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Music Education Research 

Volume 8, 2006 - Issue 3

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Original Articles

The development of rhythm at the age of

6–11 years: non-pitch rhythmic
improvisation
Pirkko Paananen 
Pages 349-368 | Published online: 23 Jan 2007
 Download citation  https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800600957487

Abstract

In the statistical and transcriptional analyses reported in this exploratory study,

original rhythms of 6–11-year-old children (N = 36) were examined. The hypotheses
were based on a new model of musical development, and tested empirically using
non-pitch rhythmic improvisation in a MIDI-environment. Several representational
types were found in cluster analysis. The types are comparable to those found in
earlier studies of rhythm. A dimensional conflict appeared between grouping and
metre, and was solved in the last substage (10–11 years). Age was found to be a
significant factor in the development of the hierarchy of form, the amount of
different rhythm patterns, the metrical hierarchy, as well as the understanding of
the relation of grouping and metre in rhythmic improvisation. The results supported
the hypotheses that, in the first substage, children focused on either the surface
(rhythmic figures) or deep (metric hierarchy) structures of the event. In the next
substage, surface and deep structures started to become coordinated, and by the
last substage, they were fully integrated.
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Notes

1. The participants’ abilities to use different metrical positions would not have been
reflected in normalized distributions.

2. Two of the improvisations were so unclear that it was impossible to transcribe them. As
a result, they obtained non-typical values in many variables, and were not grouped into
any of the clusters.

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