .

F gsi . 1 5 5 8 t o 1 5 60 .
—C ut t e r . F gsi . 1 5 61 and 1 5 62 .
—Q i k u r R ou t e r . F ig . 1 5 63 .
—C t t i u ng G aug e .

at the s ide Thi s to o l is u sefu l o n la rg er

.

mou ldi n g s a n d is s h o wn with a t w o r eed

,
-

S c ra tch i n it .

Q u i r k R o u t e r s — Q u irk ro u ters ( F i g 1 5 5 7) F ig 1 5 64 F ig 1 5 65
—T h
.
. . . .

a re m a de o f ma lle a ble i ro n a n d h a ve a dj u st , F gs i . 1 5 64 a nd 1 5 65 . u mb M ou ld .

a ble fe n ce s o f va ri ou s S h a e s with a p a i r o f
p ,

clip s a n d thu mb screw fo r ho ldin g the cu tter . by 2 4 i n is S ecu red t o t h e sto ck with a
.
,

Three views o f the la tter t o a la rg er sc a le , , c o u p le o f rou n d he a ded s crews which p a ss -

,

a re g ive n i n Fi s
g 1 5 5 8 t o 1 5 6 0 .Thi s t oo l . throu g h t w o s ma ll sl o ts in the fen ce This .

is u s ed p ri ma rily fo r cu tti ng qui rks fo r be a ds p ro ve s a ve ry e fli c i e n t t o ol for i nl a yi n g

a n d o the r mou ldi n s b u t i s a l so ve ry h a n dy s tri n g s in ma r qu ete rie w o rk

g
—
.
,

fo r si nki ng g roo ves in a ny c u r ved w o rk Cu t t i g Ga u g e

n Thi s t o o l i s illu s tra ted
where a p lo u g h w o u ld n o t be a va ila ble ; it at F ig 1 5 63 a nd
. i s u sed fo r c u t ti n g
,

is u s ed Si mil a rly t o the S cra tch t oo l The . t h e edg es o f the va ri o us me mbers o f a

cu t ter ( F i g 1 5 59) is ma de o f Sheet steel fr o m mou ldin g mo r e especi a lly when w o rki n g
— in t o 4 4 in t hick the en ds fo rmi n g
.
, , “

1 .
3
.
,
t he m a cro s s t h e g ra i n t h e o bj ect bei n g t o ,

p a r t s o f t w o c o n ce n t ric ci r cle s o n e sli g htly , o b ta i n a clea n c u t edg e The sma ll mo v -

.

la rg e r tha n the o ther The l a rg er o n e A .

, a ble c u tter c a n be a dj u sted t o va ri ou s
filed t o a V S ecti o n a s sho wn i n F i g 1 5 60 ,
.
, dep ths a n d ta ken ou t fo r sha rp eni ng o n
fo rms the g a u g e o r side c u tter o f the p ro the o ils to n e When u si ng it the fla t .
,

p o s ed g ro o ve a n d mu s t a lw a ys be o n the
,
fa ce o f the c u tter mus t a lw a ys be tu rned
fro nt o r fo rw a rd s ide o f the t o o l b u t the , to w a rds t h e Side on which the cle a n edg e
S ide B i s filed s qu a r e t o a chi s el ed e a n d i s de si red
g , .
4 72 O AR P E N TR Y AN D J OINE RY .

with the sma ller on e The side mo u ld s

W o rk i n g T h u m b M o u l d
.

sh o u ld be w o rked first , a n d a mi t r e li n e
.

To w o rk a th u mb mo u ld ( Fi g s 1 5 64 a n d . d ra w n o n e a ch e nd with a mi tr e te mpla te ,

1 5 65 ) o n the ed g e o f a ta ble o r sideb o a rd t o p , the e nd mo u l ds bei n g then w o rked do w n t o

firs t S qu a r e u p the ed g es t o the r equi r ed thi s li n e a s the S ha pe o f the mo u ld c a nn o t
,

si z e ,
the n with the c u tti ng g a u g e S e t t o .
well be ma rked o n the mou lded ed g es .

the b re a d t h o f the moul di ng g a u g e a

li n e o n the t o p a ll rou n d Next s e t a .
,

W o rk i n g Og ee Pa ne l M o u l d ing .

p l o u g h t o a sh a vi n g le ss th a n the g g
a u e In F i g 1 5 66 the d o tted o u tli n e r ep r es en t s
.

ma rk a n d t o the exa ct dep t h o f t h e S i n ki n g the e n d o f the b o a rd o n the ed g e o f whi ch

r equ ir ed a s sh o w n by the d o tted li n e s i n
, the mo u l di n g i s t o be stu ck , a nd the full
l i n e i s the s h a pe o f the mo u ldi n g which
sh ou ld be ma rked o n e a ch e n d by m ea ns o f
a p a tte r n te mpla t e F o r thi s the e n ds o f .

the b oa rd sh o u ld be pla n ed a nd ru bbed

o ver with ch alk so tha t the p en cil lin e ,

sh a ll S h o w cle a r er H a vi n g S h o t th e ed g e .

o f the b o a r d st ra i g ht a n d S qu a r e g a u e the
"

g ,

ed g e t o the r equ i r ed thicknes s fro m the fa ce ,

a n d t ry u p the b a ck S e t the plo u g h with .

No .1 i ro n a n d p l o u g h the g r o o ve s a s
i n dic a ted a t 1 2 3 a n d 4 ( Fi g 1 5 66) t o
, , , .

the di sta n ce o n o f the s ticki n g a s s how n

at l The c o re betwee n g r o o ve s 2 an d
.

3 c a n be r e mo ved wi t h a chi s el a n d
levelled with a r eb a te pla n e when the ,

b o a rd will ha ve the a ppe a ra n ce Sh o w n in

F i g 1 5 67
. Next w o rk o ff the S a lien t a n g le s
.

o f the c o r e i n a s e rie s o f ch a mfe rs with the

r eb a te pl a n e a s i n dic a ted by the d o tted

li n es a n d with a Sui ta ble ro un d w o rk o ut

,
'

the h o llo w p a r t o f t h e mou ldi n g A re .

verse o i the te mp la te c u t o u t o f c a rd o r ,
'

thin w o o d is u seful fo r testin g the depth

,
.

B eg i n the ro u n d with a s ui t a ble h o llo w .

F ig — Og P
1 5 66 l M ld ee a ne ou
If the h o ll ow will no t w o rk o n the o fl side
— qu ite d o w n t o the b o tt o m o f the qu i rk
. . .

F ig 1 5 6 7 W k i g Og P l M l d
or n ee a ne ou
,

— a s n i p e bill p l a n e mu s t be e mp l o yed t o
. . .

W ki g B l t i M ld
-

F ig 1 5 6 8 or n o ec on ou

F i g 1 5 69 —
. .

fini sh Thi s i s speci a lly fo r w o rki ng in the

.

C i M ld orn c e ou
.

—
. . .

F ig 1 5 7
. 0 W ki g C i M ld
. or n orn c e ou .
q ui rks o f mou ldi n g s .

W o rk in g B o le c t ion M o u ld ing .

a nd w o rk t hi s
the t w o side
'

F ig . 1 5 65 , on

ed g es o f the t o p Then fix a stra i g hted g e

.
To b o lecti on mou ldi ng ( F i g 1 5 46
w o rk a .
,

iece o u t o f which the mou ld

t o the g a u g e lin e a c ro ss the e n d by m e a n s p . a p
o f t w o h a n d sc r e WS o r cli p s a n d ru n i n a ,
is t o be p ro du ced sh o u ld be p l a n ed u p
ten o n sa w t o the r equi site d e p th Ag a i n ru n .
a cc u ra tely t o s i z e a l l r ou n d firs t a nd

ro o ve s ru n i n a s i n dic a ted by the d o tted

i n the s a w the n the p l o u g h m a y be w o rked g
m li n e s till i t a ssu mes the sha pe o f F i g
’

c
a ro s s the e n d s t o r e o ve the c o r e t o the .

r o per depth Ch a mfe r o ff with t h e j a ck 1 5 68 Wo rk the retu rn bea d on the fro nt

p
.
.

l a n e a s i n dic a ted by A B F i g 1 5 65 a n d ed g e r e mo vi ng the side slip fo r th a t p u r

p ,
.
, , ,
'

s elec t i n g t w o h o ll o w s o f s ui t a ble s i z e wo rk , p o s e The

. n t h e u pp e r ro u n d o r a s tra g a l

S h o u ld be w o rked a n d t w o thi n ma r ki n g
“

the l a rg e r o n e d o w n first Then tu rn the . ,

ed e a n d fi n i sh o ff the c u r ve S lip s p r ep a r ed exa ctly the width o f the t w o

t0 p u
p o n g
4 74 C AR P ENTR Y A

e
c o rr s p o n din g
The bl o ck is n o w fixed o n
.

t h e b e n c h a n d s a w c u ts a re ru n i n t a n g en t
,
-

t o the v a ri o u s c u r ve s a n d a r e m e t by c or ,

r e s p o n di n c u t s fr o m the fa ce o f the bl o ck
g ,

a s i n dic a ted by the d o u ble li n e s Thes e .

a r e t h e c o mm e n ce me n t s o f a S e rie s o f r eb ate s

t o be fini shed with chi s el s a n d r eb a te pl a n e s ,

a n d they mu s t be c a r e fully w o rked o n e a fte r

t h e o ther c o mmen ci n g with the me mber

,

ma rked 6 a n d keepi n g the mar g in s equ a l

a ll r o u n d After the r eb a tes a re fin i shed
.
,

t h e mou lds a r e w o rked wi t h thu mb h o ll o w s

a n d ro u n d s To p r even t the ed g e s a t the
.

j oi nts b r ea ki n g o u t the o u tli n es sho u ld be ,

F ig . 1 5 75 .

F ig 1 5 76
—R
. .

F ig 1 5 75 u bb e rs for B e a d s
—H l d i g Gl
. . .

F ig 1 5 76 n on R ubbe r
F i g 1 5 77 —
. . o a s sp a p e r .

.C k f . or -
ace d R u bb e r .

c a refu lly c u t in fo r a b o u t 4 in with su it .

a ble u e s o r chi s el s fro m the o u t s ide t o

g o
g ,

w a rds the middle a n d in w o rkin g the pl a n e s ,

ta ke c a r e n o t t o g o belo w thi s c u t p o rti o n ,

the cle a ni n g o ff bein g left u n til the p iece i s

l e j i n ted a nd d o welled t o the st ra i ht
g u o g
-

p o rti o ns o f t h e mou ldi n g .

W o r k i n g Ra i s e d P a ne l .

Fi g s . 1 5 73 a nd 1 5 74 a re t h e S ecti o n and

p l a n o f a su n k r a i s ed a n d fielded p a n el
, ,
.

It is p r ep a r ed by t ryi n g u p the b a ck a n d
u in t thick n e s n d t he c tti n n d
g a
g g o s a n u g a ,

s qu a ri n g o ff t o t h e fin i shed s i z e a s i n dic a t ed ,

by the ou tli n e in F i g 1 5 73 Next the sin ki n g . .

a i s g a u g ed a ll rou n d the ed e s fro m the

g
 M OU L D I N G S W ORK ING AN D S E TT ING TH E M OU T . 4 75

vo id the d a n g er o f the g la ssp a p er

to a in g i e the g ra i n
ra s s a nd e lts
r su in a mu ch
o n the ed e o f t h e r u b be r a n d t a ki n
g g s mo o the r fi n i s h .

e sha rp ed g e o f the mo u ldin g The .

sh ou ld n o t be fo lded d o u ble o n the

F i xi n g a nd F it t ing M o u ld i n g s .

b e p r ess ed ve ry ti g htly F i g 1 5 78 is a s ke t ch o f a S ma ll d o o r s h o w
.

ro u nd the l a tt e r ; i t s h ou l d a lso n o t be i n g the meth o d o f i n s e rti n g a p l a n t ed mo u ld

a llo wed t o o ve rh a n g t h e e n d s o f t h e ru bbe r ,
i n g t h e s h o rt e r p ieces a r e mite r ed a n d s h o t
bu t s h ou ld b e kep t sh o r t W o o d ru bbers .
-
t o t h e exa ct len g t h be t wee n t h e s t iles a n d ,

a r e s ha ed with h o ll o w s a n d ro u n d s n d t h e lon g er p ieces a r e sh o t r a the r fu ll i n

p a ,

a re u su a ll y a b o u t 4 i n l o n g b y 2 4 i n wide
.
. . . len g t h s o t ha t they c a n be fo r ced i n wi t h
,

Co rk ru bbers bei n g g en era lly m a de fro m o u t b rui si n the e ds when the o t he r p ieces
‘

, g n
o dd iece f c r k ( b o t tle c o r ks f r e mo ved
p s o o ) a r e o ,
a re H a vi n g fi t t ed e a ch p iece
.

va ri o us len g ths t hey a re s o m eti mes g lu ed s ep a r a t ely t ry e a ch mit r e t o s e e th a t the

,

4 in Sla bs t o w o o d bl o cks a n d sha p ed

-
. mo u ldi n g s m ee t c o rr ectly which they s h o u ld ,

F ig . 1 5 78 .
—F it t mg M ou d li ng s .
’

as r equ i red a fter dryi ng a s s ho wn in F i g . d o in

,
b u t t h e l a s t mi tr e , if the leng t hs
a ll

1 5 77 A S ha rp g o u g e a n d a ra t ta il file
.
-
ha ve been c u t o ff c o n s ecu tively The l a s t .

a r e u s efu l t o o ls fo r r o u g hly s h a p i n
g c o rk ; mi t r e j o i ni ng u p the o pp o site en ds o f the
,

t he n b e d a p iece o f fi n e g l ass p a p er ro u n d t h e len g t h will p ro b a bly va ry S li g h t ly i n s e c

,

mou ldi n g a n d ru b t h e ru bber o ver thi s

, ,
t i o n , a n d S h o u ld be t ri mmed befo r e bei n g
which will fin s h it a ccu ra tely t o sha p e
’
.
p l a n t ed i n All bei n
.
g r e a dy c u t fo u r li t t le ,

Oa k e y s c a bi n et g l a s s p a per s h o u ld be u s ed
’
,
blo cks a n d p la ce o n e a t e a ch c o rn er a s ,

a nd i s ma de i n s e v e ra l de g r ee s t h e mo s t , sh o w n t hen i n se r t the e n d p ieces o f mo u ld

us e ful bei n
g : M 2 fo r the firs t c u t i n l a r e
, g ing ,
r e s ti n
g t he m o n the bl o ck s Ne x t .

so ft w o o d m ou ldi n g s F 2 fo r a S i mi l a r s ri n i n t h S ide iece s b r e ss i n t h e

, p g e p y p g
p p o s e i n ha rd w o o d ; 1 4 a g oo d g en era l
u r , e n d d o w n wi t h t h e left elb o w , p u lli n g the

p p
a e r a n d s u i t a ble a s a fi r s t c u t fo r S m a ll midd le o f t h e len g th u p i n t o a n a r ch with
mou ldi n g s a n d a s ec o n d c u t fo r l a rg e de a l
, the left h a n d a n d p r essi n g t h e o t her e n d
,

mo ul di n g s ; I a fi n e p a p er t o fini sh h a rd
,
d o wn i n t o p la ce wi t h t h e ri g ht ha n d Wh en .

w oo d mo ul din g s ; a n d O o r flou r p a p er , ,
t h e e n d i s e n t er ed , let g o t h e mi ddle a n d t h e ,

a n ext r e m ely fin e c u t o n ly us e d whe n a iece will S ri n i n s t ra i ht , b ri n i n t h

, p p g g g g e

very hi g h fini sh is des ir ed In cle a ni n g u p . mitr e u

p t i g h t .

ha rdw o o d m ou ldi n g s a ft er the firs t p ap e r,

in g u p is fin i s hed s li g htly d a mp t h e mo u ld S e t t in g O ut M o u l d in g s .

ing with h o t w a ter a n d when t his h a s d ried

, ,
D im i n i s h i n g fo llo win g l
M ou d i ng — The
ru b d o w n with the fin e r a er
p p thi s d a m p g e o me t r ic a l m e t h o d will be f o u nd b o t h
476 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

s i mple a nd effective b o t h fo r di mi ni shi ng , H F in f d ra w the h o ri zo nta l f d w

, , ,

a nd e nla rg i ng mo u ldi ng s To fi nd t h e . t h e ra di a ti n g li n e s i n b e g a nd , , ,

s ecti o n o f a mo u ldi n g s ma lle r th a n th a t fro m 7 ma rk o ff ’

r ep r e s e n ted F i b
( g a s s h o w n by a
’ ’
at A E D c , , , .
, ,

d ra w fr o m A a h o ri zo nta l li n e A G a t a ny , j e c t o rs a s s h o w n ;
c o n ve nie n t di s t a n ce p ro d u ce the li n e E A , whe re t h e ra di a ti ng
t o a ny c o n ve nie n t p o i n t H ; fro m o d r a w p ro j ect h ori zo n t a lly a nd th u s ,

the perpe ndic u l a r c F a nd then ta ke a ny , s h o w p o i n t s i n t h e p ro file o f the mo u ldi n

g
s u ita ble p o i n t s i n t h e p r o file o f the mo u ld as

i ng a s l 2 3 a n d 4 ; f ro m the s e p ro j ec t
, , ,
. E n l a rg i n g M ou d ing s l — To e n l a rg e t he
h o ri zo n t a l s t o meet 0 F i n 5 6 7 a nd 8 , , ,
. mo u ldi n g t o a b re a d t h equ a l t o G M a nd
The n p ro j ecti ng d o w n fro m p oi n t s 2 3 , ,
to a thickn e ss of H N o n the ve rtic a l li n e
,

i 1 5 79
F gs . a nd 1 5 8 04
Di mi i h ing n s a nd En
l ar g i ng M ou d l i ng s .

F ig . 1 5 79 .

GM ma rk b re a dth p ro j ect a h o ri
o ff t he ,
F ig 1 5 80
z e n t a l t o c u t the ra di a t o r G o i n E
’

; d ra w
. .

’
the ve rt ic a l li n e E P t he n p ro d u ce the o the r,

r a di a t o r s t o m eet t h e li n e a s s h o w n The n .

ro j ect h o ri z o n t a l ly fro m H a nd on E N
p , l

ma r k o ff the g ive n thickn e ss c u tti ng t h e ,

ra di a t i n li n e H R in s ; d ra w the h o ri
g
z e n t a l s T ; p ro d u ce the o the r r a di a t o r s t o

meet thi s li n e a s s h o w n F ro m P ( F ig . .

1 5 80) ma rk o ff di s t a n ce s B 9 1 0 1 1 a n d , , , ,

F,
t o c o rr e sp o n d wi t h t h o s e a t s T ( F ig .

r o j ec t o r s ra i s ed f ro m t he s e
p
o i n t w ill de t e r mi n e i n t s 1 t e i n t h
p s p o o e

an d 4 we o bta i n 9 1 0 a nd 1 1
, ,
N o w fr o m ,
. c u r ve which c a n t he n be d ra w n a s sh o w n
,
.

H d ra w ra di a ti n li e p a ssi n h h p i B y P E F i s sh o w n t h e p r ofile o f a mo u ld
’ ’

g n s g t r o u g o nt s , ,

B 9 1 0 1 1 a n d F a l so fro m G d ra w ra di a t i n i n g which i s m u ch b ro a de r th a n b u t o f t h e
, , , , , g
li n e s p a ssi ng t hr o u g h p o i n t s 5 6 7 8 a nd s a m e thick n e ss a s the o ri g i n a l mo u ldi n A E
, , , , g , ,

D . At G se t u p a perp e ndic u la r a nd t he n ,
D ,
t h e s e t t i n g o u t o f which will be cle a rly
ma ke G K equ a l t o t h e b r e a dth o f the u n de r s t oo d wi t h o u t n eed o f fu r the r expl a n a

mo u ldi n g r equ i red F r o m K d ra w a h o ri

. t ion .

z o n t a l li n e c u t t i n
g G D i n d t he n f ro m d l
R a k i n g M o u d in g s R o u n d E xt e rn a l Ang l e
—F ig
.
,

d ra w the p e rp e ndic u l a r d Nex t fr o m . illu s t ra t es the p ro ce ss o f o b t a i n

1 581
5
H d ra w a h o ri z o n t a l li n e ma ki n
g H L eq u a l i ng t h e s ec t i o n s o f ra ki ng mo u ldi n g s ro u n d
t o the thick n e s s r eq u i r ed . the n fro m L ,
t he exte rna l a n g le o f a w a ll which is s qu a r e .

d ra w a li n e p a r a llel t o H A so t h a t it c u t s In t hi s c a s e the ret u rn ed p iece s a r e h o r i

'

,
 C ARP ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

co m thes e at le t o which the mou ld

t he a ng e p o ndi n g li n es d ra wn thro u g h the
r s
p ro
j
i s t o be fixed A n e w b a c k li n e i s the n ti o n li n e
g . .

ra w n a c ro ss the s e li n e s a n d a t ri ht a n le s
g g R a ki n g M o u l d i n g i n t e r s e c t i n g an 0
0 the m A li n e is n o w d ra w n fro m o n e o f An g l w it h H o ri z o n t a l — B, C
”
. e a . A

he fro n t p o i n t s s a y A ,
a t the n e w ra ke o f
, 1 583 ) is the pla n of the fa ce s o f tw o wal
he mo u l di n g B y d ra wi n g the p r o j ecti o n
. i n ters ecti n g a t B at a n o bt u s e a n g le ,

F gs i . 1 5 8 3 a nd —R ki g
w e ar a n
M ou d s l i t ti g
n e r se ct n a an

Ob t u s e A glnw it he H i a or

z e nt a l .

ine P L, a nd li n e s thro u g h the p o i nts i n i t bei n g a level m ou ldi n g a n d B C a ra ki n g

”
he p o i nt A is fo u nd J o i n thi s t o t h e e nd
’
.
,

mo u ldi n g P a ra llel t o B c d ra w
.

f t h e n e w b a ck li n e a n d d ra w l i n es p a ra l l el ro j ecti n fr o m B the b a ck o f the mi t r e

, p g pu ,

o it fr o m the o the r i n t i n the li n e The t h e p o i n t D ( F i g 1 5 8 3 ) i s o bt a i n ed ; d ra w

p o s . .

n t e rs e c t io ns of t he s e li n e s with th os e
,
t h e i n cli n a ti o n o f the m o u ldi n g a s s h o w n
’
ra w n th r o u h the li n e P L
g a
,
re
p o i n t s on by D E D ra w X Y a t ri g ht a n g le s t o
.
.
’

he n e w s ec t i o n The o the r meth o d which is A B (F i a n d d ra w the s ec t i o n o f

.
, g .

he sh o rt er whe n t he eleva ti o n o f t h e mi t re t h e level mou ldi n g a s sh o w n by K F G H 9

A
” ”
B ) h a s bee n d ra w n i s by dr a wi n g li n e s a n d fr o m c o n ve n ie n t p o i n t s a s sh o w n by
, , , , ,

ro m t h e
p o i n t s o n t h e
p r o file a n,
d a t the 1 2 3 a nd 4 p r o j ect d o w n a n d d r a w t h e
, , ,

a k e o f the mo u ldi n
g t o i n t e rsect the c o r pla n o f the mo u ldi n g a n d a l so the mitre
 M OU L D I N G S W ORKI N G AN D S E T T I NG TH E M OUT . 4 79

sh o wn e at the ecti of t he M it e ri n g M o u l d in g s — Whe n t w o p iece s o f

“

B L ; s on
as p . re

ho ri zo n ta l mo u l d i n g o n X Y a s sh o w n by mo u ld in g a r e j o i n e d t o g ether by mi t eri n g ,

G H N o w c o n sider t h e p oin t s t h e mi tr e i s st ra i g ht whe n the p ieces a r e

i

K , F ,
’ ’ ’ ’
.
,

1 t o 9 a nd 1
’
t o 9 a s t h e eleva t i o n s o f
’
s tra i g ht , o r of the sa me cu rva tu re To .

ho ri z o nt a l li n es o n the m o u lded su r fa ce s , fa cili t a te t h e o p era t i o n o f mi t erin g t h e ,

which ha ve b ee n p r o j ec t ed fro m t h e s ecti o n s mitr e is o ft en ma d e stra i g ht a n d t h e c o n to u r ,

a n d a r e r e e a ted o n p l a n The s e li n e s i n of o ne of t he iec e s o f mo u ldi n i s v ried t o

p .
p g a

l a n in t e r sec t at the m i t re li n e i n b o th s u it i t F i g 1 5 8 5 illu st ra t es t h e m e t h o d

p . . .

t h e h o ri z o n t a l a n d r a ki n g mo u ld s N ow The p ro file o f the s tra i g ht p iece is g iven i t

“

.
.

ro j ec t i n f ro m t h e i n t e r s ec t i o n s i n i s n eces sa ry t o fi nd th a t o f t h e c u r v ed o n e
p g u p .

t h e p l a n o f t h e mitr e a n d h o r i z o n t a lly T a ke p o i nt s o n t h e g iven s ecti o n a nd p ro j ect ,

fro m c o rr e sp o n di n g p o i n t s G ’
, the m t o a pro j ecti o n li n e P L a n d t o t h e
d a re mi tr e li n e D ra w a li n e a c ros s the c u rve d
’ ’
in the eleva t i o n p o i n t s L
’ ’
a c , , , , .

o b t a in ed Then fr o m t he s e p o in t s dr a w
. mo u ldi n g ra di a tin g t o the cen tr e fro m
,

lin e s a s sho wn a t t h e p ro per ra ke t o c u t which the c u rve is st ru ck ( o r no rma l t o t h e

F ig .
—S t i ec on of R a mp M ou d ng t o ha li v e

S t ra i i
g ht M t r e .

t he lin e which i s a t ri g ht a n g le s t o
M N 1 5 86 —R a mp i ng l i
M ou d ng to Giv en Po int
.

”
.

,
,

ma ke the o rdin a t e s fr o m G
’
B e
”
-

2 3 4 the s a me len g t hs fro m M N a s c u rve if it is n o t ci rcu la r ) Co nti nu e t h e .

the c o rre s p on din g o rdina te s f ro m F K ’ ’

,
lines dra wn t o t h e mi t r e lin e t o thi s li n e ,

t hu s o b t a i n i n g t h e s ecti o n o f the u pp e r a nd pro j ect lin es then ce a t ri g ht a n g les .

p o r t i o n o f the r a kin m ldi n th t i t D ra w the p ro j ec t i o n li n e P L a s sh o w n a n d

g o u
g so a ,

sh a ll i n te r s ec t with t h e h o r i zo n t a l m o u l d - o bt a i n t h e in t ers ec t i o ns o n the p o i nts o n

mg i n a vert ic a l mitr e P o ints in t h e t h e r equ i r ed p ro file
“

l v — F ig
.

r o file f the l o wer p a r t o f t h e s ect i o n R a m p i n g M o u d i n g t o Gi en P o in t

illu s t ra tes t h e p r o ble mo f ra mp in g a
p o
”
.

o f t h e r a kin m ld h w n t 1 5 86
g o u a r e s o a H ,

mou ldi n g t o a g i v en p o in t S u c h a s o cc u rs
“

7 t he s e a r e o b t a i n ed i n a n exa c t ly ,

sim il a r m a nn er t o the u p p er p o rt i o n
'

,
when a d a d o rail is c o n t i nu ed fro m t h e level
a s t a i r c a s e o r f r o m a st a i r c a s e t o a l a n d
”
a n d n o di ffi cu l t y will be f ou n d i n f oll o w u
p ,

in g t h e w o rki n g illu st ra t ed E a ch i ma g in .
in g .0 B D r ep r ese n t s the li n e o f t h e m o u ld

ar
y li n e i n t h e u pp e r m o u lded s u r f a ce s ing .
It is r equ ired t o ra mp it t o t h e p omt
i s rep r e s en t e d b y o n e st r a i g ht lin e in p l a n A . D ra w a li n e F A 0 vert ic a l The cen tre .

i n eve ry c a s e b ut o n e ; i n p la n o n e li n e o f the c u r ve o f the ra mp ed p o rt i o n will b e i n

thi s li n e It will a lso be in a li n e dra w n
'

i s m a d e t o r ep r e s en t a n i ma g in a r y li n e
v
.

dir ect ly u n der it on the l o wer mo u lded

'
fro m a p o i n t in C B D a t ri g ht a n g les t o it
s ur fa ce .
'

the p o in t in o B D bei n g the p la ce a t whi ch

48 0 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O IN E R Y

the s tra i g ht p o rti o n meets the cu rved .

A p p l ia n c e fo r M a r k i n g M o u ld ing s fo r
Thro u g h A d ra w a li n e D E a t ri g ht a ng le s
M i t e ri n g a nd S c rib ing
T a ke p oi nts F a n d E i n A F a nd A E
.

to e D .

equ idi sta n t fr o m A With the c o mp a ss e s . At F i g 1 5 88 i s illu st ra ted a n a ppli a nce

.

s e t t o a di sta n ce a b o u t equa l t o the l i n e de si g n ed t o d o a w a y with the di ffi cu lties

j o i ni ng F E des c ribe a rc s with F a n d E a s
, c o mmo n ly me t with i n ma rkin g mou ldi ng s
centres J o i n A t o the i n ters ecti o n o f thes e
. fo r the p u rp os e o f retu rn i n g t h e e n ds i n the
a r c s a n d p ro d u ce it t o meet 0 D i n B
,
Fro m . S o lid o r fo r s c ribi ng ;
,
P ro p erly ma n ipu la ted ,

F ig . 1 587 .
—
E a s e me nt of An g le
.

F ig . 1 5 88 . Ap p li t i
ca on

of A p p ar a t u s f or M a r k ;

l i
i ng M ou d ng s for M t e r i
i ng a n d S c r b ng t o ood ii W
M ou ld i ng .

B dra w B 0 a t ri g ht a n g les t o 0 D Then 0 . it will g ive a ny ki n d o f S cribe o r mi tre tha t

is the cen tr e o f the c u r ve j o i n i n g B t o A a n d ma y be r equi r ed Th e p e n c il h a s a fla t side
'

.
,

t o w hi ch the li n e 0 B is t a n g en ti a l A
[ y n .
p l a n ed th r o u h ou t i t s le n g th so a s t o bed
g ,

d i fifie u l t i e s me t wi t h in so lvi n g s i mil a r p ra c fa i rly o n the p la n e a nd is us ed a s i ndi c a ted in

,
'

tic a l p ro ble ms S ho u ld be su b mitted t o t h e F i g 1 5 8 8 w hich s ho w s the a p plic a ti o n o f the

.
,

Edi t o r o f B u ildi n g W o rld fo r so lu ti o n in a

pp a r a tu s the m o u l di n g i s held in p ositi o n

th a t j o u rn a l ] by the left h a n d a ny ma rks tha t h a ve been

,

E a s e m e nt o f An g l e — In F i g 1 587 the . ma de o n it bei n g a dj us ted t o t h e p o i n t o f

meth o d o f ea si n g a n a n g le is s h o w n Ta ke . t h e p en cil which i s then w o rked a l l r o un d
,

p o i n t s D a n d E i n A B a n d A e eq u idi s t a n t the s u rfa ce o f the mo u ldi ng c a r e b e in g t a ke n

,

tha t i t a lw a ys lies —
l

fro m A a nd dra w li n es fro m thes e p o i nts

,
fla t u p o n the p la n e The
.

a t ri ht a n le s t o the li n e s i n w hi c h t h e
g g y a re . c u r ved li n e sh o w s the p a th tra ced rou nd the
Thes e i nters ect a t 0 which is the cen tre , , su r fa ce o f t h e mo ul di n g by t he p o i nt o f
while 0 D o r 0 E i s the ra dius o f t h e c u rve . the p en cil .
 S KI RTI N G S , D AD O S ,
P A N E LW O R K ,
L I N I N G S, ET C .

linin g is a n i mp o rta n t fea t u r e which Sh o u ld

L i ni n g M a t e ria l .

a lw a ys be c o n s ide r ed b u t which c a n no t be ,

AL L p i n e w o o d s be s ide s,
m a n y h a r dw o o d s o b t a i n ed if the s,
t u ff i s c u t a t hw a r t the g r a i n .

The be t fi e i lw y s b t i n ed f r o m the
a re u sed i n t h e p r o du c t i o n o f li ni n g
o a
The s .
g u r s a a

ha rdw o o ds g en era lly emp l o yed a r e m a h g y

o a n o u t s ide o f sa w n
,
o r hew n l o
g s the n e a r e r the ,

wa ln u t ma p le oa k e t c Li ni n g s ma y b e .
a lb u r n u m o f the w o o d the b ette r F i g 1 5 8 9 . .

, , ,

l o u ble V j o i n ted b e ded h w hic lly h w thi s o cc u r s L e t it be

a i n V j o i n te d d a o
a -
S o s g r a p .

p
-
, ,
, _

eeded The be d eed h ld lw y m ed t h t t h d t ted o u t e r r i n

g w a s t h e
o r r . V a o r r s o u a a s a ss u a e o

o ri g i n a l s i z e o f t h e t r ee i n t h e r o u n d The .

q e e r e s e n t s the s i z e t o which i t w a s
S u a r r
p
r edu ced fo r e x p o r t a ti o n B etwee n the t w o .

o u t er cir cu la r li n es t h e w o o d is sa pp y
b etwee n t h e s ec o n d o u te r li n e a n d the he a r t
i t i s r esin o u s The p a ra llel li n es r ep res en t .

sa w c u t s All t h e -
p l a n k .
s u
p t o N o 8 a re .

3 4 i n t hick ; N o 9 44 in .
N os 1 0 a nd 1 1.
,
. .
,

5 i n A s p i t ch p i n e .
li n i n g i s g e n e r a lly 3 4 i n .

b ro a d in t h e ro u g h it ma y be a s s u m ed t h a t ,

t his l e g w a s p l a n ked o u t b y t h e l o g fra me

-

fo r li n i n g p u rp o s es P l a n k N o 1 w o u ld . .
-

yield a b ou t fo rt y 4 in b o a rds b u t n o t o n e -
.
,

w o u ld sh o w a g o o d fi g u re The resu l t o f N o .
.

2 w o u ld be a l mo st s i mila r Wi t h N o 3 a . .

d fi u r e w o u ld a pp e a r e s p eci a lly o n t h e
g o o g ,

o u t e r ed g e s N o s 4 a n d 5 w o u ld p r o du ce . .

a fi n e r fi g u r e s t ill N o s 6 7 a n d 8 w
.
o u ld .
, ,

be be a u t ifu l a cro ss t heir en t i r e b r e a dths .

N o 9 sh o u ld be c u t t h e o p p o si t e w a y fro m
—
.

F gi 1.5 8 9 M e t.h o d i n w h i c h L o g i s Cu t i n t o t h e p l a n k s t h a t p r ecede it ; if o u t the

B oa r d s .
s a m e w ay c o n side ra b le lo ss w ou ld r esu lt ,
,

a d n fi r e c o u ld be o b t a i n ed N o s 1 0
n o g u . .

be fo rmed o n t h e fa ce hr best dres s ed s ide , a n d 1 1 sh o u l d a lso be c u t a s N o

-
.
9 In the . .

L i ni n g s v a ry i n thickn es s fro m 4 in t o bu tt o f a g o o d tree t her e Sh o u ld be n o kn o t s

.

4 i n .
4 i bei g the si ze
,
n n . m o s t ly e u s d Fi r s t ou s t ide . o f 4 i n r a di u s f r o m t h e
-
he
.
a r t b u t ,

qu a lity B j o rn eb o rg p in e ( r e d a n d white ) fu r t h e he a rt o f a n y tr ee ( whether b u tt o r t o p )

ni she s d m te ri a l fo r li n i n S m a ll fi r m c nn t be h a d f r ee o f k n o t s Yell o w li n i n g
g o o a g . a o ,
.

k o ts a e n o t o bj ec t ed t o
n r P i chp i e Sh l
t n . o u d is co m m o n ly 4 i n by 3 i n f o u r b o a r. d s a t . ,

b e fr e E fr o m kn o t s and sa p ; likewi s e first _ 4 i n f u ll a r e g o t fro m 3 in de a ls.

,
All yell ow -
. .

qu a lity yello w p i n e The la tte r is mos t e x .

w o o d sh o u ld be dried in a kil n befo r e bei n g
o n a cc o u n t o f i t s n a tu r e a pp e a r a nce w ro u ght by the m a chin e Thin s a w s o n ly
, ,
.

a t a b il i t H lf a n i n ch is a ll o wed s h o u ld be u s ed fo r b r e a ki n g i t o u t ; sa w s
p y a .

t o n g u e o n a l l p i n e w o o ds hicke r t ha n N o 1 5 u g e a r e n o t sui t a b le
4 i n o n t .
g a .
.

ed A b e a u tifu l g ra in in p it ch pin e With N o 1 6 g a u g e fou r p ieces a t 44 c a n

. .
,
4 82 C ARP ENTR Y AN D J OINERY .

be g o tfro m a 3 in dea l 4 in i s su fficien t

-
.
1
3 .
plu g s a r e ma rked a t thi s p o i n t a n d the ,

fo r ma chi n e d r es s i n g a n d w o rki n g Na rro w . su pe rfl u o u s w o o d is c u t o ff When the w a ll .

li ni n g i s p refera ble t o th a t which i s b re a d o r ha s bee n p l a ste red the e n d o f the l

p gu ,

d o u ble V j o i nt ed ; h o weve r well s e a s o n ed

-
S h o u ld be n o t qu ite level with the su r fa ce o f
t h e b ro a d stu ff ma y b e s h ri nka g e is mo r e o r , t h e p l a ste r F i g 1 5 92 sh o w s t h e c o mmo n
. .

less p e rcep tible i n a few mo nths a fte r it is w a y o f fixi n g the s ki rti n

g .

p l a ced i n p o s iti o n H a r dw o o d li ni n g.c a n

n o t be m a n u fa ctu r ed with the s a m e c a s e a s

p i ne woo d
-
li n i n
g ; with h a r dw o o d s m o r e
c a u ti o n mu st be o b s e r ved a n d mo r e t i m e ,

t a ke n in the sa wi n g a n d ma chi n e w o rki ng .

F ixin g W ood e n P lug s fo r G r o u n d s

P lu g s iece
a re s o f w o o d or met a l f
p o r o ,

w oo d en c a s ed i n meta l th a t a re i n s e rted in ,

t he j o i nt s o f b rickw o r k o r st o n ew o r k o r a r e ,

d riven i nt o h o les b o red i nto b rick wo rk o r

s t o n ew o rk fo r the u r p o s e o f a ff r d in
, p p g a

F ig . 1 5 91 .
—P l ug i
F t t e d t o J oi nt
'

S e c u ring S k i rt i ng in F i rs t = c la s s

W o rk .

In b u ildi n g s o f a mo r e p r eten ti o u s ch a ra c
t e r a n d su peri n ten ded by a clerk o f w o rk s a
, ,

hi g her cla ss o f w o r k is expected Su pp os e .

_

a n o r de r h a s bee n ive n t fix t w s e t f
g o o s o

ro u n d s fo r a 9 in S ki rti n t h w l l s f the
g g e a o
-
.
,

r o o m t o be e r fectly s qua r e a n d pl u mb whe n

p
pl a s t e red Wh en the ro o m is o n the g ro u n d
.

flo o r the flo o r level if it h a s n o t been

-

—Tw i t
, ,

F ig . 1 5 90 . s ed P l ug . ma rked mu s t be o bta i n ed
,
It ma y s o m e .

ti mes be g o t fr o m a n a dj o i ni n g ro o m Whe r e ,

o di g
h l n -
pl a ce th o s e fi t e fo r x ur s t ha t a re the flo o r level h a s been determi n ed by the
-

e rected by c a rpenters a n d j o i n ers T he . flo o r j o i s t ru nni ng o ver o n e o f the cella rs .

twi sted plu g sh o w n by F i g 1 590 is ma de The ro o m mu s t n o w be S qu a r ed by the o u t

'

f ro m dr y s tra i g ht g ra i n ed de a l the o p p o s ite

-

,
s ide w a ll w o rki n g th rou g h t h e wi n d o w
,

c o rn ers o f which a re c u t o ff a s ill u stra t ed ;

the t hi n o r enteri n g ed g e o f the p lu g is left
o f equ a l thickn e s s a l o n g i t s wid t h with i t s ,

ed g es p a r a llel .

S e c u rin g S k i rt i n g in Co t t a g e W o rk .

F or ecu ri n g s ki rti n g in o rdin a ry c o tta g e

S
w o rk j o i n ts a bo u t 3 ft a p a rt a r e ma de i n
—Fi i
.
,

the b rickw o rk with a p lu g g in g chi s el The .

F ig . 1 5 92 x ng S k i t ing
r i n Common Work .

plu g s sh o u ld be o f the sh a p e sh o wn in F ig .

1 5 90 e a ch fitted i n i t s o w n j o i n t a nd d riven
, ,
op eni n g ( Fi g s 1 5 93 t o . the i ns ide w a lls
i n u p t o the s h o u lde r ( F i g A . bei n g p lu mb ed fro m flo o r t o cei lin g tryi n g ,

ch a lk li n e is then s tretched fro m the fi rs t the wi n d o w s ide fi rs t t o s e e if it i ncl in es

l t the l s t the li n e bei n held S u ffi i n w a rds o r o u twa r ds a t the t o p o r a t t h e
p g u o a , g
c i e nt l
y fa r fr o m t h e s u r fa ce o f the b rick s t o b o t t o m Then the j o i n ts t o r eceive t h e
.

a ll o w fo r the t hick n e s s o f t h e p l a ste r The .

p gl u s ( be g i nni n
g with t h e wi n d o w S ide )
4 84 C AR P ENT R Y A N D JOINER Y .

i ng it pe rfec t ly plu mb t o the b o tto m li n e , s qu a ri n g the o the r sides t a ki ng first the side ,

u s i n g fo r thi s p u rp o s e a S ma ll pl u mb ru le t o the ri g ht a nd p lu mbi n the w ll fro m

g a
a b o u t 1 8 i n l o n g by 2 4 i n b y 4 i n
. All t h e . . floo r t o ceili n g a s befo r e ma ki n g d u e a llo w
.
,

F ig . 1 5 96
.
F ig . 1 5 98 .

F ig . 1 5 99 .

F gsi . 1 5 96 to 1 5 99 —M e t h od of F x ng i i
F ig . 1 5 97 . in F ir st - c a s sl Wor k ;

l
p g u s ma
y n o w be m a r ked a nd c u t o ff a n d an ce in etti n g the g ro u n d fo r a ny ro u n d
s

t h e wi n d o w s ide will be r e a dy t o r ece i v e the e

n ss o r o the r i r r e g u l a rity o n t h e f a ce o r a t

r oun d s B ef r e h o wever a n y g ro u n d s a r e the t op o r b o tt o m o f t h e w a ll T o s qu a r e

g . o , .

F ig . 1 600 .
—M e t h od of Pr e p a r i ng f or a nd F x ii ng D ou b l f
e - ace d S ki t i r ng

fixed ,
t he ot he r t h r ee sides o f the ro o m mu s t t hi s ide fro m t h e p lu g s o n the W i n d o w S ide
s ,

b e ma de p e rfectly t ru e . The p lu g s a l re a dy a s qu a r e wi t h a rms a b ou t 8 ft l o n g will be .

fixed c an be us ed as a b a s e t o w o rk fro m in requ i r ed o n e ed g e bei n g pl a ced a g a i n s t the

,
 S KIRTIN G S , D AD O S , P ANE L W ORK , L ININ G S , E TC . 485

f a ce f the l u gs a n d the ch a lk li n e
wn which a r e u su a lly in t w o p a rt s a s sho w n
o p sa , .

s e t p a ra llel t o t h e o t he r ed g e Thi s S ide . The l o we r me mbe r 1 s p r ep a r ed wi t h a t o n g u e

ma y n o w b e p l u g g ed a nd t h e ch a lk li n e ,
fo r fi tti n g i n to a g ro o v e ma de i n t h e fl o o ri n g
ru n a l o n g the pl u g s a s b ef o r e a ft e r which the ,
i t s u p pe r ed ge i s p l o u g hed t o r ece i ve a
o t he r t w o side s o f t h e r o o m c a n be d o n e .
t on g u e o f the u p p er m e mbe r The t w o .

When t h e p lu g s fo r t h e skirt i n g g ro u n d p a r t s a r e u su a lly o f n e a r ly equ a l thick n e s s

,

ha ve been c u t o ff the win do w a n d d o o r ,

a n d a s t h e l o we r o n e p ro j ect s thi s n e c e ssi

o p e n i n g s mu s t be p lu g g e d t o r eceive the t a t e s p r ep a ri n g a n d fi xi n g bl o ck s a s sh o w n
ro u n d s for t h e a r chi t ra ve s The j oin t a t A ; t he s e fi t t o t h e b a ck o f t h e s ki r ti n
g .

g .

r o u n d s mu s t be p lu mb a n d p a r a llel a nd The g r o u n d s 0 a r e a s p revi o u sly de s c ribed

g , .

t h e he a ds mu st be s qu a r e level a n d 4 i n , ,
. Wher e t h e ski rti n g s meet a t t h e i nt e rn a l
o r 4 in fro m the o u tsi de ed g e o f the a r chi
. a n g le s they a r e u s u a lly
, g ro o ve d t o n
g u e d , ,

tra v e The j o i n ts mu s t be lin ed o u t t o the

. a n d s c ribed a s ill u s t r a ted
,
The ski rt i n g a t
.

rou n d s behi n d t h e wi n d o w li n i n g s a n d the D i s p u rp o s ely d ra w n o ff fro m E the be t te r

g
t o illu st r a t e the c o n s tru ct i o n U s u a lly t h e .
,

ext e rn a l a ng le s a r e si mp ly mite r ed a n d fo r ,
K
p a i n ted w o rk a re n a iled t o g ethe r ; whe r e

F ig . 1 60 3 .
—C a s t - Ir on

B ox for Ga s B r a c k et .

na ili n g i s n o t pe rmi s sibl e s ec r et d o vet a ili n g

—P i
,

F ig . 1 60 1 . e ce o f S k irt i ng f or Int e r n a l g ive s t h e b e s t r e s u lt Thi s i s ill

. u s t r a ted a t

An g l M it e e re d a nd Do v t il
e a ed . F i g 1 601 which s h o w s the mitr e a n d s o cket s
.
,

c u t t o r eceive the o the r p iece s .

d oor mg s
e as All the i n tern a l a n g les o f the
,

lug a nd l ro n = c a s e d P l u g s
ro u n ds mu s t be
g o ved a n d t o n g u ed a n d
Le a d P s
“

g ro ,

t h e e xterna l a n g les miter ed When t h e . All p lu g s a n d w o o dw o rk sh ou ld be kep t

g rou n ds h a ve been fixed the blo ck s ( F F , ,
a t le a st 9 i n fr o m fir ep l a ce s o r flu e s a n d if
.
,

F i g 1 5 9 6) ma y be fixed b et ween t he m o n e
.
,
a
p gl u i s r equ i r ed wi t hi n the pr es c ribed a r e a ,

bei n g p la ced o n ea ch s ide o f t h e externa l a n d it mu s t be ma de o f lea d ( s e e F i g If .

i n t erna l a n g les t o fo rm a so lid a n g le The . a g a s b r a cket i s t o be fix ed o n t h e chi mn ey

blo cks sh ou ld be l e t i n t o the g rou n ds b re a s t o r o pp o s i t e a flu e t h e w o o d bl o ck

mu st be ti g ht ly en c a s ed i n a 4 m c a st i ro n
.
,

When the g ro u n d s a r e fixed a n a il mu st be ,

.
-

d riven i n t o the w a ll o n e a ch s ide o f the b o x o r 44 i n c u be ( o u ts ide d i men s i o n s ) t h e

-
.
,

c o rn ers o f t h e ro o m n ea r the ceilin g p lu mb , g r a i n o f t h e w o o d b ei n g ver t ic a l ( s e e F i g .

wi t h t h e fa ce o f the g ro u n ds The n a ils . If t hes e b o xes a r e t o be fix ed a ft e r

mu s t n o t be mo r e t h a n 9 ft a p a rt a n d o n .
, t h e w a ll s a re u p they mu st be fa s t en ed with
,

e a ch n a il a p a t o f pla s t er mu st be la id t o ,
i ro n wed g es t hen ma de ti g ht a l l ro u n d wi t h
,
'
which t h e p la s ter er will a fterwa rds h a ve t o o o d mo rt a r All w o o d t ha t is t o b e p l a s
g .

w o rk . At F i g 1 600 i s illu stra ted the

. t e r e d o ver s u ch a s p lu g s i s kep t b a ck 4 i n
, ,
.

met h o d o f fi xi n g d o u ble fa ced ski rti n g s -

,
fro m the fa ce o f the p la ster .
 86 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

n o r so du ra ble a s a fra med d a do w ou ld be

Ro u n d W o o d e n P l u g s ,

b u t g iven g oo d fixi ng will p ro ve s er vice a ble

.

, ,

The r o un d w oo den plu g t o c o n ta i n which , fo r ma n y ye a rs. An i nsp ecti o n o f the det a il

a h o le i s d rilled i n b rick o r s to n e i s o fte n dra wi n g s ( Fi g s 1 608 t o 1 61 1 ) will ma ke i t
, .

fo u n d t o be u s e ful b u t t h e l a rg e r the plu g ,

t h e mo r e i n p ro p o r ti o n will be the shri n k a g e

i n d ryi n g The plu g the refo r e s h ou ld be a r
.
, ,

s o m e r el a ti o n t o the S i z e o f the s c r ew A .

4 i-
n o r .
4 i n plu g is qu ite l a r g e e n o u g h fo r
-
.

F ig . 1 604 —C orr e c t F or m F ig . 1 60 5 —I n c orr e c t

of R oun d P l ug . F orm of R ou n d P l ug .

a No 1 2 . c ew F i g 1 604 sh o w s the
or 14 S r . .

b e s t fo rm o f rou n d plu g ; F i g 1 605 i s a .

b a d fo r m bein g t o o t a p e r in g b u t it is
, ,

o fte n u s ed .

Da d o S h a m F ra m ing .

Fi g s 1 606 a n d 1 607 S h o w a metho d o f

.

c ons tru cti n g a chea p a n d e ffective d a d o t o

a ro o m The fra mi n g is a s h a m a l l it s
.
,

me mbers bei n g mo un ted o n t h e fa ce o f the

p a n e lli n
g It i s o f c.ou r s e n eithe r s o s,t ro n
g ,
 4 88 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINERY .

li n e s of e p ective a rchi t ra ves a n d

t he r s a d o p ted In fixi n g the g rou nds etc t a ke
.
, .
,

m u n t i n s bei n g s q u a r ed a c ro s s t hei r ed g e s t h e hei g ht a t the cen t res o f t h e g r o u n ds G G

wi t h t h e ma rki n g knife F ro m t he s e p o i n t s . a s s h o w n o n t h e ro d a n d p l u g the w a ll s t o ,

t h e mi t r e s ma y be c u t with t h e a id o f a mit r e r ecei v e t he m The bes t w a y t o d o thi s is t o

.

t e mp l a t e A s i mil a r hei g ht ro d s h o wi n g
.
,
d rive p l u g s a t the r equ i r ed hei g h t fro m t h e
the e xa ct hei g h t s o f t h e t h ree h o ri zo n ta l flo o r a t e a ch e n d o f a b a y a n d r es t i n g a ,

m e mbe rs o f the fra mi n g s h o u ld be p r e l u mb ru le i n t h e r eb a te o f the t o n d

p p g r o u
-

p a r ed B.ef o re s et t i n
g thi s c u t t h e st at e ,
E ( F ig .
p mb i t u p ri g ht a n d with a
l u ,
.

o f t h e flo o r s h o u ld be a s ce rt a i n ed If it i s .
p iece o f the t hi n
g ro u n d a s a
g a u g e dr ive i n

mu ch o u t o f level o r i rr e g ul a r s u ffi cien t
, ,
t h e p l u g u n til t h e f o r mer will j us t cle a r the
a ll o w a n ce mu s t be m a de fo r s c ribi n g the ed g e o f t h e ru le H a vi n g d o n e t hi s a t e a ch
.

li n t h level a n d i t w o u ld be r efe r a ble t o e n d d rive a n a il i n t o e a ch l a n d str etch

p , p , p g u ,

a ll o w a n ext r a 4 i n o n t h e width o f the

. a ch a lk li n e be t wee n
-
The r e ma i ni n g plu g s .

li n th fo r s c ribi n s o th a t i t s fin i s hed hei g h t a r e t h e n d rive n o r c u t o ff fl u sh with the

p g ,

F ig . 1 609 .
—D t il
e a at A A ( F ig .

s h ldou r e ma i n
as
g ive n — n a m ely
9 in , .

ther e is a s ki rt i n g fillet a n extra fit fo r t h e

-

,
F ig . 1 61 0 .
-
De t a il of P an e l .

l o we r ed g e o f the p li nth i s n o t n ece ssa ry .

F i xi n g t h e S h a m D a d o — If thi s d a d o i s t o . li n e . Next the flo or fillets a r e n a iled in pla ce

be p r e p a r ed a t a s h o p s o m e di st a n ce fro m a s s h o w n in F i
g 1 608 the exa ct p o siti o n
.
,

t h e b u ildi n g whe r e i t i s t o be fixed the r e

p ,
b ei ng a s certa i n ed fro m the ro d The thick .

p a r ed r o d s s h o u ld be s e n t o n ther e a n d the n e ss o f t h e li n th s i s c ef lly ted a nd

, p a r u n o ,

j i s Wo u ld fit t o g e t her the p a r t s a s s h o w n
'

o n e r ,
t hes e a r e fixed s t ra i g ht by t h e a id eithe r o f a
m a rki n g with a chi s el a l l t h e mi t r es o n t h e S p ri n g li n e o r o f a l o n
g s t r a i h t ed e
g g Afte r .

b a c k fo r ide n tific a t i o n a n d c u tti n g o ff t h e ,

t hes e a r e fixed t h e p l i n th b a cki n s
, g p iece s o f ,

b a t t e n s t o s i z e a s sh o w n fo r the p a n els In . 1 i n b y 1 4 i n a r e fixed t o p lu g s a b ou t eve ry

. .
,

t hi s c a s e i t w o u ld be S a fe r n o t t o c u t the 3 ft .a n d fin i shed flu sh wi t h the fl o o r fille t

, .

m it r es i n the a r chi t ra ves u n til t hey h a d bee n Up ri g h t g ro u nds a re then fix ed behi n d e a ch

fi t t ed ro u n d the li ni n g s a n d the h o ri zo n t a l mu n t i n a s sh o w n b y t h e len g t h ro d
, As .

ra il s sh o u ld be c u t o ff i f ll e ch d s u m in t h a t the w o r k i s t o be fi t ted a n d fixed

1
4 4 n u a t a e n .
, g
s o t h a t t hey sh ou ld fit cl o s e whe n s ru n
p g i n on the
j o b c u t t h
, e
p li n th s i n ti g ht betwee n

p l a ce . If h o weve
, r t h e e n t i r e
,
w o r k we r e t h e li n i n g s fit t i n g t h e p iece betwee n the
,

p p j
r e a r ed o n the o b the n a sli htly di ff e r e n t
,g wi n d o w lini n g s fi rst a n d c u tti n g in a t e m ,

ro ced u r e i n r el a ti o n t o t h e fit t i n w ld be s t etche betwee n the d o o r li ni n g s

p g o u p o ra r
y r r .
 S KIRTING S , D A D O S ,
P ANE LW ORK L INING S , , E TC . 489

Sc ribe the w a ll a n g les o f the p li n th a s sh o wn , ens u re the d a do bei ng level a ll rou nd the
in F i g 1 61 1
. H a vi n g fitted the p li n th a l l
. ro o m It Sh o u ld be n o ted tha t in fittin g
.

ro u n d n ext fit the a r chitra ve s rou n d the

, the da d o ra il the t o p me mber do es n o t c o me
o p eni n g s c u tti n the p i ht s fi s t H vi n i nto the mitre b u t i s sto pp ed S qu a r e a g a i nst
g , u r g r a g .
,

fit ted these ma rk the m a n d then ta ke do wn

, , . t h e a rchitra ve a bea ded b a cki n g piece
,

Fix the lo wer sets o f p a n els a s Sh o wn in F i g .

bein g fixed t o the fra med g ro un d t o t a ke
1 608 if the to n g u e s fit ti g htly they will o n ly , thi s a s sho w n m F i g 1 609 All bei n g fitted
, . .

n eed a b ra d her e a n d ther e They Sho u ld .

to g ether the p reli mi na ry t o fixin g is t o run
,

ha ve been p r evi o u sly a l l c u t t o Si z e a s S h o w n , a l l r ou n d t h e r o o m the

g r o o ve fo r the s ki rt
o n the r o d with pl e n ty o f cle a ra n ce betwee n
, in g sh o w n in F i g 1 608 This w ou ld be . .

thei r ed g es The u pp e r p a n el s ma y n o w
.
d o n e with a g ro o vin g p la n e w o rkin g a g a i nst
be fixed Thes e will o nly r equ ir e b ra ddin g
.
a thi n s t rip equ a l i n width t o the thickn ess
o n the l o we r ed e s with a n o cc a s i o n a l b ra d o f the p li n th a n d r e sti n g a a i n st the flo o r
g ,
g
,

u p pe r ed e t o kee
g p the m f ro m f a lli n g fillet Thi s g ro o ve Sh o u ld j u st ta ke the
.

o ve r . Re mo ve the p li nth first h o wever , , pen cil li n e p r evi ou sly ma de ou t s o tha t the ,

pli nth i s ni p p ed ti g htly bet ween the ski rtin g

a nd fillet P ro ceed t o fix the plin th a s
.

Sho w n in F i g 1 608 b ra ddin g t h e t o p ed g e

.
,

F ig . 1 61 2 .
—D t il e a at B B ( F ig .

un der the o g ee wher e the h o les will be ou t ,

o f s i ht D o n o t n a il the l o we r ed g e d rive
F ig . 1 61 1 .
—I so me t r ic De t a il of P li nt h .
g .

the skirtin g in ti g htly p r efera bly g lui ng ,

i nto the g ro o ve b u t n o t t o the p li nth Next

,
.

pen cilling a li n e a l on g it s fa ce on the floo r , fix the a rchitra ves t o the g ro u n d a nd b a ck

a nd t a ki n g it t o t h e ben ch S e t ou t the mi tr e s
, , i n g s a n d S p rin g the ra ils betwee n th e m b ra d
, ,

fo r the mu nti n s fr o m the re d a s des cribed , di n g the Su rba s e mou ld a s Sh o wn in F i g 1 608 . .

pr evi ous ly Al l the fittin g u p c a n n o w be

. Als o insert the lo wer mun tins fo r cin g the ,

don e o n the b e n ch a s the extern a l Si z es a r e su rb a s e mo u l di n g d o wn ti g htly o n t o them

‘

.
,

g ive n i n e a ch di r ecti o n by the a r chit ra ves a n d Next fix the t o p mun tin s a n d fina lly the ,

plinths respectively To g e t the len g ths o f . da d o ra il The la tter ha vin g t o keep the
.
,

the mu ntins a fter fitti ng a cc u r a tely a n

, wh o le l n po siti o n is better fixed wit h s cr ew s , ,

a r chi tra ve with the firs t a n d S ec o n d r a ils , which i n p a in ted w ork w ould be tu rn ed in
tu rn it u p on ed g e a n d S qu a r e o ver the mitr e ,
flu sh a n d p u ttied o ver a n d m p oli shed w o rk ,

or si g ht li n e o n o n e t o p a n d o n e b o tt o m
, sh o u ld b e su n k i n t o h o le s ( a s sh o w n in F i g
-
.

mu n ti n a n d us e thes e a s len g th r ods fo r

,
which a re a fterwa rds filled in wit h
s etti n g ou t the r e ma in der A temp la te . tu rn ed p ellets o f S i mi la r w o o d Fi g s 1 606 . .

a pp li ed t o the S i g ht li n e s will g ive the le n g th a n d 1 60 7 a r e r e p ro du ced t o a s c a le o f 4 i n .

o f sh o u lder wher e it c u t s the ed g e o f t h e t o 1 ft a n d Fi g s

.
, 1 608 t o 1 61 0 h a lf fu ll .

mou ldin g ( se e H F ig The first fitted

,
. S i ze
. The fo llo win g is a lis t o f letter r efer
a r chit ra ve will a ls o be a g u ide b y which t o
'
e n c e s n o t exp l a i n ed i n the text : J j a mb ,

S e t ou t the r e ma i n der c a r e bei n g t a ken t o , lini n g ; K g ro u n d ,

L p a n elli ng ; M , ,

keep t h e b ott o m en ds flu sh which will , b a ckin g ; N fil let ; o a rchitra ve ; P da do

, , ,

*
21
 490 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINERY .

ra il ; Q t o p p a n el ; R s u rb a s e mou ld ; T
, , ,
it t o u che s the g ro u nds a nd will wed g e the ,

b o tt o m p a n el ; U p lin th mo u ld ; v S ki rt , ,
t o p a n d b o tt o m her e a n d there i n orde r t o ,

in g ; w flo o ri n g ; X w a ll li n e
, , . b ri n g the w o rk tru e a n d stra i g ht b o th w a ys .

A c o mmo n fa u lt c a u si ng a g rea t de a l o f
,
O a k P a n e l w o rk .

trou ble i s the n eg lect t o thickn ess d ow n the

,

In the fra mi n g u p o f o a k p a n elw o rk , p a n el s befo r e fin a l i nse rti on i n the fra min g .

the e ssenti a l r equi re men t fo r S ou nd t ru e , Thi s p r events the fra mi ng fro m tou ching
w o rk i s a p ro per r e g a r d t o the j oi nts The . the g ro un ds a nd the refo re t h e ro u g h pla ste r
,

ma teri a l i s u s ed so thi n t h a t the p a n elli n g filli ng o r s cr eedin g mus t be ha cked o r

Fi g . 1 61 5 .

F ig 1 61 6
‘

. .

F ig . 1 61 3 . F ig . 1 61 4 .

F ig 1 61 3 —P a rt E l v ti
e a on o f Oa k Wa ll l
P a ne w or k
—V t i l
. . .

F ig 1 61 4 er ca S e ct i on

—D t il
. . .

i
F gs 1 61 5 a n d 1 6 1 6 e a s of Or d i n ar y i
M t e r e d C or n e r
1 61 8 —
. .
.

F ig s . 1 61 7 a n d D t il
. e a s of -
i
M a s on M t e r e d C orn e r .
Fig . 1 61 8 .

S h ou ld be stiffen ed with stou t c a n va s g lu ed c ped a w a y t o a llo w o f the p a n els g oi n g

s ra .

t o the b a ck which i s s o meti me s p ri med with

.
, b a ck witho u t fi rring o u t the g ro u nds Co m .

r e d le a d
-
p a i n t t o a ffo r d p ro tecti o n fro m plic a ted meth o ds o f fra mi ng r equ i r e the
d a mp when the w o rk i s pla ced i n a n e w u s e o f d ra w b o r e pi ns a n d o a k d o wel pi ns
-

b u ildi ng It i s u su a l t o fra me u p the w o rk

.
when fin a lly g lu i ng u p the fra mi ng o n the
with stu ff va ryi n g in thickn ess fro m 4 i n . ben ches A p oi n t th a t mu s t be e mp h a s i sed
.

t o 1 4 in fini shed si z es In S o me sh op s it
.
, . i s th a t the t en o n s h o u ld be kep t i n the cen tr e
i s n o t c o n s ide r ed n ece ss a ry t o thickn e ss the o f the thickn e s s o f the fra mi n bec a e
g u s ,

fra mi n g which i s o n ly p rep a red o n the fa ce

, u n de r the p u lli n
g i n flu e n ce o f the c ra mp
'

a n d t w o ed e s
g i n which c a s e a li t tle mo r e the stile o r ra il a lw a ys tu rn s t o the we a ke r
t ro u ble i s g iven t o the fix e r o n the b uildi ng , S h ou lde r ; a nd whe n su c h w o rk ha s a
w h o if his g rou n d s a r e s t ra i g ht a n d t ru e will sh o u lde r r mou lded
, , 4 i n deep a t t h e.fro n t o
t ra vers e the b a ck o f the p a n elw o rk whe re s ide , a n d a no the r S h ou lde r 11 in o r 4 i n 6
. .
492 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

fixed a t c on venient i nte rva ls o f a b ou t 3 ft . In fixi ng the d a d o , it sh ou ld be pl a ced a g a i n s t

a p a rt . The mo rtices s h o wn i n F 1 g 1 62 4 . t h e g ro u nds i n i t s exa ct p o siti o n , with the
a re c u t i n t o the t o p ed g e o f the d a d o ra il a n d d o veta iled fillet p ro j ectin g a b o ve the u ppe r
the u nder ed g e o f the c a ppi ng these sh o u ld ed g e Tw o S cr ews S h ou ld then be d rive n
.

be s e t o u t o n the ben ch a nd c u t in befo re

s e n di n g o n t o the job The fillets 0 bei n g .

F ig . 1 62 1 .
—l v E e i
a t on of P a ne ll ed Da d o . F ig . 1 62 2 —V t i ler ca S e ct i on .

p rep a red a nd fitted i n t o the mo rtice s a n d i n to ea ch piece which will s ecu rely fix the
,

the c a ppin g fitted o n the fillets D ( F i g 1 62 5 )

, . wh o le ; the c a ppin g c a n then be g ently
a re c u t ta pered in S ha pe a n d d o veta iled a s
, , d ro pped o n in p ositi o n It will be a dvi sa ble
.

before Skirti ng is p rep a r ed with a mou ld

.

ing to n gu ed i n to the u pper ed g e B ef o r e .

F ig . 1 62 3 —iF x i ng G r ou n d a nd F ill et s .

g l u i n
g i n the m o u ldi n g pe rm a n e n tly the ,

ski rti n g S h ou ld be g roo ved o n the r ea r S ide

a s S h o w n in F i 1 6 2 6 n d fitted n t the
g a o o
—B k Vi
.
,

fillets D The S ki rtin g i s p rep a r ed in this

. F ig . 1 62 4 ac ew of Upp e r P ar t of Da d o .

ma nn er t o ena ble the g r o o ves t o be c u t

ea sily a n d cle a n As the piece fo rmi n g the
. to little g lu e o n the fil let a nd in the
u se a

s ki rti n g S lides o n t o thes e fillets it ti hten s

g ,
mo rtices i n e a ch c a s e a lso a lo ng the t o p
,

itself a nd so a g o o d s ec u r e fix in g is o bta i ned

, . ed g e between the d a do a nd c a ppin g It wil l .
 S K IR T IN G S , DAD O S , P AN E L WO R K , L IN IN G S , E T C . 49 8

;
be een by referri ng t o F i g 1 62 5 tha t the
s .

b o tto m ra il o f the da d o is b u ilt u p p a rtly o f

1 62 5 —S h wi o ng F x ii ng F ill ets S ki t ing

r .

F ig . 1 62 6 .
—B k
ac of S ki t i
r ng i
w th G v r oo es f or
ii
F x ng .

ha rdw o o d a n d dea l E bei n g dea l F ig 1 62 8

, . .

a n enl a r ed det a il o f ra il a n d S ki rt i n
g g .

F ig . 1 62 3 —D t il
e a S e ct i on L ow e r
Da d o .

F ig . 1 62 7 .
— Conve nt i on a l V i e w, s h ow ng i M e t h od
of i
F xi ng Up p er P art of Da d o a nd M ou d l i ng .
49 4 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE RY .

1 4 in by 2 in ha vi ng been j o inted i s
G e o m e t r ic a l H e a d L i n i n g s t o D o o r
. .
, ,

n a iled fir mly t o the ed g e s o f the rib s

a nd W i n d o w Op e n in g s .

a n d the n pl a n ed o ff t ru e t o the elliptic a l

,

In the c a s e ill u stra ted by Fi g s 1 45 8 t o . c u rve The b o a rd t o fo rm the ven eer

. .

1 465 ( pp 44
. 7 a n d a n elliptic a l he a ded - »
i s fr o m 4 i n t o 4 i n thi ck a n d wide en o u g h
. .
,

F ig . 1 62 9 —G e ne a l V i
. r ew of Cy li nd e r s h ow ng i Ve ne e r
B e nt a nd l
P a rt y S t a y e d .

c a s e me n t wi n d o w w a s sh o w n fi n i shed , with to bvi a te j o i ni n g

o It i s g ra du a lly ben t
.

s qu a r e j a mb li ni n g s a n d the s o ffit , p re o ve r the cyli n de r by fir st fixi n g a b r o a d

p a r ed by ven eeri n g a n d bl o cki n g . A s t a ve j u st belo w the sp ri ng in g A ( F i g .

F ig . 1 63 0 .
—G me t r
eo i l
ca Sp l a ye d L in ing s il
Bu t U p
i n S ma ll S e ct i on s .

cylin de r i s ma de o f the fo rm sh o w n by
F i g 1 629, which i s o f si mi l a r c o n stru cti o n
.

Then w 1 t h a p 1 ece o f w o o d 1 t i s
0 0

t o a ce n tr e Tw o r ib s mu s t be p r ep a red ,
. , ,

e a ch rib c on si sti n g o f t w o thi ckn e ss e s h a d u a ll p e ed d w r ked f o rw a rd a

g y r ss a
n o

n a iled t o g ethe r a n d c u t a cc u r a tely t o the d l st a n c e o f a b o u t 1 2 m o r 1 8 l n A sta ve

. .

IS the n s c r ewed d o w n t e mp o ra n l y a s l n
.

c u r ve r equi red , the thickn e s s o f the l a g

d i c a t e d a t B a n d 1 s fo ll o wed by a s e c ond
.

i
g g n bei n g o f c ou r s e , ded u cted
,
The l ag . ,

i ng , which m a y c o n si s t o f s t ri p s a b o u t at c a n d s o o n u n t l l the ve n ee r 1 s be n t
g ,
4 96 C AR P ENTR Y AN D JOINERY .

which ,
ofc o u rs e n ece ssit a te s the p r e p a rmg
, a ve n ee r wide e n o u g h t o o bvi a te j o i nti n g .

of a c o n ic a l sh a ped cylin de r a n d the , In the e a s e o f so me t i mb e r s o a k fo r o -

,

s h a pi n g of a ve n ee r a lso the s ta vi n g
, ,
—
i nst a n ce it i s s o meti me s p o ssible t o g e t
be ndi n g a nd g l ui ng the b a ck in a n e a rly
, a piece o f c o mp a s s ti mbe r the o bj ect bei n
g ,

s i mil a r m a n n e r t o th a t expl a i n ed fo r the t o s h o w a s fa r a s p o s sible the c o n ti nu o u s

.

exa mple illu stra ted by F ig 1 62 9 ( p . .

g ra l n .

It i s the refo re o n ly n ece s s a ry t o illu stra te

S p la y e d a nd P an e l l ed S o ffi t L i ni n g
a n d expl a i n the meth o d fo r e m et ic lly
~

g o r a

s etti ng out the ven ee r Fi g s 1 63 1 a n d

. .
fo r E l l i p t i c a l = h e a d e d O p e n i n g .

1 63 2 S h o w r e spectively the h a lf eleva ti o n The p rep a ra ti o n o f the elliptic a l spla yed

’

a nd h a lf pl a n o f the c o n ic a l s h a ped ve n ee r -
a n d p a n elled s o ffit li n i n fo r the wi n d o w
.
g
Co n ti nu e the spl a y o f the li ni ng ( sh o w n by illu stra ted a t Fi g s 1 492 t o 1 494 45 7)
.

F ig . 1 63 4 .
—G e ne r a l Vi e w of Con i l Cyli d
ca n er

i
w t h Ve n e e r B e n t Ov e r a nd P ar t ly S t v d
a e .

I c, F ig . 1 63 2 )
till it cu t s the ce ntre li n e ma y be de s cribed The li n i ng bei n g
n ow .

in D . The n A I D i s the pl a n o f qu a rter

'
'
elliptic a l the devel o p me nt r equ i r e s ra the r
,

o f the i ma g i n a r y c o n ic a l s u r fa ce Ad o pti ng . mor e el a b or a ti o n tha n it w o u ld if it wer e

the well kn o w n p ri n ciple o f the devel o p
-
s e mi ci rc u l a r The metho d o f c o n stru cti on
.

m e n t o f the c o n e with cen tr e D a nd ra di u s

,
c o n si st s i n b u ildi n g u p in thr ee thickne sse s
I de s c ribe the a re I 9 a l so the a r e c 1 0 ;
,
on a cyli n de r On e thickn e ss i s equ a l
.

divide the qu a d ra n t ( F i g 1 63 1 ) i nt o a n y . t o the a mo u n t t o which the s tile s a nd ra il s

n u mbe r of c o n ve nie n t p a rt s a s Sh ow n ,
p ro j ect bey o n d the fa ce s o f the p a n el s
by I t o the n ma rk o ff di st a n ce s equ a l a s S ho wn a t F i g 1 63 9 ; the stri p s fo rmi n g
’
.

t o the s e a l o n g the a r e I t o 9 ( F i g . the s tile s bei n g o f c o u rs e c u t ou t t o S ha p e .

Then 0 1 9 1 0 r ep r e s e n t o n e ha lf the
,
The metho d o f s ettin g o u t fo r the s e sha p e s 1

devel o p me n t o f the ve n ee r The o the r . will be de s cribed i n d u e c o u rs e Th e .

h a lf i s o f c o u r s e , exa ctly the s a me sh a pe

,
.
p iece s fo r the s h a m s tile s a r e be n t o ve r the 1

Wher e p o ssible it i s a d vi sa ble t o o bta i n

,
p rep a red cyli nder a s sho w n a t F i g 1 63 9 .
,
Il
 S KIRTIN G S , DAD O S , P ANE L W ORK L I N IN G S , E TC 4 97
‘

.
,

a nd held i n p o s iti on b y s ta ve s which

a re ,
a n d ra il s Then o n the b a ck o f the ve n ee r
.
,

a re l a ced at i n t e r va l s as i n dic a te d at the st a ve s a r e j o in ted t o e a ch o t her a n d

p ,

A B c ( F ig P iece s o f si m il a r thi ck l u ed d ewed d w i dic ted

‘

g a n s c r o n a s n a o n
~
.

n e ss a r e t he n a cc u r a tely fi t ted i n b e t wee n t h e r i g ht h a n d h a lf o f F i

-
g 1 63 9 W he n . .

t h e s t ile s so as
,
t o fo r m s h a m r a il s a s . d o i n g thi s ki n d o f w o rk ma n y j o i n ers ,

sho w n a t D a nd E F
( gi The
. n a c o n sider it a d va n ta g e o u s t o g lu e a l a ye r
t hi n ve n ee r i s be n t o ve r Thi s ven ee r o f c o a r s e c a n va s o n t h e b a c k o f t h e s t a vi n
.
g ,

n eed n o t be a ll i n o n e p iece b u t c a n be i n o rde r t o g ive a d diti o n a l st r e n g t h

'

.
,

Fi g . 1 63 5 .

i
F gs . 1 63 5 t o 1 6 3 8 .
—G i l S tt i
e ome t r c a e ng O u t for
F ig . 1 63 6 . I
De vl e op me nt of E lli p t i l C i l
ca on c a S ofii t
Li i g
n n .

Co n s t r u c t i o n of the Cy l in d e r .
— As ‘

will
be s b y F i g 1 639, t h e cyli n de r i s a
een .

fru st u m o f a n elliptic a l c o n e Two rib s .

a r e ma de o n e fo r t h e s m a lle r c u r ve sh o w n
,

by F D
’ ’
while the l a rg er rib is m a de t o
,

t h e c u r ve G The ed e
’ ’
E F
( gi .
g s

o f t he s e ri b s a r e b e v elled t o r eceive t h e
l a gg i n g which mu s t b e n a iled o n a s p r e
,

v i o u sl
y ex p l a i n ed , a n d a s ill u st ra t ed at

F ig . 1 63 9 which s h o w s t h e cyli n der a s

,

bein g so m ewha t wider th a n the l a g g i n g ,

t o a ll o w t h e p r o j ec t i n g s t a vi n g t o b e s ecu r ed
te mp o ra rily t o t h e la gg in g with s cr ew s .
‘

Ge o m e t ri c a l Co n s t ru c t i o n fo r S o ffi t .
— Be
’
n by d r a wi n r i n i n g li n e
’

F ig . 1 63 8 . g i g t h e s
p g A C ,
’ ’
a n d t he n dr a w t h e ellip t ic a l cu r ve A D ,

which i s the li n e o f i n t e rs ec t i o n be t ween

fo rmed o f t hr ee p iece s t h e j o i nt s b ei n g
,
t h e s o ffi t a n d t h e he a d o f t h e s a s h fr a m e .

m a d e a l o n g t h e m id d le o f t h e t w o sha m Co n t i n u e t h e sp rin g i n g li n e t o t h e left ,

r a il s ,
one o f which i s s h o w n a t D F
( g i . t he n at c o n ve n ie n t p o i n t A e rec t a
a ny

An a dva n t a g e i n h a vi n g thr ee e r e n dic u l a r P o j ec t h o ri z o n t a lly f ro m

”
r
p p ”
.

t o c u t thi s lin e a t D a n d thu s A

’
s e a ra t e iece i t h t t he n t h t i ht i n D D
p p s s a e s ra
g g r a

ma y b e s o a rra n g e d a s t o ru n t a n g e n ti a l
’ ’
i s the side eleva t i o n o f t h e c u r ve A D .

'

t o t h e ce n tr e o f t h e p a n el g ivi n g a mu ch ,
N e w p r o j ec t d o w n a n d d r a w t h e p l a n
s u pe ri o r fi n i sh whe n t h e w o rk i s s t a i n e d o f t hi s c u r ve a s s h o w n b A D Th ro u h
g
y .

or
p o li shed The s e v en eers a r e g lu ed a n d D d ra w t h e li n e B E a r a llel t o A 0 The n
.

p .

be nt d own t o t h e b a cks o f the S h a m stile s B F i s the di r ecti o n o f t h e

p l a n o f the a xi s
4 98 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

of t hec o n e Fro m A s e t o ff the p la n o f

. 5 6 7 Fro m the se p oi n t s
8 E

the a n g le o f the j a mb li ni n g a s sh o w n by p r o j ect h o r i z o n t a lly t o meet the eleva ti o n

Co n ti n u e thi s li n e till it c u t s B E o f t h e g e n e r a t o rs
H

A 0 o bt a i n i n p o i nt s
. .

g ,

The n B i s the pl a n o f the vertex P ro j ect ’

a s sh o w n Throu g h the s e p o i n t s
”
. E , .

u
p a s i n dic a ted by B B At D s e t o ff the o u te r c u r ve c a n be d ra w n F ro m the
”
. .

the a n g le o f the c ro w n o f the so ffit ( which p o i n t s 4 i n the sp ri n g i n g li n e dra w the ,

i s her e sh o w n a s h a vi ng the s a m e a n g le eleva ti on a n d side eleva ti on o f a n a dditio n a l

a s i n the pl a n ) This will g ive the lin e m
’ ’
e e t F 4 t st ra i g ht piece
” ” ” g n r a o r r o o E
. .

E B a nd B i s the S ide eleva ti o n o f the h a s bee n a dded s o a s t o w or k fro m the

,

.
_
”
vertex The n thr o u g h B d ra w the ho ri level o f the vertex T hi s expe di e n t will
,

z o n t a l li n e X Y a nd c o n tinu in g the mi n or s i mpli fy the w orki n g fo r o b t a i ni n g t he

“

, ,

C t o c u t X Y o bt a i n the eleva ti o n
’
a xi s D , devel o p me n t .

F ig . 1 63 9 .
—C oni c a l Dru m
”
or Cy li nd e r .

of the ve rtex B D ividin g A D i n t o a ny

.
’ ’
O b t a i n i n g t h e D e ve m e n t o f t h e S o ffi t l op .

c o n ve ni e nt nu mbe r o f equ a l p a rt s a s her e In de a li n g wi t h a n elli ptic a l c o n e the ,

e e ra t o r s ra d u a lly i c e e m
’
sh o w n thr ou g h the p o i nt s A 1
, , g n g n r a s f r o t h e

dr a w li n e s ra di a ti n g fro m B It will be mi n o r t o the ma j o r a xes o f the s ecti o n

‘

. .

a n a dva n t a e t o
g c o n ti n u e t he s e li n e s in Ther efo r e befor e the devel o p men t c a n
,

defi nitely We n o w ha ve the eleva ti o n

. be s e t o u t it i s n ece s sa ry t o o bt a i n the
,

of t he g e n e r a t o r s o f the c o n ic a l su r f a ce . t r u e le n g t h o f e a ch g en e ra t o r S ta ted i n .

P r o j ec t h ori z o n t a lly fro m t hu s e o m et r ic a l te r ms the p ro ble m i s Give n

g , ,

o bt a i n i n g p o i n t s 4 ( F ig t h e p l a n a n d eleva ti o n o f a n o bliqu e li n e
” ” ,
.

Fr o m B d ra w ra di a t i n g li n e s thro u g h dete rmi n e i t s t ru e len g th At ri g ht a n g le s .

t he s e p o i n t s t hu s o b t a i ni n g the side eleva t o the g en e ra t or 5 B ( F i g d ra w

” ”
.
,

ti o n o f the g e n era t o r s Co mplet e t h e h a lf. B ma ki n g it equ a l t o G 5 ( F i g .

pl a n o f the li ni n g a s S ho wn by D A 5 E Jo in 5 ’
to 5 Thi s g ive s the tru e len g t h
”
.
,

p ro j ect u
p a n ,
d d ra w G E t he n the o f the g e n e ra t o r The o the rs s h o w n
. b y ,
.

8 ( F ig o bt a i n ed i n a
’

g e n e ra t o r s will c ut thi s li ne i n p o i n t s a re.

5 00 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINE RY .

’
l
a on
g the li n e s A D the pla nk i s ma de
,
’

t o a ss u me the f o r m s h o w n b
'

y F i g 1 64 1 . .

N o w a p ply a n d ma r k the sh a e o f the i nn e r

p
fa ce mo u ld o n the u n der side o f the p l a n k
a s i n dic a ted by A B M N ( F ig .

The n the o u te r fa ce mo u ld c a n be a p p lied

t o the pl a n k a n d m a rked a s i n d ic a t ed by
the c u r ve s 0 K a n d D L ( F ig
.

The .

piece fo r the s t ile c a n n o w be sa w n o u t a s

r ep r e s e n ted at F ig 1 642 .A ba nd s a w
wi t h a tilti n g ta ble i s a dva n ta g e o u s fo r
d o i n g t hi s ki n d o f sa wi n g The i n n er ed g e
F ig . 1 64 1 .
—C v on i
e n t on a l Vi ew of Pl kan
i s w o rked s qu a r e t o the s o ffit o f the s tile
.

f rom M ou d s l re ady for S a wi gn .

as r ep r es e n t ed by E F ( F i g The .

s tile s fo r t h e p a r t o f s o ffi t a dj a ce n t t o the

fra me a r e s e t o u t a n d p r ep a red i n a si mil a r

1 64 3 .
—S t il e i
w t h Inn e r E d g e w or k ed S q u a re

t o S e ni t . F ig . 1 64 2 .
—S t il e

F ig . 1 64 6
.

F ig . 1 64 4 .

F ig 1 64 5 .
 S KIRTIN G S , D AD O S , P ANE L W ORK , L INING S , E TC . 5 01

The c u r ved s tile s ha vi n g b ee n ,

a r ed c a n be s e t o u t a n d m o r t ice s
p , ,

the ra il s which a r e t he n p l ou g hed ,

nt s a t t he cr o w n
c o n n ec t ed with

S e t ti n g O u t fo r P a n e l s .
—
A ha lf eleva ti o n -

of t he i n dic a t ed a t F i g 1 644 t h e
s o ffi t is .
,

fra mi n g b ei n g sho w n b y d o t t ed lin e s a n d

t h e p a n el s by s o li d li n e s H a vi n g s e t o u t .

t h e ha lf eleva t i o n o f t h e p a n el s a s s h o w n ,

ro j ect a c r o s s a n d m a ke a s ec t i o n a l eleva
p
t i o n a s sh o w n a t F i g 1 645 AS e a ch o f . .

t h e m o u ld s fo r t h e p a n el s i s o b t a i n ed by
1 64 7
.
—Conve nt i ona l V i ew of iP e ce P l k
an
an ide n t ic a l metho d a tt en ti o n ma y b e , i
w t h E d g e M ou d s l A p p li d e .

c o n fin ed t o the n ece ss a ry w o rki n g fo r the

t o p p a n el a n d s e t t i n g o u t fo r o n e ha lf will
,

be su fficien t P o i nt s A B e D ( F i g 1 644) .
, , ,
.

h a ve been p ro j ec t ed a c ro ss g i vi n g n e w ,

r o j ecti o n s o f t he s e o i nt s a t F i 1 6 4 5
p p g .
,

a n d the thickn e s s o f t h e p a n el i s r ep r e s e n t e d
F ig 1 64 8 C on e a ve S ofli t
-

by A B 1 5 A 3 c B i t s h o u ld b e n o t ed
. .

r ep r e s e n t s the
,
.

c u r ved fa ce o f t h e p a n el
, , ,

.
of P a ne lW kor ed .

In cl o s e thi s s ec t i o n a l eleva t i o n o f t h e p a n el
b y a r ect a n g le a s r ep r e s e n ted by 1 2 3 a n d , , ,

4 . Thi s sh o w s t h e t hickn e ss a n d t h e b re a dth

o f the pl a n k r equ i r ed fo r t h e p a n el Fixi n g .

o n a n y c o n ve nie n t p o i n t s i n c B a s d e f , , ,

F
( g i .
p r o j ec t h o r i z o n t a lly t o C B

F
( g i . The n f r o m the p o i n t s j u s t
o b t a i n ed ro j ec t at r i h t a n le s t o 1 5
p , g g
F
( g i .
M a ke e a ch o f t he s e p r o j ect o r s

t h e sa m e le n g t h fr o m 1 5 a s t hey a r e
fro m A B in F i g 1 645 a n d t hu s o bt a i n
”
.
, ,

p o i n t s d e f a n
, d c ,
F
( g i ,
t h ro u h
g .

which t h e c u r ve c a n b e dra w n a s sh o w n .

S i mil a rly p r o j ec t i n g h o r i z o n t a lly fr o m D a ,

b c A t o A D ( F ig the c u r ve p a ssi n g
”
.
,

t hr o u g h p o i n t s 5 c 5 OL D ( F ig 1 646) ,
.

i s o b t a i n ed J o i ni n g C t o D g ive s t h e
.

sha p e o f t h e m o u ld t o a p p ly t o t h e fa ce
o f t he l a nk F o r t h e m o u ld s t o a ly t
p .
pp o

t h e ed g e o f t h e p l a n k p r o cee d a s fo ll o w s : ,

The p o i n t s 0 d e f B a re p r o j ecte d t o , , , ,

B c ( F ig . P r o j ec t i n g fr o m t he s e
p o i n t s
p a r a llel t o A B a n d d r a wi n
g a li n e ,

at an
y c o n ve n ie n t di s t a n ce a t ri h t a n le s
g g
as h 7 6 t he n m e a su ri n g fr o m t hi s li n e
,

a n d m a ki n e a ch ro j ec t o r t h e s a m e le n th
g p g
a s the c o rr e s o n di n o n e fr o m A B i n t
p g p o s ,
’
e ,
d
’
e , f B
’
a re
, o b t a i n
’
e d, g iv ’
i n g ,

p o i n t s i n t h e c u r ve which c a n b e d r a w n ,

t hr o u g h the m a s s h o w n The s ec o n d c u r ve .
 5 02 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O IN ER Y .

m n can
be d ra wn p a ra llel r ep r e s e n ti n g
, a lly the sa me s ha pe as 4 D
at G 1 ( F ig
a n d th u s D G
.

n
the thick e ss o f the fin i shed p a n el The E X (F i 1 4
.
, g . 6 7) r e p r e
s e nt s the piece o f l n k f t h t p el
p a o r e o
p a n
c u t t o i t s fi r st s ha e 1 5 bei the ce t e
p , ,
n g n r
li n e On t h e t o p ed g e i s sho wn the a p plic a
.

1 1 1 !

m o u ld for the i n n e r ed g e h o wn by
s
A D ( F ig a n d h a s bee n o bt a i n ed

fro m the c u r ve D A ( F i g 1 644) in a si mil a r

.

ma n n er .
At F ( F i g 1 646) i s sh o w n t he
.

ed g e o f t h e p l a n k devel o p ed a nd the,

o u t er ed g e mo u ld a pp lied The a p p lic a

.

t i o n o f the i n n e r ed e mo u ld i s s h o w n o n t ion te r ed g e
g _ of t he ou
t h e devel o ed ed e o f pla n k a t E At lic ti the i e
p g . a
pp a o n o f n n r
D G 1 5
( F i g 1 64 7) i s s h o w n c o n ve n ti o n
.
d i c a t e d by d o tted li n e s .
5 04 C AR P E N T R Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

Pig . 1 65 5 .
—C v t i on en on a l Vi ew i
Dru m w t h V e n e e r S h a p e d a nd B e nt .

c o n ic a l d ru m ( F i g 1 65 5 ) sh o w s t he ve n ee r
.

c u t t o s h a p e a n d be n t o ve r r e a dy for st a vi n g .

The m etho d o f d o i n g t hi s ha vi n g bee n

r evi o u s ly de a lt with it i s n o t n ece s sa r y
p ,

t o r ec a p i t u l a te
.

Fi x i n g H a r d w o o d D o o r = c a s i n g s e t c , .

1 65 6 .
—H i
or zont a l S e ct i on of J a mb .
A g e n e r a l v iew o f a d o or a n d c a si n g s e t c
i n h a rdw o o d i s r ep r e s e n ted a t F i g 1 65 8 .
,
.
,

a nd the de t a il s s h o wi n g t h e m e t h o d o f
s ec r et fi xi n g a re
g ive n by Fi g s 1 65 6 to .
1

1 65 9 . In e a ch fi g u r e A ,
r e re s ent s
p t h e

fra med g ro u n d which i s fixed t o ma so nry

i n o n e o f t h e u su a l w a y s The side g ro u nd s
.

ma rked B a r e fi xed t o the ed g e s o f t h e fra med

r o u n d s a s i n dic a t ed Fille t s C wi t h e a ch
g .
,

e nd c u t t o t h e fo rm o f a d o vet a il t e n o n
D ,
a r e p r e p a r e d a n d s c r ewed t o the b a ck

o f t he r a il o f t he fr a med a n d p a n elled
j a mb a s sh o w n a t 0 ( Fi g s 1 65 6 a nd .

The j a mb s a r e t he n fixed i n p o siti o n by

s c r ewi n g the d o ve t a il e n d s t o t h e g r o u n d s

as sho w n at D Fi
( g s 1 6 5 7 . a n d
The p or t i o n s o f t he s t ile s fo rmi n g t h e
r e b a te s,
h a vi n g b ee n p rep a red wi t h sl o t s
1 65 7 —C onv e nt i on l
a s sho wn a t E ( F i g 1 65 7) t o fit the e nd s
P ig . . a S e ct i on a l Vi ew of
.

P ort i on of Pa ce of F r a me d a nd P ane ll ed o f t h e fille t s a s s h o w n a t D c a n be g l u ed

,

J a mb .
a n d fixed i n t o thei r p o s iti o n s The a r chi
.
S K IRTING S , DA D o s, P ANE L W ORK , L INING S , E TC .
5 05

F ig . 1 65 8 ,
—G
e ne r a l Vi ew of D o or .
5 06 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

tra ve s a re fixed by p rep a ri n g ha rdw o o d the ar chi tra ve how n a t G a n d E ( F i g

as s .

s trip s with d o vet a il ed g e s a s r ep r e s e nted s o a s a cc u ra tely t o fit the d o vet a il

sli p s The i nn er me mber o f the a rchi tra ve

.

i s fixed i n p o siti o n fir st a n d the o u te r ,

me mber H a fte rw a rd s Thi n g lu e sh o u ld.

Fig . 1 65 9 —
.C v ti on en ona l Sec ti on a l Vi ew Pig . 1 660 .
—B kac of Ar c h t r a i v e,

of Bac k of J a mb . s h ow ng i Do vet il
a ed S l ot s .

Pi g . 1 661 .
—P an e ll d W i
e i
a n s c ot ng : E nd W a ll s h ow ng i Pig . 1 662 —E l g d P
. n ar e ar t S e ct io
n

F i pl
re a ce a nd D o orw a y . on Li 0 D ( F ig
ne .

at F F
( g i . Co rr e sp o n di n g sl o t s a re b ru shed o n t h e d o veta iled sli p s a n d g ro o ve
'
,

ma de in t he b a ck o f the t w o p a r t s fo r mi n g an
d a l o n g t h e t o n g u e ed g e o f the i nn er s ecti o n .
mp C AR P ENTR Y AN D J OINER Y .

t he t op me mbe r of
the w a i ns c o ti ng F i g . . li ni n g s a n d the p u lley fr a mes ; F i g 1 667
, .

1 664 r ep r e s ent s a p a r t e nl a rg ed eleva t i o n o f r e r es en t s t h e

p pla n o f the sto n e mu lli on ,

t h e left h a n d j a mb o f the w o o d ma ntel a l s o

-
,
sh o wi n g b o xi n g s fo r the sa s h W ei hts
g F or .

p o rti ons o f the w a ins c o ti ng The su rb a s e r e a te r c o n ve nien ce i n ma ki n d fi i

.
g g a n x n
g ,

mo u ldi ng H i s sto pped by the w o o d ma n tel ,

i t w o u ld be bette r t o ma ke the fr a min g
b u t the skirti n g i nters ects with the plin th o f a b o ve the su rb a s e moul din
g i n depe n de n t o f

F ig . 1 666 .
—S i d Wa ll
e , i
w t h P a ne ll e d Wa i n s c ot ing , i
s h ow ng T hr e e -
lig ht R e ce s se d Wi nd ow .

t he j a mb s F i g 1 662 s h o ws a n en la rg ed
. . th a t belo w the fra mi ng a b o ve a n d bel ow
,

p a r t s ecti o n o n li n e 0 D ( F i
g 1 661 ) o f t h e . bei n g c onn ected by a r eba ted j o i nt whi ch ,

ma ntelpiece a nd the w a i n s c o ti ng o ver it . i s c o ver ed by the s urb a s e mou ldi n g Fi gs . .

A bra ss fra me i s sc r ewed o n t o the ma n tel ,

1 661 a nd 1 666 a r e r e p ro d u ced t o t h e s c a le
o f i i n t o 1 ft. a n d Fi g s 1 663 t o 1 665 a n d
.
, .
,

F i g 1 667 t o the s c a le o f E
.
, }; i n to 1 ft F o r .
'
.

F i g 1 665 whi ch r ep resents a n en la rg e d p a rt

.
,

s ecti o n o n li n e E F ( F i g s e e p 5 07 . . .

W a ll P a n e l l in g a nd E n r i c h e d C o rn i c e
f o r B il l i a r d = r o o m or D i n i ng = ro o m .

Fi g s 1 668 t o 1 685 sh o w the p r ep a ra ti o n

.

F ig 1 66 7 —P l a n of S t on e M u lli on s h ow n g i a nd fitti ng o f a d a d o a nd w a i n s c o ti n g
billi a rd ro o m di ni n g ro o m
. .

s ui t a ble for a - -

B oxing s .
, ,

h a ll o r o ther si mi la r a p a rtmen t i n a first

,

b re a kin g the j oin t between the w o o d ma n tel cl a ss Vi lla o r i n a t o w n ma n si o n or c o un t ry

,

a n d the fir e b ri c k li nin g t o the d o g g r a te . r e s ide n ce Va ri ou s h a rdw o o d s a re u s ed fo r

.

F i g 1 665 r ep r es e nts a n e nl a rg ed p a rt s e c
. su ch w o rk b u t p ro b a bly o a k i s mo s t p o p ul a r
,
.

t i o n o n lin e E F ( F i g sh o wi n g deta il s
. F ig 1 668 s h o w s the s ide o f the ro o m i n
.

o f the c ornice the pila ste rs the p a n elled

, , which the d o orw a y a nd i t s fi t me nt s a r e
 S KIRTIN G S , DAD O S , P ANE L W ORK , L ININ G S , E TC . 5 09

itu a ted ; F i g 1 669 t h e side o f the ro o m wi h il a s te r j a mb s a n d s o ffi t h

s . u
p t p ( s e e t e

c o nt a ini n g t h e fir eplace The dr e s si n g

.
p e rs ective s ke t ch F i
p g ,
The m o u l d
r o u n d the lo wer p orti o n o f the fir epl a ce i n g s a r e w orked o n the s olid o f a ll t h e stile s
u su a lly c o n si st s o f ma rble o r o ther ma so n r y ,
a n d r a il s The g en era l p ri n ci p le s o f se t
.

Pi g . 1 668 .
-
E l v ti
e a on o f D o or a nd P or t i on o f P a ne lli ng .

whi le the fr ie z e dir ectly o ver the fir epla ce ,

t ng i d s p rep a ri n g t h e st u ff s ett i n g
ou t ro , ,

the c orn ice s helf a n d the o verma n tel with

,
o u t fo r mo r t i si n g a n d t e n o n i n g miterin g , ,

p edi m e n
,
t etc. a
,
r e c o n s tr u cted o f w o o d . a nd so fo rth ha vi n g been a lr ea dy dea lt
,

The w o o dwo rk a g a i n st t h e ext erna l w a ll ,

with in o t her s ecti on s o f thi s b o o k it i s
'

a nd t h e i n side eleva ti o n o f the o pe n in g u nn ece ssa r y t o r e p e a t su ch det a il s a nd ,

( ill u s tr a ted a t F i
g . a r e s h o w n fitted t her efo r e the a cc o mp a n yi n g illu stra ti o n s
with e a s e me nt s a nd fra me ha vi n g a n ha ve been p r ep a r ed with t h e o bj ect o f
e lliptic a l fa n li g ht t h e o p e ni n g bei n g fitte d
,
s h o wi n g mo r e p a r t ic u l a r ly the fit t i n g a n d
 C AR P ENT RY AN D JOINER Y .

c o n n ecti n g o f o n e p a rt t o a n o t he r a n d
,
A bl o ck B ( se e F i g . s t u b te n on ed a n d
-

t h e g e n e ra l fixi n g o f t h e e n ti r e w o rk . It n o t ched fo r the r eb a ted g ro un d a n d pli nth ,

i s a s su med t ha t p r o vi si o n fo r fixi n g h a s o r fo r the s ki r ti n g mo u ldi n g i s fixed t o the

,

been ma de by b ui ldin g i n w o o d b rick s

-
,
w a ll a n d fl o o r The s ki rti n g i s fixed by
.

o r by s o m e o the r m eth o d i n e n e ra l u s e bei n g t o n g u ed i nt o t h e fl o o r a nd d o veta il

g .
,
 C AR P E N TR Y AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 1 6 71 .
—P il a s t e r Lining s
, , v
S ofli t , C o e of Ce ili ng , et c .
 S K IRTING S , D A D O S , P AN E L W OR K , L INING S , E TC . 51 3

1 673 .
—Ve rt ic a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h F ig . 1 672 .
—
E nl a rg e d De t a il of P il a st e r, Corn i ce ,

P il a st e r , li
M ou d ng s , a nd Cor n i ce. Fr i e ze , et c .
51 4 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

gro o ved s o a s t o slide o n t o the h a r dw o o d to the d G ( F ig

g r o u n the fixi n g .

d o veta il sli p s ho w n a t D The s ki rti ng . bei n g hi dde n by t h e a s tra g a l mou ld C ,

m o u ldi n g i s pl o u g hed o n the u n der ed g e P whi ch i s fixe d eithe r wi t h sc rew s a nd sl o t s ,

t o r eceive the t o p ed g e o f the pli n th o r , o r p r efe ra bly by d o welli n g t o the t o p o f

of the s ki rti ng The r eb a ted g ro u nd H

. the u ppe r fr a mi n g The g ro u nd E ha vi n g
.

i s n ext s c r ewed t o the b a ck o f the p li n th bee n s c rewed t o the b a ck o f the c u rved

mo u ld a s i ndic a ted a t K The n the mo u ld .
, fa ci a the u ppe r p a rt o f the gr o u nd i s
,

a n d the g r ou n d bei n g pl a ced i n p o s i t i o n , n a iled i n t o the g r o u n d G The gr o u n d E . ,

,

the b o tt o m ed g e o f the l a tter i s held by

the sh o rt stu b te n on s i n the t o p s o f the
-

bl o ck s a n d i s n a iled o n thro u g h the r eb a ted

,

p o rti o n i n t o the w a ll g r o un d firmly fixin g ,

the pli n th The b o tt o m ed g e o f the d a d o

.

i s r eb a ted le a vi n g a b a r efa ced t o n g u e i n

,

F ig . 1 675 .
—M e t h od of F x i i ng T op E dg e of

Low e r F ram i ng , D a d o M ou ldi ng , a nd

B ot t om E d g e of Upp er F r a mi ng .

1 674 .
— M e t h od of i i
F x ng P nt h li a nd B ot t om
Edg e of F r am ng i .

t he fr o n t a n d c a n then be dro pped i nt o

,

p o siti o n a s sh o wn a t L ( F i g The .

t o p ed g e o f the d a d o fr a me i s su ffi cie n tly

wide t o a ll o w o f it s bei n g s crewed t o the
w a ll g ro u n d G a s i ndi c a ted a t N ( F i g .

the s e sc r ew s bei n g a fterw a rd s hidden by the F ig . 1 6 76 .

—M e t h od of i i
F x ng Corn i ce t o t h e T op
i
,

d a d o mo u ldi n g The g ro und M ha vi n g bee n

.
o f t h e F r a m ng .

s c r ewed t o the d a d o mou l din g a t N the s e ,

a re pl a ced in p o siti on with the t o n g u e p ro j ecti n g a b o ve the g ro u n d G fo rms a ,

o f the g ro u n d fi tti n g i n t o the t o p o f the r eb a te a t the b a ck a ll o wi n g the b o tt o m

,

d a d o a s sh o w n The g rou n d M i s the n

.
en d s o f the bl o ck s F t o fit i nt o the r eb a te .

fixed t o the w a ll g ro u n d G by n a ili n g t hro u g h The s e bl o cks a re s ec u r ed t o the b a ck o f

the r eb a te a s sh o w n a t R The d a d o mo u ld .
the mo u ldi n g s fo rmi n g the c ornice a nd ,

a n d the g rou n d B h a ve a g ro o ve f o rmed b e then the t op end s o f the bl o ck s a re n o tched

t wee n t he m in w hi ch the b a r efa ced t o n g u e
,
a n d n a iled a s i n dic a ted Fi g s 1 677 a nd . .

o n the b o t t o m ed g e o f the u p pe r fr a mi n g 1 678 s h o w t h e meth o d o f fixi n g the a stra g a l

0 fi t s a s sh o w n The t o p e nd o f t h e u p pe r
.
mo u ldi n g c u r ved fa ci a a nd t o p c o rnice
, ,

fra mi n g i s r eb a ted t o r eceive the b o tt o m mo uldi n g A w a ll g ro u nd F w hi ch h a s

.
-
,

ed g e o f the c u r ved fa ci a D a nd i s sc rewed ,

bee n r eb a ted o n the t op ed g e a nd spla ye d
 51 6 C AR P EN T R Y AN D J OINERY .

V iew s ho wi n g p ri n cip a lly the b a ck o f o n e The meth o d j u st de sc ribed for the fixi n g
o f the s e b a s e s In the sa me fi g u r e t o n g u e s o f the l o we r pil a s te r i s a d o ted fo r the u p e r
p p
.
,

a r e s h o w n fo r fitti n i n t o A B a nd C ( F i pila sters t h e b o tt o m e n d o f e a ch bei n g

g g , , .
,

with the mo u ldi n g s c ribed t o fit c o nn ected a s i ndic a ted a t B C D a n d E , , ,

the mo u ldi n g s o f the pli nth Va ri o u s ex . F

( g i . F i g 1 68 5 i s a c o n ve nt i o n a l
.

p e d i e n t s fo r fixi n g the s e b a s e s by s c r ewi n

g , s ec t i o n a l V iew of t h e b o tt o m left h a n d -

fillet s t o the i n side o f the b a s e a nd s cr ew c o rn er o f t h e d o o r a n d o f the b a s e o f the

,

i n g the s e fillet s t o the fl o o r will s u g g e s t , a dj a ce n t

p il a s t e r etc , .

the ms elve s The n a r eb a t ed fillet i s fixed

F ra m e d
.

a nd P a ne l le d L in in g w it h
t o t h e i n side o f the mo u ldi n g a p o r ti o n o f ,
s

which i s sho w n a t A ( F i g 1 68 3 ) a nd i n .
B o xi n g S h u t t e rs t o a Do orw a y .
]

s ecti o n a t A ( F i g . The b o tt o m e nd s F ig . 1 68 6 i s t h e ha lf o u t side a n d ha lf

o f the l o we r pil a s te rs a re m a de t o fit a o i n side eleva ti o n of a ci r c u l a r he a ded d o o r -

F ig . 1 68 3 .

F ig . 1 68 2 .

i
F gs . 1 68 2 a n d 1 68 3 .
—M e t h od s of F x i i ng Ba se of F ig . 1 68 4 .
—B a c k of P il a st e r w th F i i i
x ng B u t t on s
P il a st e r . S c re w e d On .

c u ra t e l y behi nd the b a s e mou ldi n g a n d ,

a re p rep a r ed with a b a refa ce d t o n g u e so .

a s t o fi t i n t o the r eb a te o f t h e fillet A The .

il a s te r s a re a l s o held t o t h e ed e s o f t h e
p g
fra mi n g by b u tt o n s t w o o f the s e ( A A , ,

F i g 1 684) bei ng s h o w n s c r ewed o n t o t h e

.

b a ck o f the r etu rn ed ed g e s o f t h e p ila ste rs

a n d b u tt o n s a r e s c r ewed o n t o the ed g e s

o f the fra mi n g a s s h o w n a t B B ( F i g .

Whe n the p ila ste r i s pl a ced a g a i n s t t h e

fra mi n g a n d slid d o w n i nt o i t s b a s e the
, ,
F ig . 1 68 5 —C onv i
e nt on a l S e ct i on a l Vi ew i
s h ow ng
b u tt o n s A a n d B cli p t o g ethe r a n d thu s , B ot t om L e ft Cor n e r of D oor B a s e of Ar c hit v ra e s,
fi rmly h o ld t he pila ste r t o the fra mi n g .
P il a st e r , etc .
S KIRTING S , D AD O S , P ANE L W ORK, L ININGS , E TC . 51 7

“
F ig . 1 68 8 .

F ig 1 68 6 — H a lf In
id d H lf i
. .

s e an a Ou t s d e
El v ti
e f a on o a D oor
w it h M g i l Li ar na g ht s ,
P ll d d l
a ne e an S p a ye d
Li i g
n n d i s, an B ox ng
S h ut t e r s .

F ig 1 68 7 —H or i z ont a l
i
. .

S e ct on .

F ig 1 68 8 — Ve rt i c a l
F ig 1 68 7
i
. .
. .

S e ct on.
518 C AR P ENTRY A

op e ni n g The i n side o f the o pe ni n g i s

.

fini shed with fra med a nd p a n elled spl a yed

b o t t o m li ni n g A ( F i g the in t e rme .

di a te p o rti o n B i s fra m ed a nd p a n elled

F ig . 1 68 9 .
-
En l a rg e d De t a il of H ori zont a l
S e ct i on a t A ( F ig .

with b o xi n g shu tte r s 1 5; in thi ck As will . .

be s ee n t he s e a r e p ro vided fo r c o ve rin g
,

t h e g l a ss p o r ti o n o f the d o o r thu s t a ki n g ,

the pl a ce o f a lifti n g shu tter bei n g mo r e ,

F ig . 1 69 0 .
-
C on v tien on a l Vi ew of Br i kw k
c or at

Up p er P a rt of Op e n i ng .

c o n venie nt The he a d li ni ng h a s a ra il 0
.

F
( gi 1 6.8 6)' f o ll o wi n
g the c u r ved he a d o f
the d o or fra me b u t the o u te r ed g e s o f ,

the s e li ni ng s a r e s qu a re The c u r ved ra il .

 P A RT I T I O N S AN D SC REEN S .

a ro d ft l o n g by
13 ro ceed
S e t t in g O ut P a n e l le d a nd M o u ld e d .
p
t o se t o u t the pla ns o f F 1 g 1 692 s een o n r o d
F ra me d P a rt it io n .
.
,

2 ( F ig . the stiles a n d mun tins bei ng

F OR the p a n elled a nd mo u lded fra mi n g o f 4% in wid e . Fi rst s qu a r e a c ro ss the ro d t w o
.

which a n eleva ti o n i s s h o w n by F i g 1 692 .

,
li n e s 1 2 ft a p a rt .D ra w fo ur lin es p a ra llel
.

F ig . 1 69 2 . E l e va t i on
— of P a ne ll e d and l
M ou d e d F r am i ng .

F ig . 1 693 .
—S e c t i ona l P la ns on Wi d t h R od of P a ne ll ed a nd l
M ou d e d F r a m i
ng .

one p iece de a l fr a min g is requ i red 1 2 ft

of ,
. wi t h ea ch o the a a r t t o r ep r e s en t the
p r, 1 15 i n .
,

by 1 0 ft by 2 in th ree p a n els in hei g ht

. .
, , t hickn e s s o f the fra mi n g Fro m the ri g ht .

mo u lded b o th s ides wi t h a d o o r a t o n e e n d
, ,
ha n d e n d ma rk o ff 4} i n fo r the o u te r s tile .

with r eb a ted a nd bea ded j o i n t s Fi rs t ta ke . B ( F ig . Fo rm the reb a te with mo ul d

 P AR T ITIO N S AN D S C REEN S .

F ig . 1 69 4 .
-
En l ar g e d S e ct i on on Lin e A A ( F ig .

F ig . 1 69 5 . En l a rg e d S e ct i on on Li ne B B ( F ig .

F ig . 1 69 6 .
—V e rt i c a l S e ct i on s on H e ig h t R od of P a ne ll e d a nd l
M ou d e d F r a m ng i .

( F ig . mo r tice l o ck i s t o be
Vfl i e n a

u s ed the r eb a te mu st be fo r med o u t o f the

,

ce t e
n r e to le a h a lf r eb a ted lo ck t o be
na b -

let i nto t h e do o r ; b u t su fficien t stren g th

mu s t be left fo r t h e bea d t o fo r m the sto p .

Se t o ff fr o m the r eb a te 2 ft 8 i n the width . .

,

o f the d o o r a n d fil l i n 47 , 1 i n fo r the s tile s .

a nd in the cen tr e fo r t h e mu n t in le a vi n g
.
,

9 3 in s i g h t fo r the p a n el
-
. Fill in t h e s t ile o f .

t h e fra min g n ext the d oo r a n d a l so the left ,

ha n d ou ter s tile with mou lds ( F i g ,

.

N o w di vide the sp a ce between i n to s ix

p a n el s a s s h o w n S e t the s e S p a ce
. s ou t
a cc u ra tely a nd ,
fill in the mun tin with
the mo ul d ( F i g Fill in the lin es
.

r e r e s e n ti n
p g the p a n el s a l s o the m ou ldi n g ,

o n b o th s ide s To sh o w wha t i s r equ i r ed

.
,

it is su fficien t t o fil l in o n e p a n el with the

s ecti o n of t h e mo u l di n g A F
( gi 1 693 ) . .

ma y n o w be s e t o u t fro m B a s the p l a n fo r ,

ea ch i s the sa me excep t fo r the t w o p a n els ,

o ve r the d o o r The h a n g in g a n d shu ttin g

.

stiles c a rry t h e 4i in l in e t o the t op ra il -

. .

Tu rn t h e ro d o ver t o the o t her side a n d se t ,

o u t the s ecti o n s a s s h o w n a n d t o fi g u r ed ,

di mens i o n s C ( F i g 1 696) is a s ecti o n

. .

thro u g h the fra min g ; D is a s ecti o n wher e

the d o or o ccu rs F i g 1 697 r ep r e s en t s
. .

the qu a n tity b o a rd In a b i g sho p the .

,

for ema n j o in er o r Setter ou t ta kes o ff the

ma teri a l b o o ks it a n d ha n ds it t o the F ig . 1 69 7 .
—Qu a nt it y B oa r d
.
, ,

ch a lk lin e fo r e ma n wh o ma rks o u t fr o m the

-
,

ma teri a l clerk be en tered m

0

.
b oa rd a ll the m a teri a l r equi r ed The b o a rd .
, to
i s then h a n ded t o the ma chini st a n d fin a lly ,
c o st a cc oun t . Firs t ta ke o ff
5 22 C AR P ENTRY 1

fra mi n g stile s ra ils a n d mun tin s the n the

, , , ,

p a n els the d o o r s tiles etc in the s a me o rder

, , .
, .

The wh o le o f the mo u ldi n g s ma y be b o o ked

a s o n e ite m if t a ke n fro m a s to ck p a tte rn ,

F ig . 1 698 — H a 1 f E e
. l v tia on of Gl a ze d ii
P a rt t on .

bu t if the mo u l di n g is t o be p r ep a red t o a
S p eci a l s ecti o n it i s bes t o rde r ed i n si n le
g
len g th s su fficien t t o mo u ld o n e p a n el Odd
, .

len g th s o f s tu ff c a n be us ed u p in thi s wa y
with o u t w a s te Any r e ma r ks n ecessa ry
.

sh o u ld be a dded 1 11 the s p a ce r es e r ved fo r the

524 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINER Y .

mu n t i ns F i g 1 706 g ive s a h o ri zo n t a l s e c
. . a nd mun ti ns .b o th the fron t a nd the
On
t i o n s h o wi n g the o u te r j a mb A a n d d o o r
,
r e a r side s the t o
p ra il h a s su n k a n d mo ul ded

j a mb B which a re w orked fro m 4 in by 4 in

,
-
.
-
. s p a n dril s a s s h o w n a t J ( F i
, g 1 7O4 ) a nd t hi s .
,

a n d 4 in -
by 3 in s tu ff r es pectively The
.
-
. . ra il whe n fixed t o i t s p ro p er p os itio n sets
, ,

F ig . 1 704 F ig . 1 705 .

F ig . 1 706 .

F ig . 1 704 — E l v ti
e a on of H a ll S cre e n . F ig . 1 705 — V e rt i l
ca S e ct i on of H a ll S c re e n .

F ig . 1 70 6 — H or i zont a l S e ct i on o f H a ll S cre e n .

'

to p ils I ( F i g 1 705 ) a re to n g u ed 2 in i nto

ra . . b a ck fro m t h e fa ce o f the sc reen 1 in .
,

t h e j a mb s a n d munt i n s a n d a r e c u t w rou g h t , , ,
a ll o w s fo r the mo u l di n g K t o be mi te r ed a nd

s h a ped g ro o ved
,
a n d o v o l o m o u lded fr o m
,
-
r e t u rn ed t o j a mb s a n d mu n tins as sh o wn ,

a n 1 1 in -
by 2 in s o u n d p l a n k a n d fra med
.
-
.
,
a s i s a lso the n eck mo ul di n g L whi ch s h o ul d ,

flus h w ith t h e r e a r s ides o f the o u te r j a mb s

 P ARTI T I ON S A N D S C REEN S . 525

the whole piece o f fra mi n g bein g a fterwa rds ro u n d hea ded s c rews The s c r een ma y be
-
.

s tr en g then ed o n the r ea r side by t h e t op execu ted i n g o o d yello w de a l o r p in e twice

mo u l di ng M which is g lu ed a nd p l a nted
, ,
s i z ed a n d t wice va rn i shed with
g o o d co p a l .

on ( F ig . Al l the fr a mi ng bel o w t h e If it i s ma de in ei t her o a k o r ma h o g a n y i t

tra ns o m o is r eb a ted a n d bea ded t o r eceive ma y be o iled o r F r en ch p o li shed The d o o r
the do o r s idelig hts a n d un der —
-
.

,
s ide fra mi n g
, ,
s h o u ld be h u n g wi t h o n e a n d a h a lf p a i rs o f

a ll o f whi ch i s 2 i n thick a nd is fin ished .

,
4 in b ra ss b u tts wi t h s teel w a shers a n d
-
.
, ,

flush t o the r e a r side o f the fra min g the fitted with a g o o d 6 in mo rtice lo ck Go o d
"

-
. .
,

fr ont s ide o f which i s o vo lo mo u lded Th e -

. b o ld b ra ss h a n dles a nd fin g e r pla tes s h o u ld -

s ideli g ht s a n d the t o p p o rti o n o f the d o o r be cho s en a n d the t op p o rt i o n o f the s c r een

,

a re a ls o r eb a ted fo r g l a ss a n d o vo lo mo u lded ,
-
,
a b o ve the t ra n so m s h o u ld be fitted with

a n d a re c o n stru cted a s s h o w n i n the eleva lea ded li g ht s g la z ed with ti n ted g la ss tin ted
ti o n Al l the b a rs except th os e fra med
.
,
a n d white Mu ra n e se g l a ss bedded betwee n ,

into the u pp er edg e o f the mi ddle ra il o f s tri p s o f ch a mo i s le a the r bei n g u s ed for the ,

the do o r sho u ld be mo rtised a n d teno n ed

,
do or a n d fo r the sideli g hts F i g 1 709 i s a n . .

thro u g h b o th s tile s and ra ils a nd g lu ed a n d ,

enla rg ed s ecti o n o f the a r chitra ve .

F ig . 1 70 7 .
— E n l a rg e d H or i zon t a l S ect i on of F r a m ng i of H a ll S cr e e n .

F ig . 1 70 8 — E n la rg e d S e ct i on F ig . 1 709 .
— En l ar g e d S e ct i on F ig . . l
1 71 0 — E n a rg e d S e c t on t h r o u g h i
of Bar of H a ll S cre e n . of A rc h t r a i v e of H a ll S cre e n . T op P or t i on o f M dd i l e Ra il t o D oor .

wedg ed in t he u su a l ma nn e r The e nds .

C o rr i d o r S c re e n a nd Doo r
s ho u ld be si mply stu mp ed i n t o t h e cen tra l
.

mi te red b a rs a n d s cr ewed t hrou g h the re

, The scr een an d
do or s ho wn in Fi g s 1 71 1 .

ba te s The lo wer p a n els a re mou lded a nd

.
a n d 1 71 2 i s sui ta ble fo r a
p u blic o ffi ce o r
ra i s ed a s s ho w n A i n dic a ti n
g the
, o u te r j a m b , b ui ldin g o r fo r a p riva t e dwellin g If it i s .

B the do o r j a mb o o the stile s o f the fra mi n u s ed fo r a d welli n t i ed d le ded l

,
g , g s a n a n a g a s,s
P the pa n el ( F i The b tt m p ti o f g o o d de s i g n s h o u ld be i n s e r ted ; b u t fo r
g .o o or on
o f the d oo r i s i n every p a r tic u l a r identic a l u blic b u ildi n
a
p g the t o p sa she s s h ou ld be ,

with the c orr esp o ndi ng p a rt o f the s ide filled with qu a rter p la te p o li shed g la ss while -
,

fra min g a nd h a s di mini shed s tiles ( se e F i g

, . t h e d o o rli g h t a nd sideli g hts will be o f e m
F i g 1 71 0 sh o w s a n enla r g ed s ec t i o n
.
b o ss ed g la ss with a sui ta ble desi g n o r let ter
,

o f the u
pp e r p o r ti o n o f the mi ddle ra il o f the i n g a dverti s in g the b u si n ess tha t is c a rried
do or ; Q i ndica tin g the ra il ; R mo u ldin g on .F i g 1 71 1 s ho w s t h e fro n t view
. The .

with r etu rn ed en d s su nk in to a n d p l a nted , hei g ht i s 9 ft 8 in the width 6 ft The . .

, .

o n t o ra il with de n t il s c u t i n the be a d s a n d
, d o o r j a mb s a nd wa ll j a mb s a r e in by
, .

fixed th g h the a il with s crews r mo u ld

r ou r '
5 i n r eb a t ed fo r the d o o r a n d s ideli g hts
.
, ,

ing with r e t u rn ed en ds g lu ed a n d p la n ted o n r ved f r t h e r a i s ed n el n d v l

,
g o o o
p a s a o o o ,

t o c o ver s cr ews ; H the s ha p ed a p ro n s e e mo u lded o n the fro n t ed g es a n d bea ded o n

( ,

a l s o eleva t i o n F i F i g 1 708 i s a n t h e b a ck ed g es The tra n so m is 7 in f by

g , . . .

enla rg ed s ecti on o f t h e b a r t o the s ideli g ht s 4 in s u n k d o u ble mou ld ed a n d r eb a ted fo r

.
, ,

a nd the t op p orti on o f the d o o r The . the t o p a nd lo wer s a shes a n d d o o r The .

mo u lded fillets U s ho u ld be fixed with b ra ss j a mb s a r e s tu b ten o n ed t o t h e tra n so m -

,
5 26 C AR P ENTRY A N D J OINERY .

F ig . 1 71 1 . F ig . 1 71 2 .

F ig . 1 71 1 .
—F r on t E l e va t i on of i
Corr d or S c r e e n and D oor .

F i g : 1 71 2 — Ve rt ic a l S e c t i on of C orr id or S cr e e n an d D oor .

a nd a s ol c o nn ected by sh o rt ra ils which a r e ,

the j a mb s a nd i s d o u ble mou lded reb a ted
, , ,

teno n ed a n d s cribed t o t he m fo rmi n g divi ,

bea ded a n d ten o n ed t o the tra nso m ( se e
,

s i o n s fo r t h e s ide p a n el s a n d li g h t s The . F ig. a n d it i s c o nn ected t o the t o p

s emici r c u l a r fra m e i s o f the sa m e s ec t i o n a s r a il with a s h o rt mu lli o n which i s mo rti sed, ,

528 C AR P ENT R Y AN D J OINE RY .

s id e a nd fra mes a re 1 2 in by 2 in
three top . .
, a p ro n is
fixed t o t h e d o o r a nd c a p ped with ,

mo u lded a n d r eb a ted a n d fitted with l o o s e , a m o u lded r a il with r et u rn e n d s a s sh o w n

, .

bea ds The d o o r is 6 ft 6 in hi g h by
. . . F i g 1 71 3 sh o w s a s ecti o n t a ken o n A B
.
,

3 ft 3 i n wide
. It h a s di mi ni s hed s ti l es
. .
, while F i g 1 71 4 r ep res e nts a vertic a l s ecti o n
.

whi ch a re 7 in a nd 5 in wide r espectively . . t a ke n th r ou g h the s ide p a n el a n d sh o r t ra ils ,

at t o p a n d b o tto m by 2 i n thick Th e ,
. . s h o wi n
g the m eth o d o f c on st ru cti o n a t the
u pp e r r a il i s 5 i n wide The t op p a n el o f . . l o we r e nd o f the p a n el a t D ( F i g 1 71 1 ) .

the d o o r i s mo u lded r eb a ted a nd fitted , , Fi g s 1 71 5 a n d 1 71 6 r es pectively r ep resent

.

with shi fti n g bea d s fixed with b ra ss cu p s , h o ri zo n ta l s ecti o n s on E F a n d G H sho win g ,

a n d sc r ew s The lo ck a nd b o tto m ra ils a re

. i n enl a rg ed deta il the s a s hes p a n el s etc , ,
.

e a ch 9 i n wide g ro o ved t o r eceive the ra is ed

.
, The d o o r is hi n g ed o n thr ee 4 in b ra ss b u tts -
.
,

a n d mo u lded a n e l a n d mo rti s ed ten o n ed fitted with p u ll ha n dle s b ra ss mo rtice l o ck

p , , , , ,

a n d wed ed t o the s tile s The h lde a nd fin g e r pla tes Thi s cl a s s o f d o or i s

g s o u r s -
.

F ig . 1 71 8 . S e c t i on
— of Ve st bu i l e S c re e n
L ine
‘

D D ( F ig .

F ig . 1 71 7 .
—S e c t i on of V e st bu i l e S cre e n on F ig . 1 71 9 .
— S e c t i on of Ve s t ib l u e S c re e n on

L in e C C ( F ig . 1 72 2 ) L i ne E E (F ig .

b etwee n t he middle
ils a n d stile s a r e ra o fte n h u n g wit h a p a ten t si n g le o r d o u ble
di mi ni shed a s ill u s tra ted a nd in t h e c a s e ,
s p ri n
g hi n e the fo rme r cl o s i n
g , g the d o o r by

o f the l o ck ed g e o f the d o o r the mi ddle r a il it s sp ri n g a cti o n a fte r o p e ni n g while the l a tter ,

a nd s tile a re c o nn ected by twin d o u ble a ll o w s o f t h e d o o r b ei n o p e n ed b o t h i n side

g
mortice s a n d ten o n s with a s olid h a u n chi ng a n d o u t side t h e a c t i o n o f the hi n g e cl o s
,

( a s ill u s t r a ted a n d ex p l a i n ed i n c o nn ec t i o n i n g it a u to ma tic a lly The ma te ri a l ma y be .

with F ig 1 1 96, p . so as t o ma ke
.
p i t chpi n e o r re d. de a l si z ed a n d va rn i s hed , ,

pro vi si o n for a mo rtice l o ck which i s ,

o r p a i n ted a n d g ra i n ed oa k ; o r if the ,

t he ki n d th a t w o u ld b e likely t o be w o rk is exec u ted in h a rdw o o d a s te a k , ,

p r o vided a n d fixed A s u it a ble m o u ldi

. n g ma h o g a n y o r o a k it ma y be fini s hed in o il
, ,

i s fixed ro u n d t h e p a n el a n d a sh a p ed , o r F r e n ch p o li shed-
.
5 30 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 1 72 2 .
— E l e va t i on of i l
Ve st b u e S cre e n .

F ig . 1 72 3 .
—S e c t i on a l P l an of i l
V e st b u e S cre e n .
 P ARTITI ON S AN D S C REEN S . 5 31

Ve s t i b u l e F ra m i ng a nd S w in g D o o rs with t h e sp ecific a ti o n cl a u s e t o the eff ect th a t

The m a t eri a l a n d w orkm a n shi p mu st b e the
fo r t he M a in E nt ra n c e of a L a rg e
very be s t o f t heir r e spec t ive ki nd s ” It is
B u ild ing
.

a l mo s t su p er flu o u s t o s t a t e t h a t j o i n e ry
.

A mor e i mp or t a n t c a s e o f ve st ibu le o f t hi s ch a r a cte r w o u ld be m a de o f ha r d

fra mi ng wi t h swi n g d o or s t ha n either o f wo od . It i s n ece ss a r y in j o b s o f thi s

,

t ho s e p r ecedi n g i s her e illu s t ra t ed by Fi g s . de s crip ti o n for t h e s etter o u t t o g ive some

,
-

1 72 5 t o 1 748 .The fr a mi n g i s p r ep a r ed a n d c o n sidera ti o n t o t h e a rra n g e m en t o f t h e

fit t ed t o a n o p eni n g wi t h a n elliptica l sto n e
.
a r ch Sp r i n g i n g fr o m i mp o st s a s i ll u str a t ed
fitt i n g t o g ether o f va ri o u s p a r t s wher e
c a r vi n g i s i nt r o d u ced The c a r vin g i s n o t
“

. .

F ig . 1 72 4 .
-
En l arg e d S e ct i on

of He a d of i l
V e st b u e

S c re e n .

Th e wh o le i s de si g n ed for t h e t r eat ment of c o u r s e i nt r o du ced a s speci m en s o f j o i n ery

, ,

of a ve st i b u le t h e w a ll s o f which a r e o f
, b u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e i t i s p a r t o f the tr e a t
ma s o nr y t her e b ei n g a pli n t h o r ski rti n g a t
, ment o f t h e wh o le de s i g n formi n g t h e ,

th e b o t t o m a n d a su rb a s e o r d a d o mo u ldin g ; o r n a m e n t o f p a n el s frie z e s etc It fa lls t o

‘

, , , ,
.

sh e n ext p or t i o n o f t h e w a ll fin i shi n with t h e t a s k o f the j o i n er t o p l o u g h a n d t o n g u e

g
i nt ermedi a te c orn ice a n d fa sci a a n d ,
a nd fi t t o g e t her t h e va ri o u s p a r t s a nd , ,

1 b o ve thi s b ei ng a fr ie z e a n d a c orn ice whe n t he s e o p era ti o n s a r e foun d s a ti s

o nn e c t e d with the ceili n g ( b u t n o t s h o w n ) . fa c t o ry t o ha n d o ver t o t h e c a r ver the
,

it will b e s een th a t the m a i n h o ri z o n t a l piece s h e h a s t o de a l wi t h which c a n b e ,

n e mb e r s o f t h e w oo d fra mi n g a r e o f si mil a r a fte rw a r d s fixed i n t hei r r e sp ec t ive p o s iti o n s

te c t i o n t o th o s e o f t h e ma so nr y wi t h w hi ch
,
in t h e piece o f fr a mi n g It mu s t her e b e
.

to m e o f t he m i n t ers ec t . The metho d s o f n o t ed t ha t piece s o f w o o d c a r ved a n d

:o n s t r u c t i o n whi ch will be de s cribed a n d s t u ck o n a r e n o t he r e ill u s t ra t e d n or ,

llu st r a t e d a re a m o n g s t the be s t a d o pted w ou ld t h e y b e t o lera t ed fo r a j o b o f t hi s

.

or fir st cl a s s w o rk
-
,
s o a s t o c o mply fu lly d e s crip t i o n . Of c ou r s e s o m e t i m e s the c a r ver
53 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

F ig . 1 72 5 — P e r s p e c t iv e V i ew of a P ort i on of i l
Ve s t b u e F ra m i
ng se e n f
ro i
m Ou t s d e .
5 34 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINE R Y .

F ro m the specific a ti o n a nd the d ra wi n g s c orn ice o f pedi men t the tymp a nu m a nd the , ,

the r o d s w o u ld be s e t o u t Na tu ra lly it .
h ori z o nta l c orn ice sho wi n g the r ela ti o n o f ,

w o u ld be well for the a ctu a l o pe ni ng t o be thi s with the pedi men t etc Who le eleva , .

te sted for me a su r eme n t i n c a s e o f a ny , ti o n s o r a t le a st ha lve s dra w n full si ze

, , ,

di s c r ep a n cy h a vi n g c r ept i n On e r o d . a n d in c o nn ecti o n with the ver tic a l s ecti o n s

,

s ho u ld be s e t o u t g ivi n g a h o ri z o n t a l s ecti o n s h o u ld be se t o u t fo r the edi m e n t t the

,
p s a
a t a level thr ou h t h e b o tt o m p a n el s o f t h e t o p s o f d o or s da d o mou ld s a n d a p r on p a n el s
g , ,

d o ors a nd l o wer pila ster s ; a n o ther s ecti o n qu a dra n t c o rn er s e t c On the s e s hou ld be , .

s h o u ld be g ive n a t a level o f the u pper i n dic a ted by c o l o u r ed pen cil s o r o the r

,

F ig . 1 72 8 .
— E nl arg e d H or izont a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h L ow e r P il a s t e r s a nd P a ne l s .

pila ster s a n d g l a s s p a n el s o f d o or s simila r , me a n s the metho d s

,
c o nn ectin g the of

t o s ecti o n F i g 1 72 7
. It w o u ld be very
. p edi men t s mo u ldin g s c a r ved p a n els a nd
, , ,

c o n venien t t o ha ve a thi r d ho ri z o nta l su ch p a r t s t o the s tile s a n d ra il s ; a l s o the

,

s ec t i o n t a ke n thro u g h the fr ie z e P r o b a bly . s i z e s a n d n u mbe r o f te n o n s c o n n ecti n g the

the be st pl a n w ou ld be t o ha ve the r o d s tile s a n d r a il s .

s u ffi cie n tly wide s o th a t t he s e h o ri z o n t a l

,
T h e F ra m e — As will be s een t hi s c o n s i s t s ,

s ecti o n s c o u ld be side by side , a n d thu s o f a he a d a n d S i x j a mb s e a ch 2 % in thi ck ,

. .

their r el a ti on t o e a ch o ther be a pp a r en t a t Ther e bei n g pil a st er s o n e a ch Side t h e ,

a g l a n ce
. The f o ll o wi n g ver tic a l s ec t i o n s cen tra l j a mb s a r e di sta nt fr o m e a ch o ther
w o u ld be n ece ssa ry The r o d fo r the ver tic a l
. t o the exten t o f 4 i n a s r ep r e s en ted a t A .
,

s ecti o n s h o u ld s h o w a s ecti o n t a ke n thr o u g h Fi

( g s 1 72
. 8 a n d B ey o n d the j a mb

t h e ce n tr e o f the pil a st er t o t h e t o p o f the a t e a ch e n d i s a rou n d G t he s e a r e fixed

’

g
c orn ice a s F ig 1 730 An o ther s ecti o n s ho u ld
. . t o the ma s o nry The centra l j a mb s a r e .

b e t a ke n thr o u g h the ce n t r e o f o n e o f t h e c o nn ected a n d sti ffen ed t o e a ch o t he r by

"

s wi n g d o ors a n d he a d o f fra m e a s r e p r e bl o ck s s cr ewed between a s r epr e sented ,

s e n t ed a t F i g 1 73 1
. Th e c o n s tru cti o n o f t h e
. a t A B a n d 0 ( Fi s
, g,
1 73 0 a n d The .

F ig . 1 72 9 . E nl a r g e d
— H or i zont a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h Up p er P il a st e rs a nd Gl a ss P a ne l s .

fixed d o o r s bein g si mil a r in m a n y r e spect s j a mb s e a ch e n d ar e a l so si mila rly c on

at

t o th a t o f the s wi n g d o o r s it w o u ld o nly be ,
ne c t e d to the g ro u n d G The cen t ra l .

n ece ss a r y t o s h o w the s ecti o n t a ke n thr o u g h j a mb s a re h o ll o wed a n d mo u lded fo r the

the ma r g in a l b a r s Thi s o f c o u r s e mi g ht b e ha n gi n g stile s o f the swin g d o or s The .

o the r j a m
.

d o n e a dj a ce n t t o t h e s ec t i o n t a ken thro u g h b s a re r eb a ted fo r the fixed d o o rs,

the s wi n g d o o r s An o ther ve rtic a l t ra n s a n d a l so pl o u hed t o r eceive a t o n g u ed sh p
.
g
ver s e s ec t i o n i s t a ke n t hr o u g h the c ro w n A ( F ig which fo rms a member o f the
.

o f the so ffi t o f t h e a r ch
g ivi n
g s ec t i ons
,
m o ul d in g a n d keep s the fixed d o o rs l n
,

o f the he a d o f the fr a m e the fa n li g ht t h e iti n The n le s of t h e j a mb s a re

, , p o s o a g .
 P ARTIT ION S A N D
‘
S C REEN S . 535

F ig . 1 73 0 . F ig . 1 73 1 . F ig . 1 73 2 .

— E n l a rg e d i cal i il
F ig . 1 73 0 . V e rt S e ct on t h r o u g h Ce n t r e of P a st e r s ( F ig .

F ig . 1 73 1 .
—Ve rt ic a l S e ct i on t h r ou g h C e n t r e of Sw i ng D o or (F i g .

F ig . 1 73 2 .
— E n l a rg e d De t a il of a P ort i on of Sw i ng D o or , P il a st e r , Corn i ce , a nd i
F xe d D oor .
5 36 C AR P ENTR Y AN D J O INERY .

mo u lded a nd mi ter ed s o a s t o i nters ect with cle a rly sh o w n in the illu stra ti ons A de a l .
~

s i mil a r m o u ldi n g s s t u ck on the he a d t o ,

fillet F i s fi xed t o the he a d o f the fra me
w hi ch the j a mb s a r e c o nn ected by mo rtice F
( g i 1 733
.
) hen t o thi s fil let a n d the he a d
t ,

a nd t eno n j o in t s a s illu s tra ted a t A ( F i g o f t h e fr a m e the m o u ldi n E i s fixed by the

.
, g
17 By r efe r en ce t o F i g 1 72 6 a n d D E
.
, , ,
i n s erti o n o f s cr ew s thr o u g h the fil let t o the

F ig . 1 73 3 .
— E nl a r g e d
Con v i
e n t on a l Sec
t i on a l D e t a il s h ow

in g Ji o nt s bet we en
J amb s and He a d
and Con s t ru c t i on

of Corn i ce .

an d F F
( gi it will be n o ticed tha t the
.

a n le moul di n g s o f t h e j a mb s a r e s t o pped
g
fo r the p urp o s e o f le a vi n g s qu a r e su r fa ce s
for the b a s e a n d mo ul di n g s o f t h e l o wer
p a r t o f the pil a sters t o b u tt a g a i n st The . P ig . 1 73 4 — C on
. v ti
en ona l Vi ew of i P ort on o f

j a mb s a r e pl ou g hed t o r eceive t o n g u e s , C orn i ce wh i ch Br e a k s F orw ar d ov Pi l

er a st er .

w hi ch a re i n s erted in c o rr e sp on di n g pl o u g h
g ro o ve s ma de i n the b a ck o f the s tile s o f t h e b a ck o f the mou ldin g Th e members G H K .
, ,

p il a s te r s a s r ep r e s e n ted i n s ec t i o n a t Fi g s
,
. L M c a n be s c r ewed t o g ether a nd the c o rn ice
, , ,

1 72 8 a n d 1 72 9 a n d C D ( F i g ,
The
,
. on e a ch side a n d t h e fa s ci a co nn ected
b o t t o ms o f the j a mb s a r e fixed t o t h e s to n e t o g ethe r by c u tti ng c ra dli n g piece s betwee n,
s tep o r fl o o r by t h e i n s e rti o n o f t w o c o p p e r a n d fixi n
g t he s e by a few s c r ew s a nd
g l u i n g ,

d o wel s in e a ch . bl o cks t o the cra dli n g p iece s a nd b a cks o f

Co rn i c e — The di ffe r e n t piece s o f t hi s t h e m e mb e r s a s r ep r e s en ted a t N a nd 0
'

, ,

a n d the me t h o d s o f c o nn ecti n g t he m a re ,
F
( g i . I n t hi s w a y the c o rn ice c o u ld
5 38 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

S t il
—Joint s l
F i g 1 73 6 . Joint s
— b tw e T
e en e, op F ig . 1 74 0 .

i il
b e t w e e n T op R a i
i
il i R il f S w i g D
.

a nd Fr Ra of F xe d Do or
’

o or e ze
R a , and F r o n .
e ze a .

F ig 1 73 7 .
—
T ymp a num P ane l Pre F ig . 1 74 1 .
—T ymp a nu m P a ne l
vi
.

p a r e d R e a d y f or Car vi ng . P re p a r e d for C a r ng .

F ig . . 1 73 8 .
—J oint s b e t we e n S t il e an d F ig . 1 74 2 — . Ji
o nt s at M dd i l e

M id d l il i P re p a re d of D o or
Ra w th A p r on
.

e s,

for C ar vi ng .

F ig . 1 73 9 .
—J o int b e t we e n B ot t om F ig . 1 74 3 .
—J oint at B ot t om

Ra il an d St il e . of D oor .
 P ARTITION S AN D S C REEN S . 539

17 wher e a s t h e g ro o ve a t B i s fo r r eceivi n g
t o ng u e tha t i s fixed int o t h e b a ck o f the
p edi m e n t m o u ldi n
g ( s e e B F i g A t , .

0 t h e qu a d ra n t c o rn er i s s h o w n fo r med o n

F ig . 1 74 5 .
— D a d o M ou l d i
w t h ?F ill et S c r e w e d On
at Ba c k .

the s oli d st ile a n d n o t i n s erted a s w o u ld

,

be the c a s e in mor e o rdin a ry w o rk The .

r a il D i s s h o w n h a vi n t e n o n s p a ssi n i ht
g g r g
t hr ou g h the stile ; thi s w ou ld u n d o u btedly

F ig . 1 74 4 .
— R a il s P l ou g h e d R e ady R e ce iv e

F ill et of D a d o M ou dl .

j a mb s, the s e a re held s ecu r ely b y me a n s o f

bu tt o n s a s sho w n a t K ( Fi g s 1 73 0 a n d
,
.

D o o rs —In t h e c o n st ru cti o n o f the s e

. ,

twin mor tice s a n d ten o n s ha ve been a d o p t ed .

At F i g 1 73 6 i s s h o wn t h e u pper p a r t o f t h e
.

s t ile o f t h e s wi n g d o o r m o r t i s ed a n d h a u n che d
with t h e t op ra il a nd frie z e ra il ten o n ed ,

ha u n ched a n d plo u g hed t o r eceive t h e

,

t ymp a n u m p a n el th a t i s s h o w n a t F i g 1 73 7 .
,

a n d i s r ep r e s e n ted a s r eb a t ed a n d t o n g u ed

r e a dy fo r c a r vi n g Th e p lo u g h g roo ve s .

A i n t h e frie z e r a il a r e fo r the p ur p o s e o f

r ecei vi n g t h e t o n g u e which i s i n s er t ed i n a ,

si mil a r pl o u g h g ro o ve m a de i n the b a ck o f
'

the e g g a n d t on g u e mou l d mg ( s e e A
- -
,

F ig . 1 74 6 .
— Con v ti en on a l S ti ec on a l
De t a l i of F r a me d M ou ld i g
n s and

P ane l , s h ow ng i M ou d li ng S ad d l ed

O ve r S t il e a nd Ra il .

form a b et t er j o b tha n stu bbin g th e m in The .

ra il E it will be s ee n i s o f t hi cker m a te ri a l
, , ,

F ig . 1 74 7 .
— M e t h od of i l i
F r a m ng M ou d ng s b y so a s t o a ll o w o f the a p r on ( which i s t o be

S l ot M or t i ce a nd T e n on Ji
o nt . c a r ved ) b ei ng w or ked o n the s olid a s re p r e
5 40 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O INERY .

e ted B o th the s e ra il s a r e pl ou g hed o n

s n . The mo u ldi n g s r o u nd the g la z ed p a rt o f
t hei r i n n e r ed g e s fo r the p ur p o s e o f r eceivi n g the d o or s ma y b e fr a m ed s ep a ra tely a nd
r eb a ted fillet s the t o n g u e s o f which a r e
, i n s erted si mila rly t o wh a t h a s been d e
held in the s e g r o o ve s — the o bj ec t bei n g s c ribed fo r t h e l o wer p a n el s ; o r e a ch p iece

t o fix the d a d o mo u ld s The se fillet s a r e . ma y be fi x ed by g l u i n g a nd d o welli n g ,

s c r ewed a n d g l u ed t o the b a ck o f the d a d o a nd the n the mitr e s fit t ed to g ether a nd

mo ul d s a s r ep r e s en ted a t A ( Fi g s 1 73 1 a n d
,
.

a n d the n the fra mi n g ha vi n g been ,

p u t t o g ethe r i s p l a c e d i n p o s iti o n
,
.

P a n e l s — The s e a r e r a i s ed with a s ma ll ,
'

s co t ia w o rked o n the ed g e o f the ra i s ed

p a r t the ma rg in o f the p a n el bei n g w or ked
,

t o the f o r m o f a fla t o g ee The i nn er side .

o f the p a n el s h a s a fla t ma r g i n with a b o lde r ,

mo u ldi n g w o rked o n the r a i s ed p a r t a nd t h e ,

F ig .
— Con v e nt i on
al De t a il s h ow ng a i P o rt i on

of Sad d l e M ou d l i g
n a nd Cur v ed B a r for
Gl i a z ng .

fa ce is k a s sh o wn in s ecti o n a t c ( F i g
su n .

17 The b o lecti o n mou ldin g s rou n d the

l o we r p a n el s a re s o lid thr ou g h So a s t o ,

s a ddle o ve r the ed g e s o f the s tile s a s r e p r e

s e n t ed a t F i g 1 74 6 The i n n er ed g e s a re
. .

pl o u g hed t o r eceive the p a n el s a s sho wn

Fi
( g s 1 7 4 6. a n d The a n g le s o f the F ig . 1 74 9 .
—V e r t i l
ca S e ct i on t h r ou g h H or i zont a l
m o u ldi n g s a r e mi te r ed a n d fra med by sl o t C or n i ce , Ce nt r e of Pe d im e nt , a nd li
F an g ht .

mo rtice s a n d ten o n s a s r e p re s en ted a t F i g ,

.

lmo s t i n the s a me ma nn er a s a
.

1 747 The s e mo u ldin g s w o u ld ha ve t h e

.
t r e a t ed a

p a n el s i n s er ted a n d the j o i n t s g lu e d b e c a s e o f so lid mo u ld ed w o r k b u t p ro b a bl y ,

fo r e bei n g pl a ced between t h e stile s a nd t h e fo rmer w o u ld be fo u n d i n the e n d the

ra il s The fr a med mo u ldin g s a re firmly mo st s a ti sfa cto ry ma nn er At Fi g s 1 740
‘

. .
.

s ec u r ed t o t h e s tile s a nd r a il s by m e a n s t o 1 743 a r e s h o w n the j o i nt s between the

o f d o wel s a s i n dic a ted a t F i g 1 746 a nd .
,
s t ile s a n d r a il s o f the fixed d o o r s the g en era l
,

the h o le s fo r the s e a r e r ep r e s en ted in p ri n cip le s o f c o n stru cti o n a re the s a me a s

t h e s tile s a n d r a il s a t Fi g s 1 73 6 t o 1 743 . . h a s bee n s e t fo rth fo r the swi n g d o o rs b u t ,
5 42 C ARP ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

a nd to the s e t h e b ra ss pl a te i s s ecu r ed with In the i n st a n ce o f a w o o d flo o r t wo o r th ree ,

s c r ew s
. The b o x i s su n k s o th a t the b ra ss flo o r b o a rd s a r e t a ken u p a nd tri mmin g
-
,

pla te i s flu sh with t h e su r fa ce o f the fl o or . piece s a r e fixed betwee n the j o i st s a nd a lso ,

t h e firri n g p iece s tha t ma y be n ece ss a r y a t t h e

s ide ( a s i n dic a ted a t F i t o su ppo r t
g .

the fla n g e s o r lu g s o f the b o x The b o x i s .

n ext pl a ced in the h o le a n d i t s exa ct ,

”
p siti o n fo u n d i n the fo ll o wi n g ma nn er
o .

The sh o e when a t r e st ( A F i g 1 75 4) mu st ,
.

h a ve it s side s qui te p a r a llel t o the pla n e o f

H ol e l iv
i

F ig . 1 75 2 .
-

M a s on r y F
Cu t i n fi oor t o R e ce e

B ox of S p r ng i H ing e .

F ig . 1 75 3 . i
— T r mm n
g i an d Fi igrr n

P i e ce to Jio st s , etc .
, to R iv
e ce e

H in g e .

When the flo o r i s o f s t o n e o r c o n cr ete the ,

the j a mb s a n d i t s ce nt r e li n e o p p o site t h e
,

p o s iti o n a n d s i z e o f the h o le fo r the b o x a re cen tr e o f the h o ll o w o f the j a mb a s i ndic a t ed .

ma r ked ou t by the j o i n e r a nd t hen the h o le

,
The sh o e s shou ld n ext be tu rn ed i n t o the
i s c u t b y a ma so n a s r ep r e s en ted a t F i g 1 752
. .
p o s iti o n s s h o w n a t B a nd C s o a s t o cle a r ,
 P ARTITION S AN D S C REEN S . 543

the j a mb s when t h e d o or i s o p en ed a t ri g ht F ig . The exa ct p o siti on o f the pivo t

1 75 6 .

a n g le s a s i n dic a ted a t B a n d c ( F i g
,
17 . mu s t be o bta i n ed fr o m t h e cen tr e o f the
The fla n g e s o r lu g s sho u ld n ext be s cr ewed mo ve men t o f the sho e In the t o p o f the .

t o the tri mmi n g p iece s then the flo o ri n g ,

s t u d ( o n w hi ch the s h o e i s fixed
) a p u n ch
ma de g o o d ; a ft er w hi ch the b ra ss p l a t e ma r k c a n u su a lly be s een w hi ch i ndic a te s ,

c a n be a pplied the flo o rin g b ei n g ma rked

, the a xi a l cen t r e The di sta n ce o f thi s cen tr e
.

ro u n d fr o m i t a n d the n p a ved w hi le fin a lly ,

m a r ked fr o m the h o ll o w o f t h e fra me g ive s
the exa ct di sta n ce o f the
cen tr e o f t h e pivo t fro m
t h e h o ll o w o f the j a mb .

Ca r e mu s t a l s o be ta ken
t o k eep t h e p ivo t in the
cen t r e o f t h e thi ckn e ss
of the d o or a n d the
F ig . 1 75 5 .
ho ll o w in the p o st The .

fo r m s o f t h e p o s t s v a r y

F ig . 1 75 7 .

F ig . 1 75 5 — E e . l v ti a on s h ow ng i He e l of

D oor a nd S dei of S h oe .
F ig . 1 75 8 .
— He a d of Door

F ig 1 75 6 — P iv ot let i nt o He a d of F r a me
R e ce sse d t o R e ce iv e P iv ot

l
. . .

P at e
— P ivot Pl i
.

1 “ . J F ig . 1 75 7 . at e le t nt o D oor .

F ig . 1 75 4 .
— P la n of Spr i ng H i ng e , s h ow n gi Sh oe
i n T h r e e P os t ii ons to C l e ar J a mb .

the b ra s s p la te i s dro p p ed in p o siti o n a n d

fa st en ed t o the i ro n fla n g e wi t h s cr ew s a s ,

s h o wn a t F i g 1 75 1 Wher e the floor is o f

. .

zo n e o r c o n c r ete t h e ir o n b o x mu s t be
"

t e mp o ra rily fixed wi t h a few s ma ll h a r dw o o d

wed g e s o f c o u rs e in the exa c t p o siti on it will
,
F ig . 1 75 9 .

ha ve t o o ccu py a s expla i n ed a b o ve The ,

.

b o x i s fin a lly s ecu r ed b y filli n g i n t h e sp a ce s

be t ween t h e sto n e with ce men t The n ext .

o p e r a t i o n i s t o fit the s ho e o n the b o t t o m

o f t he d o o r a s r epr e s en t ed a t F i g 1 75 0 . .

T hi s will r equ ir e t o be very a ccu r a t ely d o n e ,

e sp eci a lly in fit t i n t h e s ha ped s ide s o f t h e

g
s ho e The sha pe ma y b e o b t a in ed b y a p p ly
.

in g t h e side o f the sh o e s t o t h e side o f the

d oo r The p ivo t a n d p la te c a n n ext be
.
P iv ot

l e t i n t o the he a d o f t h e fra m e a s sh o w n a t
5 44 C AR P ENTRY AN D J O IN E R Y .

a cc ordi n g t o t h e differ en t ma kers b u t , ave ry u s efu l a rra n g e me n t fo r d o o rs thro u g h

a re mo stly c o n s tru cted o n the p ri n ciple which the r e i s v e ry mu ch tra ffic .

tha t the he a d o f a fixed s c r ew whe n tu rn ed ,

with a s c r ew drive r a c t s o n a pla te t o which

- S l id ing a nd F o l d ing P a rt it io n s .
,

t he pivo t i s fixed w hi ch ma be i ed Fi g s 1 761 t o 1 772 illu stra te a u s e ful fo rm

, y r a s or .

l o we red a cc ordi n g t o the di r ecti o n in w hi ch o f fo ldi n

g a n d s lidi n
g p a r titi o n w h ich ha s ,

the s c rew he a d i s tu rn ed Tw o view s o f a

-
.
bee n l a rg ely u s ed for di vi di n g l a rg e r o o ms ,

ve ry g o o d form o f pivo t a r e s h o w n a t Fi g s a nd fo r s ep a r a ti n g sp a ce s un de r a llerie s

g
.

1 75 9 a nd 1 760 fro m w hi ch t h e a cti o n i s

, fr o m the ma i n p a rt o f ha ll s a nd in o ther ,

e a sily i n ferr ed A pl a te t o r eceive t h e s i mi l a r iti The g en e ra l a rr a n g emen t

'
.

p o s o n s .

pivo t ha s t o be let i n t o the he a d o f the stile s i s n o t s o u p t o d a te a s a n u mber o f fo r ms

- -

a nd t o r a il s a s s h o w n a t Fi s 1 75 7 a n d 1 75 8 tha t a r e the su bj ect s o f c urr en t p a ten t s

p g . .
.

F ig . 1 76 1 — H or i zont a l Se ct i on ii
P art t on P ar t y C l l ose d .

F ig . 1 76 2 .
— E nl arg e d S e ct i on t h r ou g h B B (F ig .

The exa ct p o siti o n o f the p l a te i s dete r The speci a l fe a tur e in a l l the s e in ven ti o n s
mi n e d by the cen t r e o f the h o le t o r eceive lie s n o t in the g en er a l c o n stru cti on o f t h e
the pivot a s p r evi ou sly exp l a i n ed S o m e
,
. j o in ers w o rk b u t in the sp eci a l mecha ni sm
’
,

i mp ro ved forms o f pivo t s ha ve a n a dj u sta ble i n tro du ced t o p ro du ce li g htn e s s a n d a cc u ra cy

s ide s c r ew ,
by whi ch the d o ors ma y b e i n mo ve me n t s o th a t l a rg e o pe ni n g s ma y
,

a dj u s ted sidew a y s s o a s t o c o rr ect a n y s li g h t

,
be p ro vided with mo va ble fo ldin g p a r t iti o n s ,

fa u lt in c a s e o f wi n di ng o f the d o o r s o r whi ch c a n be expe di ti ou sly fo lded u p . .

fr a me An o ther fo rm o f fitti n g p ro vi de s
. The p a rt iti on her e illu stra ted i s i n te n de d
an a rr a n g e me n t fo r thro wi n g the d o o r fo r a n o pe ni n g o f mo de ra t e di men si o n s a n d ,

sli g htly f orw a r d o r b a ckw a r d a s ma y be fo r th a t s er vice i s fou n d t o w o r k sa t i s fa ct o rily .

r equi r ed . T o s o m e f o r ms o f s p r i n g s a d The g en era l a rr a n g e men t i s a s fo llo w s

j u s t a b l e a rr a n g e me n t s a re p ro vided by At le a st o n e p iece o f fra mi n g i s so c o n s tru cted
which o n t a ki n g u p the b ra s s p la te t h e a s t o f o r m a d o o r a s r e r e s e n ted a t F i 1 76 3
‘

, , p g .
,

mech a ni s m c a n be g o t a t ; a n d o n tu rni n g
a dj u s t a ble s c r ew s or stu d s t he sho e i s
,
,
whe re i t will be s een tha t a r eb a ted fr a me i s
ma de t o r eceive t h e d oo r w hi ch i s a l so ,

r e u l a ted i n su ch a ma nn e r t h a t the d o o r s r eb a t ed t o fi t t h e fr a me a s s h o w n i n the

g
ma y a lw a y s be ke p t i n o n e p l a n e Thi s i s . s ecti o n ( A a n d B F ig ,
Thi s fr a me i s
.
5 46 C AR P ENTRY A N D J O IN E R Y

held to g ether a t the he a d a n d tra n so m i n

the u su a l w a y b y mortice a n d tenon j o i nt s
,
- -
.

The o ther piece s o f the fr a mi ng a re o f the

o r di n a ry d o o r like c o n stru cti o n w ith di mi n
-
,

i s hod s tile s ha vin g w oo d p a n el s belo w a nd

mou ld i n g s i n s erted the u pper p a r t o f e a ch
fra me bei n g p r ep a r ed fo r g la ss ha vi ng b a rs ,
Fi g . 1 770 .
—
T op Br a c ke t P l at e

with mo va ble be a ds w hi ch a re fa ste n ed by an d Ro ll er .

s cr ew s A wa ll p o st o r stile i s fixed t o the

.

—
B ot t om Bra c k et

P l at e a nd Ca s t e r .

F ig . 1 769 .

F ig . 1 767 .

F ig . 1 767 — T r a n s e r s e
. v S e ct i on t hr ou g h Ch a nn e l F ig . 1 768 .
— L on git d ina l S e t i on t h
u c r ou g h Ch a nne l
i r on le t int o Fl oor , a nd E nd V i e w . of Ca s t e r i
r on , and i
S de E l v ti
e a on of Ca s t e r and

a nd Br a c k et P l at e . Bra c k et P l at e .

F ig 1 769 —S e c t i on t h r ou g h Ch a nne li
-
r on let int o
b a c k fla p hi ng e s , b u t the s e hi ng e s
. .

S ofll t of B e a m, a nd E nd V i ew of Br a c k et

P l at e a nd Ro ll er . be fixed on
at F i g 1 76.

w a ll a t e a ch e nd a nd either the d o o r e nd o f ,

the p a rtiti on in g o r the o pp o site e nd ma y be, ,

a tt a ched t o the w a ll stile w ith l a r g e b ra s s b a ck

fla p hi n g e s a s s h o w n E a ch piece o f fra mi n g .

i s c onn ected t o tha t n ext t o it a l s o w ith

 P AR T ITION S AN D S C RE EN S . 54 7

F ig . 1 772 — E l e va t i on P a rt S li d i ng a nd l i ii
F o d ng P a r t t on .

F ig . 1 773 .
—Hor i zont a l S e ct i on on L in e G E (F i g .

e former a re ma de t a p erin g in s ectio n a s .

,
At F i g 1 761 a pla n i s g iven sho win g the
.
,

wn by the enl a r g ed det a il F i g 1 762 ,

. .
p a rtiti oni n g p a rtly clo s ed Fi g s 1 765 a nd
. .
5 48 C ARP ENTRY

F ig . 1 774 .
—E l e va t i on of D oor and P i e ce s of

i
F ram ng wh e n F o d e d B a c l k to W a ll .

F ig . 1 775 .
—
H
ori zont a l S e ct i on t hr ou g h K L
( F ig .
 B E VE LS FINDI NG AN D SE TT I N G O UT

In t ro d u c ti o n .
—Writers thi s su bj ect
on the fou n d a ti on o f s o me o f the mo r e g en era ?
u su a lly a ssu me a c o n side ra ble a mo u n t o f meth o d s o f s etti n g o u t bevel s will be here ,

g e o metric a l kno wled g e o n the p a r t o f the exp l a i n ed a n d illu stra ted The di r ect a ppli .

r e a de r ,
a nd g ive s h ort c u t meth o d s
-
c a ti o n o f g e o metric a l pri n ciple s t o t ypic a h
with ou t expla ini ng the g e o metric a l p rinciple s
tha t a re in vo lve d The p ri n ciple s a n d
.

meth o ds e mpl o yed in e a ch p a r ticu l a r c a s e

ma y p o ssibly ha ve been a d o pted a fter mu ch
g e o m et ric a l s t u dy a n d experi men ti ng o n
F ig — An g 1 e
1 778 of
[

the p a rt o f the writer who h o wever i s

. .

a p t t o for et th a t the l a ck o f s u ch
,

l i m i
, ,
L in e , i H i
w th or zont a l
g p r e

n a r y g ro u n di n
g m a y pl a ce h i s r e a de r s a t
Tra c e a nd In c li na

a s e ri ou s di sa dva n t a e
g A s t
. u de n t f o ll o w ,
t i on o f the P l a ne .

i n g the meth o d s thu s s u per fici a lly de s cribed ,

ma y o bta i n c o rr ect r e su lts fo r si mila r c a s e s ,

with little or n o g e o metric a l r e a so nin g o n his

p a rt H en ce when he i s ca lled u p on t o
.
,

de a l with mo re c o mplic a ted c a s e s he fin d s ,

hi ms elf in di fficu ltie s a s he i s u n a ble t o

,

a d a pt a n d a pply p ri n ciple s th a t he h a s n eve r

r e a lly ma s te r ed ; bec a u s e they h a ve o nly

been d es cribed t o him n o t expl a i n ed o r ,

exp ou nded Everyo n e wh o de sir e s t o b e

.

c o me p ro fi c i e nt i n s etti ng o u t fo r bevel s ,

s o a s t o be a ble t o de a l p r o mptly deci sively , ,

a n d e ff ectively w ith the va r i ou s c a s e s th a t

a ri s e i n p ra ctice mu s t fir s t p o s s e ss a cle a r
,

i d e a o f the p rin ciple s in vo lved a nd o f thei r ,

a pplic a ti o n t o va ryin g ci r cu ms ta n ce s In .

o the r w o rd s ,
it i s n ece ssa ry for hi m t o
s t u dy a few o f the fu n d a me n t a l p ri n ciple s

o f s o lid a nd de s criptive g e o metry Thi s .

F ig . 1 779 .
— P i c t or ia l V i ew of G eo met r i l ca
p r ep a ra ti on i s be s t o bta i n ed in a cla ss i ng of F ig . 1 778 .

un d e r a c o mpete n t te a che r ; b u t w he r e cl a s s

w o rk i s o u t o f the qu e sti o n the n ece ssa ry ,

exa mple s o f j oi n ery will a ffor d a u s efu l >

k n o wled g e ma y be o bt a i n ed fro m a g o o d c o mbi n a t i on o f the ory a nd p ra ctice B evel s .

,

text b o o k o n g e o metry Su ch s tu dy d o e s
-
. a n d s o me o f the g e o metric a l p ri n ciple s i h

no t i n v o lve a n y very g r e a t exp en dit u r e o f vo lved in s ettin g o u t a s a pplied t o ro o fin g ,

ti me ; a n d the p ri nciple s o n ce ma ster ed , ,

a re illu stra ted a n d expl a i n ed i n the s ecti o n

a r e n o t e a s ily f or o tte n
g It i s. bey o n d the on R o o fs etc be g i nni ng a t p 1 67 a nd
,
.
,
.
,

s c o pe o f the p r e s e n t w o r k t o de a l fu lly w ith it will be fou n d a n a d va n ta g e t o s tu dy in ,

.

the su bj ect o f s olid a nd de s criptive g e o metry c o nn ecti o n with the p r e s en t s ecti on t h e ,

b u t s eve r a l g e o metric a l p r o ble ms fo r mi n g ,

de s c ripti o n s a nd illu st ra ti o n s ther e g ive n . .

5 50
 B E VE L S : FIN D ING AN D S E T TING O U T . 55 1

B evel s for circle on ci rcle w ork etc ha ve - -

, .
,
the bevel s for the fa ce side s o f spla y lining s
a l so been s h o w n a n d the m eth o d s o f s etti n g , _ a nd trou g h s etc A c orn e r o f su c h a n
,
.

the m ou t g e o metric a lly expla i n ed in c on ,

exa mple i s sh own in pla n a t F i g 1 780 . .

n e c t i on with the s peci a l su bj ect t o w hich Co nsider the i nn er su r fa ce s a s g eo metric a l

'
they bel ong . in c lin e d p l a n e s a nd dra w a p or ti o n o f the s e
,

Ge o m e t ri c a l P r o bl e m s P r a c t i c a y Ap p li e d ll su r fa ce s i n pla n a b c d e a n d f ( F i g
—F i g 1 778 show s a very u s eful g eo metric a l
. .

P ro du ce f e t o c Co n si der it t h e i nn er
’

—
. .

p r o ble m n a mely Given a n i n cli n ed pla n e ,

su r fa ce o f the i n cli n ed pl a n e a b e i Throu g h .

a n d the pl a n o f a li n e i n th a t pl a n e fin d the dra w a: y a t ri g ht a n g le s t o f e a n d se t

’ ’
,
c ,

a ng le the li n e ma ke s with the h ori zon t a l up the a n g le o f the in cli n ed pl a n e a nd

t ra ce B riefly the w o rki n g i s : At ri g ht
.
,

a n g le s t o the h t ( hori zon ta l tra ce ) dr a w .

,

F ig . 1 78 2 .
— Cor n e r of

Lin ing s or T r ou g h
w th i S id es Un
e q lly I li
ua nc ne d .

F1g . 1 78 1 .

F ig . 1 78 0 .

F ig . 1 78 0 .
—P 1an of One C orn e r of Lining s
or T r ou g h .

— M e t h od i i vl
”
F ig 1 78 1 of Ob t a Be for Ca s e
“

. . n ng e s

s h own at Fi g . 80 °

F ig . 1 78 3 .
—Ge ome t r i c a l Con s t r u c t i on for
Ob t a n i i ng Be vl
e s for F i g . 1 78 2 .

1 nt e rs e c t 1 n the t it D ra w
‘

ac y g a 1 11 0 . .

( vertic a l tra ce ) a t the g iven a ng le a s sh o w n hei g ht o f the tro u g h a s sh own by b e ’ ’

.

by the bevel 0 L et a b be the p la n o f the . Then the bevel sho wn a t G will be tha t r e
lin e then a 6 will be i t s eleva ti o n Wi t h
,
’ ’
. qui r ed fo r the ed g e o f the stu ff tha t i s t o
0 a s cen tr e a n d b a s ra di us dr a w the a r c
’
fit the ed g e o f t h e fra me or b o tto m o f the
‘

P r o j ecti n g f ro m thi s p a ra llel t o k t a nd tr ou g h N o w c o n sider b e an d b c a s the ’ ’

. . .
, ,
'

p r o j ecting ou t from 6 p a ra llel t o a: pla n a nd eleva ti o n o f the g iven lin e o n the

” in cli n ed pla n e U sin g 6 a s centr e 5 a s ’

p oint I i s o bt a i n ed
’
) J oi nin g thi s t o ( 1 . .
,

g ive s the a n g le the li ne ma ke s with h t a s . r a di u s ,

p o in t 6 i s o bta i n ed a s p r evi o u sly
s ho w n by t h e bevel D E vi den tly the . exp la i n ed J o in ing thi s t o 6 g ive s u s the
.

o bliqu e
p l a ne with the li n e h a s bee n b evel fo r a pplic a ti o n t o the side o f t h e st u fi
ro t a t ed i n t o the h ori z o n ta l pla n e The . fo r t h e o bliqu e c u t o f t h e e n d a s s h o w n by
c o mplete w orki n g i s sh own p icto ri a lly a t the bevel H At F i g 1 782 i s sh o w n in pla n
. .

F ig . 1 779 . a n o bj ect in w hi ch t h e side s re u n eq ua lly i

B e ve l s fo r Trou g h or Li n ing s .
-
N ow in cli n ed ; a n d a t F i g 1 783 is sh own t h e .

a pp ly the fo r e g oin g p ro blem to o bta i nin g g e o m et ric a l w o r ki n g T w o elev a ti on s a r e

.
5 52 C AR P ENTRY AN D J OINERY .

g ive n ,
na m
ely o n e a t x y a nd the s ec o nd
, p ro ceedi ng a s p revi ou sly de scribed o bta i n ,
’ ’
at w y e a ch a: y bei n g a t ri g ht a ng le s t o
, the bevel H If the side s a re equa lly in .

a h o ri z o n t a l t ra ce The bevel a t A i s fo r . c l in e d a s s h o w n the bevel a t K w ill be the ,

a pplic a ti o n t o the ed e o f the piece o f s t u ff

g s a me a s th a t a t H The bevel for the ed g e .

s h o w n i n pl a n a t B the bevel a t 0 bei n f o f the s t u ff i s i ndic a ted by G If the ed g e s

g o r , .

tha t o f the piece o f stu ff a t D a nd the bevel ,

o f the s t u fl a r e bevelled s o a s t o be in p a ra llel

E F fo r a p lic a ti o n t o the su r fa ce o f the pla n e s the b e vel t o be a pplied t o the ed g e

p ,

s t u ff o f the s t u ff fo r mite rin will be a s th a t

.
g
B e v e ls fo r H e xa g o n a l H o p p e r —F i g 1 78 4 s ho wn a t L ( F i g
p

. . .

s h o w s the p a r t pl a n o f a hex a o n a l h o ppe r B e ve l s fo r E d g e s S qu a re t o In cli n e d Su r

g
fa c e s —T a kin g exa mp le s si mil a r t o tho s e
.

a lr e a dy de a lt with b u t a s su min g tha t it

’

,
F ig 1 78 4
. .
i s n ece ss a ry t o o bt a i n the bevel fo r the

F ig . 1 78 7 .

F ig . 1 78 6 .

F ig 1 78 6 —M i t e r e d An g l e s, an d T op E d g e s
F ig 1 78 5
. .
. .

F ig . 1 78 7 .
—Obt ai ni ng Be vl e for S q ua re E dg e of
F ig . 1 78 4 — P l an of P ar t of H e xa g ona l Ob je ct F ig . 1 78 6 .

i
w t h In c li ne d i
S de s a nd i
M t e r e d Ang -
l es .

F ig . 1 78 5 —G . eo me t r i l ca Con s t r u c t i on t o Ob t a n i mitr e w hi ch h a s
, be a ppli ed t o a n ed g e to
Be vle s for F i g . 1 78 4 . tha t i s a t ri g ht a n g le s t o the sur fa ce the ,

p ro cee di ng s will be a s expla i n ed bel o w .

or s i mi l a r a rticle the side s o f whi ch a r e ,

Fi g s 1 78 6 a n d 1 78 7 sho w the p a rt pla n
.

i ncli n ed a nd mi ter ed t o g ether a s s ho w n , a nd s ecti o n a l ele a ti o n

v o f o ne c o rn e r o f
the ed g e s bei n g i n p a ra llel pla n e s The . a n o bj ect miter ed a t the a ng le s a s s h o w n
.
.

meth o d o f o bta i ni n g the bevel s a b ou t t o T hrou g h a d ra w a: y p ro du ce e h ( F i g

’ ’ ’
, .

be expla i n ed i s a l so a p p lic a ble t o sp eci a l w hi ch g ive s e h ( F ig the ’ ’

.

mi te red li ni n g s i ncli n ed miter ed fa sci a ,

ve rtic a l tra ce At ri g ht a n g le s t o my o f
.
,

b o a rd s a nd s i mila r w ork S e t o u t the

,
. c o urs e p a ra llel t o a c ( F i g dra w .

p l a n o f t w o a dj a ce n t s u r f a ce s a s s h o wn at c k p a ra llel t o a e h ( F ig p ro j ect .

F ig . 1 78 5 ; then p ro cee di n g a s before , , u p t o the ve r tic a l t ra ce g ivi n

g p o i n t ,

t a ke the rep r e s en ta ti o n o f the b o tt o m With h a s cen tr e a nd c a s ra diu s dra w the

’
,
’
,

a rr i s o f o n e s h o w n by c f P ro d u ce it t o P r o j ecti n g d o w n a nd h o ri z o n ta lly
I II
. a re e e

a n d ma ke it the h o ri z o n ta l fro m c g ive s p oi n t Jo i ni ng thi s t o k

’
a ny p o i n t e ,

tra ce o f a n i n cli n ed pla n e D ra w w y a nd .

, , g ive s the bevel r eq u i red fo r the a pplic a ti o n
5 54 C AR P EN TRY AN D J OINERY .

ri ht a n g le s t o a b
’
N ow
’ ’
p l a n e a t g p ro j ecti n g d ra w B B p a ra llel t o the li n es in the
d o w n fr o m c it will be cle a r tha t thi s pl a n e
’
, pl a n a s sh o w n a nd C B p a ra llel t o A B
, ,
’ ’

will c u t the t o p a rri se s o f the su r fa ce s a s then j oi n B t o A It sh ou ld be no ted tha t ‘

s h o w n i n pla n a t d a n d c a n d the p or ti o n o f , thi s w o rk i s ide ntic a l with tha t expl a i n ed

F ig . 1 79 2 .
— P 1 an an d E l v ti
e a on

of Tr i a n g u ar l H opp e r .

F ig . 1 79 3 .
— Obt a in ing Ang l e

b t we e n
e Two S ur f
ace s a nd

Be vl e i
for M t e r e d E d g e s .

Fi g . 1 79 3 .
F ig . 1 792

the pla n e fitting between the t w o su r fa ce s

fro m d a nd 6 will be tri a n g u l a r in s ha pe .

An ed g e view o f thi s tri a n g u l a r p orti o n

of pla n e i s r epr e s en ted by c f N o w ’
.

i ma g i n e thi s tri a n g ul a r pla n e ro ta ted a b o u t

the li n e d 0 u ntil it i s in a h o ri z o n ta l p o siti o n .

The a pex s h o w n a t i in eleva t i o n w o u ld

mo ve t o the p o i n t g a n d thu s p ro j ecti n g
’

d o w n fro m g t o the i n te rs ecti o n li n e a b

’

F ig . 1 79 4 .

o bt a i n s p o i n t 9 then j o i nin g g t o d a nd t o
6
g ive s the a n le betwee n the s u r fa ce s a s
g
s h o w n by the bevel H a lf the a n g le a s
.

i ndic a ted by the bevel d o tted a t A will g ive

the bevel for a pplic a ti o n t o the mitered
ed g e The g e o metric a l p ro ble m her e in tro
.

d u c e d i s th u s s t a ted Give n t w o i n cli n e d

pla n e s a nd their i n ters ecti o n d e t e rml n e the
a n g le be t wee n the m
” Thi s is kno w n a s
.
,

t h e dihed ra l a n g le .

S e t t ing O ut M i t re L i n e s on

M o u l d ing s .

Assu me th a t t w o piece s o f c o rnice mo u ldin g

a re t o be j o i n ed a t ri g ht a n g le s ; th at i s an ,

a n g le o f L et the secti o n o f the mou ld

in g be a s sh o w n in F ig 1 794 D ra w the pl a n
. .

o f t h e mo u ldi n g s a n d mi tr e a s a t F i g 1 795 . .

Then se t a be v el t o t h e mitre li n e C D T hi s .

will be the bevel t o a p p ly t o the t o p ed g e a s , F ig , 1 79 5 ,

i ndic a ted by the li n e C D ( F i g F or .

t h e bevel fo r t h e s lo p i n g b a ck th ro u g h the , F ig s . 1 794 a n d 1 79 5 .

— S e c t i on a nd p l a n of

a n g le a t A ( F i g 1 794) d ra w A B
’
. With A ’ ’
.
’
P o rt i on o f i
M t e re d C orn i c e , an d G eo me t r i l
ca

a s ce n tr e a n d c a s ra di u s d ra w the a re C B
’
,
’ ’
. Con s t ru c t i on i
fo r M t r e .
 B E VE L S : FIN D ING AN D S ET TING O U T . 555

le If the re a re s eve ra l mitres t o b e

'

a ng .

ma de a nd fa ll mee t a t the sa me a n g le a
, ,

si mp le r p l a n i s t o c o n stru ct a mitr e b o x

which will h o ld the mou ldi n g t o the exa ct

'

a n g le a s s h o w n a t F i
, g 1 797 a n d the mit re s.
,

c a n be c u t i n the u s ua l ma nn e r .

S e t t i ng O ut M i t re L ine s .

W he n s etting o u t a mitre blo ck for mou ld

i n g s meeti ng a t ri g ht a n g les a s sho w n a t A
F
( g i . it i s o n ly n ece ss a ry t o dra w a

s qu a re o n the t op bl o ck a s sh o w n a t A B c D

F
( g i . a n d the n the di a g o n a l A C i s t he

F ig . 1 79 6 4 . i
M t e re d L i ne s Dr a wn on li
M ou d ng .

F ig 1 797 .
—M ou ld ing i
i n M t re Box R e a d y for
i
.

Cu t t ng .

in Co nn ecti o n
with F ig 1 78 1 S e t the . .

bevel a s in di c a ted a nd a pp ly it t o the ,

s l o pi n g b a ck o f the mou ldin g a n d ma rk

it This will g ive a lin e a s indic a ted by
.

F ig 1 79 9 —
S e t t i ng O u t for t h e Cu t s on a
q i l k
. .

S u ar e M t r e B oc .

F i ve rt ica l
’
( g
’
A c 1 7 . As A E is a su r
fa ce the li n e A E indic a ted a t F i g 1 796
, .

c an be dra w n s qu a re Thi s p rin ciple c a n .

F ig . 1 798 .
—
S e t t i ng l
Ou t t h e A ng e s for Ob t u se
b e a p plied fo r mou ldin g s meetin g a t a n y and A c ut e l l
A ng e s o f P a n e M ou d ng s li .
5 56 C AR P ENTRY AN D JOINERY .

mi tr e li n e When the mou ldi n g s meet a t

. a ng le o f the w a ll D ra w a li n e p a ra llel t o it .
,

a n o btu s e o r a c u te a n g le a s B o r c ( F i g , . c o rr esp ondi ng t o b i i nte rsectin g it a t b , .

the bette r pla n i s t o s e t o u t the mitr e o n a J o in a b whi ch i s the pla n o f the mi tre lin e
, .

piece o f b o a rd a s a t F i g 1 800 S mo o th, . . F i g 1 802 s h o w s the elev a ti o n a nd pl a n

. The .

u p a b o a rd a n d sh o o t the ed g e then g a u g e ,
eleva ti on o f the p o i n t 6 i s o f c o u rse fou n d ’
, ,

a lin e a b ou t 4 i n ( sa y ) a w a y fro m the ed g e

. by p ro j ecting u p fro m 6 t o the li n e 6 o ’ ’
,

a n d s e t o u t the r equ i red a n g le a s i nd ic a ted ,

dra w n thro u g h the s ectio n o f the mou ldi n g
a t E H G ; n o w bi s ect thi s a n g le a n d p a ra llel t o a d F ro m a dra w a c a t ri ght ’ ’ ’
then ,
.
’ ’

H K i s the mitr e l in e A bevel s h o u ld n o w be a n g le s t o b c

’
a b c is the eleva ti o n o f t h e
’ ’ ’ ’
.

se t t o the mit r e li n e ( s e e F i g a n d the n ri ht a n l e d

g g t ri a n g le b 0 bei n p llel
-
a r a
.
g .
,

a pplied t o the mitr e blo ck a s illu s tra ted a t ,

t o the ve rtic a l pla n e i s s een i n t ru e len g th ,

F ig .
in the eleva ti on A C i s equ a l t o the width .

o f the u ppe r su r fa ce o f the mo ul di n n d

g a ,

is s ee n in the s ecti o n ; with the se li n es t h e

F i g 1 8 02 . .

1 8 00 .
— S e t t i ng Ou t i
M t re s .

F ig . 1 8 03 .

F ig . 1 8 02 .
— E l e v a t i on and P l a n of M ou d l i ng to
liq an Ob ue Ang l e .

F ig . 1 8 03 — E l v t i . e a on of R e t ur n M ou d l .

F ig . 1 8 01 .
— S e t t i ng O ut B l k oc for O b t u s e M t r e s i .

tri a n g le be dra w n The o ther bevel

c an .

fo r the ou t will o bvi o us ly be the a ng le

M i t re of M o u ld ing on O bl iq u e Co m e r .
d a c
’
To o bt a i n the bevels for the
’
.

To dra w the eleva ti o n a n d pla n o f a r eturn piece dra w the eleva ti on s h o w n in ,

mo u ldi n g mitr e rou n d a n o bliqu e a n g le o f a F i g 1 803 wher e a h is the c o rn e r o f the w a ll

.
,
’
,

w a ll a n d i n cli n ed o n b ot h w a ll s ( F i g a r the s l o pe o f t h e mo u ldi n g a 6 will be

’ ’ ’
.
, , .

dra w a e the el eva ti o n o f t h e c o rn e r o f the

’
,
equ a l t o a b ( F i g a nd c a n be dra wn
’ ’
.

w a ll Fro m a d ra w a d a t the sl a n t o f the

.
’ ’ ’
by p ro j ecting li n e s a c ro ss D ra w 6 l p a ra ll e l .
’

mo ul di n g o n o n e w a ll D ra w d f a t ri g ht .
’
to a r D ra w the secti o n o f the mo u
’
.
l di n g
a n g les t o d a On d i dra w the s ecti o n o f r m Z ma ki ng m l equ a l t o the thickn ess o f
’ ’ ’
.
,

the mou ldi n g D ra w a d the pla n o f the

. the fro nt mo u ldi n g a nd r m a t ri g ht a n g le s ,

fa ce o f w a ll a nd b f p a ra l l e l t o it a t a di sta n ce
, to a F ro m a dra w a c a t ri g ht a n g les
’ ’ ’

equ a l t o the thickn e ss o f the mo u ldi ng to b l P ro du ce c a t o A ma ke 0 A equ a l t o

’
. .
,

F ro m a d ra w a lin e a t a n a n g le equ a l t o t h e r l j oi n A b
,
A b c i s the a n g le r equ i r ed
’
.
’
.
 5£ IN D E X .

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,

f o r , 1 42 , 1 43
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*
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*

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3 1 8 32 3 - B id r e
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2 5 5 2 57
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M ort i c e , 1 1
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28 0, 2 8 1
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B r d g i ng Ji o sti i D e t e r m n ng S z e i i
Ch m n e y s R dg e s a nd i P u r nsli
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c e s s e s , 3 4 3 5 , 42 i l i l ,

C r c e o u c r c e A r c h , C e nt r e s f o r
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D o o r s ( se e D o o r s )
S a sh F r a me s *
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*

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3 77
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*
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D oo r , B e a d F l u sh P a ne l
D oo r , M t e r ng B e a d of , 31 7t o,
*
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N o t c h ng , 55, 118
*
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*
53 9 E i ti ca h ea de d i l n n g s f o r S a sh ll p l Li i ,

l l
-

iL ii
,

F r a me e ss S t a b e
*
3 24 3 2 5 D o o r s , Va r e t e s o f C o m m o n , 3 -
*
1 2 F a me
r
*
45 9
F r a me s *
31 2 D oo rwa y
,

i n ng s F r a me d a n d O e n i n g , S o fli t n ng for p ,

Li i
F x ng , 31 4 ii ,

P a ne e d
*
51 6 51 9 49 6 5 02 ll , ,

H lf i k ll Li i
- -
,

in a t mb e r o r -
, D oo rwa y s , P a n e e d n W n g s f o r , S a sh F r a m e *
45 8 461 ,
-

*
2 02 *
3 63 3 65 ‘ i n d ow ,
*
446 449 W
ll kl J
- -

in H a Scre e n *
52 3 S e e t on a m b s f o r 3 64 E l m 47
Ji
o n e r y o f , 3 2 6 332
,

T wo B ra c e d and T r u ss e d A m e r c a n , 47
, ,

i
L il
-

e dg e d
*
31 2
i P a rt t on s for
*
98 ii
E m e r y O st o n e s 24
,

G l
, , ,

R e b a t ng , 31 9 D orme r ab ed
*
1 8 2 1 84 E n d o g e n o u s T i m b e r 28
i Gl i H lf i l li
-
, , ,

a nd F ra m ng u ng a nd in M a nsa r d w t h F a t E n g s h O a k 48
W e dg i g n u p,
*
33 1
, a
*
R o o , 1 97, 1 98 f
B r t h s A u t o ma t c T mb e r D r e r i ’
,

i i i
f
-
,
*
F r o n t e nt r a nc e , 3 65 3 73 M a n sa r d R oo T r u s s *
3 2 33
l
, ,

d F m *
36 5 37 3 *
E va li s a n d S w a 1 n s o o d e n F oor W
— 1 3 4, 1 3 6
a n r a e
i
ii i Wi
-
, , ,

M o r t s n g a n d T e no n ng
, ndows
*
1 80 1 98 gz ,
-

F r a m e o f , 3 69 Bay *
1 86 E xe t e r a mm e r ,
*
18 H
, M ou l i
d ng F r a me of
*
3 69 F r a m e wo r of
*
1 81 E xo g e n o u s T m b e r 2 8
,

k i
—
P a ne s of l *
3 72 3 73 o nt s fo r
*
1 83
,

xo g e n s 26 Ji , ,

i
R e b a t n g F r a m e o f ; 3 69
,

i n M a nsa r d R oo
,
*
1 84 a nd E ndog e ns, D i fie r e n c e
,

f ,

i
S e t t ng O u t *
3 68 369 b e t w e e n 28
H a u n c h ng R a i il of
*
3 72
,

N o r t h Co u n t r y S t y e o
,

l f E x a n d i n g Ce n t r e B t s *
21 p ,

i
Hi ii , , ,
* *
ng e s , F x ng , 33 9 3 0 4 1 87 1 96
J L i G l
-
,

a mb
*
*
i n n g s , 3 3 5 336 *
3 42 St o ne ab e d, 1 96 1 97
l l
, , , ,
*
( se e a l so
*
3 46 D ou b e F oors 74 78
Ji o ne r s R o d s for
’ *
2 89 2 93 F oor s D o u b e ) l ,

l
Ji i l
-
, ,

D o u b e h u n g S a s h F r a m e , 42 7
* *
o nt s fo r B o a r d n g f o r 31 9
L l i
-
,

F ra m e d a n d B r a c e d D o u b e ma r g n
*
a rg e D oor s 3 73 3 75
i
-
,
*
S li d n g 2
3 6 *
38 1 3 90
L
-
,

Ci r c u l a n f r a m e d
*
e dg e d, 31 2 31 8 -
,
*
a nd B ra c e d 31 6 31 8 3 90
v l H lvi Ji l
-
,

Mou l d s for S a sh F ra me
’

31 6 Do e t ai a ng o nt s Sh ou F ace
Ji
— , o n t s f o r *3 1 6 H
,
*
d e re d
*
55 e a ds 465
P r e a ri ng p *
31 5 31 6
,

o nt s
*
61 , 62 *
Ji ,

a n d S o ffi t M o u d s f o r C i r c u
,

l
Ji
, , , ,
*
M ai n E nt r a n c e *
53 1 Lap o nt s
*
55 l a r Door 3 92 3 93
M e a s u r i n g f o r 3 70 ,
,

e dg e d o i nt
*
62 64 L J
F a n i g h t a n d Ca s e m e nt s
*
443 449
,

, ,
l , ,

, ,
5 60 IN D E X .

Fan liF g ht Ca s e me nt s i n S o l d
a nd i i
F l o o r P u g g n g f o r , * 91 G b l d D m 1 82 1 8 4 *

r a me
*
446 449 -
,

i l
S n g e , * 69 72
a
a
e
l l y P b l 2 30 23 1
er
or
o rt a
er,
*

p f G ll R i d i T i mb 41
e
,
, ,
i n O u t e r Door, *
3 46 3 49 ' S o u nd roo *
91
i n
-
a s, n
P e d m e n t a n d , *5 41
k l i
S t r u t t n g , 8 1 82
*
,

G t i 2 1 5 21 6
a n r e s,
*
, e r,

F a wc e t t 8
’
o o d b lo c W
F oo r ,
lp
*
97 T r mm n g i i o s t f o r , 71 Ji ,

G y B i t h f 2 1 6 21 7
a nt r c
,

or,
*

F e a t h e r , S i , 61
l l
F e t , S a g 91
*
I r i mm i n g R o u n d O e n n g s ,
‘

z; p i D e rr c ik ,

T o w e r , 2 2 1 , 222
*
,

, Dog s
*
f o r , 2 1 7, 2 1 8
i ,

F b r e s T w s t e d i n T m b e r *41 42 i i i
w t h T r u s s e d B e a m s *8 0, 8 1 i
E r e c t n g *2 1 6, 2 1 7
il
F e s Saw *
,

1 7, 1 8
, , ,

W o o d b oc
*
93 97 l k , ,

J i
o nt s ,
*
21 8
,

W
,

oo d wo r e r s ,
*
23
,

k ’

B t u me n f o r i 94
,

v l
Mo a b e , t o Su pp vl
il i
F l s t e r s S a sh , *1 4 , Ch e
*
96 q ,

ler
,
*
22 3 , 22 4
o r t T ra e

i
Fi , R ga
r
*
44
, uer
D e s g n s f o r *9 6 i ,

v v
o e r P a e me nt
,
*
21 8
J i
, , ,
S c o t c h , 44 , D u fiy s P a t e nt , *
96
’
St rut *
56
p
S r u c e , 43 , 44 F a wc e t t s *
97
’
Towe r
o nt s ,
*
2 2 1 , 22 2
i
T m b e r , C o n e r t e d 43 v F x n g , 96 ii ,

v ll
f o r T r a e e r , *2 24
,

P r u ss a n 44 45 i ,

G
e a r y s P a t e nt
*
96
’
G Cu t t ng i *
3
U
n c o n e r t e d , 44 v , ,

e rr ng b o ne , H i *
95
, aug e s
ki
M a r n g *3
, ,

W i h t e 44 o nt ng , J i i
96 , P a ne l *
3
,

i ,

p f
F r e ro o P a rt t o ns , 1 1 0
,

ii ,

a y n g , 94 L i 95 G
,
’
e a r y s P a t e nt ood b oc F oor , W l k l
W oo d e n F oo r s,
*
91 93 l ,

, P a ne a nd F r a me D e l ,
*
96, 97
i l
-

F r m e r Chi s e s
i
*
11
J i i
s g n of ,
*
96 G e ome t r c a e ad i l n ng s to H Li i
q Wi p i
,
*
F sh e d B u t t o nt , 59 , P a r u e t , 97 D oo r a n d n d o w O e n ng s
Ji
o nt s ,
*
57 P r e a r ng p i
B a s e me nt *
494, 495
,

w th a rdwoo d i H eys
*
58 K fo r
,

S ayed pl Ve ne e r e d Li i
K
e y e d a nd Bo t e d ,
*
58 l ,

, So
,

d 93 li f o r P o sh e d
n ng s
li *
495 W k
a n d Ta b e d o nt s , l Ji T e D e s g n o f *96 il i ,

To o s , *
1 4
o
l
r ,

l
F a t h e a d S c r e ws , 25
l
- *
Tu r pi
n s P a t e n t , *9 6
’
,

i l
G m e t h a n d e S c r e d r e rs , 20 l w iv
Gi l
-

F oor *
68 9 7 -
o o d f o r , 93W m e t s , 20 *

i i Gi l i i i
,
,

B a se m e nt , *
68 , 69 w th ro u g h t W B nde r *
74 rd e r , F o o r , D e t e r m n n g S ze
i
B n d e r , D e t e r m n n g S ze o f i i i 75
, ,

o f , 8 5 86
l i L i li l
,
,

84 8 5 F oo r ng , a y ng B a t c 89 f o r F r a m e d F o o r , 78
pp k Gl p p
,
,
B o a r d s , 8 6 91 , Sh i M a r s o n 86
’
a s s a e r , 22 , 2 3
pi
-
e rs
C r a m n g , 89 9 0
i i G i , S t a c ng , 87 ki ,

Gl a ze d ii P a rt t o n, S e t t ng Ou t i
i
,
,
D re c t o n of ra n in T m b e r f o r , 86 *
5 22 52 3
l i i l Gl
, , ,

F y ng H
Sh ore s , u e , 25
w it h H din ea g Ji o nt s *
235 2 38
or o r zo n t a
Gl u e b rus h 25
d L i Gl
-

Cr o s se
J i f
a y ng ,
*
89 il i
S h o r e s fo r B u d n g s o f U n u e p ot
*
25
,

q lHi Gl l ki
, -
,
*
90, 9 1
o nt s or , e ghts
*
u e d B oc
*
63
L i
a y ng ,
*
8 8 90 l
e ua
l L i
F o de d F oors
2 36
*
8 8 89
,

Gl i W a nd
ng s
e d i ng u p Doors
,

i
-
u ng
ay n g g
l i ii i
-
, , ,
Oa k B ord e r F t t e d to, F o d i n g a n d S l di n g P a r t t o n s a n d F ra m ng 3 3 l1

l i M h i f 87
*
5 44- 5 49
,

G o t hi c A r c h , C e n t r e or ,
*
266 2 68
,

f
Si
P a n ng ac ne or , F orst ne i Au g e r B i t *
22 G o t hi c o n c r c e A r c h , C e n t e ri n g
-
i l
i il
~
,
f 8 6 87 ze s o F o u n d a t o n s , P e Ti m b e r f o r 5 1 for, *
2 64, 2 65
S ki 87 88 tac ng
, ,

F o u r a ne e dp Mou d e dll ,

l ,

G *
13
T im b
-
D oor , ou g e s,
G p G
, ,

f 5 1 86 er or, *
3 33 3 3 5 , *
3 42 3 4 6 ra n d St a nd for S ort s rou nd
i
,
, ,
*
B d
mp
90 ra s, a n g ng
*
337 3 40H *
2 2 8 23 0
C 8 9 90
ra
mm i g S i f Gi d
s
* ,

O u t e r D o o r , 3 46 3 49
*
,

G i l
r e c a n O g e e B a s e M o u di n g ,
*
468
i i vl l i
,

D ete r n ze o r er F o x n e s s i n T m b e r 41 O o o M o u d ng *
468
il Ji Gi
,
, ,
f 85 8 6
or, F o xt a T e no n *
r n d st o n e s ,
*
23
bl
o nt s 67
G i li i
,
,
*
D 74 78
ou e F r a me S a sh ( s e e S a s h F r a m e ) V a u t ng , Ce nt e r n g f o r
Bi d
-
,
, ro n ,
*
I f 75 77 ro n n e rs or, F r a me d a nd B ra c e d Door a nd *
28 4 28 6
St l Bi d f 77 ee n e rs or,
,
*
F r a me *
3 1 8 32 3 G v Ji
ro o e d a n d To ng u e d o nt ,
*
62
G l
, , -
,

Bi d
a n g i ng 32 0 H r o u n d F oo r s ,
*
68 , 69
W d f oo en n ers or , M a ng *
31 9 ki ,

Gu a
rii e a d s for S a sh F r a m e s ,
74 75
bl b
S d n g D o o r , *3 2 6 li i ,
fl‘

G t t b hi d P p t 1 64
.

D d d
ou 91 e- oa r e D o o r , *33 5 *

E t im t i g L
u e rs e n a ra e
l l
,
,
s d 83 a n oa o n, F o o r s ( se e F o o r s F r a me d )
, Fi p f 91 93re roo ,
* -
a nd P a ne e d
*
n ng s to ll Li i ,

D o o r w a y , 5 1 6 51 9
m % , l
F r a m e e s s S t a b e D o o r s *3 2 4 3 25 l , ,

F r a m e s , D o o r ( s e e D o o r F r am e s )
Hin t on a nd Da y
’
s, 92 F ra me wo r T ry ng k *
32 6 3 27 i Up
S o l d , 92 i *
F r a r i ng fo r S t a g ng ,
gg o
,

o nt s f o r i Ji , ,

F r a me d ,
,
*
78 8 0
Gi
-

r de rs
S t r ru
f o r , 78
Ir o n s f o r , i p *
80
F r e n c h Ca se m e nt s w t h B o x ng i i
Sh ut t e rs *
449 45 8
Gi r d e r for 86 , F t t ng ,— *
454 i i ,

G rou nd ,
*
68 , 69
,

t o O e n In w a r d s *
p443 H lf t imb
a er F ra m i ng T imb er for ,
i
-
, ,

g
l e r ri ng b o ne St rut t ng for 446 51
il W k
,
; 2 1 99 2 1 4 *
N a s , 24 or
J—i ll l p
,

D oo
*
Dowe e d
o nt , 90 , F r o n t e nt r a nc e r ( se e D o o r ,
, A ng e o s t s i n , 2 01
* *
, E dg e 90 9 1 F ro nt e nt r a nc e ) o n Co t t a g e , 2 02 2 04
llip i l Wi
, .

e a de d,
*
90 H F r u st u m of E t ca Co n e , D oo r a nd nd ow
Ir o n T o n g u e *
90 ,
*
497
,

f
r a me s i n
*
2 02 ,

F o r m s o f , 2 01
* *
91
—
, R e b a t e d ,
*
90 on ab e ,
*
2 06 G l
a nd F eted,
*
90 ill ou se ,
*
2 05 H
roo e d a nd G v , Sh a m,
*
2 06, 2 08
T o ng u e d
,
*
90 T m b e r f o r , 1 99 i
S t r a g h t , 90*
,

i H a ll *
S c r e e n w t h D o o r , 5 2 3- 5 25 i
Ji
o st s
,

B r d g i ng D e t e r mi n i H a lv J i
ed o nt s
*
5 4, 5 5 , 5 9*

i n g S z e o f 83 8 4 i , ,

B e e e d , 55 *
v ll ,

D e t e r m n ng i i
S ze s of
, ,

i D o u b e , 59*
l
52
,

Do e t a Sh ou d e r e d 9 v il l
Su o rt ng , pp i
82
*

l
55
Ji ii
e ght Wi
o n , 82 83 G bl H lf t im
a e d,a b e re *
2 06 H a vi n g o st e o n P a r t t o n ead, H
lli
-

L i
ay n g F ol d e d , *
88 89
,

P a ne
,

ng
*
21 0
*
72
Loa d on 83 ,
,

T r e a t me n t ,
*
21 0
,

H a mm e r , A d z e e y e ,
*
18 -
 an IN D E X .

J o i nt s , T e no n A ppli i
c a t o n o f , 67 Led ‘
i
M t e re d But t J i
geg
a nd B ra c e d Door , 31 6 o nt s ,
D o u b e , 67*
l ,

J i t S t 62 64
o n
*

D o e t a , * 67 v il D oor s ( D oo r s , L dg d ) Mor ti Ch i l 11
, e c re
*
, ,

F o xt a , * 67
—H
il a nd
se e
F r a me s , *
e
3 1 2 31 8
e
J i t Ch
ce
o n s, 55 56
a se ,
se s,
*

L v l S pi i
-

a u nc h e d ,
*
67
i e e s, r t, *
4 d T an D w b
e no n , i g 31 8
ra
.

or n
*

Li Ji J i J i
, -
,
P n n e d , * 67 P
ne n
’
R ods for , t
o ne rs ( o n s
P r o o r t o n n g , 67 p
i l i i *
3 07 308
r e ss ,
T e n o n)
t se e o n ,

S ng e , *
67
p Li i g L T i mb
n n
,

og e r,
*
38 Mo rt ii s ng a nd T e no n i ng D oor ,
S t u m o r St u b,
k
*
67 Li i g M t i l
n n a er a 3 72
P i t h pi f
,
,

D o o r r a m e , 369
*
T u s , 67 f 48 1 ne or ,
i Li i B v l f
c
l W ki
-
,
T e no ne d a nd B r d s mo u t h *
M o u d , T h u mb ,
’
5 5 1 , 5 52 *
472
l n ng s , e e s or , or ng
-

S h o u d e r e d , *61
f o r T e n s o n , *5 7 i F r a me d a n d P a n e e d , f o r
*
ll l ii ll
M ou d e d a n d P a n e e d F r a me d
P a r t t o n , * 520 5 2 2
,

D o o rwa y , 51 6 51 9
p i G i l l i
-

a nd Co m r e s s o n , e o me t r c a ead to H Mou d ng F r a me of F r o nt e u
Wi p i
-
,

Door a nd nd ow O e n ng s , t r a n c e D o o r , 3 69
*

Cr o s s St ra i n,
*
494, 495 l i
M o d g , 468 480
u n s
*
*
57 S ay e d, bu t pl up in il l
A n g e o r R e t u r n e d B e a d * 468

—
T o e , *5 6
i
*
i
S e c t o n s , 495 i v
Ar c h t r a e *
468
,

ill
, ,

Tre d g ol d N o t c h ng , *
Ve ne e r e d A st r a g a l , a n d F
—
*
55 ets 468
ii li k i v
, ,

W
,

€6
c r T r u sse d P a rt t o ns ,
*
98 , P o sh e d or ,
*
495 , 496 B e a d a r c h t r a e * 468
l f o r S a s h F r a me , E llip i l t ca l i
B o e ct on *
3 63 ,
*
468
,

T r u s s e d F r a me d P a r t i *
h e a d e d , 459 W ki 472 or
,

ng
*

llip i l i l C v t Q i k d Og , ,

t ions, *
1 01 , 1 02 S o fli t , E t ca Co n ca , a e to 468 *

Tu s k T e n o n , *5 6 *
497 Cl i g Up 474 475
ean n
u r
*
e ee ,

a nd eyed,
*
71 K fo r llip i l
E t ca h e a de d
,

C mm o 469 on,
*
, ,

p
-

b e t w e e n T i e b e a ms , *
O e n i n g , 496 5 02 C i W ki g 473
or n c e or n
*

pl Ci l
-
,

1 25 V e ne e r e d S ayed t o Op e u 473 474 rc u ar,

*

i l
T w i n -t e n o n , *67
f
n i i l H
i g w t h C rc u a r ead,
"
5 03
,

C v4 d T h mb R b P l
ur
,

e u e
,

at e a ne
V e r t c a S c a r , *5 9 L o g T mb e r ,i Li i n ng ,
*
38 f 70
or,
*

W for l k l o o d -b o c F o o r , 96 L o ndon Sc r e wd r iv e rs,

*
20 C tti G g f
u ng 471 au e or,
*

J i o i i i
s t , B r d g n g , D e t e r m ni n
g S i ze C m R t
y 468a ec a
*

D i mi i h i g
,

o f , 83 , 8 4 475 476
n s n
*

ili Ce i n g , B n d e r Ch a s e d mo r
,

D 3 62 oor ,
*
, ,

ti g
-
,

t i se d f o r *
74 P1 -
an n
i i i bl F h it v 468
, , ,

l o o r , D e t e r m n ng S ze s o f .
g
‘ *
, D ou A e ace rc ra e ,

S T 468 o ru s ,
*

pp i Su o rt ng ,
*
82 E l gi n ar 476 ng
*

i Fi i d F it t i g
, ,

T mb e r f o r , 5 1 x ng a n 475 n
*

i i Fi ti g ll d
, ,

T r m m n g , 71 t n , f P or a ne e
Wi e g h t o n , 8 2 , 83 Li i
,

363
n ng s,
*

i i H G i Og B
g
a l vi n g , o n P a r t t o n
*
e a d, re c a n 468 ee a se
Ov l
s ,

”
"
o o,
H i g t T imm ous n 71 o * M a h og a ny
— 51 50 L mb T g a 468
’
s on ue
*
r e rs ,
ki g f M i i g d
, ,
: ,
,
, ,

; B a y w o o d , 50 5 1 M ar n or t er n an
S pp ti g b W ll 82 ib i
,

u or n y
* H
on dur a s 50 S
,

cr 48 0 ng
,
*

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