QUESTREVI

EW CENTER
1550EspanaBl
vd.Cor
.LacsonAv
e.,
Sampal
oc,
Mani
la

NOTESONCRI
MEDETECTI
ONANDI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

CDI
-3:SPECI
ALCRI
MEI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

SpecialCr i
me I nv estigati
on deals wi ththe study ofmaj orcr imes based on t he
appl
icationofspeci ali
nvest i
gativetechni
que.
Thest udyconcent ratesmor eonphy sicalevi
dence,i
tscollecti
on, handl
ing,i
dentifi
cat
ion
andpr eservati
onincoor dinat i
onwi t
hthecr i
mel aborat
ory.SpecialCrimeI nvesti
gationinvol
ves
acloser elati
onshipbetweent hepr oberinthef iel
dandt hecrimel aboratorytechnici
an.They
workt ogetherasat eam,r eact i
ngt oandext endingoneanot her’stheor i
esandf indi
ngsbot h
workingpat i
entlyandthor oughl ytosolveacr i
mef r
om thei
rinvesti
gativediscoveri
es.
Thepr esentcrimi nalj usti
cesy st
em i nourcount ry
,thecour treli
esmor eonphy si
cal
evi
dencer atherthanextr a-judici
al conf
ession.

HOMI
CIDEI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

HomicideI
nvesti
gat
ionistheoff
ici
alinqui
rymadebyt hepol
i
ceont hef
act
sand
ci
rcumst
ancessur
roundi
ngthedeat
hofapersonwhichi
sexpect
edtobeunl
awf
ul.

Pr
imar
yJoboftheInvesti
gator
1.Todi
scov erwhetheranoff
ensehasbeencommitt
edundert
hel
aw.
2.Todi
scov erhowitwascommi t
ted
3.Whocommi t
teditandbywhom itwascommitt
ed
4.Whenitwascommi tt
ed
5.Andundercertai
ncircumst
anceswhyitwascommitt
ed

Responsi
bil
it
iesofaHomi cideInvesti
gat or
1.Whencal ledupont oinv est
igateviol
entdeath,hestandsonthedeadman’sshoesto
producehi sinsti
nctsagainstthosesuspects.
2.Theent husi asm and intel
ligencet heinvest
igatorbri
ngsinthecasemar ksthe
differ
encebet weenamur dererbeingconvi
ctedandsetf r
ee.
3.Ifheinterpr etsacri
mi naldeathaccident
alornatural,
aguil
typer
sonissetf
ree.
4.Remembert hatthepoliceist hefir
stli
neofdef enseintheeff
ecti
veappl
icati
onof
criminaljust i
ce.

Mi
stakesi
ntheHomi cideInvesti
gati
on
1.Themi st
akesoft hehomi ci
deinvest
igatorcannotbecorr
ected.
2.Thehomi cideinvesti
gatorshoul
dnotcr ossthethreebr
idgeswhichheburnsbehi
nd
hi
m.Itisimpor t
antthatcompetentpersonneladequat
elyhandl
ethecase.

Thr
eeBri
dges:
a.Thedeadper
sonhasbeenmov
ed
b.Thecadav
eri
sembalmed
 c. Thebodyi
sbur
nedorcr
emat
ed

Basi
cGui
defortheInv
estigat
ortolookuponistoest
abl
i
shthef
oll
owi
ng:
1.Corpusdeli
ctiorfact
sthatcri
mewascommi tt
ed
2.Met hodofoperati
onofthesuspect
3.Identi
tyoft
hegui l
typar
ty

Tit
leEight
CRI
MESAGAI NSTPERSON
(Dest
ructi
onofLif
e)

Ar.246.Par
t ri
cide–Anypersonwhoshal
lkil
lhisf
ather
,mother
,orchi
l
d,whet
herl
egi
ti
mateor
i
ll
egit
imat
e,oranyofhi
sascendant
sordescendant
s,orhi
sspouse,
shal
lbegui
lt
yofpar
ri
ci
de.

Penal
tyRecl
: usi
onPer
pet
ua(
20y
ear
sand1dayt
o40y
ear
simpr
isonment
)todeat
h.

El
ements:
1.Thatapersoniskil
led.
2.Thatthedeceasediskil
ledbytheaccused.
3.Thatthedeceasedi st
hef at
her,mother,orchi
l
d,whet
herlegi
ti
mateoril
legi
ti
mate,ora
l
egit
imateotherascendantorotherdescendant
,ort
helegi
ti
matespouse,
oftheaccused.

Art.247. Deat horphy sicalinj

ur i
esi nfli
ct edunderexcept i
onalcir
cumst ances–Anyl egall
y
mar r
iedper sonwho,hav i
ngsur prisedhi sspousei nt heactofcommi tt
ingsexuali ntercourse
withanot herperson,shallkil
lanyoft hem orbot hoft hem intheactorimmedi atelythereafter,
orshallinfl
ictuponthem anyser iousphy sicali
nj ury,shall
suffert
hepenaltyofdest i
erro.
I
fheshal linfl
i
ctupont hem phy sicalinj ur
iesofanyki nd,heshal lbeexemptf rom
punishment .
Theser ul
esshallbeappl icable,undert hesameci r
cumstances,toparents,withr espect
totheirdaught er
sunderei ghteeny earsofage, andt heirseducer,whi
lethedaught ersarel i
ving
withtheirparents.
Anyper sonwhoshal lpromot eorf acil
itatepr osti
tut
ionofhiswi f
eordaught er,orshall
otherwisehav econsent edt ot hei nfideli
tyoft heot herspouseshal lnotbeent it
ledt ot he
benefit
soft hisarti
cle.

Penalt
y:Desti
err
o(prohi
bit
iontoent
ertheplaceorpl
acesdesi
gnat
edi
nthesentence,
norwit
hin
theradiusther
einspecif
ied,whi
chshallbenotmorethan250andnotl
essthan25kilomet
ers
from t
heplacedesignat
ed.

Ar.248.Mur
t der– Anyper sonwho,notf al
lingwi t
ht hepr ov i
sionsofAr ti
cle246,shallkil
l
anot
her,shallbegui l
tyofmur derandshal lbepuni shedbyr eclusi
onper pet
uatodeat h,if
committedwithanyoft hefollowingattendantci r
cumst ances:
1.Wi t
ht reachery
,t aki
ng adv antageofsuper i
orst rength,wi thaid ofarmed men,or
empl oyi
ngmeanst oweakent hedef enseorofmeansorper sonstoinsur
eoraf ford
impuni t
y;
2.Inconsiderati
onofapr i
ce,rewardorpr omise;
3.By means ofI nundation,f i
re,poison,expl osi
on,shi pwr eck,str
anding ofvessel,
derail
mentorassaul tuponar ai
lr
oad,f allofanai r
ship,orbymeansofmot orvehicles
orwi t
ht heuseofanyot hermeansi nvol v
inggr eatwast eandr uin;
4.On occasi on ofanyoft he calamities ofan ear thquake,er upt
ion ofa volcano,
destructiv
ecyclone,epidemi corotherpubl iccalamity;
 5.Wit
hevidentpr
emeditat
ion;
6.Wit
hcruelty
,bydeli
beratel
yandinhumanlyaugment
ingt
hesuf
fer
ingoft
hev
ict
im,or
out
ragi
ngorscoff
ingathispersonorcor
pse.

Penal
ty:Recl
usi
onper
pet
ua(
20y
ear
s&1dayt
o40y
ear
simpr
isonment
)todeat
h.

El
ementsofmurder:
1.Thatapersoniski
ll
ed.
2.Thatt
heaccusedkill
edhim.
3.Thatt
hekill
ingwasattendedbyanyofthequal
i
fyi
ngci
rcumst
ancesment
ionedi
nAr
ti
cle
248.
4.Thekil
l
ingisnotparr
ici
deorinf
anti
cide.

TREACHERY
Pl
ainandsimpl
e,t
her
eist
reacher
yift
heof
fendedpar
tywasnotgi
venoppor
tuni
tyt
o
makeadefense.

MEANI NGOFPREMEDI TATION

Premedi
tati
onistheactofmedi ati
ngi nadvance;deli
ber
ationuponacontemplatedact;
adesignformtodosomet hingbeforeitisdone.
Theessenceofpremedi t
ati
onist hattheexecutionofthecrimi
nalactmustbepreceded
byCOOLTHOUGHTandREFLECTI ONupont heresolut
iontocarr
youtthecrimi
nali
ntentduri
ng
thespaceofti
meSUFFI CIENTt oarr
iveatacal mj udgment.
Therei
snoev i
dentpr emedi
tati
onwi thoutproofofplanni
ng.

EVIDENT–Cl eartotheeyeorjudgment .
ART.249.Homi cide–Anyper sonwho, notf
all
i
ngwithi
ntheprovisi
onsofArt
icl
e246(Par
ri
cide)
shallki
l
lanother
,withouttheattendanceofanyofthecircumstancesenumerat
edinthenext
precedi
ngart
icl
e(Arti
cle248),
shallbedeemedguil
tyofhomi ci
de.

Penal
tyRecl
: usi
ont
empor
al(
12y
ear
s&1dayt
o20y
ear
simpr
isonment
)

ART255.Inf
antici
de
Theki l
l
ingofachi l
dl essthanthr
eedaysofage,whet
hert
heki
l
leri
sthepar
entor
gr
andpar
ent,anyotherr
elat
iveofthechi
l
d,orast
ranger
.

Penalt
y:
1.Thepenal typr
ovidedi nparri
cideandmur dershal
lbeimposed.
2.Ift hecrimepenal izedint hi
sar t
icl
ebecommi t
tedbyt hemotheroft hechil
dt o
concealdishonor,sheshal lsufferthepenal tyofpr i
sionmayor(6y ear
s&1dayt o12y ears
i
mpr i
sonment )initsmedium andmaxi mum per iods.Ifcommit
tedbymat er
nalgrandpar
entsor
ei
theroft hem,t he penalty shallbe r ecl
usion temporal(12 years& 1 day to 20 y
ears
i
mpr i
sonment ).

HOMI
CIDEI
NVESTI
GATI
ONPROCEDURES

Cri
minalI
nvesti
gati
onofhomi ci
dei sadiscoveryprocess. Thei nvesti
gatorseeksto
discov
eranddocumentsuchf act
sast ypeofdeath,ident
ityofthedeceased,causeofdeat h
andmot i
vati
onandidenti
tyoft
heperpetr
ator.Inor
dertoresolvethesefundament alquesti
ons,
theinvesti
gati
onwill
focusonthecadaver,
crimesceneandpostmor t
em exami nati
on.
Thecadaverisoft
enofpri
mei mpor t
anceasani nv
estigati
vefactor.Thev ict
im’sbody
canr ev
ealmucht
hroughexami
nat
ionofwoundsandot
hert
ypesoft
raci
ngcl
uest
hatmaybe
present.

Establi
shi
ngtheFact sofDeath
Thef i
rstessenti
alstepofthehomici
deinvesti
gat
ionistoest
abli
shthatthevict
imis,
i
ndeed,dead.Pol i
ce offi
cers do nothavethe legalaut
hori
tyto pr
onounce death,only
physici
ans/medicaldoctorcanestabl
isht
hefactofdeath.Forthi
sreason,t
hepoliceoffi
cer
shouldneverassumedeat hunl
essthecondi
ti
onoft hevi
cti
m’sbodydemonstrat
esdeathina
tot
all
yobv i
ousmanner .

A.Deat
h–deat
hisdef
inedast
heabsenceofl
i
fei
nal
i
vingmat
ter
.

B.Ki
ndsofDeat h
1.Somat i
cDeat h–Cl i
nicalDeat h
Itisacompl ete,cont inuous,persistentcessat ionofr espi
rati
on,circul
ati
onand
almostallbrainf unctionsofanor ganism.I tisusuall
ypronouncedbyaphy sici
anor
othermember soft hef ami l
y.
2.MolecularDeat h-CellularDeat h
Iti
sthecessat i
onofl ifeoft heindi
vidualcellsinthewholebody ,whichoccursoneat
atimeaf tersomat icdeat h.
3.ApparentDeat h–St ateofSuspendedAni mat i
on
Iti
sthest ateoft empor arycessati
onofv i
talacti
v i
ti
esoft hebodyorv i
talpr
ocesses
weredepr essedt ot hemi nimum compat i
blewi t
hl i
fe.Thiscondit
ionisnotactuall
y
deathalthoughcl assifiedundert heki ndsofdeat h,becausetheper sonororganism
issti
ll
alivealthoughi tseemst hattherearenosi gnsofl i
fe.

C.Si
gnsofDeat h
1.Cessationofrespirat
ion
2.CessationofHear tBeati
ngandCi
rcul
ati
on
3.Coolingofthebody
4.Insensi
bil
ityofthebodyandlossofpowert
oremov
e
5.Changesi ntheeyes
6.Changesi ntheskin

Ident ifyi
ngtheCadav er
Establishingt hei dent i
tyoft hev i
ctimi simpor tant ,i
twi llprov i
det racingcl uest ot he
mot iveandi dent i
tyoft heper petrator,wi t
ht hei dentityknown,t hei nvestigatorcanf ocus
at tenti
onont hev icti
m’ sbackgr oundandest abli
shapossi blemot ivethroughsuchi nformation.
Vi ctimsencount eredi nindoorsceneswi llnormallyhav ei dentifyi
ngdat aont hebody ,orsuch
dat awi llbeav ail
ablet hroughoutt hecr imescene.I nout doorscenes, suchev i
dencei snor mal l
y
notasr eadil
yav ail
able,sincet hev ictimisr emov edf rom t heper sonalenv ir
onmentandal so
out doorscenemaynotbedi scov eredf orlongper i
odoft ime;t husev idencemaybedest r
oy ed
byel ement sofnat ureorwi llbel ost.I ft
herear enoi dent ifyi
ngpaper sont hev ictim’ sperson,
finger pri
ntshoul d be used as means ofi dentifi
cat i
on. I ff i
nger printi dent if
icati
on i s
unsuccessf ul,theinv esti
gat ormustr elyonot hermet hodst oest abli
shi dent i
ty.
Dentalst ructuresar ehi ghlyr esist
antt odestruction,andar ef r
equent l
yusef ulwhent he
ot herpor ti
onsoft hebodyar et ot
allydecomposed( Forensi cOdont ology ).Theskel etalremai ns
oft hev i
cti
m mayal sohel pt odet ermi neidenti
ty,aswel lasy i
eldot hert ypesofi nf ormat i
on.I f
bonef r
acturesar enot ed,t heymaybeusedt oident i
fythedeceased,buti fonl ycor responding
medi calrecordscanbel ocat ed.Thewi dthsoft hepel vicbonesar eexcel l
enti ndicat orsoft he
vict i
m’ ssex;Det ermi nati
onoft hev i
ctimsagemay bemor edi ff
icult
,int hatt hev i
ctimspastt he
ageofei
ght
eenyear
shavegener
all
yachi
evedthei
rmaximum skel
etal
growt
h.Howev
er,
gener
al
agedet
ermi
nat
ioncanbeest
abli
shedvi
adentalst
ruct
ure.

A.Poi
ntsTakenintoConsiderati
onwhenFi
ndi
ngHumanDeadBodyEl
sewher
e:
1.Placewher ethebodywasf ound
2.Dateandt i
mewhenf ound
3.Causeofdeat h
4.Timewhendeat hoccurred
5.Approximateage
6.Possibleoccupati
on
7.Compl etedescri
pti
onoft hebody

B.Pointst obeConsi deredinIdenti

fyi
ngaPer son
1.Face
2.Ey es
3.Nose
4.Head
5.Condi ti
onofhai r
6.Mout h
7.Bodybui l
t
8.Hei ght
9.Wei ght
10.Compl exion
11.Handsandf eet
12.Teet h
13.Clot hi
ng
14.Ornament al
15.Per sonal bel ongings
16.Ident i
fi
cat ionf rom spouse,parent
s,r
elativesandf
ri
ends
17.Fil
esf r
om t hepol i
ceandot herlawenforcementagenci
es
18.Occupat ional mark
19.Race
20.Tat toomar ks
21.Def ormi ti
es
22.Birthmar ks
23.Phy sicaldef ectsleavi
ngper manentresultssuchasamputat
ionandi
mpr
operuni
on
oft hef ractur edbones
24.Mol es
25.Scar s
26.Tribal mar ks
27.Sexual organ
28.Bloodgr oupi ng

Determi nationofTi meofDeath( Deat

hEsti
mates)
Adet er
minationofthetimeofdeat
hshouldbeatt
emptedinal
lhomicideinv
est
igat
ions.
Thisf acti ssignif
icantbecauseofi t
sinv
esti
gati
veimport
anceincorr
oborati
ngordisputi
ng
ali
bis,ori nest abl
ishingthevicti
m’smovementspri
ortodeath.Det
ermini
ngdeat hi
snotan
exactsci ence.

POST-
MORTEM CHANGES
 1.POST- MORTEM LI VIDITY( LivorMor tis)–Di scol
orat
ionofthebodyaf terdeath;setti
ng
ofbloodi nthedependentpor t
ionsoft hebodyf ol
lowingdeath)
.
Itisar eddi shpur plet o pur plecolorati
oni ndependentareasoft hebodyduet o
accumul ati
onofbl oodi nthesmal lv esselsoft hedependentar eassecondarytograv i
ty.This
pooli
ngofbl oodbegi nsimmedi atelyaf t
erdeat handbecomesf i
xedinapproxi
mat el
y8-12hour s.
Theinv esti
gatorcanpr essont heski ni nthedependentr egi
onsandi ftheskinblanches,death
haspr obablyoccurredl essthan12hour s.Thisbecomesf i
xedaf t
erawhi l
eandcant elli
fthe
bodyhasbeenmov ed.Thisisnotar eli
ableindicatorofti
meofdeat h.Thisisabet t
erindicat
or
ofwhet herthebodyhasbeenmov edsi ncedeat h.

TheCol
orofLivi
dit
ymayI ndicatetheCauseofDeat
h:
1.Carbonmonoxidepoi soni
ng/cyani
de–cherr
yredt
opi
nki
shcol
or
2.Asphyxi
a–dar kliv
idity
3.Phosphorouspoisoning–darkbrown

TYPESOFLIVIDI
TY
1.Hypost
ati
c–Bl oodissti
l
linfl
uidfor
mi nsidebloodvessel
;changeasposi
ti
onoft
he
bodychanges.Bl
oodremainsf
lui
dinthebloodvessel
for6-8hours.

2.Di
ffusion– Coagul
ated i
nsi
de bl
ood v
essel
;Change i
n posi
ti
on wi
l
lnotchange i
ts
l
ocation.

I
mpor
tanceofPost -
Mor t
em Lividi
ty
1.I ti
sasi gnofdeat h
2.I tenabl
est heinvest
igatort
oesti
matetheti
meofdeat
h
3.I tdeter
minest hepositi
onofthebodyaft
erdeat
h
4.I tmayindicatethecauseandmannerofdeath

Char
act
eri
sti
csofPost -Mortem Liv i
dit
y
1.Itoccursinthemostext ensivear easofthemostdependentpor t
ionofthebody.
2.Iti
nvolvesthesuper fi
ciallayeroft heski
n, l
ungs,intest
ines,
kidney s,
andbrain.
3.Colorisuniformint hetissues.
4.Iti
snotel evat
edf rom theski n,l
ungs, i
ntesti
nes,kidneysandbr ai
n.
5.Thereisnoi nj
urytot het i
ssues.
6.Thecol ormayappearanddi sappearint hetissuesbyshi ft
ingt heposit
ionofthe
bodyint heearl
ierstagesofdeat h.

2.POSTMORTEM RI GI DITY( RigorMortis)

Stif
feni ngoft hebodywhi choccur s2- 6hour saf t
erdeat handi schar acterizedby
hardeningoft hemuscl es;thechemi calr
eactiont hatcausesr i
gidit
yint hemuscl egr oupsor
stif
feningoft hebodyaf t
erdeat hduet othedi sappearanceofAdenosi neTr iphosphat e( ATP)
from themuscl e.
- Rigormor t
isdi
sappear swi thdecomposi t
ion.
-Col dand/ orfr
eezingwi lldelaytheonsetofr igormorti
saswel l
aspr ol
ongi ts presence
-I nvol ves allmuscl es t he same t ime att he same r ate.
Itappear sf i
rsti nt he
smal l
ermuscl essuchast hej awandt hengraduallyspreadtoupperandl owerext remities.
- 
 I
nst ant aneousrigiditycanal sobef oundf oll
owingingesti
onofcy ani
deandst rychnine
poison.
RigorMor tishasdur at
ion of24 t o 48 hour si nthePhi li
ppinesand ot hert ropi
cal
countriesand36t o48hour sdur ingsummeri nthesame.
 3. ALGORMORTIS(Cool
ingofthebody)
Thebodycool
sfol
lowingdeathatapproxi
matel
y1.5degr
eesFperhour
,undernor
mal
condi
ti
onsandassumingt
hebody’stemperat
ureatdeat
his98.
6degreesF(
37degr
eesC).

Fact
orsAff
ectingAlgor
Mor t
is:
1.Il
lness
2.Clothes
3.Obesity
4.Room temper at
ure

4.ONSETANDSTAGEOFDECOMPOSI TION
Decompositi
onistheactionofbact eri
aonthedeadbody.Theonsetofdecomposi
ti
on
i
s1t o2day safterdeat
handt henf i
nal
lyt hedeadbodybecomesskel
etalremai
nsinmonths
consi
deri
ngthefactorst
hatinf
luencetherat eofput
ref
act
ion.

5.LIFECYCLEOFFLI ES
Theeggsofovalaidbyt
hef l
iesont
hedeadbodywil
lhat
chtoform maggotswit
hin24
hours.Themaggotswil
lfeedvi
gorousl
yonthedamageddeadbody
,thentr
ansfor
mi nt
opupal
stageandfi
nal
lyi
ntoadul
tfli
eswit
hinafewdays.

6.CHANGESI NTHEBLOOD
Thebl
oodremai
nsf
lui
dinthebodyaft
erdeat
haft
er6-
8hour
s.Aft
erwhi
chi
tgradual
l
y
cl
ottedorcoagulatedi
naslow processunt
il12hour
swherei
ntheli
vi
dit
yisal
readyful
l
y
developed.

7.CHANGESI NSTOMACH
Itusual
l
ytakest
hreet
ofourhour
sfort
hest
omacht
oempt
yit
scont
ent
saf
termeal
s.

Exami nationoft heCadav erattheCr i

meScene
Exter nalpostmor tem appearancesarev eryinformati
ve.Thear easofthebodyshowi ng
l
ividi
tyi ndi catet he positi
on afterdeat h.Wounds and t hei
rappear ance ar
e parti
cularl
y
signifi
cantast heyoftenassistinreconstruct
ingt hecircumstancesofacr i
me,thenatur
eoft he
mur derweaponandt hemannerofi t
suse.
Def ensewoundsar et heresultofaper son’sinsti
ncti
ver eact
ionofself
-prot
ecti
on.It
maybef oundont hehandi nt heef f
ortofthev ict
imt ogr
aspt hewoundi ngi
nstrumentorby
raisi
ngt hehandt opr ot
ectthev italpart
soft hebody .Absenceofdef ensewounddoesnot
eli
mi natethepossi bi
l
itythatthevicti
m madesomef orm ofdefense.

CommonExt ernalI
njuri
esSustainedbyt heVi ctimfrom Homi cidal Attack
a.Cont usion–ani nj
uryint hesubst anceoft heski n,di scol orati
onoft hesur f
acedueto
extravasati
onofbl ood.Thi sisduet ot heapplicati
onofabl untinst
rument .
b.Hemat oma–t hi
sistheext r
avasat i
onofbl oodi nthenewl yformedcav i
ty.
c. Abrasi on–anopenwoundchar act
erizedbyt her emov aloft heepi t
heliallayeroft
he
skinbr oughtaboutbyt hefri
ctionagainsthar d,roughobj ect .
d.I nci
sedwound–pr oducedbyf orcibl
econt actont hebodybyshar pedgei nst r
ument.
e. Stab wound – pr oduced by t he for ci
ble applicati
on and penet rati
on ofa shar p
i
nstr ument.
f. Punct uredwound–penet rati
onofashar ppointedweapon
g.Lacer atedwound–t eari
ngoft heskinduet ofor ci
blecont actofabl untinstrument.

Ev
idencet
oShowt
heFat
alEf
fect
soft
heWound
 1.Amountofhemorrhage
2.Si
zeofthei
njurysust
ained
3.Or
gansandpartsofthebodyinvol
ved
4.Mechani
calef
fectsonv i
tal
organs

GunshotWounds
Allgunshotwoundsr esultfrom t heent r
yofapr oj ecti
lei ntothebody ,andt hef requent
presenceofundi spersedexpl osivegases.Ther el
ativesizeandappear anceoft hewoundwi l
lbe
affectedbyt hedi stancef r
om whi cht heweaponwasdi schar ged.Gener ally,thecl osert he
di
schar gedt ot heski n,thegreatert hedamage.Thi sdamagei sduet oexpl osivegaseswhi ch
precedet hepr oject i
l
eatcl oser ange.I nsomei nvestigationsi nvol vi
ngf ir
ear ms, adet ermi nat
ion
ofwhet hert hedeat h wasa homi cidal,suicideoracci dentali sdi f
ficul
t.I n maki ng such
determi nat i
on,t hedi stanceoft hedi schargei sofgr eati mpor tance.Maj ori
t yofsui cidaland
accident algunshotcases,ar m’sl engthdi schar gesar ei nvolved.Accor di
ngl y,ifthewound
i
ndi catesdi schar gebey ondthev ict
im’ sl
engt h,homi cideisi ndicat ed.
Thel ocat ionoft hewoundmayal soser vetor ul
eoutsui cide.I fthewoundi slocat edin
anar eaoft hebodyt hati srelati
vel
yi naccessi bletot hev ictim,homi cidei sindicated.Iti salso
unusualf ora sui cide wound t o be i nfl
i
ct ed in an ar ea ot hert han t he head ofchest .
Howev er,t
her ehav ebeenanumberofsui ci decasesi nv ol
vingwoundsi next remities.The
presenceorabsenceofa“ suicidenot e”isapoori ndicatorofsui cideorhomi cide.

TwoTy
pesofWounds:
1.entrancewound(
POE)
2.exitwound(POX)

Det
ermi
nat
ionwhet
hert
hewoundi
ssui
cidal
,homi
cidal
,oracci
dent
al
A.Ev
idencet opr ovethatgunshotwoundi ssui cidal:
1. Thef i
reisusual lyincont actornearcont act,asshownbyt hepr esenceofbur ni
ng,
singeingandt attooingoft hear eaaroundt hegunshotwound.
2. Thepr esenceofusual lybutonegunshotwound.I nmostcases, aft
erashot ,especi
all
y
atthehead, t
hev ict
im cannol ongerv oluntari
lyacttoinf
li
ctanothershot.
3. Portionsoft hebodyi nvolvedar ethoseaccessi bl
et othehandoft hev i
cti
m uti
li
zedin
commi t
tingsuicide,hewi llnott hi
nkoft hediffi
cultwayofendinghisl i
feunlesshehas
theintentionofdecei vi
ngt heinv esti
gator s.
4. Historyofdespondency ,fami l
ypr obl
em whi chmaycausehi mt ocommi tsui
cide.
B.Ev
idencet oshowt hatthewoundi sacci dent al:
1.Usual lythereisbutoneshot .
2.Ther eisnospeci alareaoft hebodyi nv olved
3.Test i
monyoft hewi tnesses

C.Ev
idencetoshowt hatthewoundi shomi ci
dal:
1.Thesi t
eorsitesoft hewoundofentrancehasnopoi ntofelect
ion.
2.Thef i
reismadewhent hev i
cti
misusual l
ysomedi st
anceawayf rom t
heassail
ant
3.Signsofstruggle/defensewoundmay bepresenti
nthev i
cti
m.
4.Theremay bedi st
urbanceofthesurroundingontheaccountofthepreviousst
ruggl
e.
5.Woundi ngfi
rearmi susuall
ynotfoundatthesceneoft hecrime
6.Testimonyoft hewitnesses

DEATHBYHANGI
NGANDSTRANGULATI
ON
Det
ermi
nat
ionwhet
herhangi
ngi
ssui
cidal
,homi
cidal
,oracci
dent
al

1.Hanging–isastateofi
njur
yordeathoft
hebodywher
ebyt
hel
i
gat
uret
ight
enedar
oundt
he
neckbythesuspensi
onofthebody
.

A.Sui
cidalHangi
ng–i ndeathbyhanging,iti
susuall
ysuici
dalunlessprovenother
wise.
Someev i
dencetoprovearethefol
lowing:
1.Accessibl
emat er
ialsusedforl
igat
ureli
kerope,
rol
ledbeddi
ngs, orwir
es.
2.Identi
fi
cati
onofthef i
bersf
rom theropeint
hehandsofthevicti
m.
3.Ev i
denceofmov ementoft heropeont hebeam oranchor agefrom upwardand
downwardasthebodyhasbeensuspended.
B.Homici
dalHanging
1.Presenceofdefensewoundi nthebodyofthev i
cti
m.
2.Presenceofbloodstai
nsandot heri
njur
iestothebodyofthevi
ctim.
3.Presenceofsignsofstr
uggleinthecl
othing,f
urni
ture,
beddi
ngs,andot
her
s.
4.Natureofthewindow,curt
ains,anddoors.
C.Acci
dentalhangi
ngisnotcommon.

2.St rangulat
ion
St
rangulat
ionbyl
i
gatur
eisusual
l
yhomicidalandisdonebytyi
ngt
hel
i
gat ur
ear oundt
he
neckandt het woendspull
edintheopposit
edi r
ecti
oninsuchamannert hattightenst
he
l
igatur
e.Ligatureusedmayberope,
chai
n,wi
res,vi
nes,r
oll
edclot
hing.
SUICIDES

WaysofCommitti
ngSuici
de
1.Bycut-t
hroat
2.Bypuncturingt
helef
tbr
east
3.Bygunshot
4.Byhanging
5.Bydrowning
6.Bypoisoning

ACCIDENTALDEATH
Isdeat hwhi choccur sbey ondt heswayofoneswi l
landal t
houghi tcomesabout
thr
oughsomeactofwi l
l
, l
iesbey ondt heboundsofhumanf or
ceableconsequences.
HowAcci dent alDeathsOccur
1.Exami nati
onoft hebodyr evealedmar kedt eari
ngoft hewearingappar el
,bur
nsof
diff
erentdegr eesont heski nsur f
ace, woundsofal mostanydescr ipt
ionandalmostthe
whol ebodyi saffectedbyt hei njury.
2.Hi storyofat hunder stormt hattookpl aceint hearea.
3.Ev idenceoft heef fectsofl i
ght i
ngar efoundi nthev i
cini
ty,l
i
kedamagest ohouse,
tress,
etc.
4.Met all
i
car t
iclesaref usedormagnet i
zed.
5.Absenceofwoundorot herinjur
iesi ndicatingsuici
dalorhomi ci
daldeath.
6.Fusi onofgl assmat eri
alsint henei ghborhoodonaccountofext remeheat .

ELECTROCUTI
ON
Accident
al El
ect
rocut
ion
1.Pr esenceofhi
ghv ol
tagewir
eatthesceneofdeat
h.
2.Bodysur facei
njur
iesasprobabl
ysi
teofentr
anceandexi
tofel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
.
 3.Deathdevel
opssuddenl
yasvi
cti
m notabl
etogetawayf
rom t
hepl
aceofel
ect
rocut
ion.
4.Absenceofevi
dencetoshowsui
cidal
orhomici
dal
.

ROBBERYI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

Arti
cle293–Robber yi
nGeneral
Anypersonwho,wi thint
enttogain,shal
ltakeanyper sonalpr
opert
ybel
ongi
ngt o
anotherbymeansofv iol
enceorint
imi
dat
ionofanyper son,orbyusingfor
ceuponanyt
hing
shallbegui
l
tyofrobber
y.

El
ementsofRobbery
1.Thatther
ebeper sonal
propertybelongingtoanot
her
;
2.
  
Thatther
eisunlawfult
akingoft hatproper
ty;
3.Thatthetaki
ngmustbewi t
hintenttogain;and
4.Thatther
eisviol
enceagainstori nti
midati
onofanyper
son,
orf
orceupont
hings.

Howr
obber
ywi
thf
orceupont
hingsi
scommi
tt
ed?
Themal ef actor
sshallentert hehouseorbui l
dingi
nwhi cht
her obberywascommitt
ed
byanyoft
hef oll
owi ngmeans:
1.Thr oughanopeni ngnoti ntendedf orentrance
2.Bybr eakinganywal l
,roof, f
loororbr eaki
nganywi ndowordoor.
3.Byusi ngf al
sekeyorpi cklocks
4.Byusi ngf i
cti
ti
ousnameorpr etendingtheexerci
seofpubli
caut hor
it
y
5.Bybr eakingofdoor s,war drobes,closetsoranykindoflockedorsealedf
urni
tur
eor
receptacle
6.Byt akingsuchf urnit
ur eorobj ectsawayt obebr okenorforcedopenoutsi
det he
placeofr obbery.

Gener
alTy
pesofRobbers
1.Amat eur
s–mot i
vatedbygreed,t
hedesi
ref
orathr
il
landsel
f-
test
ing.
2.Professi
onal
s–ar ethosepersonwhoworkedasrobber
sasat r
ademaki
ngi
tthei
r
l
iv
ingandhavi
ngnoot hermeansofi
ncome.

Not
e:Robber
y–Thisisthetaki
ngorpersonal
proper
tybelongingtoanot
her,wi
thi
ntentt
ogai
n,
bymeansofv
iol
enceagainst
,ori
nti
midati
onofanyperson,orusingf
orceuponany
thing.

TwoKi
ndsofRobber
y:
1.Robberywi thviolenceori nti
mi dati
on; and
2.Robberywi thforceupont hings.
a.Bel ongingt oanot her–per sonf rom whom pr opertywast akenneednotbet he
l
egalowner ,possessi oni ssuf ficient.Thepr opertymustbeper sonalpr opert
y
andcannotr efertoreal property.
b.Nameoft her ealowneri snotessent ialsolongast heper sonalpropertytaken
doesnotbel ongt otheaccusedexcepti fcri
mei srobber ywithhomi cide.
c. Takingofper sonalproper t
y–mustbeunl awful;i
fgivenintrust–est afa.
d.Ast orobber ywi t
hv i
olenceori ntimidation–f rom themomentt heoffendergains
possessi onoft hethingev eni fof fenderhashadnooppor tunitytodisposeoft he
same, theunl awfultakingi scompl ete.
e. Ast orobber ywi t
hforceupont hi
ngs–t hi
ngmustbet akenoutoft hebui l
ding.
f.I nt
entt o gai n – pr esumed f rom unl awfult aki
ng – i ntentt o gain maybe
 presumedf rom t heunl awf ultakingofanot her’
spr oper ty.Howev er ,whenone
takes a pr oper ty undert he claim ofowner ship ort i
tle,t he t aki ng is not
consideredt obewi thi ntentt ogain.(U.S.v s.Manl uco, et.al.,28Phi l.360)
g.Whent here’
snoi ntentt ogai nbutt herei sv i
olenceint het aking-gr av ecoer cion.
h.Vi olenceori nt i
mi dationmustbeagai nstt heper sonoft heof fendedpar ty,not
upont het hi
ng.
i
. Gener alrule:v iolenceori ntimidati
onmustbepr esentbef or
et he“ taking”i s
compl ete.
Except i
on:whenv i
olencer esultsin-homi cide,rape,int enti
onalmut ilationorany
oftheser iousphy sicalinjur i
esinpar .1and2ofART.263, thet akingofpr operty
i
sr obber ycompl exwi t
hanyoft hiscr imeunderART.294,ev eni ft akingi s
alr
eadycompl etewhenv iolencewasusedbyt heoffender .
j
. Useoff orceupont hing–ent r
ancet ot hebui l
dingbymeansdescr ibedandART.
299and302( Offendermustent er). Theot herki ndofr obber yi sonet hati s
commi tt
edwi tht heuseoff orceuponany thinginordert otakewi thi ntenttogai n,
theper sonalpr oper t
yofanot her. Theusef orceher emustr efert ot hef orce
empl oyedupont hingsi nor dert ogai nent rancei ntoabui l
dingorahouse.
(Peoplev s.Ador no, C.A.400. G.567).
k. Whenbot hv iolenceori nt i
mi dati
onandf orceupont hingsconcur–i ti srobber y
withv i
olence.

Robber
yandThef
t,compar
ed.
a.Bot hrobber yandt heftinv
olvedunlawfultaki
ngasanel ements;
b.Bot hinvolvepersonal proper
tybelongingt oanot
her;
c. I
nbothcr i
mes, t
het akingisdonewi t
hi nt
enttogain;
d.Inrobber y,thetakingisdoneei t
herwi ththeuseofviol
enceorintimidat
ionofperson
ortheempl oy mentoff or
ceupont hings;whereasintheft
,thetakingisdonesimply
wit
houtt heknowl edgeandconsentoft heowner .

I
nvest
igat
iveTechni
quesi
nRobber
ycases:
a.Thei nv est igatormusti niti
atesi milarpr eli
mi nar ystepsuponr eachingt hecr i
me
scene.
b.Det er mi net hepoi ntofent ranceandpoi ntofexi tbyt heperpetrator.
c. Deter mi net hev alueofst olenar t
icles.
d.Thef ullanddet ail
eddescr i
ptionoft hest olenar ti
cles.
e. Gatherphy sicalev i
dence.
f. Deter mi net hemodusoper andioft heper pet ratorasi twoul dgi veleadsi nthe
i
dent ificat i
onandar restoft hesuspect .
g.Ful landdet aileddescr ipti
onofaget -awayv ehicleifany,orv essel,boati ncasesof
pir
acy .
h.Coor dinat ewi thot herl awenf or
cementagenci es.
i
. Expl oi tinv est i
gat i
vel eads.
j
. Wr ittent est imonyoft hecompl ai
nantwi tness.
k. Accumul at ecl uesandt racesatt hesceneofacr imewhi chwi llservetoi denti
fythe
off
ender .
l
. Dev elopi nfor mant si nt hel ocalunder wor l
dwhoar eawar eoft heact ivi
tyofr obbery,
particul arlyt heact iv
ityoft hesemi -skil
ledamat eurgr oups.(usuallytheaddi ct-
robber)
m.Conductasur veil
lanceofl i
kelyfencesanduncov erandt racebackst olenpr opert
y
fr
om i t
sr ecei vertot her obber .
n.Conductsur veil
lanceofknownbur glar stoascer tai
ni ft
heyar epr esentl
ycommi tti
ng
 robber
y .
o.Accumul at
einf
ormati
ononv arioustypesofr obber,theknownandnewcomer s
whethertheyar
einoroutofpr
ison,whethertheyareacti
v e.
p.Bealertonamodifi
edmodusoper andi
.
q.I
ncaseswher ehomici
deiscommi tt
ed,f
ollowthepat t
ernofhomici
dei
nvest
igat
ion.

Phy
sicalEv
idencet
obecol
lect
ed:
1.Foot pr i
nts
2.Fi nger prints
a.Ar easofbr eak
b.Cl oset s–pr i
nt smaybef oundindoorandj ams
c. Doorknobs
d.Dr essers
e. Pi ecesoff ur
ni t
ure
f. Bot tl
esandgl asses
g.Wal ls
h.Tool s
i. Desks
3.Cl ot hing–somet i
mest herobbersexchanget hei
rownj acketswiththatonef
ound.
4.Ifawi ndow wasbr okeni neffectingentry
,glassparticl
esmay bepresent
sint he
trousercuf fsandpocket sofsuspect .Sampl esofbrokengl assshouldbecoll
ected
forpossi blef ut
urecompar i
sonint heeventthatasuspectispickedup.
5.Pai nt-ifacr owbarhasbeenusedt ofor
cethewi ndow,paintmayadher etothetool
.
Pai ntsampl esshoul dbet akenforf ut
urecomparison.
6.Tool mar ks
7.Tool s
8.Obser vedoddbehav i
orpat t
ernsint hecri
mescene
9.Cor dsandr opesused
10.Firearmsused
11.Meansofescape

Ant
i-
Pir
acyandant
i-
highwayr
obber
ylawof1974(
P.D.532)

Piracy–anyat t
ackuponorsei zur
eofanyv essel
,ortaki
ngawayofthewhol eorpart
thereofori tscargo,equipmentortheper sonalbel
ongingofitscompl
ementsorpassengers,
i
rrespect i
veofv aluether
eof,bymeansofv iol
enceagainstorint
imi
dat
ionofpersonsorfor
ce
upont hings,commi tt
edbyanyper sons,i
ncludi
ngapassenger sormemberofthecompli
ments
ofsaidv esselsi
nPhi l
ippi
newaters.

HighwayRobber y/Brigandage– thesei

zureofanyper sonf orransom,ext
ort
ionor
otherunlawfulpurposes,orthet aki
ngawayoftheproper
tyofanot herbymeansofv i
olence
againstorint
imidati
onofper sonsorf or
ceupont
hingsofotherunlawfulmeanscommi t
tedby
anypersonoranyPhi li
ppinehighway.

Anti-
Cattl
leRustl
ingLawof1974( P.
D.533)
CattleRustl
ing–I sthet aki
ngawaybyanymeans,met hodsorscheme,wi t
houtt he
consentoft heowner/r
aiser
,oranyoft heaboveanimals(
cow,car
abao,hor
se,muleorot her
domesticatedmemberoft hebov i
nef amil
y)whetherornotforprof
itorgain,orwhet her
commi t
tedwi t
horwi t
houtv i
olenceagainstori
nti
midat
ionofanyper
sonorforceuponthings.
Itincl
udes the kil
l
ing oflarge cat
tle,ortaki
ng it
s meatorhide wit
houtthe consentof
owner
/rai
ser
.

Anti-f
encinglawof1979( P.
D.1612)
Fencing–i stheactofanyper son,who,wi t
hi nt
entt
ogai n,forhimsel
forf oranot her
shallbuy,possess, keep,acquir
e, concealed,sellori
nanyotherway ,dealonanyarticles,it
ems,
objects,orany t
hingofv aluewhi chheknowst ohavebeenderivedfrom theproceedsofcr ime
orrobber yortheft.
Fence – i ncl
udes any per son,f i
rm,or gani
zati
on,associ at
ion orcor por at
ion or
partnershipandot herorganizat
ionwho/whi chcommi t
stheactoffencing.

Ar
ti
cle267–Ki
dnappi
ngandSer
iousI
ll
egalDet
ent
ion

El
ements:
1.Thattheoffenderisapr i
vateindi
v i
dual ;
2.Thatthekidnapsordet ai
nsanot her, orinanyot hermannerdepr i
vesthelat
terofhis
l
i
bert
y;
3.Thattheactofdet entionorkidnappi ngmustbei ll
egal;
4.Thatinthecommi ssionoft heoffense, anyofthef oll
owingcir
cumstancesispresent
:
a.Thatt heki
dnappi ngofdet entionl astsf
ormor ethan3days
b.Thati scommi t
tedsimulatingpubl i
cauthori
ty
c. Thatanyser i
ousphy si
calinj ur
iesar einfli
cteduponper sonkidnappedor
detainedoft hreat
st okil
lhim ar emade; or
d.Thatt hepersonski dnappedi sami nor,
femal e,orapubli
coffi
cer
.

Anypr
ivat
eindiv
idual
whoshal
lki
dnapordet
ainanot
her
,ori
nanyot
hermanner
depr
iveshi
m ofhisl
ibert
y.

Theper
pet
rat
orshallsufferthepenal t
yofreclusi
onperpetuatodeathi
f:
1.Thekidnappingordetent i
onshallhavelast
edformor et
hanfivedays.
2.Commi tt
edbysi mulatingpubli
caut hor
it
y.
3.Anyseriousphy si
calinjuri
esshallhavebeeninfl
ict
eduponthepersonki dnappedor
detai
nedorift hr
eattoki l
lshal
lhavebeenmade.
4.Thepersonki dnappedordet ai
nedshallbeami nor,
femaleorpubl
icoff
icer.

Thepenalt
yshallbedeat
hwherethekidnappi
ngordet ent
ionwascommi tt
edfort
he
purpose ofextor
ti
ng r
ansom fr
om the vi
cti
m oranyot herper son,even i
fnone oft
he
ci
rcumstancesabovementi
onedwer
epresenti
nthecommissionoftheoffense.

I
mpor
tantf
actor
sinKidnappi
ngCases:
1.Thesaf er
eturnoft
hevi
cti
m
2.Identi
fi
cat
ionandappr
ehensi
onoft
hesuspect

I
nit
ialI
nvesti
gati
v eProcedures:
1.Thoroughi nter
viewofthev ict
imifalr
eadyrel
eased.
2.Searchoft hecrimescene
3.Inter
viewoft hepossibl
ewi tnesses
4.Checkingt hemodusoper andi
5.Possibleidenti
fi
cationthroughthephotogr
aphicfi
les
6.Coordinationwithotherlawenf or
cementagencies
Ki
dnappi
ngwher
eransom i
sinv
olv
ed:

PhaseI
.
Whenacompl ainti sreceived, t
hef amil
yoft hevicti
mi srequestedt oremainintouchto
accumul
ateinfor
mat ionneeded.Thef oll
owingty pesofinformati
onmustbet aken:
1.Howt hedemandwasmade
2.Requestt hef ami lytor efrai
nfrom divulgi
ngt hecontent softhelet
ter,noteorcal
lto
anyoneexceptt othepol iceauthori
ti
es.
3.Emphasi zethei mpor tanceofnewsbl ackoutasessent ialt
othev i
ctim’ssafet
y
4.Obt ainandpr eser vether ansom notef orl
abor at
oryexami nat
ion.
5.Det erminei fthef amilyintendst opayt heransom,inv esti
gatorsshouldav oi
dgiv
ing
theopinionast or ansom pay ment s
6.Fi ndway sandmeanst ov er
if
yifthevictimisst i
l
lali
ve.
7.Conductf ami lybackgr oundi nvesti
gation
8.Conductcov ertinv esti
gationofhousehol dhelpers
9.Ar rangef orwi retappingoper ati
onsinaccor dancewi t
hRA4200
10.Establi
shpossi blemot i
ves

PhaseI
I.Af
tert
hev
ict
im hasbeenr
etur
nedort
hebodyhasbeenl
ocat
ed.
Af
tert hev ict
im hasbeenr eturneddeadoral i
ve,theinvesti
gati
onchanges,anall-
out
i
nvest
igat
ionar econduct edi naccordancewi ththesecondobj ecti
ve,t
oidenti
fyandapprehend
t
hesuspect s.Investi
gativepr ocedureincludes:
1.Thor oughinterviewoft hev i
ctim.Al l
detai
lsshouldbeobt ai
ned.
3.Rei ntervi
ewal lwi t
nesses
4.Conductsur v
ei l
lance
5.Det erminewhet herthekidnapperi sfamil
i
arwi t
hthev ict
ims,resi
dent
ialar
ea,habi
ts
andf inancialstatus.
6.Ift hev i
cti
mi sdeadf oll
owt hepat t
ernofhomi ci
deinvesti
gati
on

Poi
nter
stobeconsi
der
edi
nKi
dnappi
ngCases:
1.Remembert hatkidnapf orransom gangmustbet reatedaswitt
y,exper
iencedand
dangerousar medcr i
minals.
2.Anyslight
estmi st
akeont hepartofthepolicewouldmeandeat hofthevi
cti
m
3.I
niti
atesecrecydiscipl
inenotonlyont hevicti
m’sfamilybutal
sowithi
nthepolice.
4.Experi
enced, t
rust
edper sonnelmustbeut il
ized
5.Equippedwithsophi st
icatedcommuni cat
ionsy st
em

Pr
obl
emsi
ntheI
nvest
igat
ionofKi
dnappi
ngCases:
1.Outoffear,
thef
ami l
yofthev
ict
im doesnotwantt
ocooper
atewi
tht
hepolice.
2.Thecaseisonlyreport
edaft
erpayoffofther
ansom moneyort
hevict
im hadbeen
founddead.