Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Secondary 1-3)
TEXTILES AND
TEXTILE
TECHNOLOGY
Booklet 1 Family and Lifestyle
Blending can be classified into different categories based on the textile fibre
composition or way of blending used. The following are some common combinations of
different fibre types:
Apart from composition, classification of blended fabrics can be based on the way the
fibres are blended.
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Several types of bi-constituent or tri-component fibres with different textile materials A,
B and C are fused together to form a single fibre
Low cost
Quick development time
Advantages of different fibre components can be combined and manifested
Enhancement of particular advantages of a fibre component
Minimise, reduce or compromise of demerits of a fibre component
Give a chance to fine tune various properties to suit different applications by
changing fibre composition
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19.2 Yarn
The conversion of fibres into yarns is called yarn spinning. The principle of yarn
spinning is twisting fibres together for coherence. There are two common processes for
yarn production, viz ring and open end spinning.
(i) Carding
(ii) Combing
Carded yarn
Combed yarn
Flowchart illustrating processes from harvesting cotton to shipping out for yarn spinning
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Saw ginning machine is used to separate cotton seeds from lint
Ring spinning
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(ii) Open-end Spinning (Rotor Spinning)
Open-end spinning
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19.2.2 Fibre Spinning
Fibre spinning is a similar process to yarn spinning but it refers to the formation of fibre
from polymeric substances. It is a manufacturing process of synthetic fibre.
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(c) Wet Spinning
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19.2.4 Novelty Yarns (Fancy Yarns)
(a) Bouclé
(b) Eyelash
(c) Flammé
(d) Ladder
(e) Ribbon
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19.2.5 Yarn Twisting
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19.3 Fabric Construction
Fabrics are usually traded in rolls. Some common terms for various parts of a fabric are
as follows:
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19.3.1 Woven Fabric
Woven fabric is the kind of fabric formed from interweaving two sets of yarns at a right
angle. Warp (or ends) yarns are parallel to the machine (lengthwise) direction. Weft
(filling or picks) yarns are horizontal to the cross machine (widthwise) direction.
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Poplin Chambray
(b) Twill
● This is a kind of woven fabric with the weft yarn passes over more
than one warp yarn.
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(c) Satin and Sateen
● Similar to twill, fabrics with a weft yarn pass over five to eight warp
yarns are classified as satin or sateen. For warp on the face, this kind
of fabric is called satin. For weft on the face, this kind of fabric is
called sateen.
satin sateen
corduroy
velvet
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19.3.2 Knit Fabrics
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(ii) Rib
(ii) Interlock
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(b) Warp Knit
● Warp knit is a technique commonly used to construct lace, mesh,
elastic knit, etc, for lingerie and swimwear.
(Source: http://www.asyoulikeitbridal.com)
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19.3.4 Fabric Properties
● dimensional stability
● strength
- tensile strength
- tearing strength
- bursting strength
● thermal insulation
● air permeability
● water proofing
● water absorbency
● heat stability
● static electricity
● thermal degradation
● pH Value
● yellowing
(c) Flammability
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19.4 Fabric Colouration
19.4.1 Dyeing
Dyeing Methods
(a) Batik Dyeing
● Part of the fabric is coated with wax and dyed. Dye can only penetrate
fabric area without wax. The waxed area is left blank.
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19.4.2 Printing
Printing Methods
(a) Direct Printing
● A process of printing dyes directly on fabrics to create print patterns.
This technique creates coloured patterns on white fabrics.
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19.5 Finishing
19.5.1 Pre-treatments
(a) Singeing
● the process of burning off loose fibres on protruding fabric
surfaces.
(b) Scouring
● the process refers to the washing off of impurities in fabrics.
(d) Bleaching
● bleaching is the process that removes natural colours present in
textile fibres.
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19.5.2 After-treatments
● easy care
● flame resistance
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● antistatic finishes
● moothproofing finishes
● anti-pilling finishes
● nano finishes
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19.6 Labelling and Trademarks
19.6.1 Labelling
(a) Fibre Labelling
● Fibre labelling is a mandatory requirement for textile articles in major
markets such as USA, Europe, etc. It requires all the textile products
to have labels that contain information in respect of fibre content of
products, manufacturer or importer identification and country of origin
at the point of sale.
Fibre label
USA Europe*
Cotton Cotton
Wool Wool
Silk Silk
Rayon / Viscose Viscose
Spandex / Elastane Elastane
Nylon Polyamide / Nylon
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(b) Care Labelling
● Care labelling is another mandatory requirement for wearing apparel
in USA. In Europe, there is no particular care labelling regulation. The
following diagram shows the care symbols used in USA.
children products
- Children’s garments or products require additional safety
considerations similar to toys.
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19.6.2 Trademark
(a) Woolmark
Woolmark is a globally reconginsed textile fibre brand and is the
guarantee of fibre content and quality specification. Through the
licensing of Woolmark, the products can be allowed to use the
related brand name: Woolmark, Woolmark Blend and Wool Blend.
(b) GORE-TEX
GORE-TEX is a technology in high-performance windproof,
waterproof and breathable clothing.
(c) Lycra
LYCRA® is a brand name for spandex / elastane. It is widely used in
swimwear, underwear, jeans, casual wear, tops, socks and hosiery.
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19.7 Latest Development and Environmental Issues
(d) UV Protection
the maximum UV protection (UPF) rating is 50+
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19.7.2 Smart Fabrics
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(c) Lyocell and Tencel®
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