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    13 views28 pages

    A M

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    Passion Mate

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CHAPTER 1 Matrices, Vectors, and Vector Calculus Axes xj and 2} lie in the x, plane. The transformation equations are: = x, ¢05 45° — x, cos 45° = t,c08 45° + x, cos 45° So the transformation matrix is: 2 CHAPTER 1 1-2, From this diagram, we have OE cos @=0A OB cos B=OB a DE cos y=OD Taking the square of each equation in (1) and adding, we find TE [cos* a+ cos* f+ cosy |-OA' + OF + OD" @ But @ and a Therefore, 6) Thus, 6 b) First, we have the following trigonometric relation: OF +08” - 20808" cos 0- TE” @ MATRICES, VECTORS, AND VECTOR CALCULUS 3 But, oe [or on) ' [oa aA] -[F cox OF nf] + OE cone’ DE ona ® FE cata cody DIE (cache naa cay | 208! OF] cos «cos a! + cos frcos f+ cos cos y’] = OE” + OF? [cos ae cos a' + cos feos f+ cos y cos 7" | oO) Comparing (®) with 7), we find cos O= cos 05 a + 605 Pee M1 COs 7 C057 oy 13, Denote the original axes by x, x), X,and the corresponding unit vectors by e,,e,, e- Denote thenew axes by x{, x}, x and the corresponding unit vectors by e{, ee. The effect of the rotation is €, >e5, €, > e;, €, >; . Therefore, the transformation matrix is written as: cos(ej,e,) cos(ei,e,) cos(ejes)) fo 1 0] A=| cos(es,e;) cos(es,e,) cos(es,e:) =|0 0 1 cos(es,e:) cos(es,es) cos(eses)) [1 0 0) 1-4. a) Let C= AB where A, B, and Care matrices. Then, Cy =D Aa By a (C),-Ce-DAp Be =D Bs Ax Identifying B,, =(B'), and A, =(4'), (),-E1), (4), on ci =(4B)' = Bra" b) To show that (AB)"=B1AT, (4B)BYA*=f=(B"A*)AB That is, (AB)B*, AIAt = AA" (B1A")(AB) = BB = ‘A 4-5. Take Ato be a two-dimensional matrix: _|an A] fe Ja wan —Aphoy VA = Aiea, 2Aavfentandes + Arden + (Aivtin + Anda) (Aida + Aiden) = Ain Bin + Bin) + Hadar + Ain) (Aida + 2aRandavden + Fivdin) =(4iv+ AB)(4a + 48) —(Andar* fod)? But since Ais an orthogonal transformation matrix, 5 /yAy = 3s. Thus, Payday + daghey =O Therefore, (2) becomes \f=1 4-6. The lengths of line segments in the x, and x} systems are be eat t= Sa CHAPTER 1 2) 8) @ 6) 6 a @) 8) @ MATRICES, VECTORS, AND VECTOR CALCULUS If L=L', then The transformation is Then, But this can be true only if DAvhe =F which is the des 1 00 ony loa aay {oan Anim * Any 0.1.0) There are 4 diagonals: D, from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1), 50 (1.1.1) - (0,00) = (11) = D,; Dy, from (1,0,0) to (0,1,1), 50 (0,11) = (1,0,0) = CLL) = Daz Dy, from (0,0,1) to (1,1,0), so (1,1,0)- (0,0,1) = (1-1) = Dy;and D,, from (0,1,0) to (1,0.1),s0 (1,0,1)- (0.1.0) = (1-11) = Dy The magnitudes of the diagonal vectors are [P,]=[Pal=[PsI=[P.= v8 The angle between any two of these diagonal vectors is, for example, Dy De cog 9 ll) L lad) Q @) @) 6 CHAPTER 1 so that Similarly, D,-D, DD, _D,-D, __D,-D, _D,-D, PPI Pe.) le. 1.1.) 1.1.1 4-8. Let @be the angle between A and r. Then, A-r= A” can be written as, Arcos = A? ros =A aw This implies arc @ Therefore, the end point of r must be on a plane perpendicular to A and passing through P. 19, Aqi+2j-k B=-2i+3j+k a) A_B-3i_j_2k |A-Bl=[(3) +(P + |A—B|=V14) component of long A The length of the component of B along A is B cos @ A-B= ABcos@ AB 2:61 3 | v6 A v6 V6 The direction is, of course, along A. A unit vector in the A direction is, Beos =: 2j-k) we MATRICES, VECTORS, AND VECTOR CALCULUS So the component of B along A is Iai 2i-) e) a [o=71°| fee ai a) A ofr 2 4 if (As B—Si+j+7k| e A-B=3i-j-2k | AG B=-i+ 5 ieee le (A-B)-(A+B)=|3 1 2} In 5 0 [A= B)= (A+ B)= 101+ 2) 14K 1-10. sin a ix b cos ant j VF hw cos oi basin otf a) la = ¥ = ~2he sin wt i— bar cos ant j=—e| speed =|v|=[40%0" cos? wt + Po" sin? ot |” =ba[Acos? ot + sin? ot [speed = bo»/3.cos? wt+ 1) b) At i=n/2e, sinot=1, cos@t=0 So, at this time, v=—be j, a=—2bo” i 8 CHAPTER 1 114. a) Since (A «B) Den4)B, we have (Ax B)C= PY an ABC, =C, (A,B; — A,B, )—C, (A,By — A,B,)+ C3 (A,B, — A,B) ay I, c, CG) [4 4, Af [4 4, AJ =|4, 4, Aj=-IC, C, CJ=|B, BB )=A(B»C) BB, Bl [BB BL |G, C, Cc We can also write Ic, c | [BB By B, B, BJ=\C) Cy C|=B(C~A) @) lA, A, Aa] [A, A, Ad| (Ax B)-C= We notice from this result that an even number of permutations leaves the determinant unchanged. b) Consider vectors A and B in the plane defined by e,, e, . Since the figure defined by A, B, Cisa parallelepiped, A x B=e, « area of the base, but e,-C = altitude of the parallelepiped. Then, C-(A«B)=(C-e,) = area of the base =altitude « area of the base ‘olume of the parallelepiped 1-12, ‘The distance it from the origin 0 to the plane defined by A, B, Cis MATRICES, VECTORS, AND VECTOR CALCULUS 9 1, _fa(b=a)=(c-b) © [ib=a)<(e= by _|a-(bxc-axc+axb) ~ [bxe-axciay bl bed “obs brerema] ® The area ofthe triangle ABC ist (b—a) (eb =a e}=(b-af=Hfe—b) (ae 2 4-13, Using the Eq, (1.82) in the text, we have AxB=A«(AsX)=(X-AJA-(A-A)X=GA-A°X, from which (Be A)+ oA, aaieataaceas 1414, 12 42 1 0] f1 21 a) AB=|0 3 1|/0 1 2|=|1 2 9 20 1\[1 1 3] [5 3 3 Expand by the first row. b) 97 lac-|13 9 CHAPTER 1 10 5 3 4 8 2 + 9 ane A(BC) ABC : 5 5 35 25 14 | (Grom part a) ABC AB-BIA'=? 124 129 53 38 - 03 4 30 6 4-6 0 |AB- Bi { If isan orthogonal matrix, then 1-15, MATRICES, VECTORS, AND VECTOR CALCULUS u 1-16, r-a=constant 1a cos @= constant Itis given that a is constant, so we know that cos 0= constant But r cos is the magnitude of the component of r along a. The set of vectors that satisfy r-a ~ constant all have the same component along a; however, the component perpendicular to a is arbitrary. [Thus the surface represented by r-a— constant] lis a plane perpendicular to a. 117. Consider the triangle, b, c which is formed by the vectors A, B, C. Since C-A-B (A-B)-(A-B) a roy =A -2A.B4 BY or, Beos 4] 2 which is the cosine law of plane trigonometry. 4-18. Consider the triangle a, b, c which is formed by the vectors A, B, C. 2 c-A-B so that B=(A-B)«B but the left-hand side and the right-hand side of @) are written as: Cx B=BCsin ae, and (A-B)m Vda Sue -0 for jae =-Lforj=fand k=i,j By. Big = 0 for mi =-1 for m=i and k MATRICES, VECTORS, AND VECTOR CALCULUS 15 m: S89 Siar = Db Sg =0 for i= =1fori=fandk i,j 1 ts De Fo = Dee ey =0 forall i,j,k 9) i=/ orm: This implies that kori=jorm=k. Then, Ya Gq =0 for all i, j.£,m h) fe form: ay Sq¢ =0 for all i, j,4, Now, consider 4, 5), ~5y dy and examine it under the same conditions. If this quantity behaves in the same way as the sum above, we have verified the equation Fp Font = Be ym, a) i=): by dig bq dy =0 for all i,,m #5 By By ~ Spy By = ifj=m, fe jm =0ifjem ©) i=m: 5, 54-6, 5, =Lifj=¢, i252 =Oifjae £ By yy — By By = ifi=m, ie 8 =0ifiem ©) f= Mt: by Sun ~ Fe Spy =V if = 8,2 L =Oifiee 1 for all i,j,2 1,1: by By —Syq 5y =0 for all i,j, 6,02 hp f= Lit: by by — By By =0 for all i,j,4,m0 Therefore, Fi Font = Be Byun — Bie By a Using this result we can prove that, A «(Bx C)=(A-C)B-(A-B)C 16 CHAPTER First (B« C), = ). 6, B,C, . Then, * [Ax (Bx O)], =F Sine Ae (BC), =X Gran And Supe BC = Z fin fn AaB, Ce = Bh Ba AGB, = . ~E [Tae be] Ae 2 Zl. b.Sie AnBCe ~LAWBCy-DABC = (ZAC) e 6 54.2.) =(A-O)B,-(A-B)C, Therefore, [A =(B

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