IRIGASI CURAH

(SPRINKLER IRRIGATION)

Dr.Ir.. Sugeng Prijono,

Dr.Ir Prijono, MS
 Definition

Pressurized irrigation through

devices called sprinklers

Sprinklers are usually located on
pipes called laterals

Water is discharged into the air and
hopefully infiltrates near where it
lands
 Kesesuaian Pemakaian

Tanaman

Cocok hampir semua tanaman (pohon, semak,
hamparan), dapat disiramkan di atas atau di bawah
kanopi

Tidak cocok untuk beberapa jenis sayuran yang mudah
rusak karena tetesan air

Kemiringan lahan

Cocok untuk lahan datar maupun bergelombang

Tanah

Paling cocok untuk tanah pasiran, tapi cocok untuk
hampir semua tipe tekstur

Air irigasi

Cocok untuk air yang bersih dan bebas sedimen
Fixed sprinkler
Traveling Volume Gun Sprinkler Irrigating
Travelling gun sprinkler
 Permanent Lateral

Laterals are permanently placed

(enough to irrigate the entire area)

Laterals are usually buried, with
risers or pop-
pop-up sprinklers

Easily automated and popular for
some agriculture/hort
agriculture/hort applications

Capital investment can be high
Solidset sprinkler
 Periodically Moved Lateral

Single lateral is moved and used in
multiple locations

Examples:

Hand-move
Hand-

Tow--line/skid-
Tow line/skid-tow (lateral is pulled across
the field)

Side--roll (lateral mounted on wheels that
Side
roll to move the lateral)

Fairly high labor requirement
Portable Solid-
Solid-Set Sprinkler System
Side--roll wheel
Side wheel--move sprinkler
Side--Roll Sprinkler Lateral
Side
 Moving Lateral

Single lateral moves automatically
(mounted on wheeled towers)

Examples:

Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle)

Linear or lateral move systems (lateral
moves in a straight line)

Fairly high capital investment
Center Pivot System with Spray Pad Sprinklers
 Komponen Irigasi Curah
pompa mainline

sumber
lateral

sprinkler

Contoh untuk sprinkler tak bergerak

 System Components (5)

Laterals

Pipelines that provide water to the sprinklers

May be below, on, or above the ground

Risers

Smaller diameter pipes used to bring water from the
lateral to the sprinkler

Purposes

Raises the sprinkler so that the plants won't
interfere with the water jet

Reduces turbulence of the water stream as it
reaches the sprinkler

Mainlines and submains

Pipelines that supply water to the laterals

May serve several laterals simultaneously
 Impact Sprinklers

Sprinklers

Devices (usually brass or plastic) with one or more
small diameter nozzles

Impact sprinklers

Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws
water out farther)

Spreader nozzle (optional; Applies more water close
to the sprinkler)

Trajectory angles

Part--circle sprinklers
Part

Used in all types of irrigation, but especially
agricultural crops
 Impact Sprinklers

RainBird 30 RainBird 14 RainBird 70

 Impact Sprinklers
Two--nozzle, bronze impact sprinkler
Two

Range (Drive) Nozzle

Impact Arm

Trajectory
Angle Spreader Nozzle

Bearing
 System Components (2)

Gear--driven rotors (rotary heads)
Gear

Energy in the water turns a turbine that
rotates the nozzle through a gear train

Typically used in large, open landscape
areas
Turbine--driven rotor w/ adjustable spray angle
Turbine
 System Components (3)

Spray Pad devices

Water jet strikes a plate or pad

Pad spreads the water and may be smooth
or serrated

Popular on center pivot and linear move
systems
 Spray Pad Sprinklers
(ozzle

Smooth Deflector Pad Serrated Deflector Pad

 Pop--Up Spray Head
Pop
Full--circle, 4-
Full 4-inch, Pop-
Pop-up spray head w/ Funny Pipe Riser

Pipe Thread-
Thread-Barb Adapters

“Funny Pipe” Riser

 System Components (4)

Spray heads

Heads do not rotate

Nozzle is shaped to irrigate a certain
angle of coverage

Typically used for small or irregularly
shaped areas

Pop--up heads are installed flush with
Pop
ground and rise when pressurized
Pop-up spray head with adjustable coverage
Pop-
angle from 1º - 360º
Pop-up, turbine rotor with riser
Pop-
extended
Pop--Up Turbine Rotor Sprinklers in
Pop
Operation
 Kinerja sprinkler

Debit sprinkler

Jarak lemparan

Pola distribusi

Rata--rata aplikasi
Rata

Ukuran tetesan (droplets)
 Sprinkler Performance (1)

Discharge

Depends on type of sprinkler, nozzle size,
and operating pressure

q s = 29.82Cd D 2
P

qs = discharge (gpm)

Cd = discharge coefficient for the nozzle and
sprinkler ≈ 0.96

D = inside diameter of the nozzle (inches)

P = water pressure at the nozzle (psi)
 Sprinkler Performance (2)

Diameter of Coverage

Maximum diameter wetted by the sprinkler
at a rate that is significant for the intended
use

Depends on operating pressure and
sprinkler and nozzle design (including
trajectory angle)
Single Sprinkler
Pengaruh Tekanan Air
No wind

Elongated parallel pattern

Distribusi air dari sprinkler
Overlapped Sprinklers

Dry zone
Overlapped Sprinklers
Uniform Application:
Overlap ≥ 50% of
sprinkler wetted
diameter

Non-uniform
Non-
Application: Overlap
<< 50% of sprinkler
wetted diameter
Pengaruh Angin thd Jarak
Sprinkler
 Application Rate
d q
Ar = =
t a

Rectangular sprinkler layout
96 .3 q s
Ar =
SlSm

Ar = water application rate (inches/hour)

qs = sprinkler discharge rate (gpm)

Sl = sprinkler spacing along the lateral
(feet)

Sm = lateral spacing along the mainline
(feet)

Equilateral triangular layout
. qs
1112
Ar = 2
S

S = spacing between sprinklers (feet)

Depth of water applied

Ig = Ar To

Ig = gross depth of water applied per irrigation
(inches)

To = actual time of operation (hours)
Maximum Spacing of
Sprinklers
 Efficiencies

Application efficiency (Ea)
dn
Ea =
dg

dn = net irrigation depth

dg = gross irrigation depth

fraction or percentage

Water losses

Evaporation

Drift

Runoff

Deep percolation
 Distribution Uniformity

Distribution uniformity (DU)
 d LQ 
DU = 100  
 dz 

dLQ = average low-
low-quarter depth of water
received

dz = average depth applied

Popular parameter for surface irrigation
systems in particular
 Application Uniformity

Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (CU)
 n
dz − di 
CU = 100 1 − ∑ 
 i =1 nd z 

n = number of observations (each representing the
same size area)

dz = average depth for all observations

di = depth for observation i

Popular parameter for sprinkler and
microirrigation systems in particular

For relatively high uniformities (CU > 70%)
70%)
Sprinkler Uniformity Test
(catch cans placed on a 5 ft x 5 ft grid)
 Adequacy

Because of nonuniformity
nonuniformity,, there is a tradeoff
between excessive deep percolation and plant
water stress

Adequacy: the percent of the irrigated area that
receives the desired depth of water or more

Figure 5.3 (a – d)

Plotting the percentage of area in the field that
receives a given depth of irrigation water or more
gives a distribution uniformity curve

Irrigating for a longer or shorter time moves the
curve up or down

System modifications may be required to change the
shape of the curve
Figure 5.3a

SWD
Fig 5.3b

SWD
Figure 5.3c

SWD
Figure 5.3d

SWD