DAPAR, Sophia Marie

PACALDO, Alec

SOMOZA, Trexia

ACTIVITY NO. 5

SKINCARE INGREDIENTS

Objective: To identify and analyze safety, toxicity and efficacy of the ingredients used in making
creams/ lotions

Materials: Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cosmetics e- books, INTERNET SOURCES

INSTRUCTION:

1. FILL IN THE TABLE and ANALYZE EACH INGREDIENTS BEING USED IN THE CREAMS/
LOTIONS .

Active Ingredients Uses Allowable Toxicity

quantity in a
cream formulation
99.4% in some skin The LDLO
Glycerin Used as a moisturizer to cleaning products. of glycerin was reported
treat or prevent dry, to be 1428 mg/kg for
rough, scaly, humans. There were no
itchy skin and signs of toxicity when
minor skin irritations human subjects were
(e.g., diaper administered 30
rash, skin burns from mL glycerin. Adverse
radiation effects to human
therapy). Emollients are subjects following the
substances that soften and oral administration
moisturize the skin and of glycerin include mild
decrease itching and headache, dizziness,
flaking. nausea, vomiting, thirst,
and diarrhea.
Stearic acid is used most 13% May be harmful by
Stearic Acid often to thicken and retain inhalation
the shape of soaps or skin absorption. May
 (indirectly, through
saponification of
triglycerides composed
of stearic acid esters), and
it is also used in
shampoos, shaving
creams, and detergents.
Isopropyl Isopropyl palmitate acts
Palmitate as a moisturizer in some
products by helping bind
moisture to the skin. It is
also an emollient, which
helps products spread
smoothly, and it can be
used as a fragrance
ingredient
Disodium EDTA Edetate disodium (EDTA) 25%
is a chelating (KEE-late-
ing) agent. A chelating
agent is capable of
removing a heavy metal,
such as lead or mercury,
from the
blood. EDTA is used
to lower blood levels of
calcium when they have
become dangerously high.
Carbomer Carbomers are acrylic
acid polymers that
are used for a variety of
purposes. They
are used in
pharmaceutical processes
as suspending agents, gel
bases, emulsifiers, and
binding agents. They are
also used as artificial
tears.
cause eye, skin, or
respiratory system
irritation. Toxic if
swallowed. Very toxic
to aquatic life
2.7% Known to be
comedogenic (pore-
clogging), it also causes
flare-ups of pustular
acne. The thickness of
the chemicals
in isopropyl
palmitate can deprive
the skin of nutrients
such as as oxygen. If
the skin doesn't breathe,
your pores can become
clogged and healthy
skin cells can die.
EDTA is safe when
used as a prescription
medicine, as eye drops,
and in small amounts as
a preservative in
foods. EDTA can cause
abdominal cramps,
nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, headache, low
blood pressure, skin
problems, and fever.
Dogs chronically
fed Carbomer-934P
manifested
gastrointestinal
irritation and marked
pigment deposition
within Kupffer cells of
the liver. Clinical
studies
with Carbomers showed
that these polymers
have low potential for
skin irritation and
sensitization at

Aloe vera, or Aloe 10%
Aloe barbadensis barbadensis, is a thick,
short-stemmed plant that
stores water in its leaves.
It is best known for
treating skin injuries, but
it also has several
other uses that could
potentially benefit health.
Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide has 25%
been used for a century in
a range of industrial and
consumer products,
including paints, coatings,
adhesives, paper, plastics
and rubber, printing inks,
coated fabrics and
textiles, as well as
ceramics, floor coverings,
roofing materials,
cosmetics, toothpaste,
soap, water treatment
agents, pharmaceuticals,
food colorants,
automotive
products, sunscreen and
catalysts.
Potassium sorbate It's widely used as a 0.025% to 0.1%
preservative
in foods, drinks, and
personal care products. It
is an odorless and
tasteless salt synthetically
produced from sorbic acid
and potassium hydroxide.
Potassium sorbate
prolongs the shelf life
concentrations up to
100%
Aloe vera has
potential toxicity, with
side effects occurring at
some dose levels both
when ingested and
when applied topically.
Although toxicity may
be less when aloin is
removed by
processing, Aloe
vera ingested in high
amounts may induce
side effects, such as
abdominal pain,
diarrhea or hepatitis.
Cancer in humans:
There is inadequate
evidence in humans for
the carcinogenicity of
titanium dioxide.
Cancer in experimental
animals: There is
sufficient evidence in
experimental animals
for the carcinogenicity
of titanium dioxide.
Overall evaluation:
Titanium dioxide is
possibly carcinogenic to
humans (Group 2B)
Potassium sorbate is
safe for most people to
eat, though it may cause
some skin
allergies when used in
personal care products.
 of foods by stopping
the growth of mold, yeast,
and fungi.
Tapioca starch Tapioca Starch, 25-50% Contains naturally
sometimes called tapioca occurring forms of
flour, is a refined cyanide, which are
white flour made from the toxic to ingest
cassava root. It is
broadly used as a
thickener for sauces,
soups and stews. It can
also be used
in baking. Tapioca
starch is very fine and
starchy, and is often used
as a substitute for
arrowroot starch and
cornstarch.

Stearamide Stearamide is a primary 20% UMAN STUDIES:

fatty acid amide that is There are no data
often used in the synthesis available. ANIMAL
of organic chemicals and STUDIES: Rats
surfactants. Levels (5/sex/dose) were
of stearamide are reported administered stearamide
to be up-regulated in the in corn oil via gavage at
serum of patients with a dose of 10,000 mg/kg
hepatic cirrhosis. and then observed for
14 days. No mortality
was observed.
Salmonella
typhimurium strains
TA98, TA100, TA1535,
TA1537 and TA1538
were exposed to
stearamide at
concentrations of 50,
150, 500, 1500 or 5000
ug/plate in the presence
and absence of
metabolic activation.
Stearamide was not
mutagenic in this assay.
Cetyl alcohol Cetyl alcohol helps 25%
prevent creams from Acute oral LD50 in
separating into oil and mouse is 3200 mg/kg
liquid. A chemical that and acute dermal LD50
helps to keep liquid is >2600 mg/kg in
and oil together is known rabbit. It is considered
as an emulsifier. It may to be slightly toxic in
also make a product humans in case of oral
thicker or increase the ingestion at doses of 5
product's ability to foam g/kg and greater 1. In a
rat study, the effects of
toxicity were mainly in
the central nervous
system (CNS) leading
to CNS depression and
difficulty in respiration
after 7-14 days post-
administration via
stomach tube 1. In a
subchronic dermal
toxicity study of
rabbits, topical
application of 11.5 %
cetyl alcohol was
associated with
histological findings of
keratosis,
hyperkeratosis, and
papillary projections of
the epidermis, all of
which are features of
exfoliative
dermatitis However it is
concluded that there is
no evidence of major
skin irritation and
systemic toxicity of
cetyl alcohol. Inhalation
of 26 ppm cetyl alcohol
vapors in animals
caused slight irritation
of the mucous
membranes of the eyes,
nose, throat, and
respiratory passages/
Cetyl Alcohol was not
mutagenic
in Salmonella
 typhimurium LT2
mutant strains in the
spot test 
Lactic acid Lactic acid is used as a 5% Lactic acid is a normal
food preservative, curing constituent of the body
agent, and flavoring and of certain foods.
agent. It is an ingredient Its toxicity is largely
in processed foods and is related to its acidity, the
used as a decontaminant pH of concentrated
during meat processing. solutions being less
Lactic acid is produced than 1. ... Ingestion
commercially by of lactic acid (or its
fermentation calcium salt) by man
of carbohydrates such as has resulted in gastro-
glucose, sucrose, or intestinal damage, and
lactose, or by kidney injury has also
chemical synthesis. been seen in infants.

2. Give at least 5 specific chemicals used in the creams and its effects to the human body / organs .

1. SULFATES- Sulfates are salts that are formed when sulphuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with
another chemical. They are also produced from petroleum and plant sources like coconut
and palm oil. They act as surfactants and are used for lathering purposes.Sulfates can
irritate your eyes and skin. They can prematurely clear off dye from your hair.There is also
an ongoing debate about their use due to potential threats to the environmen t.

2. PARABENS- Parabens are the preservatives used to keep your skincare and makeup
fresh and germ-free. They are found in a variety of products, from soaps to lotions and
makeup. Research shows that they cause increased production of the hormone estrogen
(female sex hormone) and interfere with reproductive and brain function.
3. POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)- PEG is used as a thickening agent in skincare
products like lotions, sunscreen and shampoos. It can cause cancer and respiratory
disorders. It can also strip off the natural oils (sebum) from your skin and trigger
the sebaceous glands (oil-producing glands) to make more sebum that can make the skin
greasy.
4. HYDROQUINONE- Hydroquinone is used in skincare for skin lightening. It is used to
treat pigmentation related to acne scars, freckles, melasma, age spots and post-
inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Hydroquinone functions by reducing the melanin
pigment-producing cells (melanocytes). However, hydroquinone is a known carcinogen.
Prolonged use can lead to whitening of the skin, as it reduces melanocytes to a great extent.
5. PHTHALATES- Phthalates are salts or plasticizing chemicals used for the spreadability
of a product. They are used in nail polishes, perfumes and lotions to name a few. Also used
as softeners in shampoos, they are reproductive and developmental toxins.

3. Give 3 alternatives to commercial creams/ lotions that cleanses the skin and define its main
ingredients.

1. CLAY- Draws toxins from the skin and can calm inflammations. It can also be used as daily face
wash.

2. MASHED FRUIT OR VEGETABLES AS A CLEANSER OR FACE MASK- Fresh fruit contains

enzymes which will remove dead skin cells, clear pores and resolve excess oil.

3. RAW ORGANIC HONEY- Mild cleanser with antibacterial and moisturizing benefits.

4.. Paste 3 brands of creams/ lotions here .

References Used:

https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/toxic-chemicals-in-cosmetics

https://thelovevitamin.com/3477/14-natural-face-cleansing-alternatives/

https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glycerin-0

https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopropyl-palmitate

https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09494

CONCLUSIONS:

Skin care ingredients are the main components of a cosmetics that helps in hydrating, clarifying, or on
anti-aging. These ingredients are categorized into two, the active and inactive. Inactive ingredients are
typically the delivery method for other elements of the product formula, usually these are water or oil-
based. Commonly used ingredients of our skin care products are the AHA or Alpha Hydroxy Acid,
Vitamin C. Hyaluronic Acid, Retinol, Salicylic Acid, etc.