CHAPTER Gravitation Set. a) Two identical masses: The lines of force (dashed lines) and the equipotential surfaces (solid lines) are as follows: b) Two masses, +M and -M: In this case the lines of force do not continue outward to infinity, as in a), but originate on the “negative” mass and terminate on the positive mass. This situation is similar to that for two electrical charges, + and 4; the difference is that the electrical lines of force run from +4 to 9. 149150 CHAPTERS 5-2, Inside the sphere the gravitational potential satisfies =4aG pir) w Since p{r) is spherically symmetric, ¢ is also spherically symmetric, Thus 22 aelr | sac pr) Q) The field vector is independent of the radial distance. This fact implies & «constants C e Therefore, (2) becomes 2 ancp ® on ie ares 6) 5-3. In order to remove a particle from the surface of the Earth and transport it infinitely far away, the initial kinetic energy must equal the work required to move the particle from r= R. tor =~ against the attractive gravitational force: Ire and the radius of the Earth, respectively, and ty is the initial Mm mg ee zm a where M, and R, are them velocity of the particle at R Solving (1), we have the expression fort): @) Substituting G = 6.67 «10 m?/kg-s®, M, =5.98 «10% kg, R, =6.38 «10° m, wehave [oy =11.2 km/sec] @) 544, The potential energy corresponding to the force is > pdx __ mk? = JF d= mk? [S-_ U=-[F dx=mk & a a) The central force is conservative and so the total energy is constant and equal to the potential energy at the initial position, x = di:GRAVITATION 151 sees E=constant == mi? (2) dnt Oy Rewriting this equation in integrable form, ‘ dy dt = — (er = (3) laa a xv € where the choice of the negative sign for the radical insures that x decreases as f increases Using Eq, (E.9), Appendix E, we find ¢ ME [ 4) or 5-5. The equation of motion is Q @) where x, is some fixed large distance. Therefore, the time for the particle to travel from x., tox is 1; fm, vm ar} Mt, * Making the change of variable, x—> y”, and using Eq, (E.7), Appendix E, we obtain oes EL ) -./2-in (A), we can obtain the time for the particle to travel the total distance and the first half of the distance. Ifwe setx=Oand 4152 CHAPTERS 6) (6) Hence, x Ty ayer Evaluating the expression, Ty Two, 7o=0sis @ ®) 5-6. \ ove oy Since the problem has symmetry around the z-axis, the force at the point P has only a z-component. The contribution to the force from a small volume element is dg, =-G4 dr d{cos 6) dg cosa a) where p is the density. Using cos 7 20 and integrating over the entire sphere, we have 4 os 2 cos = Gp Pdr f d(cos 0) f de- e a} 8 Gera on arses Now, we can obtain the integral of cos @ as follows:GRAVITATION 153 6) Thus, as we expect, the force is the same as that due to a point mass M located at the center of the sphere. 57. i ee ES The contribution to the potential at P from a small line element is do=-C2 ax ay where p, 4 is the linear mass density. Integrating over the whole rod, we find the potential 1 eee de Q154 CHAPTERS Using Eq, (E.6), Appendix E, we have @B) 5-8. Since the system is symmetric about the z-axis, the x and y components of the force vanish and we need to consider only the z-component of the force. The contribution to the force from a. small element of volume at the point (r,42) for a unit mass at (0,0, 29 ) is a= 6p — ete cos & 7 +(%-2) o where pis the density of the cylinder and where we have used cos a= ; IP + Changing the variable to Using the standard integral,GRAVITATION we obtain Next, using Eq, (E.9), Appendix E, we obtain aap fee = frre ee Now, let us find the force by first computing the potential. The contribution from a small element of volume is ls. rd: d= Cp > Vey Integrating over the entire volume, we have d@=—Gpfdz f dof ar p— 00 0 yaaa) Using Eq, (E.9), Appendix E, again, we find i= 2nGpfite| foo -(-3)] ° Now, we use Eqs. (E.11) and (E.8a), Appendix E, and obtain Thus, the force is, 155 a 6) a156 CHAPTERS Ig @ le = ap) le + (a= 0 yi ved + 4 ao and we obtain the same result as in (5). In this case, itis clear that it is considerably easier to compute the force directly. (See the remarks in Section 5.4.) 59. Z The contribution to the potential at the point P from a small line element dé is o.-6 ja wo where p, is the linear mass density which is expressed as p, + Using {Rea 05 and dé =ad@, we can write (1) a8 GM*% 2a 4 JR’ +a" ~2aR cos 0 @) This is the general expression for the potential. IF R is much greater than a, we can expand the integrand in (2) using the binomial expansion:GRAVITATION 157 If we neglect terms of order 4) and higher in (3), the potential becomes © or, We notice that the first term in (5) is the potential when mass M is concentrated in the center of CMa? the ring. Of course this is a very rough approximation and the first correction term is —“S¥ B y rough app: TR 5-10. Using the relations x=4(Rsin 0) +a? —2aRsin cos a ravi + Rcos' 6 = YR +a? —2aRsinOcosd @ M 2, =Faz the linear mass densi @ the potential is expressed by pat _-GM dg o--Gj— e eae oa J 7 o ® | 24 sindcos 4 R If we expand the integrand and neglect terms of order (a/R)° and higher, we have : ree [ -pgsn Acos b- ©) Then, (4) becomes158 CHAPTERS Thus, © S11. aoe wy The potential at P due to a small mass element dit inside the body is p=. _g__ @ 7 FP +a —2eacosd Integrating (1) over the entire volume and dividing the result by the surface area of the sphere, we can find the average field on the surface of the sphere due to di: 1 f__2aa” sin 9d0 =| -Gdm [== @ [onl S| Making the variable change cos @= x, we have Gat dx ©. =-L dm [———_§ @) 2 J [(@?)-220x Using Eq. (E.5), Appendix E, we find G ] ao, --Lam 2 =F | eG, @ This is the same potential as at the center of the sphere. Since the average value of the potential is equal to the value at the center of the sphere at any arbitrary element dni, we have the same relation even if we integrate over the entire body.GRAVITATION 159 512, Let P be a point on the spherical surface. The potential d@ due to a small amount of mass dit inside the surface at P is Gam =< a ; do. The average value over the entire surface due to dit is the integral of (1) over d® divided by 4, Writing this out with the help of the figure, we have fw i. ° fr? + R= 2r'Reos @ m Making the obvious change of variable and performing the integration, we obtain do, Sip z Gam ® Am eR’ or Ru RR We can now integrate over all of the mass and get ®,, statement equivalent to the problem’s assertion. GinfR . This is a mathematical 5-13, Ry = position of particle. For R, < Ry < R,, we caleulate the force by assuming that all mass for which r Ry. The force isin the radially inward direction (~e, ). The magnitude of the force is where M = mass for whieh r | dar dr ae ae 6M where m=M 5 R Us fu j Se cee) 5-15, When the mass is at a distance r from the center of the Earth, the force is in the inward radial direction and has magnitude F,: 7S tap where p is the mass density of the Earth. The equation of motion is.GRAVITATION 161 or AnGp #4 @°r=0 where @ = This is the equation for simple harmonic motion. The period is Qn _ Ba eat Gp Substituting in values gives a period of about 84 minutes. 5-16, For points external to the sphere, we may consider the sphere to be a point mass of mass M. Put the sheet in the x+y plane. Consider force on M due to the sheet. By symmetry, F, = F, =0 E=far= f ear rv) With dm p,2ardr and cos 0-—— we have E Bane Jo sol F=29,GM [The sphere attracts the sheet in the =-direction| with a force of magnitude 24p,GM162 CHAPTERS 517. Le ( ) SS (otto sale) Barth Start with the hint given to us, The expression for g, and g, are given by 2GM,x _GM,x Gi 5 oy 7 ® where the first terms come from Equations (5.54) and the second terms come from the standard assumption of an Earth of uniform density. The origin of the coordinate system is at the center of the Earth. Evaluating the integrals: a 2GM, GM, forse Ge ge ® To connect this result with Example 5.5, let us write (1) in the following way GM, 2 GM, Be ia Bo) Bi si ® The right-hand side can be factored as GM, *M, FRE emt Yo) (ame Youn) = FR (ARMM) = gh @ aos = R",we get exactly If we make the approximation on the left-hand side of (3) that x2, Equation (5.55). Turning to the exact solution of (3), we obtain 6) Upon substitution of the proper values, the answer is = 0.54 m, the same as for Example 5.5. Inclusion of the centrifugal term in g, does not change this answer significantly.GRAVITATION 163 5-18, From Equation (5.55), we have with the appropriate substitutions hy, asa a Substitution of the known values gives Hoey _ 7.350 Thay 1998 ® 5-19, - ~ f s a f pee { oO 7 \ \ ‘ ~~ Hi a Because the moon’s orbit about the Earth is in the same sense as the Earth’s rotation, the difference of their frequencies will be half the observed frequency at which we see high tides. Thus 1 soe Taety Toon which gives T,,,, =12 hours, 27 minutes. 5-20, The differential potential created by a thin loop of thickness dr at the point (0,0,2) is 2GM (JT R 2) G_2ardrM _-GM_dir*) Pe aR RP? dz} 2 &E)= fae) Then one can find the gravity acceleration, a__2GM{ JPR _2) & R & where & is the unit vector in the z-direction.164 CHAPTERS 5-21. (We assume the convention that D > 0 means 11 is not sitting on the rod.) The differential force dF acting on point mass 1m from the element of thickness dx of the rod, which is situated ata distance x from m:, is pond : 2 GM f dx __GMm Fafa PDD) And that is the total gravitational force acting on m by the rod.